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THE WOODWORKER

SERIES

WOODWORK
JOINTS

JOINTS
WOODWORK

THE

WOODWORKER

SERIES

CARPENTRY

POLISHING

WOODWORK

FRETWORK

FOR

BEGINNERS

STAINING

AND

JOINTS

Series

Woodworker

The

WOODWORK
"

JOINTS
THEY

HOW

ARE

SET

USED;

THIRTY

ILLUSTRATIONS
OF

INDEX

ELEVEN

iXAueoy^

HUNDRED

PHILADELPHIA
J. B.

AND

dvxv

LIPPINCOTT

MADE

HUNDRED

FOUR

WITH

W^HERE

HOW

OUT,

COMPLETE

REFERENCES

^WUYVl

AND

LONDON

COMPANY

AND
AND

^3l

BY

PRINTED

AT

THE

J.

WASHINGTON

PHILADELPHIA,

B.

COMPANY

LIPPINCOTT

PRESS

SQUARE
V.

8.

^^-^^//7

A.

*i
e

"2

FOREWORD
aim
principal

oilTT^HE

A
and

of this Volume

is to

with full information

woodworker

provide the
to the

as

uses,

practicaldirections as to the making, of

jointhe may at any time be likelyto encounter.
of us whose
working
occupationor recreation is woodfamiliar with numerous
are
jointswhich we
It is possible,
and use in our own
however,
way.

clear

every
Those

make

that there
because

are

lack

we

which

many

unfamiliar with

skill

or

we

do not

make

but

because

care,

well,not
we

are

simplerule which governs either

of usingthe tool ; whilst
the setting
out or the method
probablythere are many others which might suit our
neglectbecause their
purpose better, but which we
existence has
be

To

some

never

occurred to
in

successful

us.

woodwork

construction

of two
secrets is essential
possession
how
rightjointto use, and to know
The woodwork
jointin the rightway.
the pieceof cabinet-work that endures

to

"

which

skilful hands

combined

have

constructive mind

know

structure

is the

the
that

make

to

the

one

or
on

to carry out what

it is just here
And

planned.
will help, not alone the
that the present Volume
instruction,but also
beginnerwho wishes preliminary
the expert who desires guidanceover
ground hitherto
unexploredby him.
the
and more
The Table of Contents
particularly
the

"

exhaustive

Index

at

the

end

of Volume

"

will show

and
practicallyevery joint in cabinet-work
of the
ordinaryjoineryis dealt with. In the case
the Mortise and Tenon
the Halved Joint,
Bridle Joint,
that

FOREWORD

Joint, the actual tool operaJoint, and the Dovetail

tions
ling,
setting out, gauging, marking, sawing, chiselare
paring, etc.
fully explained ; and the fact
that
devoted
to
the
are
nearly sixty illustrations
cf the
indication
subject of Dovetailing is but one
taken
which
has been
in making the directions
care
clear and
of working are
complete. As the methods
of other
similar in the case
almost
joints,it has not
"

"

of

been

course

deemed

detailed instructions
the

In

whom

of

chapter.

the

services

the

of

these

repeat

Volume

of

Mr.

the

Publishers

William

Fairham,

the

been
written
chapters have
for the practical
illustrated.
Although intended
and
not
of
professing to be a graded course

by
and
man,
"

in every

preparation

secured

have

to

necessary

most

educational

the

woodwork,"

Volume

is

one

which

will find of the greatest

Training Instructors
in
value
classes.
No
book
conducting woodwork
hitherto
tions
published contains such a variety of illustraof joints,almost
all of which
will form
suitable
exercises
of practical educational
importance in a
Manual
Training course.
In
the
other
Volumes
in The
conjunction with
Manual

Series

Woodworker
"

Staining
hoped, will
of

store

{" Details

Construction,"
Polishing," etc.), this Volume, it is

and
'leave

the

information

practicalknowledge
him
most

"

if he
advanced

so

of Cabinet

woodworker

which,
and

pleases
"

branches

in

associated

possession
with

his

skilled
to

of
own

experience,will enable
reach
to
the highest and

of his craft.

J.

C.

S.

BROUGH.

CONTENTS
COMPLETE

INDEX,

materials,

full references

with

accessories,

etc., is

provided

pages

on

joints, tools,

to

201

214.

"

PAGE

THE

GLUED

JOINT
Hints
Glueing"
Glued
Joint.
HALVED

THE

Halved

Halved

Joint

BRIDLE

"

Setting

"

TONGUED

of

the

.11

"

"

Out

Sawing

"

Out

Setting

"

GROOVED

AND

Paring.

"

27

Bridle

Sawing

Applications

"

Tee,
mitred,
oblique,
crosshalving
Applications of the

JOINT
Joints
Chiselling.

Various

THE

Joints

and

dovetailed,

THE

Jointing

JOINT

Various

.....

on

and

Marking

"

JOINT
Tongues
Applications
.

Matchboarding
Corner
Joint
Joints

Flooring
of the

"

"

39

"

Ploughing

"

Tongueing

"

Planes.

"

AND

MORTISE

THE

Barefaced
Tenons

Out

"

Tenons

the

Sawing

Dowels

Making
of

Tenons

with

Tenons

"

JOINT
Dowelling
Joint.

"

Dowelled

the

JOINT

Haunched

Joints,

Other

"

TENON
"

DOWELLING

THE

THE

"

53

...

"

Shouldered

Apphcations
Setting
the
Mortises.
Cutting
"

77
"

Applications

Various

SCARF

JOINT
Half
Lap Scarf Joints
Fished
Joints.
Joints

89
Dovetailed

"

Joints

Tenoned

"

"

THE

HINGED

Ahgnment

JOINT
"

Types
Hingeing
Joints.
Various

Cupboard

Hinges
Draught

and

Sawing

"

of

"

SHUTTING

93

Gauging

"

Inside

Screens

and

Outside
Various

"

Paring

"

Hanging
Hinged

JOINTS
Door

in

Joints

"

Astragals

"

Various

Joints.

{Continued)

CONTENTS

PAGE

THE

DOVETAIL

JOINT
.

DovetaiUng

Through

of

ing
Dovetail-

"

Dovetail

the

Joint

"

Keying

Dovetail

of

Applications

"

Out

Setting

"

Dovetailing

Lap

"

^Variations

Drawers

and

Marking

the

Dovetail

Sawing

"

.117

ChiselUng

"

"

"

Joint
"

Paring.
GROOVING

DOVETAIL
FOR

JOINTS

145

CURVED

WORK

Framing

"

JOINTS

Work

Screw

Pelleting

Glue

Blocking
Roll-

Joints

Joints-"

"

Joints

Battening

"

Joints

Fasteners,

How
"

Pocket

"

Joints

Buttoning
Keying

Joints

Wall
"

Shelf

"

Dovetail
"

Coopered

"

Steel

Corrugated

"

"

Saddle

Bookcase

Housing

"

and

Birdsmouth
"

"

Screwing

"

Jointing

"

Pins

etc.

MITRED

THE

Butt

Keying
Castor

Cogged,
Joints

Frame

Wedged

"

Joints

Desk

Screwing

Slot

Veneer
"

Work

Notched,

top

"

Scribing
Plugs

Slide

Rustic

"

Covers

"

"

Poles

"

Tee

Feet

Cornice
"

Turned

Jointing

"

Crush

"

"

Patera

"

153

.....

Ladders

Boards

Weather

.149

Lamination.

MISCELLANEOUS

JOINT
find

to

Angles

177
for

Straight

and

Curved

Mitres

^Mitreing.
JOINTS

PUZZLE

and

Chinese
Puzzle

ART

187
Other

Eastern

Puzzle

Joints

"

Dovetail

Joints.
with

INDEX,
THE

Circular

Eleven

OF

Hundred

References

201
.

"

.215

WOODWORKING
.

THE

glued joint

THE
country

in

mummy

cases

the

the

whilst

butt
in

world,
and

and

other

is

under

rubbed

localities

met

in every
with
in

ancient

work.
wood-

is in

frequently

examples

names

joint,the

certain

forms

in its various

Alternative

are

JOINT

GLUED

of
which

joint,the
it is known

use

it is

known

slipped joint,
the slaped
as

(pronounced

slayped) joint.
The
Glued
Joint is made
pieces of
by planing two
in contact
timber
that
when
so
placed together they are
with
each
other
at
then
point ; they are
usually
every
united
of
with
sketch
butt
shows
a
a
glue. Fig. i
joint
in its simplest form.
of
In Fig. 6 is shown
the
method
holding the joint whilst being glued ; the upright portion
is held
vice, thus leaving the left hand
rigid in the bench
the piece which
is to be jointed, whilst
the right
to hold
hand
which
The
pieces of wood
operates the glue brush.
form
butt
without
be glued together with
a
or
joint may
the aid of cramps
If the joint is to
artificial pressure.
or
be made
without
surfaces
of the timber
cramping, the two
surfaces
warmed
not
to chill the
are
so
as
glue. The
are
then
rubbed
backwards
and
glued and put together and
forwards
to
This
so
as
get rid of the superfluous glue.
until
times
the
three
four
or
rubbing is continued
joint
adhere.
Care
be
that
the
to
must
boards
taken
begins
are
in their correct
relation
to each
other.
They are then put
aside to dry.
GLUEING.
The

glue penetrates into the pores of the wood,

the stronger the joint will be ; for this reason
timber
of the
loose-fibred
variety, such as pine, etc., will hold up at the
Hke
and
teak
The
rosewood.
joint better than hardwoods
;.w.

better

the

in

Joints
glue

thin ; the
most

jointingshould

for

used

Woodwork

consistency of

be

nice and

surface
wood.
spread over
such
If light-coloured woods,
etc., have to be jointed,a
sycamore,
the

be
have

it will

mixed

detrimental

no

into

An

suitable

found

hot, and

be

too

for

rapidly

effect

on

alternate

method

is to

the

pine, satin-wood,

as

little flake white

should

liquid glue. This will

adhesive
qualities,and

the
its

prevent the glue showing

joint.

nor

of the

and

procured

thick

too

will be

cream

It should

purposes.

neither

be

thin

which

Hne

black

well

answers

on
on

the

nary
ordi-

jointwith a piece of chalk and

previousto glueing.
wipe the surplus amount
away
surfaces
of
which
Broad
close-grained hardwood,
generallypresent a shiny surface to the eye, are usually
carefuUy roughened with a fine toothing plane blade previous
to glueing.
Supporting the Joint. ^The jointedboards should not
bench
be reared up againsta
leg or wall without having
work

rub

"

"

"

any support in the centre, as dotted line at Fig. 5, because

in all probability
they will fracture before the glue has time
to

set

and, when

operations,we
assumed

will,of
A

shall

go to take them
be annoyed to

positionsimilar

course,

correct

we

necessitate

method

to that
re-

to

up

find

shown

at

renew

that

working
they have

Fig.5,

and

this

jointing.

at Fig. 4.
Here we
adopt is shown
jointby rearing up against the wall a

to

supported the
couple of pieces of batten, one at each end of the board,
thus
supporting it throughout its entire width until the
pieces of timber
glue is thoroughly set. The two or more
of the glue and
in a butt joint adhere
by crystallisation
A well-fitted joint made
with good
atmospheric pressure.
of three
feet
boards
quality glue is so strong that, when
and
upwards are jointed together by this method, the
in most
will break with the grain sooner
than
timber
cases
part at the joint.
it is
be cramped up, if desired, and
Butt
joints may
In the
them
as
previously stated.
customary to warm
have

Glued

The

of the usual iron cramp,

excellent wooden
arrangement
absence

be made

can

out

of any

odd

Joint.
the
as

amateur

shown

piecesof

make

may

in

Fig. 21.

timber

that

an

This

happen

Fig. I.
Simplest form of glued joint.
Figs. 2 and 3. Testing the jointed board with a
straightedge.
Fig. 4.
Supporting a glued joint.
Fig. 5. Showing the result of want of support.
Fig. 6. Holding the joint whilst glueing.
Fig. 7. Shelf slip-gluedwith hardwood.
Fig. 8. Moulding glued on shelf.
Fig. 9. Boards
arranged with grain alternating.
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

to

be

base
the

board
boards

between

at
to

the

blocks

Two

handy.

be

suitable

of hardwood
distance

glued

jointed are

blocks

and

the

two

screwed

are

for the
and

work

placed

hardwood

on

the

in hand
in

position

wedges

are

in

Joints
desired

exertingthe

thus

in

hammered

and

inserted

Woodwork
to each

opposite directions

other,

pressure.

ON

HINTS

JOINTING.

should

be

taken

first

plane up
side
out of winding.
true on one
the boards
i.e.,take them
of testing for this is shown
it
at Fig. 23, and
method
The
with advantage be used when
jointingthe edges of the
may
Two
laths or
boards.
are
strips of wood
planed up to
width, having their edges straight and
exactly the same
parallel.One edge of each lath may, if desired, be bevelled
of using these
twist sticks
method
little. The
or
a
the board
is to put them
shown
at
on
as
winding laths
Fig. 23, and sight along their top edges. The winding
of the board,
the
width
longer than
laths, being much
show
greatly pronounced.
up the irregularity

jointing,care

When

to

"

"

"

"

"

generally used

Tools

The

making

for

the

butt

joints

are

"

jack plane,for roughing the edges,etc.

wooden
The
trying plane (or iron jointingplane)
trueing up the work.
for testingpurposes.
The set square
The
winding laths and straightedge.
The

of Work

Method

The
turn

put in the

then

tested

boards

The

and

Fig. 2
the

of

by
must

as

be

is

put

on

and

the

top

set

square

of

one

is in
it is

(the latter

another

as

at

Difficulties

selectingtimber
side

board

planed straightlengthwise ;

obtained.

remembered

(the heart

Each

straightedge ; they should appear

at Fig. 2 ; if they show
faulty as at Fig. 3
be again fitted until the required degree
with

tested

joints must
accuracy
in
care

then

are

shown

and

follows

as

winding laths
at Fig. 20).

with

is shown

method

true

vice

is

for

that

suitable

timber

becoming round)

for

shrinks
as

may

be

avoided

jointing,and it
circumferentially

Fig. 24.

If the

timber

Woodwork

in

Joints

haphazard.
piece of work, in which the grain runs
When
jointingthin timber (say,J in.,f in.,J in.,and | in.
It
is to use
a
boards) the best method
shooting board.
be noted, however, that a shooting board and plane
must
and
never
give a true rightangle,owing to wear
practically
the grinding of the blade.
Therefore, the boards should not
the shooting board
all be laid with the
face mark," on
whilst the edges are
shot, because
inequality would
any
of piecesjointed. A better
be multipliedby the number
similar

"

side

alternate

is to

method

shooting the edges ; this will prevent

concavity on the face of the jointed board,
slighterror in the angle is neutraUsed (see

whilst

down,

convexity
because

face

boards, face side up, then

the

or

any

Fig.9)OF

APPLICATIONS
Our
or

on

the butt

"

is the

and

seen

in

and

when

slip-glued

pine or whitewood,
only the

type would

|-in.iron

heading

shelf would

as

wood

moulding glued on a shelf,both

instance being of polishedhardwood.

shows

be used

dining-room.

small

choice

front

edge

polished.

shelf in this
of this

shelves

bookcase

on

case

Fig. 8

JOINT.

of
applications

various

show

sketches

GLUED

glued jointas foUows :

Fig. 7 shows a mahogany or other
the edge of a cheaper wood, such

as

is

other

THE

The

rod

of the

object of

which

curtain

be fixed about

the

as

would
which

top shelf
the

covers

the
the

and
shelf

across

moulding

carry

mould

recess

is to hide

curtain

rings

recess.

3 ft. 9 ins. to 4 ft. 3 ins. from

The
the

floor.

Fig. 10
carcase

shows

work.

will be shown

the
The

in the

wing piecesglued on the top bearer of

applicationof this bearer in its position
chapter on Dovetailing.
butt
joint planed at an angle of 45"

a
Fig. II shows
(commonly called a mitre),used for box feet,etc.
Fig. 12 shows jointingup of an ogee-shapedpanel.

The

Ghted

The

to its

and

the thickness

lines indicate

dotted

being

worked

semi-circular

Fig.

up

timber

uprightpiece,and

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23.

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

to

the

of the

finished

timber

shape.

previous

Bow-fronted

jointedin a similar manner.

jointed at right angles to
angle of 30 degrees.

panels are

shows

13

Joint

at

an

the

Lining-up a glass frame.

Jointing a shaped spandrel.
Building up case of piano fall.
Laminated

work.
with

Testing
square.
Cramping arrangement.
Glueing ploughslipto drawer.
Test for winding.

quarter-circlejointing,as used in round14 shows

cornered
chests of drawers, wardrobes, cupboards, etc.
Fig.

Fig. 15

is similar

to

Fig. 14,

but

with

hollow

comers

(or

coves).

Fig. 16 givesthe plan of

glassframe, showing pilasters

front

the

at

the

the wall.

The

The
Hning-up pieces at the back.
latter is so that the glasswill stand
clear of
bed to the wall,
liningup pieceswill of course

articles such

as

overmantel

when

occurs

of dust

accumulation

preventingan
of small

the

and

object of

Woodwork

in

Joints

and

dirt, and the loss

letters,as frequently

and

papers

glasses,etc.

lined up.

not

are

g7

Fig. 24.
Fig 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.

Fig.17

"

Showing heart

side

one

heart

side

alternated.
timber.

Showing

"

quartered
Showing uniformity of grain.
Jointing with shooting board and

"

"

"

the

shows

the

bad

jointingup

In

required width.

grained

of

Grain

way.

coloured

and

match

will at

of

of

case

draw

once

shaped spandrel to the

this descriptionsuitably
a

should

wood

try plane.

be

selected, otherwise

attention

joint.
butt or glued jointing
piano fall previous to
to the

Fig. 18 shows the applicationof

of a
to the building up of the core
shaping up and veneering.
work
the building up of circular
Fig. 19. Laminated
Plan
and
and
elevation
rims for cabinet
joinery work.
rim pattern of a pulley as used in the pattern-making
show
"

"

trade.

Fig. 22.
the

"

^The

glueingof

being used
ploughslip

ploughslipto

to carry

the

drawer

drawer
bottom,

side,

The

Display

Glued

Cabinet.

Joint

(The top will be glue-

jointed.)
9

Joints

in

Woodwork

of jointing
with shooting board
Fig. 28 shows the method
and trying plane ; the right hand operates the plane whilst
the left hand

holds

firm

the wood

Method

of

the

shootingboard.

holding Glued

Joints with

Owing

upon

the

Iron

Dogs.

and faultytimber
importation of narrow
the necessityof jointing
is greater to-day than ever
it was,
wide timber of course
meaning highercost for raw material.
to

TO

THE

JOINT

HALVED

halfas
frequently known
as
checking and half -checking.
lapping, and sometimes
it is made
In the majority of cases
by halving the two
pieces, i.e.,by cutting half the depth of the wood
away.
in
the
this
to
There
however,
rule, as
exceptions
are,
of "three-piece halving" (or, as it is sometimes
case
with
in the halving of timber
third lapping ") and
called,
HALVED

is

JOINT

THE
"

rebated

moulded

or

Fig.

29.

with

Frame,

"

numbered

2,

i,

etc.,

3,

of

connecting

it is desired
inside

of

or

outside

Fig. 29

shows

number

of

make

to

in the

construction

where

the

in

pieces of timber, especiallywhere

frames

and

elevation

of

numbers

joints,shown
Fig. 30 shows

detail

39.

bracket

of

halving joints ; it
joints to this class

various

frame

to

in

simplest

These,

joints.

shown

are

of the

supports

for either

use.

the

of the

The

two

one

halved

vanous

Figs. 30
methods

is

Halving

edges.

this

marked

frame

frame

shows

which
also the

of work.
be

may

Each
dealt

is made

appHcation
joint used
with

Fig. 29 refer to the

separately in Figs. 30 to 39.
the
Halved
at the
corner
Joint
two
pieces form a right angle. Each
on

"

"

II

up

separately.
dual
indivi-

of the

piece

in

Joints
is halved
a

and

shouldered

perfect fit one

with

minimum

joint would
heads

with

the

of labour.

glued

and

being countersunk

Fig.

30."

opposite sides, thus forming

other and giving a strong joint

at

amount

be

Halved

Woodwork

For

screwed

so

as

not

inside

work

together, the

to

come

the
screw

in contact

with

Comer

Joint.
Fig. 31.

Fig.

32.
with
"

Shoulder.

cutting iron

For

outside

smearing
and
or

screwed.

Fig. 31
the
"

as

cases

would

shows

runs

top

be

Joint.

Oblique Halving.

or

with

alternate
a

mixture

the work.
work

will

method

of

of varnish

advisable, the jointbeing nailed

the two

shows

joint to

piecesseparated.
the

above, but

in this

through and it is generallyspoken

Joint."

Tee

the

weather,

similar

top rail

where

the

Fig. 30

Halved

"

off
plane when levelling
exposed positionswhere the

jointwith paint or

lead

33.

of the

work, in

the

white

case

Fig.

withstand

to

Tee

Oblique Halving,

the

have

Halved

"

bottom

It may
rail runs
12

be

used

in

of

nearly all
through an upright.

Joints in
or

other

sections

which

Woodwork

require to

This also

appliesif the frame

edges. At Fig. 35 the jointis shown

other.

'

Halved

Fig. 36.
"

Double

intersect

be moulded

the

on

its face

Halved

Joint

separated.

Fig. 37.

Joint with

with

one

"

with

Dovetail.

One

Side

Dovetailed.

Fig. 36 indicates the

end showing a double

"

Halved

dovetail.

Joint/'the pieces at

one

This

particular joint is
seldom
used except for Manual
Fig. 36
Trainingpurposes.
shows a sketch ol the jointapart.

Fig. 38.

Oblique Dovetail
Halving.

"

Fig. 37

is

dovetailed.

"

Halved

Fig. 39.

"

Joint

This

with

"

Stopped Dovetail
Halving.
one

side of the

jointis used in similar positionsto

and rather less labour is required in the making.
37 are given the two separate pieces.
14

piece
Fig.34,
At Fig.

Fig. 38 is

*'

The

Halved

Oblique

Dovetail

piecebeing dovetailed,
a

cross

brace

Fig. 40."

framing.

to

Cross

used

Joint
Halving,"one

to

prevent

as

side of the

racking," and

made
It is occasionally

Halving Joint. Fig. 41.

its sides dovetailed

"

s'hown

at

as

with both

Cross

Halving Joint,
edgeways.

"

Fig.34.

The

sketch

Fig.38

jointapart.
Stopped Dovetail Halving." In this case
Fig. 39 shows
the dovetail is similar to Fig. 34, with the exception that
shows

the

"

it does not

run

through the

bottom

Fig- 43-

Fig. 42.
Tee

rail. This is

"

an

Dovetailed

advan-

ing
Halv-

ing
Halv-

Joint for Lengthening

Joint.

Timber.

tage if the bottom edge of the rail is in evidence, or if it is

required to glue a moulding or hardwood
facingshp on the
lower edge.
The glue adheres better with the grainthan
it would
end way of the grain,and if shght shrinkageoccurs
across

the width

of the bottom

rail the

moulding would

be forced away by the upright.

The jointlettered B in Fig.29 isa" Cross
where

each

pieceruns

through
15

the other.

not

"

Halving Joint
Fig.40 shows this

Joints in

Woodwork

jointseparated,and Fig.41 shows a similar jointseparated

where the jointis made
edgeways.
Tee
shows
a
Halving Joint with a dovetail cut
Fig. 42
"

"

Fig. 44.

Dovetailed

"

Halved

the

on

edge.

and

Joint.
This

is seldom

Dovetailed
Halved
Fig. 45.
Joint with Shoulders.
"

used

except

as

woodwork

exercise.

Fig. 43 is a "Dovetailed

Fig.46.

"

on

Halved

Barrow

Joints

"

HalvingJoint

Fig. 47.

"

^Detail of Halved
in

Wheel.

ing timber, and

It might also come
rarely used in

used for lengt

hen-

Joints as

Fig. 46.

Manual

Trainingmodel.
under the heading of scarf joint,
although
As a practical
actual practiceas such.

is also

favom-ite

16

Halved

The

careful

marking

and

out

fitting.

Fig. 44

joint;

it calls for accurate

exercise

woodwork

Joint

shows

combination

shows

Fig.45

whilst

dovetailed

and

halved

jointwith

halved

dovetailed

latter is seldom

This

housed.

the shoulders

of

in actual

used

work.

constructing a

barrow

"

portion is

centre

Fig. 50.

"

Half-

Dovetail

The

wheel.

Kitchen
Fig. 49.
Drop Table.

Bevelled

Fig. 48.

applicationof halving joints when

the

Fig. 46 shows

"

Moulded

an

Halved

Joint.

lapped Joint.
of three

example

pieces

*'

"

"

called, one-third
piecesseparated is shown

half-lapped
lapped."

or,

sketch

it is

as

times
some-

three

of the

L, B, C, Fig.47.
This jointis extensively
used in the pattern making trade
It is
of pulley patterns, etc.
for lap-jointingthe arms

probablythe
and

most

difficultof the halvingjointsto mark

with

construct

at

the desired

out

degree of accuracy.

Fig.48 shows a combination of a bevelled dovetail halflapped joint. This is only used as a puzzle joint. When
and
glued together it is apparently
neatly constructed
impossibleto make it,showing as it does a half lap on one
side and

Fig.49
showing
board.

dovetailed
is the end

the

half
view

overhang

table of this

iron

holdfasts

The

hinged

which

bracket

lap on
of

of

the

reverse

table with

kitchen

the

top

to

type is fastened

with
engage
shows
frame

17

side.

clear
to the

the

drop leaf,

skirting

wall with two

of the

table.

the

ends

the

applicationof

the

Joints in

supports for this and similar

In
to support shelving,etc.
brackets

bracket

halving joint to
such

purposes,

Woodwork

as

this example the hinged brackets turn underneath

top, "Lnd allow the leaf to drop out of the way

the table

when

not

T:^T-1

Fig. 51. Separate piece of

Fig. 50, used for Moulded
"

Joint.

Halved

Fig. 52.

"

Cross

Halving

Joint.

Fig.

"

required.

dotted

The

the

halvingof

piece is shown

in this sketch

the

of
representation

are

not

at

lines show

the

Exercise

position of

Joint.

shelf

is

moulding

the method

pieceswhich have their

separatelyat Fig. 51, but
to give a clearer
omitted

cross

of construction.

Cross

Halving Joint
rightangles. A plan and

is

"

shoes.

Fig. 50 shows
edges moulded

Fig. 52

Fig. 54.

Joint Exercise.

and

for boots

Training

^Manual

,53.

Halved

'*

18

"

where

the two

elevation

of the

pieces

joint

The
in the upper

shown

are

Halved

Joint

part of the figure,whilst

sketch

of

jointis given in the lower illustration.

Training
Figs. 53 and 54 are principallyused as Manual
dexterity.
models, and call for patience and manual
piece of

one

Carpentry

Fig. 55."
Tie

the

Fig. 56.
"

Joint.

Cross
or

Halving

Notched

Joint with

Housed

Shoulders.

tie or
a
Fig. 55 is used in carpentry and joinerywhere
beams
at an
cross
angle.
or
piece ties joists
Fig. 56 shows the elevation, end view and sketch of a

Fig;

57.

Rail

and

Halved

"

Cross

Upright
Joint.

Fig. 58. Workshop Trestle

Joint.
"

'*

Fig. 59.

"

Partition

Cellarette

Joints.

Halving Joint with housed or notched shoulders.

This jointis seldom
used in actual practice.
At Fig.57 are shown
rails and an uprighthalved
two cross
together. This type of joint is used where three pieces
"

Cross

19

in

Joints
meet,

is the

as

in

case

Woodwork

building the framing of

poultry

house.
is the end

Fig. 58

showing

the

legs have

view

of

ordinaryworkshop trestle,

an

applicationof dovetailed

halving

where

the

inset {a)
The
tendency to strain outwards.
shows
the housing of the top rail to receive the legs.
Fig. 59 shows
a
as
a
deep drawer, generally known

cellarette,and

in

used

Fig.

This shows

"

Oxford

Halved

good example

wine

accommodate

to

Fig. 61A.

60.

Joint.

Table

bottles.

sideboard

of

Frame

Joints.

halving the

cross

The
piece shown
pieces so as to form compartments.
of construction.
The
separately illustrates the method
in the housings or grooves
of these pieces engage
ends
of
sides.
the
drawer
in
Pigeon holes or compartments
and writing bureaux
are
structed
constationerycases, bookcases
in

At

some

is the

Fig.60

built

in

by

chapter

veneered

jointto
and

on

the

the

on

plan
the

The

the

Fig.

to

of

be preferred

circular table

known

face sides.
bottom

the

having a small
The rims or framing
laminating(see Fig.19

top removed.

Glued

shaped
shows

of

method

support the small

61

method

Ccises.

circular shelf with

are

although the
halving and housing, is
manner,

combined

housing,or
in

similar

as

Joint), after which they are

The appHcation of the halving
rails,which

in the

shelf,is shown
well known
20

in this

"

Oxford

part

case

carry
elevation.

frame," illus-

Woodwork

Joints in
of the

the thickness

or

screw,

chisel to

with

up

; pare

away

requiredhalving ;

fit ;

good

waste

saw

glue or glue and

and

paint as previouslymentioned,

use

portions
then level

off the surfaces.

HOW

easy item

very

AND

MAKE

HALVED

THE

JOINT.

at first sightthe halved

Although
a

OUT

SET

TO

of

jointmay appear
construction,it requiresmuch care

to be

and

*w

The

Fig. 62.-"

Two

Halved

attention

in

noticed

marking

as

to

of this

piecesof wood
an
angle as shown
also for joining two

jointbeing shown

at

the

make

to its exact

the

joint,the

width

and

corner

Fig.65

MARKING
To

piece.

other

two

for instance

as

the

shows

of

cross

in

This
each

Fig. 70.

pieces of
a

the

it will be

half its thickness

has

wood

accommodate

jointis used where

at rightangles,or at
halving joint is used
ends,

"

sawing. Fig. 62
jointseparated,and

the

piece of

of

at their

Fig. 64. Scoring with

Square.

and

out

form

that each
so

away,

of

Joint.

pieces which

two

Pieces

frame,

one

cut

type
other
The
wood
half

B.

OUT.

timber

thickness.
22

should
The

be
two

carefully
planed
piecesmay

then

Halved

The

the bench

placed upon

be

Joint

(asshown

Fig. 63) or

at

fixed in

the vice.

To
and

Hne.

centre

ins. wide, then

Take

score

or

cut

Fig.64, and

with

Using

"

the

pieceof

each

Marking

timber.

Chiselling
away

"

Wood
Line.

Gauge.
Next

side of the

sharp penknifeblade

Fig. 66.

^%- 65.

each

on

the wood
(W) to be
suppose
in. on
each side of the centre line.

line all round

of the wood

Fig.63,

Thus,

set
at

as

square

of the timber, C,

centre

half the width

set out

dotted
2

Out, find the

Mark

to the

up

Gauge

take

and set the marking

up a marking gauge,
This distance may
point to half the thickness of the wood.
be

its exactness

measured, and

hole

from

each

side of the

and

tested, by prickinga small

carefullynoting
shown
gauge mark is clearly
Now, take a pencil and scribble
that

the

The

parts you

intend

to cut

with

wood

the

pricked

gauge
coincide.

in the various illustrations.

or

mark

This will

away.

marking
holes

"

save

waste,"

on

trouble

the
later

especiallyif you are making several joints at once.

Take your sharp penknife or marking knife blade, and cut
Une on the portion you are
fairlydeeply into the marked
going to pare away.
on,

Chiselling. Fix the wood

againstyour cuttingboard or

firmly in

"

convenient

to

you,

and

with

bench
a

23

your

stop, as may

sharp

chisel cut

vice,
be

away

or

more

the

in

Joints

Woodwork

line,as at Fig. 66. The channel in

up to the marked
the sketch is exaggerated, so as to show the method
clearly.
wood
Turn

about
your wood
indicated by the dotted

and

cut

Une.

marking
pencil,will

using a
having

scored

about

wood, the timber

will

in.

out

deep

Owing

come

Fig.68.
Fig.67.
is

used,

form
it

guide in

prevents the

hue

and

thus

The

Fig. 66.

at

as

which

saw

the chisel

Paring away

"

Waste.

Sawing.

"

penknife
of

fibres of the

cleanlywhen

away

as

the knife

to

the

across

A,

work, instead

your

obvious.

be

now

at

object of using a

The

knife to mark

or

similar channel

to start

thus

channel

smaU
your

tenon

or

made

dovetail

will
saw

side of the marked

the wrong
the halvingtoo wide.

cuttingon

making

Sawing. Lay the work on the cutting board as at

fully
Fig.67 ; or, if you prefer,put the work in the vice. Carethe work
down
until you justtouch the gauge line.
saw
it lightly; the
Do not press heavilywith the saw
; use
weight of the back iron which is fixed on the saw will ensure
the saw
feedinginto the work quite fast enough. If the
is newly sharpened it will, in fact, be an
saw
advantage
off
from
the wood,
to slightly
the
of
the saw
ease
weight
owing to the keenness of its edge. If the halving is a very
"

wide

one,

marks,
waste

additional cuts

and

these

wood

when

may

be

sawn

between

the outside

greatlyfacilitate the removal of the

For sawing the joint
paring it away.

will

24

Halved

The
reference may

be made

step, and

next

vice

with

his

to

or

vertical

positionis

chapter on

with

at

Fig. 68.

or

The

horizontal

tailing.
Dove-

chisel is the
work

may

be

position. The
who

the easiest for the amateur

has

hold the work securely

he may
risk
and so avoid the unnecessary

handscrew, because

mechanical

device

fingers.

Take

the

turn
the
A, Fig. 68 ; now
away
B ; after which keep the chisel horizontal

chisel and

chisel and cut away

Fig.69.

and

the

material

this is shown

chiselled either in
horizontal

Fig.322

Waste

the

Paring Away

to

Joint

**

Showing Halved
Joint
than a Right Angle.

at other

top of the hill,"as it were, C. Repeat

the three operations until you gradually pare the wood
exactly to the gauge line. When
chiselHng,if you
away
find a tendency for the work
to chip or
at the
crumble
back
edge, owing to the forward pressure of the chisel,
turn
and
round
begin to cut from the other
your wood
edge, allowing the chisel to finish paring at the centre.
Joints Other than a Right Angle. If the halving joint
is at an angle similar to the sketch, shown
at Fig.69, great
will have to be exercised in the use of the chisel,owing
care
to the change in the direction of the grain of the wood.
The
marks
in this sketch
arrow
distinctlyindicate the
direction in which the chiselling
be done so as to give
must
result. This change of direction for cuttingalso
a smooth
apphes to the bottom of the halving joint.
Cutting Joint at End of Timber
(Fig.70). Should
cut

off

"

cut

the

"

"

25

Woodwork

Joints in

halving jointbe used at the end of a piece of wood, as

at Fig. 30, separated, and
Fig. 29, completed, the waste
material may
be roughly sawn
and the fiat surface
away,
the

trimmed
To
the

with

up

out

saw

line B

pieceof

this

wood

proceed to

the

Halved

"

you,
will this time

in the

saw

you

and

only

have

to

because

the

saw
position,

place the
(Fig.70) and

A, carefully
watching

on

watch
the

then

of Timber.

saw

side of the

the waste
with
saw

the

its
as

gauge

will

down

to the shoulder

opposite

illustrated.
mark

wood

tically
ver-

horizontal

line B.

and fitted should

Halving jointsproperly made
together with the weight of the clenched fist : the
will deface the work.
hammer
or
a heavy mallet

s6

on

readilyfollow

Now
place the
already made.
in a
vice, and, keeping the saw

kerf

saw

in

End

Hne

shown

as

piece of timber
again use the

the

of the wood,

the vice

dotted

that

see

described

Joint at

the

down

saw

towards

edge

already

as

obUquely in

the gauge hne to

turn
lines.
Then

You

type of halving joint,proceed to work

exactly

Fig. 70.

edge

chisel.

knock
use

of

THE

of

carpentry

and

originated

from

horse's

71.

the

the

and

with

at

section

defined

trades.

it bears

that

varieties

B.

reverse

chiefly used in the

The
name
probably

is fastened

Joint

the

as

it is

and

in which

many

Simple Bridle

"

often

fact

manner

so

JOINT

tenon,

joinery

mouth

nearly

not

Fig.

and

mortise

is

JOINT

BRIDLE

to

are

BRIDLE

some

bit

sUps

to

the

bridle.

of

the

the

There

joint

as

Fig. 73."
Leg Bridle-

"

two

into

bridle

Bridle
Fig. 72.
Joint, showing
the

blance
resem-

jointed

parts.

to

Rail

joints;
take the opportunity of giving
this being the case,
we
may
few
detailed
explanatory illustrations,
directions, with
a
and
the setting out
the
making.
on
bridle
joint in what is perhaps its simplest
Fig. 71 shows a

there

are

form,

the

line A

in

nearly

of the

halved

the

and

and

mortise

plan, elevation, end view and a

A joint of this type
being shown.
all

cases

where

halved

27

or

tenon

section

may
mortise

be
and

on

the

appHed
tenon

Joints in
jointcould
Such

bridle

jointshave

the

over

that shown

as

leg fitted
allows

to the

the

mortise
at

is a sketch

Fig.72

be used.

Woodwork

an

and

advantage
tenoned

which

Fig. 73,

of the
as

jointseparated.
regards appearance

variety in

shows

an

cases

occasional

such
table

circular top

grain

of

the

framing. The bridle jointhere

through to the top,
leg to run

workmanlike
gives a better and more
the completed article.
Fig. 74 is a mitred bridle loint, the part
and

to

appearance
a

showing

the

\
Fig. 74.
Bridle

Mitre

"

Joint.

Fig. 75.
with

"

Bridle

Fig. 76.

Frame

"

Joints.

Bridle

Oblique
Joint.

uprightportion separated. This is a most useful jointfor

positionssimilar to that shown in the small glass frame,
^^S- 75- The wood
framing in this case is only i| in. in
width,

and

if a mortise

small.

were

used

it would

have

to be exceptionally

of this frame
shaped rail at the bottom
again shows the applicationof the bridle joint.
Fig. 76 shows an oblique bridle joint,used in many
instances as a brace, or strut, to prevent framing from rack-^
^
ing. (Seealso Fig. 32.)
Fig. 77 is a stopped bridle joint,used in positionswhere
the top or bottom
edge of the work meets the eye, and where,
if the rail were
allowed
to run
through, the end grain
would
appear unsightly.
is a so-called bridle jointat the comer
of a frame.
Fig.'j'^
This is also called
an
joint."
open slot mortise and tenon

The

**

28

in

Joints
is

Fig. 79

oblique bridle jointused in similar positions

the two
above, but when
pieces meet at an acute

the

to

Woodwork

an

angle at the end

Fig. 80 shows
Two

truss.

beam

of

frame.

the

applicationof

sketches
the

and

bridle

jointto a roof
at the joining of the tie
The
joint a is the type

shown

are

the

principalrafter.

generallyused.
SETTING
It is

safe rule,when

the thickness
leave

of the

tongue,

The

joint.

each

on

bridle

AND

MARKING.

settingout

of the timber

timber

the

thickness
the

OUT

bridle

joint,to

divide

into three

equal parts. This will

of the tongue equal to the
giving uniform strength to

side
thus

joint is chieflyused

for

connecting

internal

frames.
It is stronger than
parts of wooden
the halving joint,and, owing to its peculiarconstruction,
or
nails,to secure
requireslittle in the way of pegs, screws
the

it in

position.Fig. 81

illustrates the

jointboth

and

open

closed.
To

glanceat the
bridle

must

should

be the

knife

when

pencilthat

or

be equal to the width

as

fairlyaccurately sawn
thickness, and all edges should be
"

or

wood

out

by using

the

jointwith

marked

on

the

piece

pieceA. The timber

planed to the same

square

and

true.

the bench, and

marking

; but

pieceB

cross

is placed upon

The

that the

knife

or

the

penknife

A knife blade is much

the try square.
better than
the fibres of the wood
pencil,as the sharp edge severs

blade
a

the

be

Marking.
joint marked

the

the width
on

marking,

necessary

settingout
W

and

settingout

It is not

width

same

be remem^bered

marking

of

sketch. Fig. 81.

piece A

it must

the method

understand

and

and

givesa

necessary

it may
than

much

to

with

finer line than

exactly square
advantage

necessary
chisel after the

and

and

in many

levelled

pencil. It is not always

trim the end of piece A ;
be left \ in. longer
cases

the

off with

jointis put together.

30

the

saw,

plane

and

The

Bridle

Joint

bridle joint fitted at

a
piece A has to have
end, it is the usual workshop practiceto cut the timber

When
each

the

in.

the shoulder
longer than necessary, and mark
lines C to the exact
length,after which the jointsare cut
the horizontal
This leaves the ends standing over
rails,
and, after fixingthe complete frame together,the small
about

ends
projecting

Fig. 8i.

"

Bridle

and

Gauging.
the

timber

levelled off flush with

are

Joint,open

Fig. 82.

closed.

"

Timber

After
with

squaring all

the

the

knife

and

the

rails.

cross

the

Gauging

"

with

Mortise

shoulder

try square,

Gauge.

lines round
the

mortise

should
be set so as to strike the two
lines
gauge
gauge
marked
G, Figs.83 and 84, at one operation. If the worker
does not
at

two

possess
distinct

mortise

gauge

operationswith

The
should
gauge
gauge.
into thirds, and the
wood

of the

be

the work
the

aid

adjusted so

stock

of the

as

is indicated

by

mark

the

(the portion
Fig. 82) must

when

gauging up

The

glorified
comma,
31

to

in

gauge

containingthe thumb

screw
gauge
face
from
of
the
side
the timber
be used
the whole of the piecesforming a frame.

the work

be marked
may
of the marking

face mark
and

on

the edge

Woodwork

Joints in
is shown

mark

Fig. 82
hand

an

x,

the method

shows

whilst

by

in

as

of

the

various

holding the

gauging the lines

on

gauge
the work.

in the

right

Fig. 84.

Fig. 83.
The

illustrations.

Two

Parts

of the

Joint Marked.

The

marked
out, will
joint,when
83 and 84, and the portionswhich are
be shaded
with a pencilas indicated

Fig. 85.
"

Boring previous

to

appear

as

at

Figs.

to be cut
;

away
may
this will prevent

Chiselling.

arisingwhilst cutting the work, especially

by
who is not thoroughly familiar with the joint.
one
not be less than the
The distance A B, in Fig. 83, must
distance A B in Fig.84.

mistakes

32

Bridle

The
Boring Away Waste.
portionin the centre has
facilitate the
with

removal

Examine

"

to be

cut

Fig. 84

Fig. 86.

Sawing

"

"

SAWING
"

handle,
the
will

The

wood

twist bit should

between

of

boring

out

this hole

JOINT.

be put in the vice as Fig.86.

index fingeron the side of the

should
the

sawing, and proceed until you come

positionindicated by the dotted hand and saw A ;
leave a saw
kerf or cut running diagonally from
commence

shoulder
refix

the

line to
wood

corner

so

'"^"

the

the first cut.

THE

with

saw,

shaded

the

it will

the width

than

The easiest method

gauge lines G.
is shown
at Fig. 85.

Sawing.
Taking up a

The

positionshown.

i in. less in diameter

and

greatly
pieceby boring a hole

away,

of this waste

twist bit at the

be about

Joint

that

of the wood.

it leans

33

in

Release

to

this
the

the vice and

exactly the opposite

Joints
direction

in

Woodwork

and

Fig. 86 ; then
repeat the sawing, so as

cut

from

to

the

shoulder

reverse

cut

to

the

line to

your
another

position
diagonal saw

own

Fix

corner.

the

wood

Fig.87, and saw as shown, when you

has no
will find that the saw
tendency to run out of the
used at Fig.86.
guide cuts already formed by the method
at Fig. 86, that it is
Remember, when commencing to saw
inside the gauge line ; otherwise the joint
to saw
necessary

upright,as

shown

Fig. 87.

Third

"

will be

which

blade.

saw

pointingin
the worker
with

this

Cut
with

the
to

any
the other
The
in

or

resistance
all be

will be
half way

the

done

line in

the

from

the

wood,

thickness

side of the

of the

saw,

and

cut, will greatlyhelp

saw

similar

width

manner,

and

wood

may

carefullychop away
be placed "Sdgeway

vice,

and

the

chisel should

has

been

chips which

to

the

of the

straightline,as it is natural to point

object that is to be aimed at.

hole which

the

thickness

by

of the

suitable

material.

bit will allow

not

fingerto

bench,

no

in

chisel of

the

fingeron

direction

vertically.The
or

index

saw

to

into sawdust

made

The

down

waste

the

slack, owing

too

Fig. 88." Chiselling.

horizontal

or

cut.

saw

will be

at

bored

side,

the

the
upon
held
twist

to offer little
away
The
should
chiselling

cut

are

chisel blade.
one

with

be

then

or

chipped under-edge

result ; it is better to chisel the work

until
through and then turn the other edge of the wood

the

34

The

Bridle

Joint

again begin to chisel from the top.

will finish the cuttingin the centre of the work
method
and
ragged or chipped edges at
prevent burred
uppermost

and

This
and

the

shoulder.

Cutting the Shoulders.

B, Fig.8i, placethe wood

Fig. 89.

lines in

similar

blade
so

to

as

which

board

wood

Next
as

shown

regard to working piece

againstthe

the

Fig. 88

stop

or

in the

Shoulders.

manner.

used

treat

If the
with

fibres of the

a small
away
other shoulder

the

marking

knife

fair amount

wood,

or

knife
penof pressure,

this small

channel,

guide for the saw, will quickly and easily

place the wood in the vice or on the cutting
at Fig. 89, and
begin by sawing lightlyat
a

back

When
the
edge as shown.
Jin. graduallybring the handle

A to B

bench

| in. chisel,carefullycut

at

been
the

score

is to form

be cut.
the

has

With

Sawing

"

vice,and taking up
channel, as shown

"

whilst the

saw

is in motion.

35

saw

of the

has
saw

Continue

entered

the

down

from

sawing

until

Joints
bevel

lines, and
will

wood

the

exception that
of

instead

is used

shoulder
of

the

with

manner,

Woodwork

in

that

the
to mark
out
square
change of direction in the grain

try

when

occur

Fig. 91 indicates the change

bevel
the adjustablejoiner's

Fig. 91.

chisellingout the work.

the grain of the wood, and

is also shown.

other

than

marked

Leading

shows

out

and

an

cut

authorities

in the
are

same

agreed

Fig. 92.
Slot

open slot mortise

it is sometimes
bridle joint,
as

Fig.92
not

in

Joint at Angle
Right Angle.

Bridle

"

adjustable joiner's

an

and

tenon

"

Open

Joint.

joint,and

called ; this joint is

the bridle joint.
as
way
bridle joint is an
that
a

jointat the end of a

under the heading of open
frame, and it therefore comes
on
Fig.^'^.)
slot mortise and tenon joints.(Seealso remarks

internal joint,and

Fig. 92

shows

38

the

THE

AND

TONGUED
GROOVED

JOINT

form
grooved joint is used in one
another
of the woodworking
or
throughout the whole
trades, covering, as it does, a great variety of work

tongued

and

THE
from
of

the

laying

light cabinet

Flooring
the

tongues

few

of the

and

Match
on

various

types

93.
Grooved
"

flooring boards
Boarding

the

solid

are

shown

and
Tongued
Flooring

shows

generally
and
examples

board,

follows

as

Fig. 94.
of

Board.

Fig. 93

construction

the

to

work.

worked

Fig.

of

have
of

"

Section

"

Hardwood

Flooring,

the

end

of the

view

ordinary |

in.

tongued

in

the construction
of
flooring board, as used
and
floors for mills, workshops
This type
cottage property.
of flooring is nailed
to the
joists in the ordinary manner,
and

grooved

being made

attempt

no

Fig.

94 is

such

hardwood,

positions
the
it

such
and

tongue

the

covers

position
next

at

board

Fig.

95

of

section

shows

oak,

hiding
an

Each

the

the

nails

board,

used.

is

generally
jarrah. It is

skating

worked

shown.
of

or

and

being

edge

the

flooring which

ballroom

groove
nails as

and

conceal

maple,

as
as

one

to

rink

in such
nail

the

of

used

in

floors, etc.,
that

manner

is driven

groove

made

into

holding

its
the

nail.

example
39

of

matchboarding

known

as

Joints
tongued, grooved, and
shows

sides.
"

as

similar

This

beaded

side

one

type tongued, grooved

only, and Fig.96

and

beaded

and

Fig. 96.

Grooved

Matchboard-

ing,
with

One

on

both

in the trade

framing to

Match^Tongued Fig. 97.

Grooved
and
boarding.
MatchboardTongued,

Tongued

"

on

on

varietyof matchboarding is known

and B."
It is used for nailingon

T. G.

Fig. 95.

Woodwork

in

Bead

"

"

Bead

Grooved

S.de.

Vee'd.

ing, with

Side.

Each

at

and

for rooms,
dors,
etc., for panellingcorrioffices,
partitions
ing
and ledged doors, buildetc., and for making framed
tool houses, cyclesheds and other outhouses, etc.
Fig. 97 is an example of matchboarding that is tongued,
grooved and vee'd on one side, and Fig.98 shows tongued.
form

Fig. 98. Matchboarding Vee'd

Fig. 99.

"

Both

Double-dovetailed,

tongued

Sides.

Fig. 100.

Double-

"

Tongued,

Matchboarding.

Grooved

grooved

and

purposes

to

vee'd both

Figs.95

because

and

it is

sides.

These

96, and many

more

ornamental

effect ; also to

40

beads

Joiat
for similar

used

preferthe

easilypaintedthan

variety.
The object of working a bead
is to break the jointingof the
at

are

and

V matchboarding,

the beaded

matchboarding
pieces and to aim
should
prevent unsightliness
or

various

on

place,

takes
at

the
the

be

as

side of the

If the tongues

not

painted before

shows

in the wholesale

the

cause

much

double

factories.

side

wood

joint

observer
of the

the work
to

is

to

bead.

put

gether,
to-

show, and

Groove.

grooved jointused

It is

"

the

Loose

Tongues.
Tongue.

a.

Cross

B.

Feather

the amateur
and

preferredfor

Fig. 102.

"

of cabinet stock,and
jointing
jointby working two grooves

the

case,

in evddence.

Joint with Single

Dovetail
and
Tongue

Fig. loi.

of shrinkage

casual

raw

tongued and

cabinet

the

the

at

Joint

amount

the

to

appears
worked

jointtoo

the

Fig.99

bead

shrinkagewill

the

thus make

are

moderate

nearly always

is

channel

fillet or

Grooved

slightly.If a

shrink

the timber

and

Tongued

The

can

Tongue.
make

similar

loose tongues.
inserting

Fig. 100 is the end view of a double-dovetailed,tongued,

and grooved joint,and Fig. loi
of a similar
is a sketch
jointhaving only one dovetailed tongue.
From
a constructional
point of view Fig. 100 is far and
the best jointthat has yet been produced. Unfortunately,
away
however, there is not
tool

that

will

the fact that

at the

present time any hand

economicallyproduce it, owing probably to

subject of a patent. The

dovetail
tongue tapers slightly throughout its entire
length,grippingthe joint on the principleof the wedge,
and squeezing the glue into the pores of the wood.
Cabinetwork

the

joint is

the

Joints.

With

"

regard

to

tongued

and

to the jointing
grooved jointswhich apply more
particularly
of cabinet work, Fig. 93 is produced by planes which
are

41

in

Joints

for the purpose.

One plane makes
the tongue
the groove.
The
handiest
sizes to buy are

made
specially
and

another

dowel

to

joint| in.,| in.,and j in. timber,

which

those

loose-tongue thicker

or

(or, as
in

are

in.

they

the

between

good
"

Woodwork

of

drawers
work

and

ends

jointed in
"

tops

of

called,

sideboard
this

"

dressing chest

or

The

American

or

in. and

whitewood

etc., call for the

dressing tables, wardrobes,

")

dustboards

manner.

pine

being usual
| in. partitions

The

boards.

sometimes

are

it

largersized

planes.

Fig.
Loose

Tongues.

103.

Cradle

"

There

"

for

Planing.
methods

two

are

of

jointing

of the cross
loose tongues, viz., the use
tongue, Fig.
102
A, and the use of the feather tongue. Fig. 102 B. Cross
glued in their position,and
tongues are the stronger when

with

they

can

Feather

be

used

tongues

thinner

much

very

feather

diagonally across

cut

are

than

tongues.

the

grain

as

illustrated.

Fig. 103 is a cradle for planing up loose tongues to the

required width (generallyf in.). Two grooves are made in
a piece of i J in. hardwood
; one
groove is used for planing
the

width

of the

way

tongue and

the other

for

planingthe

edge way.
These
saw

tongues
if power

bench

APPLICATIONS

be

can

and

OF

cut

to

accurate

machinery
THE

are

TONGUED

size

on

circular

at hand.

AND

GROOVED

JOINT.
Fig. 104
the

is

sketch

plough

of

groove

portion of a
ready worked
42

sideboard
out

to

ing
top, showreceive

the

Tongtied and

The
tongue

full

the

through

of the

top

is a

of

sideboard

Fig. 104.

"

of such

the groove
board, but

similar

is not

worked

stopped about
joint at each

square

moulding
board

the

If the

is worked.

it looks

such
shaped spandrel,
or
cupboard or shop

of

with

ends

the

in

unsightly

very

is finished.

Part

grooved

that

this leaves

which

on

through

be run
groove
the mould
when

Fig. 105

Joint

top is treated

of the

length
end

each

in. from

end

half of the

It will be noticed

manner.

other

the

Grooved

width

Sideboard

Top;

as

is fixed in the

window

that,

"

It is

Shaped Spandrel

for Recess.

it cut

were

fitment.

Fig. 105.

left blind.

recess

from

wide

board, the

shaped portion would be apt to break off owing to the short

grain at C. The shaping is therefore built up out of three
by the
separate pieces, the grain running as indicated
loose tongue is represented by the dotted
The
sketch.
line and a section is shown
of the joint at the hne A B.
At the oppositecomer
the tongue is left bUnd, i.e.y
not run
the
the
This
is
method
that should be used
through
edge.
when
the shapingis above the level of the eye.
of a dressing table.
Fig. 106 shows part of a carcase
A
The drawer
is shown
the end to
runner
grooved across
receive

similar groove
the

runner

Fig. 107

tongue

cross

to the

is

this

cross

in the front bearer.

bearer

tongue engages
This method

of

with

fastening

is in

every-day use.
writing table top. The centre
43

boards

are

Joints

the ends and sides

up, after which
wood
grooved ready to receive the cross tongues. The hardmargins are shown at one end and at the front, and the

glued

first jointedand
are

Fig. 1 06.
are

grooves

frame
thickness

Part

"

arranged
stands

of the
the

cases

some

grain

as

Carcase

the

the

at

the

completion,the

on

will
end

Writing

top, thus

Dressing Table.

top just the

which

leather

margin

of

that,

so

above

Fig. 107."
the

Woodwork

in

the

cover

runs

Table

amount

the

same

ginal
mar-

of the

table.
way

In
of

Top.

allowing for slightshrinkage.

of course
Cross tongues would
be used in this case.
Fig. 108 is a sketch showing one-quarter of a barred or
An
tracery cabinet door.
enlarged section of the astragal
mould
rebate

which

is grooved to fit on
is also shown.

44

the bar which

forms

the

Woodwork

Joints in
be used

It would

bead.

in

etc.,
upright iron pillar,
each

such
positions

bead

the

boarding in

as

giving a

an

finish at

neat

corner.

Fig. 113

example

is

similar

of its

use

is in

joint,but at an
fixingboarding

obtuse
round

angle.

An

octagonal

an

of brickwork.

column

Fig.

114

shows

for

strengtheningthe

tea

caddies, small

rebated

Mitre.

block,

to facihtate

the

one

of

corners

grooved

mitre

cabinet

work,

Fig. 116.
Comer
Joint

Fig. 115.
of

Method

Working
of which

be used

used

as

such
a

as

small

with

Mould.

Comer

Groove.

would

shows

plinths,etc.

boxes,

Fig. 114.
Tongued and
Grooved

and

tongued

at

each

comer

glueingthe joints.
up when
of working the groove in the
method

cramping

Fig. 115 shows the

above joints.The piecesare turned back to back, the mitres
thus making a right angle. The
guide on the grooving
plane thus works against each face of the joint,and this
correct
ensures
jointing.
similar to Fig. iii, but with a
Fig. 116 is somewhat
quarter circle mould to hide the joint.
Fig, 117 indicates the building up of a double skirting
mould.

represents

the

brickwork,

the

oak-framed

A wide
panelling,and B the packing and fixingblock.
skirtingof this type is made in two portionsfor convenience
of working the moulding and to prevent undue
shrinkage.
with
glass and
Fig. 118 is the top part of a dressingtable

jeweldrawers.

The

sketch

shows

46

the two

piecesseparated.

These

are

glued up

screws

is to all appearances

Joint

grooving, and when

the joint. This makes
a
nails being required,and the joint
or
a glued butt
joint.

jointed by tongueing
hides
the capping mould

finish,no

neat

Grooved

and

Tongued

The

and

Fig. 117.
Double

Skirting

Fig. 118.

"

Mould.

Top, with
parts separated.

Dressing
of

Table

sketch

PLOUGHING.
in the edge or face of
grooves have to be worked
to receive tongues, the process is generallycalled
a board
ploughing,and it is usually accomplished by a special
When

"

plough (or,as it is occasionallyspelt, plow ").

When
to procure
a plough plane is bought it is usual
eight
plough bits or blades of various sizes to fit the plane.
Fig. 119 shows the back elevation of a plough plane with
tool called

the

of the various

names

The

board

or

boards

parts lettered thereon.

which

it is desired

first

groove
though it

planed straightand true, exactly as

desired to make
butt joint. One
a glued or

is

now

placed edge way

up

in the vice and

side to the worker.

47

to

of the

with

are
were

boards

the face

Woodwork

Joints in
Take

the

plough plane

select

and

fix it in the

usual

edge

the

to

inch, and
small

plane in the
project beyond
securely drive

boxwood

wedges

called the stems

"

of

Plan

lettered

are

about
Next

wedge.

Plough

"

allowing the cutting

at the side of each

Fig. 119.

Fig. 120.

way,

blade
suitably-sized

steel skate
the

up

stem

of

loosen

an

the

(the parts

Plane.

Plough Plane,

S in the

plan,Fig. 120),and

until
adjust the plane by tapping the stems with a hammer
the cutting iron is in the desired position; then knock
settingthe fence
up the small wedges nice and tight. When
to

or

from

the blade

distance from

this will

it is

wise

precautionto

the fence to the skate

ensure

neglectof this

the skate
is

source

at each

to
being parallel

of annoyance

48

the

measure

end of the

plane ;

the fence.

to many

The

amateurs.

The
Now

and

Tongued

Grooved

Joint

at the
depth stop by turning the screw
top of the plane,measuring the depth of the required groove
from
the edge of the blade to the stop, and then carefully
which
lock the screw
is
adjusts this stop. The screw
at the side of the
generallyadjusted with a screwdriver
Other
plane.
types of plough or fillisterplanes have a
screw
adjustment on the stems in place of the wedges.

adjust

the

Using the Plane.

"

^The

plane

is

for

ready

now

use.

Hold

the fence close up to the side of the timber, the hands

in positionas shown
at Fig. 120, the positionof the body

being that generallyassumed

backwards
the cut

and

forwards

with

front),and proceed
and
is

with

planing.

in the

end of the board

at the

is in contact

in

usual

manner,
to the

nearest

planing until

the

the wood.

Then

take

Care

the board

with

must

be taken

plane backwards
kept vertical.

and

plane

beginning
vice jaws (the

the

depth stop

step backwards

the groove
to force the fence up to

the left hand, whilst

the

the

length of

repeat the process until the whole

ploughed.

Move

the

forwards, and

righthand thrusts
the plane must
be

TONGUEING.
The
be

grooves having been

made.
Fig. 121 shows

completed the tongues

sketch

of

board

have
and

to

the

feather
marking out cross
tongues {a) and
tongues (6). The usual procedure for making cross tongues
is to plane the end of the board
and use
a cutting gauge
from
the end
to give a line the required distance
(see
with a tenon
or
sketch). The board is sawn
panel saw,
and the piece of timber
for the tongue is thus procured.
If a feather tongue is to be used it is cut diagonally from
the board (6)and the ends cut square as shown
by the dotted
method

of

line.

Feather
out

of

tongues
'"""

narrow
are

Tongues

can

boards,
limited

by

be obtained
whilst
the

on

width

49

in
the

fairly
long lengths
other

of the

hand

board

cross

After

Joints
cutting off

the

in

Woodwork

tongues, they require planing with

nicety

the advantage of a grooved board

grooves, and
(Fig.103) will be appreciated. A glue spoon similar to
fit the

to

Fig. 121.

"

^Method

Marking Out for Cross Tongues

Feather
Tongues.

of

and

plumber's

the

grooves,

Fig.
End

122.

Views

ladle is
and

generallyused

it is usual

to

pour the glue into

the tongue into one

to

glue

Fig.

Fig.

123.
of Tongueing and

124.

"

Method

of

Tongueing.

Grooving Planes.
board

first ; after

in the usual

allowingthis

to set, the

jointis completed

manner.

Tongueing Planes.
Fig. 122 shows
tongueing plane for working matched
"

50

the end

view

jointsout

of

of

the

The
solid.

method

The

similar to

and

Tongued
of

directions

the

Grooved

Joint

holding and using the plane is

given for using the plough. The

portion F represents the fence, which in this

adjustable; a is the blade and w the wedge.
In descriptionFig. 123 is similar to Fig. 122.
skate

The

steel

in the

runs

similar

is not

case

that

to

and supports the cuttingblade

groove
in the plough plane, and it
be here
may

that, provided a grooving plane of this type

be used for making grooves
is of suitable width, it may
for

pointed

out

loose tongues. Many workers

who do not
use
planes of this type for ploughing.

Fig.

of tenons
on

used

as

the

of

method

in thick

tongueing the

timber

which

latter.

shoulders

is to be veneered

A temporary piece of wood

{a)is put between
cheek and the saw, thus forming a guide for the

After
second

kerfs is now

cutting one
saw

removed

kerf

kerf

saw

cut

with

the

J in.

an

thicker

waste

"

"

the face side.

51

piece is

between

chisel and

A tongue of this type acts

the groove.
and prevents the jointfrom
lipping
on

plough

the face.

the tenon
and

shows

124

possess

as

this
an

made

the

saw

completes

extra

tenon

(becoming uneven)

Joints in

Light Japanese

Vase

Mortise

Woodwork

Stands.
and

Tenon

52

(Fixing is by
Joints.)

means

of

Joints in
finish level at the back

Woodwork

when

the

boarding has

been

applied

(seeplan).
Stub
called

run

thus
corner

Stump

Tenon

joggle tenon.

in the

used
to

or

through

frame.

The

tenon

is not

tenon

as

allowed

stile,and unsightlinesson the edge is

avoided.
This type of tenon
is often used at the
of a frame, and
it then requiresto be haunched.

Fig. 128.
Gauging.

Tenon.

good workshop

mortise

gummed

for

stub

stamp

method
tenon

of

shown
the

timber

at

width
will be

desired

Tenon, as
Fig. 127.

depth

tenon

left at

the

when
of the tenon
pressure
The
short portion A, which

the

of the

cavity into

so

on

which

mortise

that

the

driven

This
to

door

stile to

joint is

is left

it will

case

is reduced,
end

piece of

necessary

of

the

of

mortise.

of the

at the end

this

In

depth

128 ; a
side of the

it is not

as

Joint.

Fig.

the

on

used

of the

the

in

129.

Tenon

the

gauging

is shown

greatly facilitates the work,

constantlymeasuring
A Haunched

Fig.
Haunched

is stuck

paper

chisel,indicatingthe

that

occasionally

illustration shows

the

Fig. 127.

is

also

"

The

interior of

Haunched

(Fig. 126)

be

be

frame,
seen

sufficient
resist the

together.

tenon, is called

it engages

is called

the

haunch,

the

and the haunching prevent

haunching. The haunch
two
on
pieces of timber lipping,or becoming uneven

the

and

54

Mortise

The

entirelyup
Fig. 129
or

this and

similar

the

same

acts

as

the

cut

away

used

when

were

is

grooved

the haunch

cases

and

tenon

to

haunch
receive

is made

the

panel.
same

In

width

depth as the groove ; the groove therefore

haunching. An applicationof this joint is
top rail of the door frame, Fig. 130.

in the

shown

result if it

type of

upright rail

the stile

and

the

shows

the

shoulder.

the

to

Tenon

be

would

side, as

the face

Joint

and

^:
Fig.

Applicationof
Haunched
Mortise

Tenon

This

leg of

an

Tenon.

Joints.

ordinary kitchen
is

where

stout

Stump
and

type of jointis also used

Fig. 131
used

Fig. 132.,
Joint for Inside
Framing.

Fig. 131.
Occasional

130.

the

stump

Mortise

variation

work
to

and

take

to

connect

table, Fig. 164.

of the

stump

in hand

demands

heavy

strains.

Tenon

the rail to the

Joint,used

tenon,
a

occasionally

thin

tenon

and

for inside

framing,
being seen
top). The

applicationof its use

in the frieze rail, Fig. 130 (second rail from
of
in Fig. 132, but in the case
rails may
be used as shown
have
the inside
door frame
a
(as Fig. 130) they would
would
edges grooved to receive the panels; the tenons
therefore be slightlynarrower
than shown, owing to the
groove at each edge.
A Haunched
Barefaced Tenon, used in similar positions

is shown

at

Fig. 132,

an

55

in

Joints
is shown

Fig. 129,

to

would

case

134 is
the names

Fig.
with

Wedges.

an

of the various

be

used

which

are

waste

of material.

to

frame

or

of

Fig. 135

"

door

matchboarding nailed on
plan, Fig. 125.
illustration showing a haunched

in the

shown

as

The

Fig. 133.

at

made

be

Woodwork

shows
Some

the back

tenon,

parts.

the

method
the

wedge

to

in this

workers

of

cuttingwedges

tenons

the

cut

this avoids
from

wedges

I
Fig.

Fig.

133-

Haunched

Fig. 136." Stile

134.

and

faced
Bare-

with

Tenon.

Fig. 135.
from

the

"

Waste

Fig.

Cutting Wedges
of Haunching.

piecesleft

out

rail shown

Horn.

Method

"

Wedging

haunching

of the

135A.

Rail

Cross

of

Tenons.

of the lock rail,or

the

Fig. 130.
Cross
A Stile and
together, are shown
Rail, framed
the rail is called the horn,
at Fig. 136. The portion above
and it is usual to leave sufficient length of stile to project
bottom

above

and

tendency
cramping

below
for the
and

completing the

at

the

cross

stile to

wedging
framing

of

rails,so
burst
the

the horn

56

out

that
at

frame

is cut

the

there
end

will be
whilst

is in progress.
away.

no

the
On

Fig.

In

and

Mortise

The

137
the

denotes

Tenon

Joint

singleline diagram

of

field

shows
the method
illustration above
of
gate and
tenoning the three piecesto the top rail,barefaced tenons
being shown.
of fixingan interior leg
Fig. 138 indicates the method
to a table having a circular or straight
top rail. The inlaid
leg in this case is stump-tenoned into the top rail,and the
to run
inlaid portion of the leg is allowed
through the
rail,thus giving continuity of design.

Sprocket Wheel."
chain

bar and

of the

links

of

chain

Fig.

At

139

shown

are

chain-mortisingmachine,
being indicated at A.

the

guide

enlarged

two

The

chain

is

"

-""J.:,

^-

Tr

"

p
2e;

"^

jij

Fig. 138.
Fig.139.
Fig.140.
Interior
Leg to
Joint, Fig. 138. Fixing
Wheel.
Fig. 139.
Sprocket
Fig. 140.

Fig. 137.

Fig. 137.

"

Gate

Taole,

"

"

"

Mortising TooL
similar
with

in construction

the

exception

the timber
away
chain mortiser the

to

that

the

it is
the

of

drivingchain
provided

chain

with

revolves.

teeth

bicycle,
which

When

using
machine
a
portion
carrying the
into the timber, thus cutting a
chain is fed downwards
clean and true mortise.
If, however, a stump mortise is
certain amount
a
required it is necessary to pare away
of timber
by hand, because the machine
obviously leaves
cut

semicircular

of the

to

the

mortise.

To

overcome

this

have
a
type of mortising machines
attachment
fixed
the
chain.
alongside
hole-boring

difficultythe
square

bottom

as

latest

b1

Woodwork

Joints in
This

tool, the working portion of which

Fig.

140,

consists

sharpened

from

fitted with

spurs

be

can

at

seen

revolves

of

the
or

the

the

whilst

The

by

E allows

the

chisel E, which

is

6 ins. in

boringbit

of the

bores
dead

away

bit

away

the

on

the

exerted

pressure

be cut

body

This
illustration).

chisel,and

A is the shank

it is fixed into the

where

the

to

comers

in. square
portionmarked

mortise

of the

bottom

inside the shell like

causes

hollow

square

inside,and a revolving twist bit D,

nickers,but without a point (one spur

superfluous timber,
chisel

is illustrated in

square.

depth

thus be cut.
may
of the chisel (Fig.140),

machine, and the hole

at

to free itself.

!":;"

Haunched
141.
for
Tenon
Skylight

Fig.
or

Fig. 141
of

for Garden

shows

skylight or

the side rails

bottom
to

Fig.

142.
Short

"

are

"

Tenon

Frame.

Joint.

applicationof Fig.133
In this and
garden frame.
the

rebated

rail is thinner

finish level upon

Short

than

as

shown
the

in the

and

Long

Shouldered

to the

making

similar

section,and

side rails to allow

the

cases

the

glass

it.

Shouldered

Joint. Fig. 142 shows

mortise
haunched
and
tenon
a
joint having a long and
This is a fairlycommon
short shoulder.
jointin framed
partitionsfor offices,framing for greenhouses,tool sheds,
of annoyance
to the amateur.
etc., and is a frequent source
both the stiles and
this jointwhen
to use
It is necessary
uprights are rebated, and it calls for accurate
marking
in the making.
out and great care
Long

and

58

"

The
Fig. 143
field

or

shows

other

cross

rails

omitted

the

and

Tenon

tenons

are

mortise.

when

the rails

indicates

bevelled

The

in many
not thick

allowed

Joint
Fencing.

143.

"

to

to fit and

enough

for

of

working

too

far when

Fig. 144.

Had

Fig. 145.

the chisel been

"

Tenon

Japanese
Joint.

both
are

them.
tenon.

cutting

Faulty

"

Tenon.

shoulder, thus

chisel.

shows

to carry

greatly weakening the

faulty sawing has again occurred, and to
defect the worker
has resorted to paring the
a

wedge

shoulders

cases

run

garden

common

illustration

faulty methods

has been

saw

are

Joint

rails of

uprightand

shouldered, but

Fig.

the

The

the

in

Fig. 144
a

the

fencing.

each

At

Mortise

used

remedy
shoulder

an
vertically

Fig. 146.
"

Scribed

At

tenon.

Tenoned

this
with

undercut

and

Joint.

The trouble
(as at h) would not have occurred.
of shrinkage in the width
amount
is that the slightest
now
an
of the stile will show
joint. The result will be
open
to remove
a
if it is necessary
shaving or two
the same
when
planing or levelling
up the face of the frame.

shoulder

A
used

Japanese
in

Tenoned

this country,

is

Joint, Httle known

at Fig. 145
shown
59

and
c.

The

rarely
joint

Joints in
is

open
the

at

seen

and

h.

Woodwork

At

Tenoned

cross

rail is cut

at

is worked

on

which

Scribed

and

the

it is shown

and

soft-wedging variety
Manual
Training teachers.
A

should

be

Joint is seen

shoulder,

the stile. This is

It is of

to
interesting

Fig.146. The
fit the moulding

at

to

as

so

closed.

good jointin

day
every-

use.

and

Mitred

Moulded
in

joint largely used

"

moulding

the

mitreing

Joint. Fig. 147

lightcabinet work.
and

tenoning

shows

the

The

type of

method

stile to

of

rail is

indicated.

A
Fig. 147.

Moulded

Twin
bearers

shown.

"

(Fig.148).

Tenons
which

Fig. 148.

"

the

carry
a

The

drawers,

method

of

tenoning the

the midfeather

or

dressingtable

completion,the

On

^Twin Tenons.

Joint.

drawers, in

two

and

Mitred

"

similar

or

tenons

on

between
is here

carcase

the midfeather

are

wedged diagonally.
Pinning.

Fig.

"

end

of

called
The

149

wardrobe

to

The

pinning.
and

tenons

the

shows

tenoning

of the

inside

This is also
the top of the carcase.
should be wedged diagonally.
tenons

the distance

between

the tenons

are

more

if made
equidistant,because if slight
shrinkage
satisfactory
width
between
this is partiallyequalised. The
occurs
the tenons

Top
the

should

Rails.

top rails

"

At

to the

in

no

exceed

case

Fig. 150
post of

is shown
a

3 ins.
the method

tool shed

60

or

of

joining

similar outhouse.

Joints

Woodwork

in

end, and the tenons'run through

This allows the article
the end and are secured by wedges.
or
to be quickly and
easilytaken to pieces for removal
re-polishing. The dotted line in Fig. 153 indicates that
be shaped if desired.
the shelf may
The

into the

shelf is housed

Fig. 155-

Fig. 154-

In

"

timber

so

Mortise

Self-wedging

Wheelwright's
Joint.

Wheelwright's Joint.

Cupboard.

Medicine

Fig. 155 the Une B, B, B

to clearlyillustrate the
as

Tenon

and

is carried

around

of taper

amount

the

given

to the mortise.

a
w
Dovetail

Fig. 156.
Wedged
"

Dovetail

Fig. 157.

and

Fox-

"

wedging.

Tenon.

and

Wedged

Tenon

(Fig.156).

When

"

two

pieces such as the cross rail and leg of a carpenter'sbench

are
required to be held together by a mortise and tenon,
is dovetailed
and to be readily taken
on
apart, the tenon
one

side

the

permit
into

it.

wedge

and

the

mortise

widest

When

is driven

the

is made

part of the
tenon

in above

62

sufficient width

dovetailed

is in its
the

of

tenon,

tenon

position
as

shown.

to

to
pass

hardwood

Wedged Tenon
securing a stub tenon

slightlydovetailed
about

two

from

"

cuts

saw

side.

each

Joint with

Fig. 158.

wedge is inserted and the jointglued

operation forces the wedges into the saw
of the tenon

and

is

160.

shown

edges have

spread and
Mitred

with

shown

kerf

saw

Joint

"

and

moulds

of the

square

"

Moulded
Sash

it is

equally useful

worked

bolection

in the lower

Tenoning

Strut.
;

has

Fig. 162.

"

King

edges a rebate may

panel by fixinga bolection
section

the

Face (Fig.158). ^This

Draw161.
bore Pinning.

Fig.

Tie

square
a

in

The

up.

jointingframing which

Roof

"

Post and
as

of

"

Joints
Beam,

edge

to

Tenon

useful method

Fig.

is

cramping
cuts, thus causing
tightlygrip the mortise.

Mortise

mortise

each

Rafter

"

of

made

are

Into

Figi 159.

method

Face,

Mitred

the end

Joint

"

and

-f^in.

Tenon

(Fig.157). This is the

by small wedges. The

Fox

tenon

and

Mortise

The

upon

them.

be

formed

63

if the

even

to

face

joint has

If the

accommodate

moulding around
mould
planted on

figure.

Bar.

the frame.
the

frame

is

Rafter
the

Joint. Fig. 159

"

principal rafter

Roof

Woodwork

in

Joints

the

to

the

shows

of

method

tenoning

king post.

Joints. Fig. 160 illustrates the tenoning of the

to the king post, and the king post to the tie beam.
struts
these examples are used in roof work.
Both
Drawbore
Pinning. At Fig. 161 is seen the method
of securinga tenon
by drawbore
pinning,employed when
"

"

convenient

it is not

Fig. 163.
Tenon

obtain

to

necessary

Twin

Table

and

by

pressure

Fig. 165.

Fig. 164.

with

Tongued

the

Tenons

for thick

Haunch,

Framing.

with

Timber.

Grooved

Shoulder,

using a cramp.
and a f-in.twist
The

side of the

tenon

bored

marked
holes

bit is used

is driven

tenon

hole

joint is

The

C.

the

about

at

home

When

to bore

the

and

to

nearer

the

hole

will not

manner,

through piece B.

withdrawn
shoulder

the
is

tenon

usual

on

the

and

the

hole is marked

is then

tenon

in.

in the

made

than

finallyinserted the
if a hardwood
pin be

registercorrectly,and
driven into the jointit will draw the shoulders of the
to a close jointand effectually
the parts.
secure
Sash Bars.
Fig.162 shows how to tenon a moulded

tenon

sash

"

bar

to

the

shoulders
the

rebated
of the

is used

moulded

rail.
bar

In
are

this illustration
shown

square,

both

but

in

housed
slightly
rail to prevent side play. This type of joint
cross
If the lower rail
etc.
for horticultural buildings,

best class work

into the

cross

as

these shoulders

64

may

be

Mortise

The
be moulded
end

of

make

the

The

the

sash

the

same

bar

will have

Tenon

members

Joint
the

as

be

to

bar, the

sash

scribed

it to

to

on

fit.

Tenon
"

with

and

with Tongued

objectof

face

of

the

tongues and

work

the

and Grooved

casting,

spoilingthe appearance
If framing is to be veneered
exceptionallygood method.

here

grooves
of the

to

are

surface

prevent

of the

and

work.

face side this is

the

on

(Fig.163).

becoming warped,

or

thus

Shoulders

an

Fig. 166.

Open

"

Fig. 167.
at

Table
a

Framing.

rail to

tenons

run

They

therefore

are

inset.

Chair

Twin

mitred

frames

Tenons

with

frame

is

mortise
Both

seen

and

these

Hammer
method

in

jointsare
Head

of

touch

end

used

other.

each

in the

treatment.

the timber

when

end

the

end

of

shows

of

called
occasionally

Tenons.

this the

shown

as

The

front

"

At

elevation

6^

of

is

Fig.165.

Fig. 167

joint at

to

right-angled

a
an

end

open
of
frame

bridle

slot
60".

joints.

Fig. 168 is shown

jointingframing having semicircular or

heads.
J.w.

as

the

at

Fig. 166.

tenon

the

in

shown

Tenon,

framing

similar

cases

almost

haunch,

Slot Mortise

Open

In

the

call for similar

often

of great thickness,are

An

indicates

on

Hammer

"

angle.

60"

dining-tableleg.
into the leg and

168.

Head

Mortise

^Fig.164

"

Fig.

Open

"

Slot

Mortise.

Slot

the
mental
seg-

indicates the method

Joints
of

wedging

end

view

if thick

depicts the

Woodwork

jointso as to draw
the tongueing of

the

shows

necessary

in

timber

stile when

has

to

taken

the shoulders

up
the

be

; the

shoulders, which
The

wrought.

apart from

the

head

is

sketch
of the

frame.

Clamping.
Fig. 169 shows
drawing boards, desk tops and
commonly called clamping. The
"

wide

surfaces

Fig. 169.

from

Clamping.

"

left-hand

at the

shown

winding.

the

method

secretaire

variation

side, the

This

to

Tenons,

example

in this

corners

is

prevent
jointis

of the

Inserted

"

tenoning

falls.

is used

method

Fig. 170.

of

being mitred.

not

(Fig.170). Where two piecesof timber

to
necessary
run
together at an acute angle it becomes
Both piecesof the timber are mortised
inserted tenons.
use
secured into the widest piece.
are
and the inserted tenons
the inserted tenon, secured by the
On
the left is shown
method
known
fox-wedging ; on the rightthe inserted
as
has been let into the wide rail from the edge. The
tenon
from
the
rail is secured
by wedging the tenons
narrow
outside edge in the ordinary manner.
Inserted Tenons

and

Wide
of

wide

to

rail when

narrow

File.

dreadnought

fashioned

Rails." Fig. 171 shows

Narrow

Dreadnought
of

"

home-made

"

At

file.

the

Fig. 172
This

float used

mortise.

66

has
to

jointis

is

sketch

the
at

tenoning
an
angle.

of

superseded
clean

out

the

portion

the

old-

sides of

The
General
tenon

and

each

Rule.

is used

Fig. 171.

the

Mortise

the thickness

of the tenon

^Tenoning a Wide

"

of

the

tenon

the

"

glue. If,however,
method

better

which

outside

is

run

down

This

172.

"

is to
to

single

be one-third

Dreadnought

External

and

the

may

timber

at

tenon.

be united

Internal

Joints.

the work
unite
the

the

leaves

strength as

same

Tenon

should

jointsfor inside work

Fig. 173.

with

where

cases

File.

timber.

side of the mortise

and

Fig.

Joint

Rail.

Narrow

thickness

Mortise

Tenon

practicallyall

In

"

and

has to stand

the weather

joint with white lead,

requiredconsistencywith good
the

varnish.

67

'"

OUT

SETTING

The

window

and

varied

AND

Principal Use

the construction

MAKING

of the mortise

of various

frames.

In

it may

forms

Woodwork

in

Joints

one

or

be classed

general woodworking

used

an

internal one,

and

Figs. 174

175.

for Mortise

an

as

or

joint,as

external

Tenon

the

and

important joint

joint

The

at the lower

and

in

door

as

of its many

most

trade.

Setting Out

"

jointis

tenon

other
the

as

shown

as

and

JOINT.

types of framing, such

in the
as

THE

may

be

rail,Fig.173,

Rails

Stiles and

Joints.
rail of the

upper

same

illustration.

Planing.

"

Whatever

it is necessary

that

straightand out
up
in Fig. 173)
shown

type
the

of

of

framing

has

side of the

face

winding, and

to

wood

the

face

be
be

made,

planed

mark

(as

it. The
best edge of
pencilled upon
be planed up true in length, and
should
the timber
next
X clearly
to the face side,and the edge mark
placed
square
it.

upon

The
and

Marking

gauge

lines

Gauge
are

marked

is

now
on

68

set

to

the

the wood,

desired
after

width,

which

the

Woodwork

Joints in
Set

the Stiles with

out

try square,

stiles (as at

more

at

marking knife or penknife and

Fig. 176. In this sketch only

for clearness

stile is shown

one
or

shown

as

of

Fig. 174)

the

stiles in

marking

out

all

lines will be

cross

Fig. 177.
the

at

knife

^How

"

should

owing

The

cut

lightlycarried

be

to

Fig.

on

mortise

174

The
small

out

as

follows

position

H,

sightsize,as
Set

is

it is

the

in
lettering

piece of

"

this

figureis

the

tenon

as
as

at

made

70

by
the

the

marking

work

as

the

stile,the cutting

the

centre.

horn

;
a,

The

lettering
M, position of
inside

Fig. 175,
J

as

Operation.

follows

lettered

fact,

First

haunching ;
called.
occasionally
Rails

; in

being marked

of

Cross

the

at

recommended,

all round

HO,

two

their

"

mortisingis cut from each edge of

of the mortisingbeing finished in the

out

be used

be

to

the Tenons

to Saw

marked

square

pairs is

exact,

operation.

same

be

may

time, provided a 12-in. try

same

representation,but

"

line, or
sketch.

lower

T, tenons

is called

the

; the

haunch,

The

Mortise

the shaded

and

to fit the

The

portion H

Tenons

are

The
as

leaving the

"

saw

the

Fig. 177 and,

the haunch

the thickness

of the

substance

of

at

itself is composed of.

is set to the required distance and used

gauge

Fig. 178.

Joint

to allow

amount

same

the

as

already described

To

is cut

generallyone-third

side of the tenon

mortise

Tenon

away
of the stile.

haunching

timber, thus
each

and

tenon

(see Fig. 82).

Second

Operation

Tenons, place
with

in

rail in

the

panel, tenon,

Sawing Tenons.

or

hand

vice

the
saw,

as

at

according

the outside of the tenon

the size of the work, cut down
Reverse
line as shown.
your position and cut as shown
and
at Fig. 178, then place the rail in a verticcJ position,
to

you will find little or no

line.
with
the shoulder

sawing
Next

until all the

saw

out

the

in sawing
difficulty

Repeat

tenons

are

piecesat

followingprocedure.

Place

stop, or in the vice, and

the

71

square
methods
of

sawn.

the side of the tenon

the

cut

above

down

rail

small

against the
channel

by

the

bench

in which

to

Joints in
your tenon
scored
the Une

saw

run

marking
removing

at

with

your

Fig. 179.
knife

when

in the illustration is, of course,

small channel
thus made
place the

guidingthe

Fig. 179.

or

square
the waste
way,
lower

blade with

saw

"

(Fig.180)

and

then

the

fingerso

tenon

the waste
away
at the sides of the

saw

the

out

portion

of

Tenon

Remove

in

tenons

marked

similar

H, Fig. 175,

sketch.

Mortising of the stiles may next

by putting the stiles edgeways in the

be taken

the bulk of the

away
suitable-sized
twist
a

the

away

and,

saw

material.

saw

In

keep it upright

to

as

The

save

were

you

exaggerated.

at Shoulder
Cutting Channel
before Sawing.

material

have

will have
little difficulty
in
you
portion with the chisel. The amount

removed
the

If you

work,

small

shown

as

deeply

the

out

Woodwork

great
with

amount

the

use

bit
of

and

noise, as

of the

chisel and

chop down

then

the chisel to the

turn

wood

waste

about

vice

from

brace.
to

mallet.

This

great
Take

f in. as shown
positionshown
72

in hand

and

boring

mortise

with

method
extent

the

will
it does

mallet

and

181 ;
at Fig. 182 and
at

Fig.

The

Mortise

Fig. 1 80.

Sawing

"

Fig. 181." Using

the

small

and

away

Tenon

Waste

the Chisel and

piece

shown.

MaUet

Joint

Material.

for

Mortising.

Continue
these two
until
operations
you are about half-way through the wood
and then start in a similar manner
at the Hne a, Fig, 181,
remove

as

11

Joints in
after which
and

repeat

Fig. 183

the

this, in

chisel

to

as

182.

of

methods
successive

the removal

provided
the

Removing
small

the

which

from

core

its

has

of successive

method

the other

Waste

mortise

cuts

mortise

sketches, clearlyshows

of Mortise

with

ChiseU

tions
examinawoodwork
many
insist that the mortise shall be removed

with

of much

the

of
the

In

working.

cuts

Hmitations

hole, the

show

Removing

"

the examiners

by

sketch

removing

when

uppermost

shown.

conjunction with

Fig.

the

the

so

edge of the timber

other

methods

shows

side removed
with

the

turn

Woodwork

worker

the chisel,but

of the waste

wood

we

certainlyadvise
with a boring bit,

keep straightand

can

well

within

lines.

of his gauge

After
Haunching.
removing the mortise
portion which is called the haunching will
"

chisel.
with
This calls for no
a
require to be removed
specialremark, as it is clearlyshown in Figs.185 and 186.
Fig. 184 shows an everyday type of mortise and tenon

74

Mortise

The

jointseparated ;
is requiredon the

"

Side

it is used
or

upper

wiA

Mortise

Fig. 183.

top edge.

edges
the

rail of
In

of the

width

where

cases

lower

edge

Fig. 184.
"

Removal

"

upper

in

Tenon

Joint
a

straightjoint

of the work, whereas

^The

Joint Separated.

Removed.

Fig. 185.

the

and

Haunching,

the full haunch

on
173 shows
such as Figs.185 and 186, where

Fig.

cases

frames

of the

of

are

tenon

grooved
is reduced

groove.

75

to

receive

by

the

the
the

panels, etc.,
width

of the

Joints in
This
out

be

must

Woodwork

remembered

his stiles with

the

by the
marking knife.

worker

marking

when

Fig. 185 (right-hsind

and
the haunch, tenon,
G at the
sketch) shows
groove
bottom.
shows
G (groove)
Fig. 186 (left-handillustration)
HH
at top, and
Tenons
(thehaunch) at the bottom.
may
be glued together and wedged as shown
at Fig. 173 if for

Fig. 186.
inside

work

thick

work

eighths

of the

not
a
or

to

then

match
show

nice clean

paint

it is usual

cabinet

tenon

Haunching

with

if for outside

but

with

smeared

"

distance
it ;

any
surface

the

and

to

at

work

wedged
the

cut

through
edge of

indication
the

76

above.

they
up.

mortise

the
the

of the

edge

varnishing.

Groove

generally

are

For

light-class

about

stile and
finished

make
work

joint,and

of the work

seven-

for

the
does

it leaves

poUshing

in

Joints
sugar packing boxes.
the edge of the board
more

boards

laid face

down

or

One

half of the

in the

which

ordinary manner

bench, and

is obtained

of

of the

into the

by the use
protruding nails

say, this method

work.

is

to

dowels

beechwood

the gross, in

by

the
so

cramp

for the

mostly
lengthsof about

used

36

two

then

necessary
pressure
to force the points

as

Needless

roughest class of

similar work

are

into

the

adjoiningboard.

used

only

cabinet-making and

For

nail is driven

desired to be jointed are

are

the

on

Woodwork

straight-grained

be bought
; these may
ins.,and of any desired

diameter.

Fig. 191."
Dowels.

Making
make

"

Steel

Many

form

corners

octagonal

an

shown

at

the

hammering
no

on

dowels

account

be

to

are

corners
as

now

Fig.

aid of

through
allowed

to

away

The

sharp

and the
away,
steel dowel
a

through
heavy hammer,

finish to

and

planed

190.

planed

plate
come

the
the

section

square

is driven

roundness

necessary

the

are

Pieces

generallyemployed.

wrought

section

Fig. 190

dowel
roughly formed
plate.Fig.191, by the

the

is

followingis the method that

of straight-grained
wood
are
at Fig. 189, after which
as
to

however, prefer to
in hand, and the
work

amateurs,

they requirefor

what

Plate.

Dowel

thus

dowels.

giving
When
should

hammer

with

in contact

the

plate,or the cuttingedge of the hole will

to within
be spoilt. Simply drive the dowel
J in. of the
plate and knock it out with the next d wel.
off piece Fig. 189
Cradle."
The
Planing the corners
face of the dowel

is

difficult matter,

and

to

78

facilitate this

"

cradle

'*

Dowelling Joint

The

The advantage
kept for the purpose.
cradle is obvious, preventing as it does any tendency

(Fig.192)is made
of

and

Fig. 192.

"

Cradle

for

Planing Dowels.

A jig,or
partly-formeddowel to slipor wobble.
the edges of two separate
cradle,is easilymade by bevelling

of the

Fig. I93"

Fig. 194-

Fig.

Dowel
193.
^Method
of
Fig. 194.
"

"

Fig. 195.

piecesof wood and

A
at Fig. 192.
as
as

stop whilst

is usual

to

bevel

then

"

with

Groove.

Grooving Dowels.
Brace.

glueingand screwingthem

small

block

of wood

79

together

is inserted

planing operation is
both edges of the timber

the

^ig-195.

to

in progress.
from which

act

It
the

Joints in
cradle

is

formed, thus

Woodwork
all sizes of dowels

accommodating

J in. to t in. in diameter.

a
completed dowel with a small groove
Fig. 193 shows
running along its entire length. The object of this groove
is to allow the air and superfluousglue to escape
and thus
the work on hand ; the groove also secretes
avoid splitting
certain amount
increases its hold on
of glue, which
the
a
from

timber.

Fig. 194

shows

the

Fig. 196.

"

bench

by
longitudinally

of

means

bench

in the

secured

method

screw

grooving the

of

kerf.

saw

The

and

shown,

as

jaw acts as a guide to the tenon

kerf
saw
sawing the groove, or

of the vice
whilst

"

"

method
very bad
(Fig. 197),and the dowel

shows

too

made
liberally

much
board.

too

of, and

(Fig. 198)

to

the
the

of two

dowel

or

left shows

in

rose

been
the

what

bit
been

have

has

hole

right

the

on

countersink,

rounder

saw

it is called.

drawing

dowel

The

the

with
engage
illustration at the

short

The

use

as

is

top edge

dovetail

or

broken

dowel

dowel

the

"

Dowelling.
Fig. 196 shows
boards
jointed by dowelling.

of

Dowels.

Bad

and

Good

illustrates the

and

view

top portion of the end

cut

upper

should

the top of
obtain, viz., just sufficient clearance between
and the hole, and a very slightcountersinking
the dowel
at the

jointof

the

board.

Regarding the use of the

experienced workmen
many
80

dowel
delete

rounder
this

tool

(Fig. 198),
from

their

The
kit and

prefer
will

they

that

tightlyin

boards

and

when

thus

crush

they

in this

illustrates

spread

manner

to

Fig. 199.

Rounder.

^Twist

"

edges with

fine
then

pencil and the

gauged from

The
boards
are
square.
thus giving the points indicated

in the

aid

truth

tendency

any

thus

and

of

the

boring

unevenness

cause

on

of

try
the face side,
a

good plan

prick the board at the point of intersection of

lines with
a
sharp, circular-pointed marking
obviates

marked

are

sketch.

bit. Fig. 199, it is

twist

the

start

Bit.

the lines for the dowels

placed together and

To

wedge

^*-^^

Fig. 198."Dowel

the

and

Countersink.

"

"

across

contact

out

so

with

of

method

for

Fig. 197.

are

fibres

the

in

come

sharp edge

or

marking out and

dowelling. The
edges of the
the face sides
true joint; then

the

boards
first shot

are

arris

hole.

the

Fig. 200
gauging two

dowel

expand

liquidglue, and

the

the

slightlyhammer

of the

end

the

round

to

Dowelling Joint

bit

the

to

face

to

marked

the

This

awl.

out

run

side

of

of the

jointed board.
A

safe

sideboard
is to
two

rule

j.w.

the

spacing

tops, dressing table

place
dowels

for

the
at

each

and

9 ins. to
end as shown

dowels

gl

of dowels

10

when

wardrobe

jointing
ends, etc.,

ins. apart, and

and
at Figs. 200

place
201.
"

Joints
The

length

of the

dowels

shows

the

in

Woodwork

should

be

about

in. to

in.

ij

long.

Fig.

201

Fig. 200.

glueing.
and

the

"

The

lower

is customary

Fig. 201.

"

Marking

and

one
upper
shows
one

to

warm

Boards

boards

two

Gauging

Boards

is bored
the dowels
the

ready

for

prepared

edges

to

for Do

receive

glued
of

Glueing.

the

in

ready

for

welling.
the

dowels,

position.

boards

It

before

Method
Fig. 202.
of Dowelling
"

Thick

Timber.

are
required to squeeze
spreading the glue, and cramps
be left on
should
the jointed board
the jointtight. These
from one
to four hours
according to the state of the weather.
where
thick timber
In cas6s
(say 2 ins. or 2i-in.boards)

82

The
be

is to

Dowelling Joint

jointed,two

positionof

dowels

the

VARIOUS

of

rows

being

APPLICATION

dowels

be

may

alternated

Fig. 202.

at

as

used, the

DOWELLED

OF

JOINTS.

to
Fig. 203 shows the plan of a 3-in.cornice pole made
fit a bay window
; the straightportions of the pole are
generally turned in the lathe, the corner
portions being
afterwards
jointed and worked
up to the requiredshape.

Fig. 203.

Method

"

of

Means

To
a

Cornice

Pole

by

Template.

in the settingout of the dowels,

any difficulty
sheet
metal
is made
disc of cardboard
or
to the same

avoid

diameter
a

Dowelling
of

positions of

The

template.

cornice

of the

that

as

this disc is called

pole

the

dowels

set

are

out

and the centres

are
pricked through with
geometrically,
hne-pointed marking awl (see sketch of template, ",
a
Fig. 203). The template is put on the ends of the straight

pole,
The

and

the
is

process

dowel

repeated
if the

(6,Fig. 203), and

indicated

Fig, 203
up to
direct

cramp.

shows

corner

line

of

When

two

the

the

ends

holes be

now

into

of the
bored

the

corner

at

wood.

block

the centres

obtained.

portions of the circrriar pole jointed

block, and
pressure

pricked

are

on

fit will be

true

centres

the

and

dotted

shows

Hues
the

glue is thoroughlyset

83

indicate

the

position for

the

the

corner

block

in

Joints
is

and

sawn

by

spokeshaved
line.

dotted

the

that, by the

exactly set

out

face from

which

of

course,

may,

dowelHng
Mitred
frame.

at

shown

as

is illustrated to

method

template, dowels
is

there

when

shape

may

straightor

no

show
be

square

marking

gauge, and the method

be applied to many
other examples of
discretion of the workman.

the

Frame.
One

desired

the

suitable

even

to

to

This

of

use

Woodwork

"

corner

use

Fig. 204

only

shows

is shown

mitred

and

it needs

dowelled

httle

or

no

Fig. 204.
Dowelling
Mitred

Fig. 205.

Frame,

Table

"

with

Leaf

Dowels.

explanation beyond the fact that the dowels should be

at right angles to the line of joint,and
consequentlythe
at the outside
dowel
edge of the frame will have to be
This gives a strong and
the others.
shorter
than
much
serviceable
joint,suitable for many
purposes.
Dining Table.
table.

Circular

"

Fig. 205

dowels

are

is

leaf for the

shown

at

end,

one

type of

screw

and

tangular
rec-

methods
at the
other ; both
are
pegs
equallygood, and, of course, the dowels are only glued into
the leaf.
The
object of these dowels is to guide the table
wooden

leaf into its proper

positionwhen the leaf engages with the
of the table top
the flat surface
table proper, and to make
and thus ensure
a level surface.
and leaf registercorrectly

Frame
Dowelling. Fig.206 shows one
with long and short shoulder, such as occurs
"

is rebated

through its entire length.

84

The

comer

when

holes in

of

frame

upright
both pieces
the

off until after the

Woodwork

in

Joints

is

glued up ; its object is to

or
bursting when
prevent the rail splitting
knocking up
the frame
the
or
cramping process.
during
of dowellinga moulded
Fig. 210 shows the method
cap
bedstead
similar
to the
or
top of a wooden
pillar
post
it is desired to avoid any unsightHness.
where
pillar,showing the dowelling
Fig. 211 is a sideboard

cut

^i^
Fig.209.

"

Frame.

of the

bulbous

or

turned

shaft.

An

connect

the

213

home-made

in

the

and

gauge.
steel wire

required positions and

The
a
marking gauge.
and

legs

square,
are

the

and

marked

the

lower

and

upper

in

made

The

legs are
advantage

exactly

alike

86

similar

sawn

and

of the
and

leg

is made

driven

pins
sharpened

manner.

table

gauge
are

to

similar

framing,
the leg.

the

frame

the

top portion of

dowel

hardwood,

to

dowelling

of

frames, etc., are

shows

Pillar.

is used
to
double-pointed screw
the interior (see sketch, broken

iron

method

211.

Turned

table leg and portion of

dining-

Chairs, couch

portion

acorn

dowels

drawing).
Fig. 212 is
showing the

Fig.

Fig. 210.
Cap.

Dowelling

for Moulded

Fig.

frame

are

through
to

the

and

of
at

spur

any
the
of

planed

up true
is that all

gauge
therefore

inter-

The

Dowelling Joint

changeableuntil glued up.

and may
and quickly made
altered

or

Fig.
sketch

for other

A
be

gauge

of this

purpose
kept for its specific

work.

Queen
214 indicates the
the
below
broken
of same

Anne

Fig. 212.

Fig. 213.

"

for

Here

we

have

Dowel

also

knee

of

Fig. 214.

Dowelling a Dining-Table Leg.

Dowelling a
Fig. 214

Gauge

"

Legs.

Cabriole

another

is

leg, a
being given.

type

Fig. 213.
"

type is easily

accomplished in the
the broken
portion of

Leg.

type of irregularsettingout, which

and
Saw
followingmanner.
plane
the

leg true as shown ; take the

is to be jointed and
timber
which
it in a similar
treat
the
lower
manner
now
place four ordinary pins on
;
portion. Carefullyplace the top portion to the required
position and smartly give it one tap with the hammer
;
this will

cause

the

pin-heads

87

to

leave

indentations, and

if these

be taken
The

result.

wrought

and

This
to

use

worth

Fig.

is

to

and

gauge,
the time
a

to

to

the

washstand

it is next

where

to

impossible

jointis requiredit

only one

as

sawn

shape.

of work

taken

shows

215

of

desired

the

example

an

shaping on

portion

will

boring,accurate work
the leg is afterwards

for

centres

as

new

Woodwork

in

Joints

is not

template.
doweUing of a pediment or top
The pediment is required
back.
make

|#r"|\#f#l#f
lAJ

Fig. 215.
to be taken

DoweUing

"

off from

re-polishing.As

or

at

screws

doweUing
The

is resorted
used

dowel-rounder
the

usual

bench

Pediment.

Washstand

time to time for convenience

shaping
top edge would

the

tools

the

will

in

doweUing

below

come

similar
are

the

unsightly;

appear

to in this and

of removal

eye,

thus

cases.

Brace, twist-bit,

countersink, try-square, marking-awl, and

tools.

The

first four

are

illustrated

at

198, and 197 respectively.

of working is : Plane
The
out, bore
up, mark
holes, countersink, glue dowels, and complete joints.

Figs.195,

199,
method

88

method

THE

"

known

as

in
joining of timber
enabling the workman

smooth
of

or

half

the

Fig.

216.

Scarf

depth

of

the

lap, in

beam

of each

end

flush

simplest

the

"

JOINT

SCARF

THE

Half

or

the
to

appearance
forms

of

which

"

is used

direction

of

produce
on

scarfed

-Lap

all its

joint

Fig. 217.

cut
to

of

equal length

scarf.

89

length,

its

with

One

faces.
known

is

the

out

at

half

the

as

the

full

Dovetailed

"

Scarf

and

for

jomt

portion is
joist,equal in depth

Joint.
beam,

scarfing

Joint.
to

the

required

Woodwork

Joints in
The

pieces before they are placed together form a

shown
at Fig. 216, the projecting part A fitting

two

joint as

B and the two pieces being

portion marked
their respectivepositions by screws.

into the recessed

in

secured

shows

Fig.217

Fig. 216,

of

Fig.

218

is

illustration

an

strain.

cross

underside

the

secured

is

with

plate

face

The

by

an

nuts, bolts, and

for

in Roof

side

is

in the

is

an

from

Work.

flush, whilst

plate.
This

washers.
"

case

resist both

excellent

joint is
type of joint
The

in roof work

the

omitted.
tension

and

joint for all purposes.

jointis brought together by using foldingwedges as
and

tion
varia-

lap being

is left

iron

is in this

This

joint designed to

joining purlins

designed to

is

of

"

underside

the

on

Fig. 219

Joint Used

is assisted

frequentlyused

iron

"

joint.

the dovetail

length of
length.

Fig. 218.
resist

scarf

the

8 ins. in

6 ins. to

dovetailed

pression
com-

The
shown

centre.

Fig.220

is

variation of

Fig.219,

and

it will be noticed

to
provided on the face and underside
resist cross
strain.
Probably this joint is one of the best
varieties of the scarfed
joint. Unfortunately,however,
its production is somewhat
costly,and this may be the

that

tenons

are

90

The
it is not

that

reason

wedges are
Fig. 221

Scarf Joint

used

to

used.
universally

more

the

secure

Folding

piecesin position.

two

vee'd ends
joint with undercut
ways.
sidewhich
or
prevent the joint from lippingup or down
It is a useful joint,callingfor careful settingout
accurate
and
craftsmanship. Folding wedges are used
the joint.
in this case to draw up and secure
is

scarfed

Fig. 219.

"

Scarf

Tenoned

Joint.

"
Fig. 220.

Fig. 221.

fished
of the

Joint

with

Vee'd

ends.

joint,"and the followingdifference

A
be noted.
scarfed and
fished joint should
a
joint need not necessarilyreduce the total length
iron
beams
to be joined,and
fish plates of wood
or

Fig. 222
between

"

Scarf

"

Joint.

^y

-OL

Scarf

Tenoned

Double

"

is

fished

combination

(or

the

joint. In

the

beams

and

iron

and

the

are

both)

are

fastened

jointall surfaces are

butt-jointedand secured
scarf

bolts.
lower

of

The

plate

prevent the beams

at

each

flush.

by

In

wooden

side

of

Fig.222
plates

plate is let into each beam,

provided with two wooden
keys to

upper

is

sliding(or

"

91

creeping") upon

the lower

Joints

Woodwork

in

plate. Iron nuts, bolts, and

the joint.
and

of

methods

The

be

should

load

joined and
be

carefullytaken

and

the

chisel

produce
are

jointscome
ordinary tools

above

are

sound

generallyof

placing the

being too

work

small

"

such

as

and

into

Fished

under

used

joint,the

the direction

Fig. 222.
The

are

to

complete

are
fish-jointiTig

scarfing and

varied, and, in selectinga

pieces to

and

washers

nature

the amount

the

of the

consideration.

Joint.

the

many
of the

heading of carpentry,
plane, boring-bit
saw,

to
requisite and necessary
serviceable
and
joint. Scarfed joints
large size,and they are usually made by
sawing trestles owing to the bench
upon

all that

are

to accommodate

92

the

largetimbers.

Woodwork

Joints in
each

tightlywith
the

door

other

always

has

packing

For

paper.

found

be

to

tendency

This

intended.

back,

is the

at

by thinning
rounding away
slightly
remedied

is

Screw'-bound
the

be

and

may
brasswork

on

little at

fault often

common

with

the

be

back,

or

overlooked

by

of which

the

by using screws

countersink

stops at

binds.

portion which

the

the

difficulty
may

The
a

originally

as

holes
large for the countersunk
avoided
sinking the
by slightly

too

are

door

It is caused

amateur.

heads

to

Fig. 223.
the

bind

the door

when

thickness

door

the

causes

appHed

same

great

is inserted.

bradawl

name

behind

will be
this paper
thin stripsof wood

as

always having

or

exactly the

shown

as

door

finished to

is not

screw

This

good stiff brown

of

than

latter

the

Uttle.

by packing

such

value

more

when

Stop-bound

the

spHt

to

open

thicknesses

two

veneer,

to

remedied

cases

purposes

of much

knife-cut

or

tendency

be in many
fault may
the hinge with one
or

closed, the result being that

when

in the
holes

hinge,
in the

rose-bit.

or

ALIGNMENT.

Alignment.
having

the

is this
in all

axes

the

wardrobe

Another

"

of the

hinges

when

three

case

that

cases

hinges should

the

be in

exact

frame

are

shaped

of

of

centre

be

used

at

will
the

notice
bottom

used

are

hang

to

absolutelynecessary
the pivot-pin of the

line.
straight

on

Work.
when

that

of the

94

Particular

"

the

the face side.

reader
inspect for
every
may
side of a railwaycarriagebody and

he

is
fairlycommon
alignment. Especially

It is

that

where

is

hinges

Hingeing of Shape^Fronted
to ahgnment
is necessary
door

that

out

large door.

other

or

fault

and

body

familiar

himself

tion
atten-

is the

the

example
curved

railway carriagedoor,
speciallywide hinge'has to
door

to

give the

necessary

The
alignment. Hinges
of truth

fixed

on

overlooked

often

are

Hinged Joint

IMPORTANCE
is

Fig. 224
illustrates

of
to

"

sketch

similar

Fig. 226.
set

^Marking.

brass butt

Fig. 227.

"

point of the marker

the pivot-pin. This distance we
Fig. 226. The distance C has
so

that the

of the

hinge
"

hinge-bind

The

gauge
at its thickest
that

see

the

their centres

inexperiencedworker.

hinge,open.

gauge

shows

and

the

the

exactly to

portion, and
is set

on

the

to

more

than

than
was

that

the

point, and give you

anticipatedwhen you set the
the

fine

95

wider

gauge.

the

ness
thick-

to the

set

turn

from

gauged

is then

centre

Now

will call C
been

gauge

Recesa.

Cutting the
is

Fig.225

prevent

fine side.

tapered point of the steel

marking-awl will part the fibres of the timber
Remember

ou

GAUGING.

hinge closed,

face side of the frame.

"

the

by
OF

of

with

work

spur
a

or

little

gauge line
The inex-

Joints

Woodwork

in

perienced worker nearly always

is a hinge-bound door, the cause
because
he is so
by the worker
correctly. The distance
gauge
for the thickness

line gauged

of Hinges.

positionfor his

is the

Fig. 228.
Paring.
that
the

the

hinge

at

Sawing
hinge, as
dovetail

the

shown

at

at

gauge

lines.

discovered

B,

Another

"

he

that

sure

has

Fig. 226,
hinge.

set

shows

the

the

it may

hinges,and

inside

beginner

the

to
difficulty

here

be

stated

Fig. 230.
The

carry
of the

line

Recess.

rail and

cross

face

of

place

the

the

across

Fig. 226.

for

shown

is not

result

JOINTS.

is to

rule

the

as

saw

of which

Clearing.

from

E,

The

Fig. 229.

general

work

this.

of the

HINGED

Position

overlooks

Recess.

In

take

Fig. 226,

is considered

Fig. 227,

After

"

care

the

three

96

not
saw

out

fine-toothed

best)

being taken

this sketch

marking
and
to

kerfs

saw

down

saw

cut

for the

beyond
are

(a
as

the

shown,

Hinged Joint

The
hinge

if the

but

of the

removal
the

addition

the

cross

of

These

the bulk

This

forms

and

Hingeing

Box

quite level. At Fig.230 the recess

ready for the hinge to be screwed

the

of

Stopped Hinged Joints

(the

back

thickness
this

case

through
of
to
the

small

box

the

knuckle

until it is flush with

^

for

box

in

clearlyshow

J.W.

the method
small

sort

piece

of trench

Lid.

Fig. 229 shows

leaving
recess,

and

bottom

section

easilypared

overcuttingwhen

prevents

of the material.

the

sever

Fig. 232.
of

out

and

cuts

Fig.228 illustrates
by first cutting a

"

Une.

gauge

The

shoulder

be

to

Fig. 231.

or

ins.,the

greatly facilitated by

timber

the

or

lengths.

the

to

up

kerfs.

saw

allow

fibres and

Paring out the Recess.

the wood
paring away

away

will be

wood

waste

of intermediate

in short

away

great length, say

is of

of the

the
the

Box

similar

the chisel

in its

Work.
to

illustration

completed
position.

^^

Fig. 231

"

is

lady'sworkbox
is

position of the
of the

clearing

it clean, smooth,

is shown

hinge is let

the back

taking away

enlarged in
hinge). In

into the woodwork

box, and

the gauge

Woodwork

Joints in
would

to be set to the total width

have

back

edges of the Ud and the back

of the box
at
are
planed away
indicated by the dotted lines.
shows

Fig. 232
will be
and

observed

form

the

same

that

the

stop which

Fig. 233.

hinge.

The

edge

of the lower portion

angle of 45 degs. as

an

with

box

of the

the lid open,

chamfered

edges

it

and

together

come

prevents the lid falUng backwards

Strap Hinge.

"

Pivot Hinge
for Screens.

Fig. 235.

Fig. 236.

"

Fig. 234.
Double

Reversible

"

-reversible

Non

Screen

"

Hinge.

or

-foldingScreen
Hinge.

and

breaking

the

knuckle

flush is

ordinary

stock

may,
which

useful

one

be

butt

called

made
specially

its action the

to the

This

brass

however,
is

box.

box

same

to

of

for box

work

hinge
to

the

answer

mechanical

is used.

98

the
letting-in

method

can

be

because

used.

the

Attention

"stopped

butt-hinge,"

the above

purpose

as
principle

the

one

; in

applied

Hinged Joint

The

HINGES.

VARIOUS

is

Types of Hinges." Fig. 233

butt

the
"

desk

hinge,"or

it is used
and

known

hinge,

"

the

"

trade

hinge."
bagatelle

types of work

Back

Fig. 237.-"

As its name

that

but

have

"

on

which

sunk

Pivot

"

indicates

Hinge.

fix the

to

margin

narrow

Flap Hinge.

Fig.238.

Fig. 239.

strap hinge,"

as

foldingbagatelletables, small writing desks,

on

other

in

elongated varietyof

an

Fig. 240.

hinges.

flush into the wood,

The

"

Card

Table

Rising Butt Hinge.

long, narrow

the knuckle

Hinge

or

plates

rounded

are

portion

projecting.
Fig. 234 is
folding screen
is let
screen

an

illustration of the

reversible

or

double-

hinge. Half the thickness of this hinge

into each wing of the draught screen,
allowing the
The hinge is costly,but
to be folded either way.

effective in

use.

99

Joints in Woodwork
is

Fig. 235
the top and

is

Fig. 237
used

for

back

leaf of

as

its

direction.

one

flap hinge with

fall-down

the

hinge and,

screen

fold in

only

to fix at

screen.

non-reversible

will

imphes,

name

of

bottom

is the

Fig. 236

is used

type of pivot hinge which

wide wing,
specially

small

tables

similar

and

articles.
is

Fig.238
of the
below

table,
the

Centre

card

so

table

all is flush

that

or

Pivot

where

cornice

This
or

is let into the

level both

edges

above

and

surface.

Hinges.

and

the

Fig. 239 is a
bottom

interior

method

pHnth.

"

and

hinge, used on the top

more
particularly the
wardrobe

hinge.

The

or

wardrobe

of

door

centre

of

pivot
doors,

three-winged

fixing is confined to the

portion carrying the pins or
of

ing
pivot is let into the top and bottom of the door, the remain(orfemale) portionbeing let into the cornice and pHnth

respectively.
Rising Butt Hinges. Fig. 240 is the risingbutt hinge,
the
used on dining and drawing room
doors, so that when
is opened the door
clear
rises sufficiently
the
door
to
thickness of the carpet. This hinge has also an advantage
the
over
ordinary butt hinge in that it is self-closing,
i.e.,the weight of the door plus the bevel on the hinge
and hook
Band
the door to close.
hinges and
jointcauses
other
to require
ordinary varieties are too well known
illustrating.
"

HINGEING

Fig. 241 is a
showing a good

IN

AN

sectional
method

of

ANGLE.

ACUTE

drawing of
hingeing the

corner

door.

cupboard
The

inset

carrying the hinge,

enlarged view of the corner
is fitted to the inside edge
also the adaptor piece c, which
of the cupboard so that the hinged edges are
at 90 degs.
than
This is a far better and stronger method
to the face.

shows

an

100

Joints in
is

permissibleto

the

door

is usual
of

the

and

let the

carcase,

whole

screwing

when

fix the

to

Woodwork

knuckle

thickness

of the

the

to

of the

allowing

thus

door

hinge

the

it

carcase

flush with

frame

door

the

hinge into
the
to

face

stand

making a break of about \ in. with the face. The

marking gauge should be set to the full width of the
hinge ; the mark, gauged on the inside of the carcase
end,

back,

forms

thus

Fig. 244.
door.

To

line to

Outside

"

guide

Hingeing.

fix
successfully

to hold
one
persons,
bores
the holes and

Fig. 243 shows the

high-classwork.

the

Fig. 245.

door

whilst

worker

it

the door

in

fixes the

screws.

"

fixingthe

Section.

generallyrequirestwo

position,whilst

other

of

butt hinges
fitting
One wing of the hinge is let into the
on
door, and the other wing is let into the carcase
or door
jamb,
of
thus distributing
the
the
a proportion
carcase
weight to
of
end
instead
allowing the whole of the weight to be
carried by the screws
be the case
would
in a, Fig. 241.
as
The
of sinking each
method
portion of the hinge into
the

door

not

the

and

carcase

correct

method

the

is costly;
respectively

general practicein cheap

103

work.

hence

it is

The

Hinged Joint

OUTSIDE

Fig.
carcase

HINGEING.

244 illustrates the portion of

the door
is hung
when
end

frame

door

the

on

face

and

of the

lettingin the hinge is

in the enlargeddrawing (Fig.245),but, as previously
shown
have
its entire thickness
let
mentioned, the hinge may
where
it is of a Ught character.
into the door frame
The
frame
the carcase
door
end, and
projectssHghtly over
The

carcase.

Fig. 246.
"

bead
a
occasionally
door so as to give a
bead
of the

would, of
knuckle

will form

method

correct

Fall

of

Front

mould

is worked

finish and

course,

of the

continuation

be

Writing Bureau.

of

the

hinge ;

the

on

partly hide
same

and

size
the

the
as

edge of the
joint. The

the

diameter

knuckle, therefore,

give a

of the bead

and

WRITING

BUREAU.

workman-

shiphke finish.
FALL

FOR

Fig. 246 is a view (one end removed) of a fall front

fitted with
centre
or
pivot hinges and
writing bureau
the desk
arranged so that the edges form a stop when
front is turned
to a horizontal
position. The positionfor
the fittingof the brass plates carrjringthe pivot-pin is
awkward
somewhat
; but, by first sinkingthe platesinto
103

in

Jomts
the

ends, and

carcase

it will be

found

its horizontal
enable

fall front

the

position,and

the screwdriver

Fig. 247.

to

that

be

manipulated

REVOLVING

Fig.247 is a

be
may
sufficient room

Revolving Fly

"

sketch

of

Rail

FLY
a

of the fall,
put in from

slottingthe edges

then

that

Woodwork

is left to

without

venience.
incon-

for Table.

RAIL.

small table with the top removed.

revolvingflyrail is shown
pivoted upon a piece of J-in.
wire.
The object of this fly rail is to form a support to
the small hinged drop-leaf of the table.
This method
is
suitable

for small

occasional

HINGEING

Fig. 248

of

and

DRAUGHT

illustrates

is constructed

tables

portion

hght

SCREENS.
of

framework

J04

similar articles.

draught
and

screen

covered

which
with

The
baize

American

or

Hinged Joint
cloth.

hinge (Fig.234) would

Cases

occur,

to be used

answer

however, where

for

an

The

reversible

it is desired

invalid's bedside, gind

cO'

double-folding

admirably for such

"

that

all

hinge a screen
it is then important

t"'

Hingeing Draught Screens.

draught

screen.

to

Fig. 248.

should

be

excluded

Fig. 249.

through

Plan.

"

the

jointed

edges. The double reversible hinge will not fulfil these

is therefore adopted.
conditions,and the followingmethod
laths of hardwood
In the plan, Fig. 249, A and B, two
shown.
are
(beech, birch or mahogany answer
splendidly)

They are made

the edges of the

the

length

same

screen,

the

corners

away.

105

and

the

same

width

as

being sHghtlyrounded

Woodwork

Joints in

doublc'-folding,
draught-proof hinge is then made
Procure
follows.
good fine webbing, about ij in. wide,

A
as

by

the necessary
side as shown

to

web

and

them

the lath A

large-headed tacks.
in the

bring it

take it round

between

with

Commence

between

the left-hand

Fig. 250.
and

the

edge of B,

and

holes
This

fixed

the

to

through
is

laths

the

of the
and

end

under

now

the back

by

is reached, and
the dotted

self-contained

screen

using

efficient method

and

cheap

This

tacks.

edges

round

web

A, continuingthis method

over

wrapping the laths until the lower

then fasteningthe webbing as indicated
then

over

proceed

Finger Joint.

"

the laths and

represent the

the

laths and

of

which

the laths side

elevation, Fig. 249, and

shown.

as

Lay

lines

hinge

is

by boring suitable
countersunk
of

screws.

overcoming

the

difficulty.
FINGER

Fig. 250
used

to

is

JOINT.

fingerjoint

support

portionis screwed

"

the
to

leaf of
the

movable

Pembroke

table rail and

106

joint
interlocking
table.
the

The

small

shaped bracket

The
swings out
the

support the drop leaf.

to

bracket

of the

be

Note

indicated

This

used.

cheap

Fig. 251.

are

jointhas

stamped

"

The

is still used

similar

the

knuckle

allows

the

table

connect

off, as

slightlyrounded

been

now

at

almost

seded
super-

bracket

^i. per pair.

about

of

and

in

The

cases

sufficient overhang.

has not

type

of

joint to

in its appearance.
movable
table leg to the

for
necessary
and support a

late
manipu-

JOINT.

neater
a

to

that

so

the

above, and

is

joint. This arrangement of hingeing

leg to swing in an angle of 180 degs. and

called
is much

the bracket

for repair work

KNUCKLE
is

away

portion

Joint Hinge.

Knuckle

stamped metal bracket

Fig. 251

chamfered

galvanisediron

pattern sold

exactlythe same
joint,however,
where

corners

shaded

portion of the sketch, and that

about J in. deeper than the thickness

cut

are

behind

The

black

the

of the timber

by

easilyput

that the

by

the mortises

the timber

shows

fingersmay
it.

Hinged Joint

It

is often

used

to

framing, where it is
rail to swing outwards
table leg and
the
drop leaf. The pivot is formed by a piece
"

107

China

Showing

the

use

of

Cabinet.

loose

Pilaster

io8

when

hingeing,

Joints in
pin

hinge is

of the

This

will allow

the

it will not

HINGEING

TO

the door

to

open

clear the

CLEAR

indicates

Fig- 253

in level with

door

line,and

to allow

let

Woodwork

and

shown

by the dotted
moulding.

ARCHITRAVE

positionof

to open

face of the

architrave

THE

the

as

the

the

lay fiat back

door.

MOULD.

hinge

fixed

so

as

to the architrave

with
moulding. In this instance the butts are made
wider wings, and
they are generallyprovided to take
three screws
(seeFig. 237, right-handwing of hinge).

To
the
of

Fig. 254.

determine

the

followingrule
the hinge must

the

when

door,

Close

"

Joint Hingeing.

positionof

the centre

is observed.
be

The

half the

closed, and

centre

distance

the

pin of
of the

between

outside

hinge
pivot pin

the

of the

the

face of

architrave

moulding.
CLOSE
The
the

joint at

the

hanging

the

hanging

the

same

diameter

butt

hinge is

door

when

let in

as
as

opened forms

stile

the

shown
a

"

joint hanging ensures

being in close proximity to

close

as

rail ; this is shown

at
of the architrave
moulding

member
of

"

known

method

HINGEING.

JOINT

Fig. 254.
is

knuckle

generally a
of the hinge.

in the

illustration,and

joint.
close-fitting
110

The

first

bead
The
the

SHUTTING

JOINTS.

chapter deals with

THIS
rail of

generally called

varied

"

the

used

the

and

end,

the

simplest

of the

some

carcase

and

also

and

or

upright
handle,
and

stile."

Many
a draught
slamming

of the

best

of the

and
stile

illustrate

sketches

our

some

the

lock,

make

to

meeting

air-tight joint at

by

the

slamming

methods

the

are

carries

which

frame

door

jointmade

the

and

most

expensivemethods.

Fig. 255.

Fig. 256.

Fig. 257.
of

Illustrations

is

Fig. 255
of which
lined

up

screwed

the
in

bead

end

carcase

this

case

small

on

end

the

formed

dust

the

on

previous

is lined

up
"

form

to

to

of

is all of

thickness)

in the

shown

simple cupboard
thickness
not
one
{i.e.,
is glued and
strip of wood

part plan of the end

of
prevent the access
Fig. 256 illustrates
a

Cupboard

Fig. 258.
Door
Joints.

to

stop

the

to

the interior

similar
back

method

give
III

of the
;

the

edge instead

of

illustration.
a

door

The

and

to

cupboard.
piece A has
the

carcase

chamfer
end

pilaster-like
appearance

in
to

Woodwork

Joints in

of its
moulding is selected on account
to hide the jointof the liningpiece.
suitability
Fig. 257 is similar to Fig. 256. A bead moulding has,
stile to
the edge of the door
however, been worked
on
the end.
In this
and
the door
hide the joint between
the

end, and

the

case

similar

bead

be

would

worked

stile

hinged

the

on

to match.

is of

Fig. 258

end

The

showcases.
jewellers'

on

Fig. 259.

Meeting

"

and

the end

bead

Stiles.

engaging

Showing

Astragal.
receive

to

the

Astragal.

Brass

both

frame, and

grooved with a plough plane.

and glued into the groove of the

are

is made
with

is

Fig. 261.

Rebated

slightlyrebated

used

right hand

the

at

Fig. 2C0.

Showing

is often

type, and

intricate

more

the

in

groove

the

rail

separate

door

frame,

when

end

carcase

the

the

is closed.

door
The

stile and

slamming

if

joint, and

hook

the

end

carefullymade

with

worked

are

they

practically

are

dust-tight.
Fig. 259
outwards,
a

rebated

meeting of two doors which open

to form
being made
a separate piece of timber
and
glued to the right-hand
astragal mould

This

door.

Fig.260
the

rail of

moulding.
work,

shows

method

gives a

is similar to the
the

This

because

of the door

the

door
method
it shows

neat

exception that
receive the astragal
the

above, with

is rebated

to

is preferred
no

effective finish.

and

on

the

best

unsightly joint at

frame.
112

class of

the

inside

Shutting Joints
Fig. 261

illustrates the

brass astragalmould

Fig. 262
which

is

may
in

be

employed

as

of

sketch

type of joint made

rebating the
slightly

on

piece of brass

lengths.
edge of the

door

brass screws.
ordinarycountersunk
Fig. 263 is a rebated joint,broken
bead

double
tion to

that

centre

Fig. 263.

"

Astragal.

the

worked

and

hinged
on

the

of the two
allow

are

Curved

doors

The

is worked

for clearance

Rebated

in

its appHca-

Doors

rebated

with

Joint.

rebate

sHghtly on

when

by

it will be noticed

Cupboard

received

ends.

carcase

the front

illustration shows

Double-headed

rails

fasteningwith

at

circular-fronted cupboard, and

Fig. 262.
Brass

The

moulding.

astragalmoulding,

monger
ironany cabinet-maker's
It is fixed in position by

from

procured

suitable

by using a
work.
high-class

which

joint at
the

is
the

bevel, so

opening the door.

Fig.264, is the hook jointused on good-classjoineryand
cabinet work.
A pair of specialwood
planes are required
to make
the joint in a cheap and efficient manner.
The
cost of a pair of f-in.hook
joint planes is from 5s. to 6s.
to the
They are of similar size and general appearance
ordinaryovolo moulding plane.
Fig.265 is a specialtype of hook jointas used on larger
be made
work.
The jointmay
by using the plough plane,
the rebate plane, and
a
suitably-sizedbead
plane, the
loose tongues being inserted
shown
and
fastened
as
by
and
screws
glue.
Fig. 266 is a rebated joint with loose tongue-slipand
as

to

,.w.
^

JJ3

Joints
astragalmould,
The

loose

suitable

in

Woodwork

for frames

tongue-slipis glued

over

into

the

J in. in

thickness.

right-hand door

frame.

Fig. 264.
"

SpecialType

Fig. 265.
"

Fig. 266.

Rebated

"

Fig. 267.
"

Fig.267

shows

Hook

Joint.

of Hook

Joint.

Joint with Tongue Slip.

Dust-proof Drawer

shuttingjointused
114

Joint.
to

prevent permea-

ShtittingJoints
tion

of

dust

the

to

interior

front is grooved and engages

which is screwed
to the bearer

of

with

drawer.

The

drawer

suitably-formedslip
at Fig. 268.
as
Occasionally
is experienced when
some
the
difficulty
fitting
slip to a
narrow
drawer, but this can
always be overcome
by
in
the
from the top of the bearer instead
screws
putting
of from

underneath.

"M

I
Fig. 268.

Fig.269.

"

Detail of Drawer.

Fig.269 is a sketch
by insertinga rubber
the joint. This
used

to

Fig. 270.

Draught Preventer.

"

put round

of
core
can

any

flexible
A

be

Window

Sill

Joint.

draught-preventermade

in strong
obtained

household

"

canvas

and

ing
cement-

ready-made, and is
door to check draught

positionwith |-in.tacks.
closingon to
Fig. 270 is a sectional view of a window
the sill which
clearlyshows how the jointmay be made
draught and rain proof ; i and i show the inserted slips.
Shutting jointswhich are requiredto be 'Might-tight,"
those
used in photographic work, are
such
as
generally
frame
the
and
formed
a
inserting
by slightlygrooving
stripof black velvet. The friction of the high pileof the
velvet prevents the filtration of any
light through the
joint.
and

noise.

It is

simply tacked

"

115

in

"

Woodwork

Joints in
making

When

simplest tests
all the

close

minutes
For
hollow

doors

you have
the making
round

and

plane and
Of

is

airtightshowcases, one
to place a lightedcandle

course,

if the

candle

accomplished your
of

all the

planes,

plough plane
those

of

our

above

above

in the
out

will

be

will be

tools.

ii6

and

case

and
three

object.
joints a half-set

all that
who

best

within

J-in.,J-in.,and

readers

adjustable moulding plane

the

goes

of the

i-in. rebate

required.

are

possess

able to

of

Stanley

dispensewith

Joints in
work

carcase

be

can

it is used

taken

the

to

end

finished work.

In the

the foundation

frame

wood, and

more

the

mitred

and

saving

the

known

Fig. 274.

for

other

and

are

cheap
glued

shapes, thus

strengthening the
as
laminating. In

Lap -Dovetailing.

"

is to

such
dovetailing,

as

front.

Fig.

"

274

is used

where

It is not

the face sides,

veneer

unsighthness.

hiding any

covering and

drawer

rare

and

or

timbers

thicknesses

all that is necessary

cases

furniture cornices

yellow pine
and

side of the

etc.

Lap-dovetailing.
the

of

method

Dovetails

"

Boxes,

many
thus

is made

objection

no

each

on

of phnths and

case

costly material

by

Fig. 273.

grain showing

expensive

more

construction

in positions where

in various

around

the

Woodwork

is
a

an

of

example

drawer

permissibleto

grain of the timber to show at the front

is resorted to.
this is why lap-dovetailing

of

side

joinswith

allow
a

lap-

the

end

drawer, and

of the dovetail
say that the greatest use
jointis for this and similar purposes, and we shall therefore
deal fullywith the methods
of marking out and the making
It is safe

to

of this class of

Angles.
"

of

dovetail

tails too acute.

joint.
most

is to
An

important point in the construction

the angles of the pins and
avoid navmg
in eightis considered
inclination of one
118

The
correct

hard

no

variation should

Dovetail

and
on

fast rule need

be

but

obeyed,

be less than

account

no

Joint
the

in six.

one

the correct
to obtain
Fig. 275 shows a simple method
angle. Take a piece of timber and plane up the face edge
and straight; mark
true
out
at rightangles to the
a hne
face edge and space off 8 ins. as shown
measure
a
; now
distance of i in. on
either side of the line,and join this
point to point eight. This will give the correct angle for
the dovetails, and
it may
to the
be transferred
joiners'
bevel as shown.
Many workers who are constantlyon

Setting out
for Dovetails.

Fig. 275.
Bevels

dovetail
and

"

the

and

and

true

square

be

must

planed

drawer

and

up

ends
a

and

mitre

trimmer

Gauging.

gauging of

"

most

the

ends

squaring

up

is another

"9

shortness

out

useful

the

is

remember

squared

of drawer

After

to

to

thickness ; otherwise

to

winding and

the

fronts,

true

to

an

the

of square.
sides, drawer

little machine

faiUng this,excellent
obtained by using the shooting board.

the

angle

exact

place owing

important point

will be in

finished drawer
backs

sides

drawer

length

To

the

Fig.276 shows the

purpose.
at an
incorrect angle,the line a

will take

fracture

Another

Squaring.
exact

zinc template to

cutting dovetails

where
indicating
of grain.

that

Faulty Cut;

"

where
a shows
Fracture
will occur.

speciallyfor the

keep it

result of

make

work

Fig. 276.

"

results

timber

can

is
be

accurate

important point.

The

Woodwork

Joints in

used should be a cutting gauge,

gauge
incised
about
-^ in. in depth, thus
the

stock

of the

must
be held well up to the end
gauge
difficult tool for the
is a most
The gauge

timber.

holding it

too

fiat.

Fig.

277.

to

thumbscrew

his

trouble

Tilt the

in the

floor ; the blade will then

results will be obtained.

gauge

sides

cutter, and
drawer
is

now

front

front

as

and

Fig. 278.
Lines

bite

not

for the

nearer

to

the

better

lines indicate

as

to leave

line is marked

all round

the

on

ends

dovetail pins

on

the

the

back.

ends

the

The

gauge
the drawer

of the

drawer

of the

steel

inside of the

the

J-in.lap on

drawer
120

of the

thickness

line is marked
on
gauge
the drawer
and all round

front.
will engage
with the drawer
this quite clear.
and
277 will make
The

the

End.

across

keenly,and

so

dotted

The

that

Squaring

"

illustration goes

allow

to

readjusted so

front, and

little,
so

by

marked
out.
when
the dovetails will occupy
the thickness of the
is set a trifle less than

so
a

generallycaused

gauge

Marking
Cutting Gauge.

shown

positionswhich

is

of

Method

"

with

drawer

using the cuttinggauge.

of the

and

The

of

the method

shows

use,

novice

effectually
cutting

fibres of the timber.

cross

Fig. 277
The

the line is

that

so

drawer

sides, which

glance at Figs.274

front

and

the

drawer

The
back

Dovetail

Joint

the end with

spaced out and marked
on
the aid of the joiners'
bevel, the lines being then squared
down
to the gauge
line by the method
shown
at Fig.278
that is,by using the try-square and marking awl.
drawer
front
is now
Sawing. The
put into the
bench
vice, and the pins are cut as shown
at Fig. 279.
are

now

"

"

The

drawer

in this

course

and
down

is treated

back

it is not

case

the

to the

kerf

saw

in
"

lap

gauge

point

the

to

come

is held

at

the

and

of his

which

the

Fig. 28a:
soft woods

such

it has

been

corner

of the

bulk

pared

out

tailing,
dove-

timber

and

as

Method

of

in Dovetails.

it is necessary
to
Fig.280 shows a method

as

sawing
of the

waste

inside

This is

shown.

the

out

portion
good plan

it

him
clearlyshows
chopping out which will be

another

and

dovetail
the

square

method

that

pine, American

as

drawer
sawn,

of

of

at

the

the

pin

well

for

tail.

shows

The

walnut.

the

away
because

amateur,

commencement

the

"

where

angle and part

an

of the dovetail is cut

for

but

through

"

the superfluous material.

commonly adopted and known
saw

but

Fig. 280.
Roughing

remove

the

"

line.

"

now

"

through

goes

Method
Fig. 270.
of Sawing Pins.

We

similar manner,

whitewood

front is laid fiat

with

is knocked

material
in the

mallet
off

and
away
usual way.
121

answers

on

and
as

the

satin

bench

after

sharp chisel the

shown.

the

and

This

dovetail

takes

is then

Joints

is shown

third method

timbers, such
laborious

the

see

holes

workman

twist-bit

grain,after which it is pared to

As dovetailmg is chiefly
used
jointand

the

Fig. 281.

uses.

with

in

Chisel.

of the

dovetails

the
over

with
The

side.

as

shown,

completed drawer
similar

method

Fig. 284.

the dovetail

The
saw

leavingthe

back

Roughing
by Boring.
"

marking

When

the

completed
side

of

method

drawer

of

SIDES.

the

drawer
and

will engage with the pin

the marking awl as illustrated.

Another

thus

out

which

exactly

an

is
the

to

on

recesses

at

in the

holes

the

of variations

Fig. 282.

Lap-

DRAWER

indicates

making, it will

for drawer

its

MARKING

Fig. 283

finish.

give several illustrations

Pins

Dovetail

to

Roughing

"

series of

then
may
chisel end-way into the

by insertingthe

be of interest

bore

and

great portion of the timber

split away

be

hard, curly

mahogany and satinwood, it is

the timber
to carefullychop away
i;n
this difficulty
overcome
we
occasionally

take

shown.

as

With

Fig.282.

at

tobacco

as

process
small pieces,and to
a

Woodwork

in

the

position

the

front

is turned

positionof

portionsare

is marked

on

of

paring out

the

the

marked

sides in

manner.

marking through dovetails is shown

side is held in positionon the end, and
of

is inserted
exact

mark

and
on

122

drawn

out

the drawer

of the

back.

saw

kerf,

The
workers

Other
A

pounce-bag

prefer
consists

filled with

muslin

twine

of

the

like the

Joint

pounce-bag instead of
a
piece of fairlyopen

mixture

powdered whiting;
thin

Dovetail

of French

and

of

is to place the timber

in position,as
necessary
and bang the bag on the top of the saw-cuts, when

Fig. 283.

Marking Dovetail

"

Pins

Side

Drawer

on

Marking

saw.

woven

finely-

is tied up with a piece of

flour sack.
All that is
a

muslin

mouth

chalk

Fig. 284,
sufficient

Fig. 284. Marking

through Dove"

with

Awl.

tails

with

Saw

Blade.

powder
mark

to

will pass
the exact

through the bag

marking

proceed with

THE

out

and

the

next

saw

by

side is taken

sawn

as

at

and

waste

firmlysecured

Fig. 285

of the

the

out

it is most

kerf is kept inside the

the marking awl.
See

scores

kerf

saw

sides, we

drawer

the

on

operation, that is,sawing

representsthe gauge line

the

the

DOVETAILS.

pins

the

ready for chopping

drawer

down

positions of the lines.

SAWING
After

and

and

marking

tails
dove-

material.

The

in the bench

important

line which

Fig. 286,

the

has

where

been
the

screw

that

the

scratched
dotted

line

the thick outside lines indicate

awl.

123

Failure

to

observe

this

Woodwork

Joints in
will

condition

also prove

result

faulty dovetailing,and it will

and
necessity for using a finely-toothed

the

Fig. 285.

Fig. 286.
Showing
Gauge Lines

Sawing
Drawer

Side.

thin-bladed
dovetail
We

now

and

dovetail
to

come

in Vice.

writer

has

for drawer

of Waste

to

the waste

saw

this

can

away
be

wood
the

(or core),and

half-dovetails
with

accomplished

avoidingunnecessary

an

8-in.

work.
to cut

Fig. 289.
Showing Faulty Removal

Cutting Channel.

away

found

it is necessary

point where

Fig. 288.

Side

Drawer

convenient

most

the

Fig. 287.
Holding

Scores.

The

saw.

to be the

saw

in

labour

124

and

a.

Core.

the usual

Fig. 285.

the
the

dovetail
use

procedure is
With
saw,

of the

care,

thus

paring

Woodwork

Joints in
Care

out.

be

must

B, Fig. 289,

core

exercised

to

whilst
chisel

the

ensure

lead
perpendicular; if too much
dovetail, as
faulty and undercut

grip of the

joint. If it be

the

in the

joint will

the

carcase,

succeeding shaving
back

show

alternative

dovetails
sides

drawer
sawn

to
care

at

back

taken

in the

positionson

manner

is unnecessary

dovetailingis

shown

pounce-bag
pins are then

or

cut

kerf be

pins will

to

is called

if the work

cutting

of

that

Fig. 290.

at

on

finish too

the

on

Four

six

or

in the

saw-blade

the

usual

as

"

care

way,
of the

method.

being

Fig. 292

^ith the

is used

for
a

126

is

with
The

taken

that

marks, otherwise

DOVETAIL

THE

jointmarked

marked

backs, and

or

slack to engage

Dovetails.
such

fronts

the outside

OF

At the

drawer

parts of the

the

inside of the

by using

VARIATION

frame

that

see

drawer

the

plinth.

of

This

completed drawer
worker, or the lead will be given to the
direction.
After sawing the dovetails
wrong
the sides are placed in their respective

the

in this

Frame

are

will be

towards

saw

method

first,as

be

must

dovetails

the

drawer

placed in the vice and the dovetails are

one
operation. A little lead (or bevel) from front
is given whilst sawing, and if this method
be used

sides which
are

shavings

two

or

dovetail.

of the

pins

bishopingthe dovetails," and

and fitted.
be properlymade

the

one

greater gap as each

In common
work, ally
especi-

"

An

proper

the completed
fitting

is removed.

the

down

hammer

workers
allow the pins of a
timbers, many
to run
through the sides about j^gin. and

in soit
drawer

prevent

joint,and often cause

sphntered whilst driving

to ease

necessary
side whilst

off the drawer

from

weak

side to be

drawer

(or bevel) be given, a

shown
at a, Fig. 289,

dovetails

they give a

glue ;

the face of the

up

Undercut

result.

the

will be

cutting away the

being held nearly

tails.

JOINT.

sketch

building up
housed

the

of

a
a

barefaced

tional
construc-

cornice

or

dovetail

The
is shown.
at

a,

put

Another

Dovetail

view

of the

Joint

joint,separated, is sketched

it will be seen
that the dovetail
the top or the bottom
together either from

Fig. 291,

framing

and

can

be

of

the

all its

edges are parallel; glue is reUed upon

to hold it in position. The
centre
rail at Fig. 292
stretcher
is similar,except that in this case
it is a complete dovetail
in place of a barefaced
one.
as

Fig. 292.

"

in

Dovetail

Portion
Division.

making

of

Top

"

Frame

Framing.

workers, when

Some

Fig.293.

Joints

either of the

above

joints,

slightbevel to the dovetail, so that it

drives tightlyinto the housing when
put together.
A variation
of this type of dovetail is frequently used
to
joint internal uprights to the horizontal shelves of
prefer

give

to

writing desks, cabinets,

and

edge

notched

away
of construction.

method
a

bookcases,

etc.

The

tailed
dove-

three-fourths
portion is parallelfor about
the
; the remaining part is tapered towards

width

of

and

division

course,

the

14

other

the

at

An

ins. wide

portion

face

so

as

to

and

its

front

conceal

illustration of the top

is shown
at Fig. 293,

is trenched

of

the

portion
and, of

dovetailed

to

fit it.

Blind

Lap'Oovetailing.
"

127

At

6, Fig. 292,

is shown

Woodwork

in

Joints

This
type of blind lap-dovetailing.

makes

good, sound
joint, but it has the disadvantage of showing a small
portion of the timber of the front rail end-way of the
grain. A little sketch of the jointseparated has been shown
h. Fig. 291.

at

is used

Fig.

in all the

294

mitre

jointis

Dovetail

shows

bottom

Piece

Separated.

of dovetail

form

and

Mitred

tail.
Dove-

Housed

mitred

rebated

and

that

the

joint is

and

when

used

or

not

in

tea-caddies, etc.,

work)

covered

the
one

cornice

Fig. 296
and
up

Fig.

called

dovetail.

mitred

mitred
true

dotted

and

work.
the

Dovetail.

another

and

this instance

In

top and

the

at

is

295

housed

bottom

mitred
see

we

edge,

plinth or cornice work, or for making

the
(when completing the
edges are

either with

moulding, which

the

with

or

shows

it

and

the

dovetail.
square

lines indicate

method
The
and
the

ends
then

the

of

marking

to

be

rebated

portionwhich
128

is

planted

bottom

and

plinth,or
top
box or tea-caddy. A complete plan and
pieceseparated is shownn.

the

on

Dovetail."

commonly

"

note

Fig. 296.
Marking out

Housed

Mitred

and

box

and

Mitred

Housed

Fig.292,

edge.

Fig. 295.

Fig. 294.
One

illustrated at

pieces separated ;

of the

top and

at the

cornices,

for

used

class of cabinet

better

one

are

painted furniture.

also for

boxes, etc., and

A Mitred

this kind

Joints of

sketch

out

joined

a
are

as

shown.

has

been

of

of

housed

planed
The
worked

The
away.
usual

dovetails

The

rebate

Fig. 297,

at

pared

plane ;

where

the

method

is afterwards
to

of

dovetail pins

the

in the

out

are

smooth

working is
with

seen

portions cut

waste

Fig.297 also
part.

and

sawn

now

the part denoted

by the arrow
with a chisel and finally
finished

away
surface with

the

are

Joint

and

way

cut

shown

Dovetail

away.
the method

shows

piece

temporary

of

of

cuttingaway
is planed
wood

the mitred
to

true

'

Fig. 297.
and

Housed
Dovetail.

Working

"

Mitred

Fig. 298. Dovetail

Keying.

"

mitre and

the dovetailed

the

to

placed underneath
template. Both pieces of

will form
a

with

the bench
a

handscrew

or

arris to be worked

are

now

secured

template A
rebate plane and allow

cramp

the chisel and

guide for

sharp edge

or

timber

form

pieceto

on

; the

the mitre.

Fig.298 is a method used to prevent

wide boards
such
ments,
as
signboards, wide and shaped pedietc., from castingor warping. It is called dovetail
shown.
are
keying, and two methods
Beyond calling
attention
to the fact that
the angles at the edges of the
keys, where they are bevelled, should be at or about
75 degs.,nothing further need be said, as the drawing is
Dovetail

Keying.
"

self-explanatory.Angle dovetail
Fig. 298A.
J.w.
^

129

keying

is shown

at

Joints

boxes, such

small

to prepare

for scientificinstrument

"

away

the

and

radius

The

corners.

are

Keying

illustrates

plan E

the

^Dovetail

Fig. 298A.
and

cases.

jointed ;

ends

of the

Fig. 299 is a good way

as
negativeboxes and cases
Fig.299, C, shows a sketch

Boxes."

Small

for

Dovetails

Woodwork

in

the

the

pieces separated.

the

on

Angle.

method

dies away

of
at

rounding
joint,

the

hidingthe jointline.
practically

"

"

rVAN

"

Footstool.

Boxes.

OF

VARIETIES

OTHER

would
be
this shows

Fig. 301."
Dovetailed
Work.
Curved

Dovetailed

for

Dovetails

Fig. 300

"

Fig. 300."

Fig. 299."
Small

LJ

is

small

with

JOINT.

stretcher

rail,which

upholsteringthe top
the timber
of dovetaiUng when
application

finished
the

footstool

THE

by webbing

130

and

The
small

to

part sketch

are

is too

Fig. 301.

settingout
Fig. 302.
"

the

to

carcase

Fig.

303.

"

door

carcase

bookcase

method

frames.

of

Great

be

must

care

taken

making, or a twisted frame will result.

A familiar example of dovetailingthe bearer
end of a dressingtable or washstand.

Lap-dovetaihng

"

the

top of

Dovetailed
Bearer Rail
the Bearer
for the Back.

wardrobe

Side

view

of

jewel drawer

to

showing

end.

"

and

jointingcircular-

Other examples, such as the

to the sides,will suggest themselves.

Fig. 304.

Plan

and

Fig.302.

the

dowellingor tenoning.

everyday

An

"

of

Joint

shown.

cabinet

fronted
in

admit

Dovetail

with

top of

moulded

dressingtables,etc. This shows

the necessityof bevelled
dovetailingin order that the
be kept as thin and lightas possible.
front may
drawer
Fig. 305. Bevelled dovetaiHng when pins are at right
anglesto the end cut. Fig.306 shows the jointseparated.
Hne
the centre
Fig. 307. Bevelled dovetaiHng when
of the pins is parallelto the edges of the work, used for
making "hoppers," food troughs, knife boxes, etc.
Fig. 308. An example of oblique dovetaiUng, as used
when
on
one
hoppers
piece is vertical and the other
pieceis incUned.
drawer

front

as

used

on

"

"

"

"

"

131

in

Joints
box

of

Method
309.
in
is dovetailed

Fig.

"

ends

Lap- Fig. 304.

Drawer
Dovetailing.

Fi^- 303-

"

dovetailing small
width

one

; the sides and

gluedon

Woodwork

"

and

the

then

are

cut

boxes.

top and

along the

The
bottom

dotted

Bevelled
Fig. 305.
Dovetailing.

Jewel

"

Side.

line,thus forming the lid. It will be noticed that a specially

be left so as to form part of the
wide dovetail pin must
lid and

part of the lower

portion.

VZ7
Bevelled
Fig. 307.
Dovetailing with
JPins parallel to
Edges.
"

Fig. 306.

"

Bevelled

Parts

OUT

SETTING

Dovetailing.

separated.

AND

THE

MARKING

DOVETAIL

JOINT.
For

frame,

constructinga
as

dovetail

joint at

Fig. 310, it is necessary

132

to

trim

the
up

corner

of

the ends

of

Joints

in

Woodwork

^ESSSS

^\

Fig. 310.

"

Corner

Fig. 312."

Dovetail.

How

to Use

134

Fig. 311."

the

Squaring.

Cutting Gauge.

The

Dovetail

Joint

Many workers who are conDovetailing Template.

stantly
dovetail
jointsmake
wooden
a small
engaged upon
This template is generally
at Fig. 315.
template, as shown
"

such

hardwood,

of

the line

Fig' 3i3"

in. from

will

to

be made

of the

dovetail

the

sides

the

wood

chisel

on

piece

to

and

wood

the

centre

chisel

To

obtain

the

in

with

do

wood

for

a
a

and

that

bevel

not

at

from

on

off

the Pins.

Marking

to C ; this line

dovetail, and

Notice

After

"

template
(Fig.314)
paraUel to

the

the lines hh

they are
right angles to

on

the

marking
bench

portion in the
the bevel, as shown

form

Une

"

"

the

end

of

shown.

Work.

Chisel
the

bevel

pins

of the
as

draw

E, and

to fit it.

should

Fig. 314.

Gauging.

"

the correct

give

place

walnut.

or

angles of such a template proceed as follows:

line, C, at right angles to the line AB ; then
at Fig. 316.
Next set
C set off 8 ins. as shown

correct

Draw

beech

as

out,

and

as

shown

proceed
following manner.
(Fig.317),and

to

at

Fig.314,

chop away
Hold

cut

out

the
small

Now
hne.
hold the
gauge
lines (Fig. 317),
dotted
vertical position, as
strike the chisel so as to make
mallet
9. cut
a

channel

at

the

IVoodwork

Joints in

I"

Fig. 315. ^DovetaDing

Template.
"

Fig. 316.

How

Correct

Angles

"

to obtain
for Dovetail

Template.

Fig. 317.
about

"

Then

J in. deep.

and

cut

first

forcmg

more

away

the

Cutting Dovetail
hold
waste

chisel down

with

Chisel.

the bevel

again
wood
; proceed alternately,
and then paring
vertically,
the

136

chisel

on

The

Fig. 318.

Dovetail

^Testing.

"

Joint

Fig. 319.

^The Marked

"

Piece.

the
have

wood

chisel held

the

halfway through

cut

Turn

with

away
the

until the

wood

core,

Fig. 320.

over
or

"

waste

obliquely,until

the thickness

you

of the wood.

repeat the various operations

at
piece,is removed, as shown

and

^Marking Dovetails

137

with

Marking Awl"

in

Joints
Fig. 317.

H,

Pare

be left in the

may

all smooth

corners

the

in the

marked

piece with

Saw

position shown

which

Work.

Remove

Fig. 318

in

Fig. 319.

similar

will

pins
Fig. 318.

the

cut

which

bench, and

the

upon

it and

or

mark

the

to that

shown

at

the

place

knittingneedle

sharpened, and
manner

is to

Dovetails.

marking awl,

clearlyshow

Place

of wood

it flat upon

piece A, Fig. 318, and

the

at

saw

in

piece

Sawing

"

its end

hcLS had

the dovetail

at

Take

"

an

the
on

which
irregularities
J-in.chisel,thus leaving

dovetail

the

Fig. 321.

little

any
with

Lay

neat.

the dovetail

have

take

and

away

Woodwork

the

marks

lower
aa

as

lines of

Fig.320.

piece shown

they

appear

piece (Fig.319) in the vice, and

the

in Fig.321.
outside the lines aa, as shown
After sawing down
the lines aa, Fig.321, place the wood

in the

vice,
with

blade

the small
as

as

the

shown
index

piece at

may

the

Fig. 322, and, guiding the saw

finger of the left hand, cut away
at

side of the wood.

be necessary,

and

the

138

Repeat

the

tion
opera-

completed joint will be

Dovetail

The
similar to that shown
is not

shoulder

with

Drawers.
them,

as

Fig. 322.

"

does

not

Sawing

away

front and leave the work

is

The

commonly

the

dovetail

method

known

pins

side ; the

drawer

as

is shown

at

the

joint
drawer

jointat Fig.310

Fig. 323,

Most
lap-dovetailing.
fronts

drawer

gauge
how

at Ends.

Waste

the

the

on

it is

dovetailed

through

run

as
unsightly,

used

and

illustration shows

This

Fig. 312.

gauge the lines on

in this case, however,

do.

the

pare

boxes

or

of all the stock

the ends

up

to

would

to

necessary

dovetailingdrawers

When

to square
at
shown

necessary

be found

sharp chisel.

"

sawingat Fig.322

If the

Fig. 310.

at

it may

neatly done

Joint

and

workers

and

the

it
cut

drawer

the drawer
sides with
first,after which they mark
at Fig. 320, the dovetail pins
the marking awl, as shown

backs

of the
the

similar

jointshown
When

the

Fig. 327,

being
"

as

the waste

is shown

The

tool

as

drawer

front

been

material

is cut

the

to

139

have
away,

as

tailing
doveThis is

at

operations

regard
Fig. 310.

pins on

Fig. 327.

at

as

Fig. 324.
the
through dovetailing,"

in
at

sawn

back

drawer

type known

being

at

front

the drawer

on

method

the

single

sawn

shown

as

at

Dressing

Table

Chest

140

of Drawers.

be

placed exactly upon

to

the

each

hole

handle, it will force

first vertical cut

By taking the

^Marking

"

Hne,
gauge
chisel held
removed
the

chisel

vertical

at

the

shown

at

It is

because

the

side of the

the

to

the

is certain
he

especiallynoticeable

is

chisel when

he

had

commenced
in

the

wood

overshooting
beginner, who

the

line when

Pins.

piece with

Fig. 325,
This

he

of the

itself over

before

small

is offered

is made.

gauge

thickness

(sidesor ends) with

cut

are

of the

depth

the waste

fault with

result

the

the

common

exactly on

vertical cut.

cut

for

removing

less resistance

line is

puzzled

then

obliquely,as

and

next

gauge

and

finished

on

Tails

Blade, when

Saw

the

applied
equally on

away

the

Dovetails

Drawer

force be

it will press

side ; in other words,

line on both sides.

Fig. 326.

timber

the

line,and
too
deep

gauge
will therefore be

gauge

line and

the gauge

side of the

drawer

Woodwork

in

Joints

the
is
his

his

soft-grained

woods.
To

cut

Fig. 325,

the waste
away
the vertical and

of

lap-dovetail,as

obUque
142

cuts

are

shown

at

repeated until

The
trimming

the final

on

the

gauge

Some

is

up

six behind

Fig. 327.
all at

for
at

one

Sawing

the

are

cut

Dovetail

drawer

sawing

them

of Drawers.

Pins

fronts

by placing

once

in the vice and

If this method

marking the

at

be

adopted the

and

cedure
pro-

is shown

backs

Fig. 326.
The

drawer

side held
saw

"

sides

another

operation.

one

exactly

cuts

prefer to cut the drawer sides first,and

is preferred (and it has its advantages for

workers

cheap work) several drawer

or

horizontal

the

and

is the time to

now

hues.

if this method
four

Joint

required,and

vertical

the

finish both

Dovetail

kerf

is placed in the vice, and the drawer

blade is placed in the
it, whilst the saw

front

upon
and drawn

smartly

forward.

This

will

give the

It must
position desired.
be remembered,
justinside these dovetailhowever, to saw
the finished
at Fig. 327), otherwise
pin Hues (as shown
jointwill be too slack, owing to the removal of the sawdust

required

which

marks

at

the

exact

is practically
equal to the thickness of the
143

saw

blade.

Joints
Dovetail
set

upon

thickness

have

saws

the

teeth,

of the

saw

Occasional

and

Woodwork

thin
specially
so

as

to

limit

blades
as

far

and
as

very

little

possiblethe

kerf.

Table,

with

Four

Drawers.

generally glued together,and whep

plane
glue is set they are levelled up with a finely-set
finished by glass-papering.

Dovetail
the

in

jointsare

144

DOVETAIL

GROOVING

first be carefully
housing joint should
with
marked
out
a
marking knife, so as to cut across
the fibres of the wood.
For
obtaining the bevel on
be
the
joiner's bevel
edge of the wood
a
may
be too
the angle should
not
acute.
(See
used, and
chisel
and
a
previous chapter.) Take
away
pare
channel
to form
at A, Fig. 328, so
small
as
as
a small
a
shoulder
to guide the saw.
dovetail

THE

Fig. 328.
With

kerf

saw

in

experienced
resort

may

of the

work

Fig. 328, B,
chisel
bevelled

prior
side
we

to

guide

shows
the

J.W.
.

the

sawing

is worked
find

has

amateurs

in

small

If
true

been

who

145

any

difficultyis

and

square,

screwed

on

you

small

the

top

by

the

saw.

channel

operation.
a

Fig. 329,

at

C, Fig. 328

at

for the

Grooving.

shown

as

kerf

saw

timber

of

saw,

shown

method

Dovetail

for

Fig. 328.

the

cutting

form

to

D,

at

as

piece

temporary

dovetail

or

the

to

Channel

away

fine tenon

the

cut

Paring

"

"

"

similar

adopt

The
manner

the

formed

sawing
;

method

but

of

the

sionally
occa-

shown

Woodwork

Joints in

Fig. 330. A block of wood H is first made by boring

a
ij-in.hole through its entire length, and afterwards
making a saw cut at the desired bevel ; the objectof this
at

Fig. 329.
block, which
a

guide for

saw

is

who

have

of the

Fig. 330.
bevel

Saw

Kerf.

is to form
the purpose,
full control of the dovetail

for
kept specially

those

; the back

Cutting the

"

is obtained.

"

not

clears the hole, and

saw

Block

Guide

When

saw

for

cut

the

required

Bevelling.
has

been

made

at

surplus timber is pared away

Cut away
in the followingmanner
:
portion E, Fig. 331 ;
then cut away
portion F, and lastlycut away the apex
each

side of the groove,

the
"

portion marked

G;

continue

146

by

this method

of

paring

Dovetail
until
correct

Grooving

approximate depth

the

depth throughout

Fig. 331.

Fig. 332.

Fig. 333."

plane (or,as

plane")is

"

Old

used

Method

Woman's

Channelling

it is often

entire

the

Showing

"

is reached.

caUed,

groove,

of

Tooth

the

"

To

the

router

Plane.

old

Piece.

woman's

tooth

(seeFig.332).
1. 3

147

Paring.

Alternate

the

ensure

Joints
With

regardto cuttingthe

saw

cut

strike

piece,it is necessary

shelf true
the

Hne

and

K,

square,

and

Fig.

333 ; the
with the chisel

edge J is set out, and

With the tenon
or dovetail
channel is again formed.
the line K to the requireddepth, and carefully
down

requiredbevel
small

alternate

of the

first plane the end

with
a
cutting gauge
to

Woodwork

in

on

the

chisel to the correct shape.

pare away the wood with a sharp
that the experienced
It is probably needless to remark
without
his work
and cuts the timber
sets out
craftsman

having

to resort

Fig. 330,
amateur

ordinary

or
are

the

to such

sUp

fastened

screws,

or,

at

mechanical

means

C, Fig. 328.

as

These

the block
aids

to

H,
the

temporarilyto their positionsby

with a handscrew
better still,
or

cramp.

148

Joints in
Fig. 336
To

shows

continue

is illustrated

Fig. 335.

"

Fig.337

at

Marked

halved

heavy

work,

in

work

"

shape

Segments

for Circular

Jointing.

rim, or curb, made of segments

is suitable for
together. This method
the

cut

Fig. 336.

in

circular

where

halvings are

convenient

segments

together.
position and

Fig. 334.

shows

are

the work

respectively.The completed

and

Board

which

The

begin to put

to

this, fit other

to D

them

screw

how

Woodwork

on

timbers

are

the ends

of the

Putting Circular

or

bevel, each

of considerable

Work

one

segments

size.

to

any

together.

being marked

so

as

fit its fellow.

to

When

work
and

extra

strengthis required,semicircular

is built up
the method

out

of four

is called

or

five thicknesses

laminating.
150

The

or

circular
of wood,

method

of

Curved

Jointsfor
the semicircular

buildingup

head

Work
of

door

frame

by

this

Figs.338 and 339.

The
shaped framing for kidney-shaped writing tables
built up by laminating
similar classes of work
and
are
pieces of f-in.or i-in. wood, after which the face side is
veneered so as to hide the glued joints. Fig. 340 shows

method

is shown

at

Fig.337.
a

sketch

up

and

of

Circular

"

quarter of

one

ready

for

we

we

apply to

find that

plates

the

lamellar

Segments.

table frame, levelled

elliptical

an

appl5dngthe

CONSTRUCTION
If

in Halved

Rim

BY

veneer.

LAMINATION.

for
dictionary
structure

the word

"

lamination,"

is the arrangement

in thin

the other, usually having the

over
layers one
end jointsalternating,
and it is a condition
which
allows
of cleavage in one
direction only. This method
is used
for nearly all descriptionsof free or irregular
curves, such
or

151

Joints in
is marked

Fig. 338.
Building
and

then

Table

one

one

are

Part

"

of the

out

segments

in suitable

lengths,
rough-sawn.

Semicircular

on

the

cleaned up

Head

of Door

Frame,

face,glued together,and when

to the

of Laminated

requiredshape.

Fig. 341

Half

"

of construction, and

strongest methods

ready

It is

Box,

Laminated.

Frame.

and

of Core

costly. Pulleys,pulley rims, and a

other jobs are built by this method.
box
Fig. 341 shows one half of a core

method,

of circles

Fig. 339.
up

planed true

set the sides

Fig. 340.

shapes, and

bends, ogee

sweeps,
The timber
as

Woodwork

to

be

viz.,a half-circle as marked

worked
on

t5"

to

the

its end.

sarily
neces-

hundred

and

built

this

by

requiredshape,

MISCELLANEOUS

JOINTS

Weather

Boards."

At

JOINING

Fig. 342

the

method

of

such
jointing and
nailing weather
boarding on
buildings as garden sheds and tool-houses
temporary
is shown.
The
weather
be
boarding can
bought
local
mill.
The
section
A
at
ready prepared
saw
any
illustrates
suitable
with chamfered
piece of timber
a
edges, which is nailed on the end of the weather
boarding

"^P

Fig.

342."

Weather

to

Fig. 343.
Ladder
Rungs.

Joining
Boarding.

protect it from

premature

the

decay if

would

rain, which

it had

Fig.

the

to

access

Finial

344.
Cornice
"

Pole.

liable

be
end

for

to

grain

cause

of

the

hoarding.
Ladder

fastening
At A

the

Rungs.
the
common

rung

"

Fig. 343
(or stave)

method

illustrates
of

is shown,

153

ladder
the

method

the

stave

to

the

of
side.

being simply

driven
but

into

expensive

more

stave

In

Sides.

Fig- 345-"
Rustic

being cut

from

Cornice

made

in two

distinct

plank side," the

side

Fig. 346.

"

at the

shown

as

section ; the other

side of the

cornice

ornament

to

into each

ladder,

and

an

Joining

known

Rustic

in the

Work."

section

at

the

to

C.
shows

is used, half
to be

trade

as

the

cornice

shelf

overmantel

part of the articles

are

as

Finials." Fig. 344

pole end

double-pointedscrew

or

pole, or a
top shaping.
is screwed

of which

joined. Double-pointed
dowel

Fig. 345

screws.

indicates

top framing of a rustic shelter or

the illustration being self-explanatory.
of the

smaller

"

Poles Ends

fasteningof

screws

Nailed Joint
for Rustic Work.

Joining

plank

to

The

wedged.

are

as

given.

stave, is painted

or

"

is known

is

better

by
pole side," and is constructed
straightlarch pole in half and using half of the

cutting a
pole for each

rung,
side and

sides

much

turned

the

Woodwork.

is called

method

turned

pin

the

Ladder

method

One

and

into the

"

of construction

cases

being driven

Ladder
ways.

both

At

wedged.

method

is socketed

here

diameter.
before

and

hole

the

Woodwork

in

Joints

the

summer

jointing
house,

Miscellaneous
is

346
Fig'^
piece is

receive

to

sawn

jointsecured by

the

Covers

Patera

jointfor

nailed

Joints
rustic work.

half of the

use

of cut

to

Temporary

The

upright

piece and

upper

the

nails.

Screws."

Fig. 347

jointingof shaped spandrails, etc., to carcase

A hole is bored
ends of lightportable cabinet work, etc.
about
inch deep into the end, and
a
screw
f of an

shows

the

is used

hold

to

Fig.347.
the rail

small

"

position. After

to Hide

button, called

turned
front

in the

in

Covers

Patera

view.

The

turned

fairlytightlyinto the hole, but not

required to take the article apart
inserted under the edge of the patera
screw

can

then

be taken

of these
to

secure

excellent

For

turned

who

buttons

examples

of construction
possess

glued.
a

is driven

patera
chisel is

carefully

it,and the

to remove

is often

method

it is

When

used

of

and

three

shelf to the end.

the

patera, is
finish,as

turned

lighthanging bookcases and similar

bookcase
having an end 8 ins. wide three

for the construction

objects.

This

out.

fixing

Screws.

ornamental

givingan

hole, thus

inserted in the
shown

shaping

the

of

fine lathe

Pateras

work,

lightarticles should
wood-turning lathe.
for

155

would

screws
as

and

be

used

illustrated

are

this method

appeal

to readers

Woodwork

Joints in

Hinged Joints for Cornice Poles." Fig.348 shows a

hinged joint for cornice poles and should be of great

Fig. 348.

Hinged Joint for

"

interest to those
The

to house.

Fig. 349.

who

jointwill

Veneer

"

are

Cornice

Poles,etc.

frequentlyremoving from house

adapt itself to fit any bay window

Keying.

Fig. 350."

Fig. 351.
or

(even
two
one

the

"

Fig. 352.~-Picture

Frame

Garden

Frame

SkylightJoint.

square

bay) and

Pelleting.

it is formed

Joint.

by turningand cuttmg

bay wmdow
of these jointsis requiredfor each angle of the bay,
pole being cut into suitable lengths and fixed to the
pieces as

A.

To

fix

cornice

156

pole

to

Joints
The

jointis warmed

give the

to

Castor

and

necessary

in

Woodwork

glued,and

and

frequentlyoccur

to

chair

portion marked

socket

the

at

of the

Fig. 353.

Crush

Owing

to

"

S, which

fits into

shrinkageor

JointingTurned

is eaten
and
new

of the

Fig. 354.

most
castor

and

the

A.

Cut

of

making
the

away

upright post

of timber

about

of the

sideboard

i| ins. square

positionby the dowel pin

class of jointare frequent in

in

The

repair is

the

old

; the
as

is

furniture

158

to

turn

on

the
a

sideboard.

generallymade
and

Examples
of the

illustrates

foot is turned

shown.

simplest

portion,bore

"

"

Pins,

Castor

"

loose.

becomes

pin A.
leg, and glue and insert the new
dinner plate foot," as used
crush," or
The

to continual

castor, the woodwork

the socket

castor

effective way

pin

the

etc.

screws

and

away

applied

(Fig.354). Breakages
part of a dining-table
or

Work.

vibration

be

may

Feet

lower

the

castor.

"

cramp

pressure.

Pins

leg

Queen

out

fitted
of this

Anne

Miscellaneous
period, where

legsand

the

the feet

stretcher

are

Joints

rails

run

fixed

afterwards

through the turned

by the above method.

Sideboard
Pillars,etc. (Fig. 355). For
sideboard
built up
as
pillarsare sometimes

economy,

"

the
up

"

"

shaft," the
base," and the
of three distinct pieces. Turned

"

"

swell

pins

indicated,

being made
left

are

on

the

Fig.356." Dining-tableJoint.

Fig. 355.

Sideboard

"

Fig. 357.

Col

the base, and

shaft and
of

the

use

The

left-hand

the

are

double-pointedscrew
portion of

Glue-blocking,

secured
called

at the
a

Dining-table

the illustration shows

Joint.
"

At

Fig. 356

screw.

the finished

the

Slide

jointby

dowel

right-handportion shows
turning and carving operations.

turning,whilst
prior to

these

"

the

blocks

is indicated
"

slides,or
lopers,"as
securing dining-table
This joint is called a
teethey axe frequently termed.
other types
slide," and it has the advantage over
many
a

method

of

"

159

Woodwork

Joints in
owing

table.

the

it

makes

fact that

the

to

particularform of the
impossible for the slides to come
first worked

are

planes being

used

the

make

to

to

required under
inserted tee-piece

are

The

table slides
is made

rails

cross

no

asunder.

The

desired

the

shape (special
grooves) and the tee- piece
,

separatelyand glued and

screwed

into the left-hand

slide.
Pocket
the

Screwing.

method

known

On

"

inside

the

rail of

pocket-screwingis

as

Fig. 356, P,
Table

shown.

sx
VJ^.-

Fig. 358-9.
"

Notched

Joint.

Fig. 360.

"

Notch.

End

and
sideboards, etc., are
tops, the tops of dressing-tables
A hole
to the carcase
screwed
portion by this method.

required diameter
the top edge of the

to fit the

of the
from

is hollowed

the wood

Blocking.

"

is bored

gouge is then
to receive the screw

rail ;

away

illustrates

Fig.357

screw

method

obliquely
taken

and

head.

of strengthening

plinth by glueingsmall blocks

of wood
(generallyyellow pine) into the angles of the
framing. B, B show the blocks in position. This method
of combining strength with lightnessis greatly used on
and

a
stiffening

interior

or

fittings.

Notched
two

cornice

Joints. Fig.358-9 is
"

or
cross
joists,
scantlings,

jointbeing to prevent

the

each

notched

other, the

moving
joists
160

from

joint,where
object of the
their

position

Miscellaneous
and

Joints

them.
materially weaken
joint at the end of a joist.

not

Fig.360

to

notched

shows

Cogged Joint. Fig. 361 is a type of joint used for

connecting purlinsto rafters, and joiststo girders,etc.
"

Saddle
between

At

Joint.
"

is

Fig. 362

the notched

and

the

shown

cogged joint.

in which

way

saddle

"

framing as
shrinkage has little

weaken
and
a

the

jointon

notched

shows

the

Fall

method

of

its

horse.

"

mortise

It does

Joint

tenon

Front)." Fig. 364

(or Tambour

fall-front for

not

joint,
joint. Fig. 363

and

effect upon
the
rebated
joist.

making

framing,
similarityto

Saddle

Fig. 362.

does

for

roll-top

similar article. Sections of the rebated mouldings

fixed together by
various pieces are
The
shown.

desk

or

are

stringingthem
not

use

Desk

Roll^top

fits the

Cogged Joint.

Fig. 361.

is

the

compromise
It is used

sills of

connecting upright posts to heads or

and
from
undoubtedly takes its name
the

less than

piece

one

This

centre.

old-fashioned

each

near

of

method

or

linen

method

as

pieces of

of flexible wire

means

cloth

three

of cable

cable,

wire

on

of

cable

on

end, and

joiningthe

cable

has

It is usual

shown.
a
one

of 3 ft. ;
piece at the

desk

various

ahnost

pieces by

superseded the

glueing the mouldings on

stout

ticking.

'"''"
.

161

to

"

Woodwork

Joints in

in roof truss

work.

Fig. 363.

^Notched

"

it should

and

should
the

portion B

of the cut

depth

Joints."Fig. 366

Rafter

Fig. 365.
"

when

used

which
shown

spar

fits

and

of the

total width

over

fixingfor

the
an

the

outside

ornamental

the

birdsmouth
of the

wall

finish,such
162

birdsmouth

Beam

the wall

on

readily made
by
in
it
position.
securing
shows

is

Tie

be

can

Fig. 367
runs

Joint.

of

tie-beam.

Birdsmouth

as

"

one-fourth

than

more

top Desk

Roll-

Fig.364.

that the

be noted

be

not

the

Joint
Joist.

Rebated

on

everyday joint,as

an

principalrafter and the tie-beam

sketch of piece A is shown
separated,

juncture of

at the

used

shows

Joint."Fig. 365

Rafter

joint,

Joint.

plate, a simple joint

handsaw.

joint where
plate, thus
as

nail is

the

spar

allowing a

barge board, etc.

Miscellaneous

Joints

Scribing Joints. Fig. 368, A and B, are

and plans of two
pieces of moulding,which are
together. In the elevation it will be seen that

elevations

"

Fig. 366.

"

Fig. 367.

Joint.

Birdsmouth

"

the left end

Another

"

Birdsmouth
of

piece B

with
and

is cut

of

the contour

such

to

pieceA

the jointis known

Fig.368.

"

tage

over

course,

the

as

form

to

; this method

scribed

Type
Joint.

perfect fit

is called

joint. It

has

advan-

an

ScribingJoint
SkirtingBoard.

at C, because
joint,shown
place, the jointdoes not open to

mouldings have
impossibleto scribe

scribing,

"

mitred

If

of

Fig. 369.

ScribingJoint.

shrinkage takes
extent.

as

shape

"

scribed

undercut
them

l5^

to

members,
fit each

on

if slight
the

same

it is,of

other.
Ma

Joints

hi

Butt-jointing Counter
Fig- 370 indicates a method
of

counter

Woodwork
with

Tops

used

often

timber

tops, etc., when

Dovetail
to

secure

cannot

be

Keys.

"

the

ends

secured

of

Fig. 370.

"

with

Counter

Method
of ButtonTop Jointed Fig. 371.
with
ing
Angle Iron.
Keys.
"

Dovetail

sufficient

length for the entire span of the counter.

boards
first glueare
jointedand the ends are secured
dovetail keys. (See also pages
169 and 170.)

Fig. 372.

"

Buttoning

Table

Buttoning.
woodwork
shown

Top.
A

means

with

Fig. 373.
of

securing

"

Joint.

Bed

wide

surfaces

of wooden
angle iron by means
Fig. 371, B. The advantage of this
164
to

at

"

The

of

buttons

is

manner

of

Joints
requiredin nearly

are

jointwoodwork
silvered

to

mirrors

Woodwork

in
all

brickwork,
the

to

as, for

walls

it is necessary

where

cases

of

to

instance, heavy-framed

shops.

Keyhole Screwing, is a most

Screwing, or
in such a manner
useful way
of joining lightwoodwork
A stout
is not exposed to the eye.
that the fixingmethod
is inserted to within | in. of the head, as at Fig.375.
screw
with a centre bit
In the adjoiningpiece a hole is bored
Slot

"Bookcase

Fig. 378.

Housing

Fig. 377."

"

Shelf

Joint.
with

Fig. 379."

Studs.

Joints.

J-in.chisel. The two pieces of

timber
are
placed together,and by slidingthe upper piece
runs
forward
the screw
up into the slot or keyhole and
the applicationof the
the joint. Fig. 376 shows
secures
joint fixing a shaped bracket to the shaped shelf; the
and

slot is cut

and

bracket

shelf

the

brass

plates are

inverted

are

is sometimes
groove,

or

For

for this purpose

piece and the other

Joint. Fig. 377

"

called

housing

shows

trenched
is cut

so

and
as

166

to

work

heavy

obtainable

let flush into the upper

lower piece.

Housing

in the illustration to

jointing.

of

method

show

an

one

clearly
special
plate is

plate into

the

housing jointwhich
housed
joint. A trench,
a

receive the portion to

Joints

Miscellaneous

whole

the

width

of

sketch

the

shelf;

the

the

to

of course,

notched

with it.

to engage

out

Fig. ^82.

Fig. 381.
"

^Drawer

Joints for
shown

which

engages

the

of
at

is shown,

can

be

than

Cross-

Fig. 378

"

illustrates

shelves.

The

supporting

bookcase

consists of

stripof wood f in. thick,

portion A. Adjustment
by alteringthe strip to

the
At

notched
is made

the centre

the

of the sketch

notches

This
the

"

Framing Joint.

Joint.
Shelves.

required height

recesses.

favoured

with

the desired notch.

method

Bottom

Bookcase

methods

method

to

right
within

stopped housing," the groove coming

the front edge of the shelf. The uprightpieceis,

in. of

three

running

the trench

portionshows

to

"

shows

left-hand

jointed. The

be

former

here

latter method
because

placed together, and

the

167

the

an

alternate

circular
consistingof semiis probably more
two
upright pieces

required holes formed

Woodwork

Joints in
by boring with
at

recesses

Studs."

cast-iron

of

shows

Fig. 379
studs

bookcase

f in. in diameter, and

it is not necessary

"

allow

to

as

the

shrinkage takes
applied to secure

shrinkage takes

If

leaves

the

slackened,

the

place
the

Fig.382

in

of

surfaces
slots

useful

back.

mitred
box
cut

of thin

comers

is first mitred
as

are

into

up

key piece are

glued

cut

and

and

receive

the

heads.

screw

and

A
cross-pieces

two

the

by

the

Figs.384, 385,

trenches

and

"

trenches
are
glued. Dovetailed
lengths of the tapered dovetailed

inserted

layingon

strengtheningthe
at Fig. 383. The

is shown

to

formed
has
are

of rich and

388

Note

in the trenches.

levelled off after sufficient time

Boxes
in this manner
made
to set.
finished

of

method

key piecetapers from

into

the

For drawing
again screwed.
slotted brass
elliptical-shaped

boxes

small

and

shown,

the dovetail

"

it

and

screws

is knocked

joint where

Keying.

is

method

bottom

front, the

drawer

cut

are

the drawer

to

is

slots when

the

similar

drawer

the

joiningcross

togetherand fitted to a supportingpost C,

and fitment work.
jointfor cross-framing

Dovetail

are

is that

halved

are
a

to

to

receive

to

studs

wide

bottom

are

made

shows

move

bottom

screws

are

cups

other

Fig. 381

boards, etc., speciallymade

socket

and

drawer

in
groove
the drawer

and

groove,

method

along

the

ends

used.

to

In

two-

of the bookcase

screws,

place.

are

of bookcase

boring for the

screws

bored

holes

the

good

boards

After

here.

shown
so

drawing

to

shows

types

usually

are

bookcase

the

the thickness

to line up

Battening (Fig.380).
battens

of

adjustable slipsare

when

as

pins

corresponding holes

through the thickness

receive the pins. Fig. 378, C,
A point in favour
the studs.

distinct

two

iron

the

thirds

ends

bit, thus formingboth

centre

operation.

one

Bookcase

and

brace

are

l68

The

small

in the

box

elapsed

for

that

lengths
and
the

all

glue

afterwards
generally

rare

veneers.

joints

seldom

used

in

Miscellaneous
practicalwork,
Manual

but

which

Joints

illustrate for the benefit

we

of

Trainingteachers.
Butt

Joint.
"

To

pull up

Dovetail

Fig. 383.
"

and

fix

Keying.

butt

jointin

Fig.384.

similar job, three

pieces of deal and two

foldingwedges are required. The deal pieces should be
18 ins. long by 2 ins. by i in.,the wedges (ofhardabout
counter

or

any

Fig. 385.
"

wood) about
I in.,cut as
is cut

then

12

Useful

in the centre
screwed

to

Training Exercise

Joint.

piece of 2} ins. by
at Fig. 386. A 2-in. by f-in.mortise
of each of the deal pieces. They are
underside
of counter, through circled

ins.

shown

Manual

long,both

169

out

of

Joints
holes,keeping the
The

hardwood

pulled

Woodwork

piece back

wedges

are

other

screws

The

up.
firm

centre

in

diagram.
and
the joint
put in, giving

inserted

then

then

can

in

shown

as

be

job. (See also page 164.)

term
Coopered
Joints. The
coopering joint
seldom
used in the cabinet-making trade, although
a

very

"

"

"

is
we

000

oaAB

Butt

Fig. 386.
"

in
find it mentioned
the City and
Guilds

examination.

The

Joint for Counters,

few

of the

programme

text-books, and
of

evidently

name

etc.

the
has

also in

cabinet-making
come

from

the

forms
coopering trade, in which it is one of the commonest
barrels.
The
in the making of casks and
of joint used
have
adopted this
pattern-maker and the cabinet-maker
method
when
of jointing
making and buildingup circular

shaped work,
curved
desk falls,
and

such

and

as

coal-boxes, wine-coolers, cylinder

serpentinepanels,ogee
170

and

kidney-

Miscellaneous
shaped
at

Fig. 387,

such

like.

of which

show

and

carcases

two

^^

and

Exercise),
(See page 168.)
a

also used
and

the

6, the

sketches

are

joint tongued.

given
The

it is sometimes
*

two

around

woodwork

called

CooperingJoints.

in the

shown
jointing

to fit the

of

Tenon

Fig.388." Japanese Mitred

of

Three

r^

Fig.387." Examples

method

Joints

"

Joint (Manual Training

parts ; c, finished joint.

left-hand illustration is
etc.,
engine cylinders,

lagging."
171

Joints in
for

Frames

Oil Paintings. ^The method

the

while

shows

the

the

fitted with
can

the

In the

action of

be

of

Method

are

loose

for oil

generallymitred
The

wedges.

four

held

temporarilyby a piece of
is being tacked
to the edges
canvas
accompanying illtistrations Fig. 389A
the wedges when
tightening
up the

Fig. 389B.

Fig. 389A.

Joint and

making

is stretched

canvas

Fig. 389. They

at

parts of the frame

of the frame.

which

on

and

corners

thin board

of

"

jointsfor frames
paintingsis shown
at

Woodwork

Wedging

frame, the result being to

of Oil

the Frames

open

Paintings.

the mitre

joint. Fig.389B
wood
receivingthe hard-

positionof the saw cuts for

groove is carried the
wedges. Note that the parallel
in cutting.
full lengthof the material for greaterconvenience
The other groove is taken from the outer angleof the mitre
finishes with due regard to the
The
cut
jointinwards.
taper ; see the dotted lines showing taper in
necessary
Fig.389A. The grooves will be wide enough after being
ripsaw, but for largework they
cut with an ordinaryhand
are
usuallygrooved on the circular saw bench.

shows

the

CORRUGATED
It is now
first

many

appeared

on

STEEL

FASTENERS.

years ago since the steel saw-edge fastener

at the
the market, and
present time

172

Joints

in JVoodwork

Cottage Sideboard.

174

Miscellaneous

Joints

of
regard to width they are classed by the number
corrugationsand not by their measurement.
To use
the Fastener
no
special tools are required ; it
is simply driven in with
hammer
a
exactly as though it
in

Fig. 393.

Joint with

Mitred

"

Steel Fasteners.

position,however, to get it out is

The
than
worse
corrugations add to the
drawing teeth.
fibres closing around
strength of the device, the wood
them, age and rust but emphasisingtheir grip.
were

nail ;

Fig. 394.

in

once

Cornice

"

with

secured

Fig.391

shows

on

the

at

each

reverse

end

Fig. 392
Here
and

Three

boards.

two

the

the

Plinth

or

for Wardrobe

Steel

Fasteners.

applicationof
fasteners

are

side ; one
fastener
will in nearly all cases

is

frame

amateur

tenoning,etc.

which

is not
The

is to

troubled
ends

Bookcase,

or

fastener

the

in

put

finished

the

grain

by painting.
gauging,mortising
cross-rails are simply

with

of the

into

two

sufficient.

be

be

jointing

side and

one

driven

for

Woodwork

Joints in
The

shown.
close and

as

necessary, as owing
is drawn
shoulder
up

even

pieces of
and

tenon

i-in. timber
mitre

or

and

are

mitred

at

dowel

of skill ; here

requiresa great amount

planed true and the fasteners

this

the mitres

driven

across

joint.

Fig. 394 is a
similar pieceof
to

frame

cornice

is fastened

to

Fasteners

of

shown.

of the

they

are

\ in.,with

useful for

The

the frame

fitted around

readers, and

joinerywork

required,and

be

may

examples

themselves

the most

as

for

All the timbers

togetheras

is then

Numerous

plinthframe

or

furniture.

the mitre,

moulding

and

mitre

To

comer.
as

or

inserted

the fasteners

the

fastener

indicates two

jointsuch
the

is not

cramp

the

on

and

square

firm.

Fig. 393
the

of

use

bevel

the

to

dead

planed

and

cut

wardrobe

or

shot square,
the whole of the
are

cornice

or

plinth

in the usual

way.
will suggest
for generalrepairwork, cabinet
of this fastener

use

an

exceptionallyuseful

five

are
probably
corrugations,

generalpurposes.

176

fastener.

THE

MITRED
mitreing

JOINT
is

used

work,
everyday woodregular jointssimply
m

ALTHOUGH
it

last in

comes

our

list of

partly dealt with in almost every

have
mitre
For
example, we
previous chapter.
halving in Fig. 35, a mitre bridle joint in Fig. 74,
a
tongued and grooved mitre in Fig. 114, mitred
and
tenon
mortise
jointsin Figs. 147 and 158, a dowelled
in Fig. 295,
dovetail
in Fig. 204, a mitred
frame
mitre
and a mitred
joint with steel fasteners in Fig. 393.
been

it has

because

A
-+-

ST

Fig. 395.

"

^Mitred

Mitreing.

"

the

denote
frame
to

or

fit each

Fig- 396." Finding a Right

Angle for Mitreing.

Skirting.

The

mitreing

term

type of joint used

where

two

other,

at

pieces of wood
as

the

is

the

used

generally
comer

are

skirting or

of

bevelled

plinth

to

picture

away
mould

so

as

at

the timber
is cut so that the joint
Fig- 395- In these cases
is at 45 degrees to the face, and the two pieces,when
placed
together, form an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle).
The term
mitreing, however, is not confined to the fitting
of timber
be justlyappUed
around
a right angle ; it may
JW.

j^^

Joints
to the

of
fitting

the number

One
denote

often
the

of

moulding
its degrees.
a

hears

such

fittingof

Fig. 397.

"

Woodwork

in

around

terms
a

an

"

as

moulding

Finding Angles

for

of
angle irrespective
half mitre," used
around

an

to

octagonal

StraightMitres.

correct
pedestal,and probably it would be more
to describe the jointas a mitre cut at 22 1 degrees. Mitreing
consists of halving the angle and making each piece to
Should
the angle be bounded
fit the fine of bisection.
by
straightHues, as at Fig. 396 or Fig. 397 A, then the
mitred joint will be a straightUne, but should the angle

column

or

178

The

Mitrea

Joint

and
a
by a curved
straight line, as at
Fig. 405 A, or by two curved lines,then the mitred joint
will have to be a curved line if the mouldings are to be of
bounded

be

the

same

section.

STRAIGHT

Finding the
mitres, such

as

Angle.
shown

in the

Sawing

jointline

is found

Block

with
of

upper

panel

for

Mitreing.

straight
Fig.397.

by bisectingthe angle, as
tions
shown
in the various examples, and the followinginstrucare
given to enable the reader to foUow the enlarged
diagram (Fig.396). Take a pair of compasses, or dividers,
and with any convenient
opening strike out the arc A, B.
another
Put
the point of the compasses
A, and mark
on
the
E ; then, without
arc
altering he distance between
the
points of the compass,
put the point on B, and mark
arc

mitre

will first deal

Fig. 398.

"

The

^We

"

are

MITRES.

D.

Draw

the line C from

the

corner,

and

allow it to cut

through the intersection made by the arcs E and D. The

halved by the Une C, and this method
angle A B is now
may
in
shown
be appHed to any angle a variety of which
are
Fig. 397"

Sawing

Block.

"

For

sawing mouldings, etc.,

179

to

their

Joints

Woodwork

in

approximate shape, a home-made

used, as shown at Fig. 398. Two

Fig. 399.

^Mitre

"

Pig. 400.

one

on

the

shown

other

Shooting

Screw

Mitre

Board.

Trap.

top of the other, the requiredangle is transferred

thereto, and the

are

"

sawing block is generally

piecesof wood are glued

at

saw

kerf made.

In the sketch

saw

kerfs may

180

saw

kerfs

left ; and, of course,

where desired.
be made

45 degrees,right and

anglesand

the

Joints
cornice

or

moulds, and

Woodwork

in

the

temporary packing piecesunder

moulding

plane is

the

to

desired

indicated

the

by

be altered

angle may

work

the

angle.

so

to tilt the

as

method

The

by fitting

of

using the

arrows.

in

by those workers
everyday use
who
are
constantly mitreing wide pieces of stock at
shooting board illusdonkey's ear
45 degrees is the
method

Another

"

"

Fig. 403.

Bevelled

"

Fig. 404.

Framing with Mitred

Moulding.

trated

at

manner

to that

simple method

board

is shown

gauge

to

degrees ;
B

and

at

then

plane

gauge
from the

to

45 degrees,and
work.

.The

with its

end

Fig. 403

shows

in

the

on

similar

always

be

working without
Set the marking
wood

of the

to

on

be

a
or

bered
remem-

shooting
cutting

mitred

the wood,

as

at

45
shown

line to the

of the

edge, as shown, and saw

diagonals of a square give

The

this is the

its side

used

that should

one

this distance

finish.

edges before

on

Fig. 399.

handy when
Fig. 402.

thickness

the

; draw

at

and

it is

because

at

shown

Mitred

Moulding.

plane is laid
401. The
marked
the board
A, and

of

wide

with

Fig.

surface

Framing

"

wood

marking
bevelled

used

method

to

mark

of course,
in this manner.

must,
out

framing
182

into

which

out

be

the

square

has

been

The
mitred

Mitred

moulding

narrow

Joint
so

as

margin around the panel.

Fig.404 shows a similar framing,but
mitred

it.

around

obtain

To

to

show

with

correct

wide

ing
mould-

intersection

correct

moulding, the angles B and A are bisected. The

before the width of the moulding
bisection of the anglesmeets
is cleared, therefore the angle C will again have to be
of this

Fig, 405.

"

Door

with

Curved

Mitres.

One
bisected,and the finished jointwill appear as shown.
of the simplestof mouldings with a large fiat face has been
The
to illustrate this.
chosen
moulding could be all in
one
width, as shown, or it could be built into the framing
the wide flat and the piececarryingthe
in separate pieces,
ogee

moulding.
CURVED

We

now

come

to

what

MITRES.
are

probably

the

most

difficult

of

all mitres, viz., curved

mitres, and the writer well
in his appreticeship
remembers
days his first experience of

attempting to fit the mouldings around the door

Fig. 405 by using straightmitres at A. This,

183

shown

at

of course,

Woodwork

Joints in
impossibleif

is

the

it is desired

and

If

to

mouldings

moulding will

have

to be

of the

all the members

make

straightmitres

are

sect.
correctlyinter-

used the section

are

of

section,

same

of the curved

different

shape to the section

these days of machine-

of the

straightmoulding, and in
is seldom
made
resorted
mouldings this method
better, cheaper,and easier,to make curved mitres

machinery

necessary

Fig. 406.

"

Some

Method

to.

when

It is
the

is at hand.

of

Setting-outfor

Curved

Mitre.

eighty panels,similar
ago the writer had
to fix around
a large room,
and, with the aid

years

to

Fig. 406,

of

home-made

"

respectivecurved

former
mitres

"

worked
on

the

mouldings

double

and

their

spindle moulding

machine.

The

Method

of Setting-out

Curved

Mitre' is indicated

section of
a
Fig. 406 and is as follows : Draw
of the
at the left hand
the moulding full size, as shown
illustration,and projectlines round the framing, as shown
at

"

the Hues i, 2, 3 and 4 intersect at the

4. Where
corner
D, it clearlyshows that a straightmitre will not cut
A curved Une will cut all the
all the pointsof intersection.
I, 2, 3 and

184

The
intersections, and

zinc,or
the

line A, and

having

Fig. 407.

Template

"

place the point of

circle

as

circle

on

the

With

the

and

"

the

same

rightand

for

it beforehand.

by

the curved

Mitreing.

compasses
radius

and

strike out

place the

pointof the mitre, and

left with

dotted

the small

compass
cut the

shown

arcs

at

aa.

radius put the compass

pointat the junction
circle and mitre line Ci, and cut the circle at right
same

rule

where

radius
correct

hne

through

these lines cut

of the curved
radius

of

as

curved

to

give

mitres

curved
as

aa,

each

mitre.

skilled machinist,
so

drawing

obtaining

left,viz,ee.

Now
and

the

that is the inside

pointon

of the

with

for

moulding,as shown
the approximation of

mitre

shown

to

the left-

At

shape.

is shown

resort

to

cardboard, sheet

of the

it cuts

where

to this

be made

half the width

Take

of

made

geometricalsettingout

without

curve

Joint

template

should

veneer,

side the

hand

Mitred

and

other it will

The
mitre

it enables

definite result.

could

governingthis class
above
examples.

be

another

advantage

Many

will be

185

through

give the
of

ee^

correct

knowing

the

is of great benefit to the

him to set up his machine

given, but

of work

line

other

instances

of

general principles
readilyseen from the

the

Woodwork

Joints in
Mitreing
the method
where

the

Moulded

of

mitreing the
jointis tenoned
made

template T is
having its ends
on

the rail,as

the rail and

forms
to

Door

cut

shown,

the
a

moulded
and
of

out

at 45

and

beech

held in

wide

or

other

frame

wooden

hardwood,

template is placed
by placingboth
position
The

face of the template

the moulding to the

away
chisel is used in the direction indicated

186

door

A small

chisel,and enables

mark.

illustrates

This

the vice.

graduallypare

The

Fig. 407
portion of a
"

mortised.

degrees.

template in

guide for

Frame.

the worker

correct

by

the

angle.
arrow

PUZZLE

JOINTS

Chinese

ingeniouspuzzle

THE
is
as

we

probably
it is

older

one

give

that

hands

also the

key as
together again.

Fig. 408.

"

Puzzle

of the

Chinese

of
many
be made

than
can

full directions
For

whose

Joint

to

the

benefit

the

finished

how

it may

Sketch

to

as

of the

by

how

could

any
it may

be

others, too,
fall, we
puzzle may

be

taken

down

Chinese

here

guess, but
woodworker

of

Completed

187

us

type shown

and

Puzzle.

structed.
con-

into

give
fitted

Woodwork

in

Joints

complete article as shown

form, a six-pointedpyramid.

in

The
in

different

pieces, each

cut

thick ;

purpose

either sycamore

in. wood

The

may

Fig.

409.
Three

410.
Cross

through,

way
means

of

The

slot must

the

Fig. 410.

follows

slot must

pieces

joint,their

are

half slot cut

be

exactlythe
cut
exactly half
placed across
by
will be

surfaces

exactly in the centre.

pieces,size 2J ins. long,with

flush.

also be

of

"

middle

half-cut

Fig. 409.
in. in

being ij

required, these

Six
411.
with slots in the

Fig.

"

long, with

ins.

that, if two

halved

Piece,

thickness, and

slot similar to that

centre

and

so

Six

"

Key

PARTS.

This

shown.

wood's

the

of

412.

411.
Pieces.

"

width

twenty-one

Fig.

TWENTY-ONE

as

up of

in. wide

wood

Fig.

pieces requiredare as
Fig. 409. Six pieces,3J
centre

be called,

may

and
\
\ in.
be used
if preferred. For the
white maple is the most useful.
or

The

the

It is made

from

Fig.

THE

in

Fig.408

length,

before.

as

Key Piece (Fig.412). One of these last six requires

specialtreatment, as it forms the key block of the puzzle.
"

After

its slot

must

be

must

also be

sawn

has

away,

been

cut,

as

shown

half

one

in

gently rounded.

Fig. 412.

The

188

of the

narrow

The

specialuse

inner

part

edge

of this vital

Joints in
puzzle in itself as to
explanation is necessary.
a

First Stage.

"

and

the

the

how

First take

them

arrange
that the

as

Woodwork

shown

they

the bars X
in

be

can

and

got thus
Y

(seeFig.413)

It is most

Fig.415.

tant
impor-

projectionsa
upwards,
of
Y
face
towards
the
Then
centre.
a
projections
bar Z and bring it flat into the slot of X.
The

Fig. 414.

^The

"

Bars

of X

face

This

may

the

must

remain

little slot of bar

seem

How

to

take
httle

Adjust the

(Note position cf
projectingends, a.)

above the slot of X.

slide the bar Y along to the centre,

sUps into

"

that

Bars.

in Position.

slot of Z, however,

and

Fig. 415.

Central

Three

some

so

Then

that the part lettered

Z.

confusing to read,

but

it is easy to follow
result of this rather

The
piecesare in one's hand.
of Fig. 414 are
all
clever arrangement is that the six arms
They
length, width, and thickness.
exactly the same
be clasped one
also arranged so that in each arm
are
may
piece each of Figs. 409, 410, and 411. The three central
when

the

be set up in a different order,and here

may, of course,
the way that is the most
have merely chosen
simple to
we
describe and iUustrate.
arms

190

Puzzle
the

In

Stage.

Second

"

Joints

remaining part

of the work

the

is to keep the puzzle from falUng to pieces

difficulty
the
it. Take
before the key finallylocks
longer cross
six need
The
to each arm.
parts. Fig. 409, and clasp one
all be put on
not
are
meanwhile, but only those which
size (Fig.410) may
then
The next
most
easilyhandled.

chief

be

put

on.

Fig. 417.
Piece

"

to

Placing the Key

overlap end projection
of

Fig. 416.
on

In

Beginning

"

the

the

Cross

its three

that

the

Bar.

place

Pieces.

ordinary

with

to

Central

each

course

arm

could

be

completed
attempted,

pieces till the sixth was

and here the reader would
find that, at the last moment,
He
could not get the last
his attempt was
frustrated.
it is
small piece in, as other bars lock the puzzle,j Here
"

cross

key

"

in.

comes

THE

When
of the
their

the
arms

three

longercross

writer
may
cross

PIECE.

KEY

fits up

the

puzzle

straight away

be

These

are

parts.

piece (Fig.409)

he

finds that

fitted

the

191

complete

with

where

the

ones

lies flush with

three

the hack

of the

in

Joints
central bar

(see Fig. 416).

at work

the

on

is, of

there

central

bars.

three
"

deal

then

the

the

For

the

parts.

of the other

case

by

parts

with

easilyfound

is

caused

gap

Adjust

cross

This

puzzle. In the

course,

and

arms,

Wooawork

fourth
little

three

arms

three

first-named

the

on

when

slots of the

long

the

out

arm,

putting in

one

here,

all
the

use

key."
"

"

that it
so
Inserting the Key. By placingthe
key
the end projection
of the arm
overlaps
(seeFig.417) a space
"

is left at the centre, and

in the three cross parts

Turning
While

Key.

the

on

remaining two

its

if it is turned

that

same

round

nothing but

getting

arms.

force could

sheer

its

on

positionas

narrow

the other

thing so tightly

parts, it locks the whole

cross

for

ends the puzzle.

practically
overlappingpositionthe parts

neck, so that it is in exactlythe

five small

afforded

^This

"

"

is in
key
separated, but

the
be

may

the
"

is thus

means

loosen

the

twenty-one

pieces.

determined

putting together is concerned,

equally satisfactoryways, these being
many
that one
experiences
by the ease or difficulty

in

the

So

far

there

are

holding

bar

of

to
half-finished puzzle. It all comes
be placed on
must
end, and the
key

last three

the

is left at

arms

be

must

moreover,

can

on

one

the

of

UNDOING
To

take

turn

the

bars

on

below
to

"

key

that
may

puzzle

the

arm

then

"

THE

half round
towards

and

pieces.
192

and

the

bars
where

one

where

Fig. 409

Fig.416.

that

is

required is

push the other

the outer

be removed,

The

PUZZLE.

pieces all

to

one

completed.

be

centre, and not on

lies flush againstthe central arm
as in
gap

the

"

"

before

key,"

order

the

in the

same

"

as

point.

the whole

The

two
cross

structure

to

cross

bars

falls

Puzzle

dovetailed

DOVETAIL

CURIOUS

Fig.418 represents
together.

Joints

two

blocks

JOINT.
of wood,

All four sides

the

Fig. 419.

Fig.418.
Puzzle

are

2^ ins.

Dovetail

193

Joint.

same,

square,
and at

Joints

in

Woodwork

of Dovetail

Sketch

Piece.

zv\
Front

Elevation.

Back

Elevation.

Plan, looking upwards.

The

Finished

Fig. 420.

"

Joint.
Puzzle
Joint.

Puzzle

Dovetail

194

Pttzzle

Joints

glance it would be said

neither be put together not taken

that

first

The

This

is

from

lower

make

pieces apart.

two

part is not

upper

the

lower

piece merely slipsinto

easier

First

say
piece be dark

block, and

lower

the

colour

and

the

sides and

the other

puzzle will
see

that the

clean.

and

take

2J ins. square

of wood,

light. If there is this contrast in

be more
interesting.Plane all four
true

joint

fitted into the

is required,
very neat work
less than
not
working with wood

ins. square.
Take
two blocks
and about 5 ins. long. Let one

are

The

is

puzzle well,

ends

Fig. 419

when

the side.

the

it will be

and

but

above,

/row

the other
To

The

dovetail.

sham

the

shows

jointcould

apart.

is obvious

illusion, however,

examined.

such

the

on

four

top and

sides mark
If the
2

ins.

neck.

carefullythe exact positionsof the dovetails.

used is 2} ins. square
wood
these dovetails may
be
long,ij in. wide at the top, and f in. wide at the
Saw
carefullyand pare away the waste wood with

the chisel.

lower

The

block, which

upper

exactly,is

one

then

DOVETAIL

The

dovetail

perhaps caused
woodworkers
made
up.

and

yellow pine

The

question
a

of

explainsits solution.
any

if

the

The

size

"

say,

and

cut.

195

Fig. 420

joint. It
asks

be
may
afterwards

and
is

reverse

puzzle may,

ins. thick.

at

has

controversy amongst

dovetailed

out

fit the

course

JOINT.

mahogany,

or

everyone
sketches show

sketch

convenient

wooden

any

in

also

PUZZLE

argument

more

The

and

puzzle joint illustrated

than

together?

marked

of

must

How

and

obverse

sides,

which

of course,

of timber

glued
it put

was

piece

neatly

fully

be made

ins. wide

by

in

Joints
EASTERN
Below
little

puzzle

which

Take

years ago.

JOINT

illustrated two

are

PUZZLE.
of

methods

introduced

making

simple

into this

country some
timber, about
piece of straight-grained

was
a

Woodwork

ins.

28

long (birchanswers
splendidly)and plane it up to
Now
it into six blocks,
cut and make
exactlyJ in. square.
shown
The sizes of the various slots in
at Fig. 422.
as

Fig. 421.

the

blocks

Arrange
shown

pieces so
Fig. 421.
shows

423

Puzzle.

respectivelyi in., f in., \ in., and

the

at

Fig.

are

Eastern

"

as

another

to

form

method

the

of

in.

completed puzzle,as

slottingthe

blocks

result.
Note, however, that
give the same
piece 6 in both Fig.422 and Fig. 423 is left square, no slots
being required,owing to the fact that this is the key-piece
which

and

will

is fitted into

position last of all.

interestingpuzzle and easy to make ; at the

minutes
first attempt it took the writer exactly sixty-five
to place the pieces in their correct
position.
This is

an

196

Joints in

Woodwork

puzzle is composed of three pieces of wood, each

ins. long, i} ins. wide, and \ in. thick.
In each piece
mortise
at i.
ij ins. by \ in. should be cut as shown
The

4
a

0
lb
1

"

Fig. 424.

Fig. 424.

In

one

side, f in. wide,

but

^The Three

"

piece,marked
in

and

another

in. wide, is cut, and

Fig. 425.

How

"

2,

Parts.

is cut

groove

piece

this is continued

to Cut

on

one

similar slot,
on

the other

the Parts.

depth of \ in. The three pieces

should be set out on a 13-in.by ij-in.by J-in.length of
apart.
at Fig. 425, and when
ready sawn
wood, as shown
at Fig. 426. In
The
puzzle is put together as shown
at A,
the first place, hold No. i piece upright as shown
then take No. 2 piece with slot uppermost and push it

side of the

groove

to

through the opening in

No.

pieceuntil

198

the nearest

side

"A

Puzzle

Joints

projectsJ in. as indicated at B. Next place

at C,
No. 3 piece on with the slot at the back as shown
of the opening
until it touches the bottom
and push it down
The only thing to do
in No. 2 piece as illustrated at D.
the
is to push No. 2 piece as far as it will go to make
now
of the slot

at ".

shown

figureas

Fig. 426.
"

In this

How

puzzle the parts

but should

not

be

too

respects
B. C, D, E and

and

front view

to

JOINT

PUZZLE.

asre

of the

cut

sHghtlydifferent.

piece D

illustration. The method

Hold piece B
follows:
"

fit togetherfairly
tight,

similar in
six-piecepuzzle joint,
Fig. 421, but in this case the pieces

illustrates

some

should

Together.

stiff.

SIX-PIECE

Fig. 427

to Put

of

is shown

Both

back

for clearness of

assemblingthe pieces is as
upright,and fit piece D across;
199

Joints in Woodwork
at

the

time note

same

each

other

it up

the

Take

piece B

now

and

small

marks

fitted behind

push

the

"

are

opposite
slide
and

Six-pieceJoint Puzzle.

are

D, and

downwards.

and
position,

marks

piece E and, holding it as shown,

(seearrow) until E engages with D

Fig. 427.
the

that the small

opposite each

other.

is

will slide in

position

is

put in

then

piece F

The

key-piece A

puzzleis completed.

200

Piece

now

INDEX
Air-tight

joints, ii6

Alignment

in

American

Angle,

Bit, twist, 81

hingeing,

white

wood,

94
121

168

30

no

Astragal, brass, 112, 113

Astragal, rebated, 112

Bagatelle hinge,
Barefaced

tenon,

Barefaced

tenon

99,

100

99

haunched,

wheel,

halved

joint, dovetail

131

plate, 164,

dowels, 78
Bevel, joiner's,21, 38, 145
dovetail

Bit, block

Bit,

rose,

63

joint,92

laminated

core,

152

Boxes,

dovetails

for,

Boxes,

dovetails

for

dovetailing,

131,

dovetails,

132

setting

80,

129,

Boxes, dowelling rough, 77, 78

Boxes, knife, dovetailing, 131
Brace, 79, 88
Brace, oblique bridle joint for, 28
slot
Bracket,
screwing
165,
a,
Brass

astragal, 112, 113

joint at angle, 38
Bridle
joint for frame (open slot
mortise
and
tenon), 28, 29, 38
Bridle
joint for truss, 29
Bridle

joints,162, 163
for

132,

118

small,

Bridle

for

168,

166

half-lapped

joint, 17

out, 119
Birdsmouth

scarf

130

165

Bevels

mould,

for

133

Beechwood

Bevelled

153
steel
teners,
fas-

lid, hingeing, 97
dovetail
Boxes,
keying for
169
Boxes,
dovetailing small,

joints on,

rail, dovetailed,

Bevelled

with

Box

Battening, 167, 168

Beaded
match-boarding,
40
Beam
(tie)and rafter joint, 162
tie, bridle joint for, 29, 30
Beam,
tie, joint 63, 64
Beam,
Bed

jointed

Box,

55

joint, 53

16, 17

Bearer

joining weather,

Boards

for

shelf joints, 166, 167

Boring for dovetails, 122
for bridle joint, 33
Boring waste
Box, hinge-bound,
93

joints, 44, 45

door

Barrow

Boards,

66

Bookcase

flap hinge,

Barred

drawing,
dowelled,
ready
glueing, 82
Boards, flooring, 39

Bolts

137
Back

clamping

173

tails,
using for dove-

marking,

Boards,
Boards,

Bolection

138

88, 123,

bit, 85
for

guide,
bevelling in
grooving, 146
Block, sawing, for mitreing, 179
Blocking, glue, 159, i6o
Boarding, match,
39
Boards, battening drawing, 167,

Angles of dovetails, 118

Angle, right, for mitreing, 177
Architrave
mould, hinge clearing,

marking,

for twist

dovetail

Angle butt joint, 5

Angle dovetail
keying, 129, 130
Angle dovetailing, 131, 132
joint, 25
Angle halved
Angle iron, buttoning with, 164
Angle, oblique, bridle joint, 29,

Awl,
Awl,

lap-dovetailing, 127

Block

Block,

bridle joint at, 38

109,

Blind

twist, 85..
81

201

frame
jpint,

Bridle

with, 36
28
mitre,
joint,

Bridle

joint,
oblique, 28

Index
Bridle

joint,oblique angle,29,

Bridle

joint, setting
marking, 30
Bridle joint,simple, 27, 31
Bridle joint,stopped, 28, 29
Bridle
Joint, The, 27-38
Bridle jointed leg, 27
out

Bridle

joints,boring

waste

30
and

joints,frame with, 28
joints, gauging for, 31
Bridle
joints,sawing, 33
Bureau, hingeing fall front of,

joint for

Chisel,using for dovetailing,135,

136

Chisellingbridle joints,34,

jointing counter

150,

tops with

Cabinet,

Cabinet
joints,tongued, 41
Cabinet
top with glued joint,9
Cabriole leg,dowelling, 87
Caddies
and
tea, housed
mitred,
128

Carcase

end

dovetailed,
Carcase
end,

and

bearer

131
ments
seg-

150

in halved

segments,

151

Circular
Circular

work,
work,

jointsfor. 149
putting together,

City and Guilds, 170

Clamping, 66
Close jointhingeing, no
Cogged joint, 161

171

Core

152

rail,

131

lap -dovetailing
top to, 131, 132
Card table hinge, 99, 100
Carpentry tie joint, 19
Castor
pins, 158
Cellarette
partition joints,19, 20
Centre
or
pivot hinges, 98, 99,
wardrobe

laminated,
dovetail, 134
joint,halved,

box,

Corner
Corner
Corner
Cornice

172

jointing wood,
159
or
locking joint, 45

Combing
Coopered joints,170,

Corner

painting frames, 171,

Cap, dowelling, 86

rim

Columns,

china, 108

joint,for,

37
dovetailed,

150.

fixtures, 155

Canvas

work,

jointing,marking

Circular

keys, 164
Buttoning, 164
Buttoning with angle iron, 164
Buttons
(or pateras), turned,
screw

fronted

for, 149,

dovetail

for

puzzle joint,187

102

169,

dovetail

145

130,

170

Butt

tenon,

Chisel, the, 21, 23, 35, 72, 73, 74,

80, 81, 121, 122, 125, 145

Circular

counters,

for

paring

Circular

103

Butt

of

cabinet, 108

Chinese

Bridle

Butt

shoulder

125

Channel,
China

joints,chiselling,
34, 37
ders,
joints,cutting the shoul-

hinge, 93, 95
hinge, rising,99, 100
hinges, fitting,loi,
joint, I
joint,angle, 5

legs, jointing

158
at

124,

for,

Bridle

Butt

broken,
Chalk, 2

cutting,72
Channel, cutting for dovetailing,

35

Butt

table

grooving,

Bridle
Bridle

Butt

and

Channel

33

Butt

Chair

steel fasteners, 175

pole, finial for, 153, 154
Cornice
of dowelling,
pole, method
Cornice

83
Cornice

poles, hinged joint for,

156
Cornices, blind
for, 127

202

lap-dovetailing

steel fasteners, 172

tops, butt jointingwith

Corrugated
Counter

dovetail

xoo

12

jointing, glued, 5
joints,tongued 45, 46
with
or
plinth secured

keys, 164

Index
Counters, butt jointfor, 169, 170
Cradle, dowelling, 78, 79
Cradle

for

Cramp,
Cross
Cross
Cross

Cross

Doors,

planing, 42

framing joint,167,
halving joint,15, 18
halving joint with housed

Crush

56

stile,framed,

"3

halved

upright

Doors, stop-bound, 93, 94

Double

tongues, 41, 42, 43, 50

feet, 158
door

Cupboard
III,

shutting joints,

joint, 90,

tenon, 62
half
(bevelled)
-lapped

and

wedged

joint, 17
Dovetail,
Dovetail

mitres, 183, 184

dovetailed,
work,

99

91

Dovetsul

Cupboard doors, curved,

joint for, 113
Cupboard, medicine, joints,62

reversible

scarf

tenoned

Dovetail
ting
shut-

Curved

folding or
hinge, 98,

screen

Double-

113

Curved

100,

103

joint,19
Cross

angle,

an

Doors, screw-bound,
94
Doors, shutting joint for curved,

19

rail and

at

Doors, inside hingeing of, loi

Doors, outside hingeing of, 102,

168

rail and

hingeing

lOI

148

shoulders,
Cross

Doors, hinge-bound, 93, 94, 96

corner,
134
for boxes, 118

Dovetail

130,

Grooving,

145

148

"

Dovetail

grooving, bevelling
guide block for, 146
Dovetail
halving, 13
Dovetail
halving, oblique, 14
Dovetail
halving, stopped, 14,

131

Curved

work, hingemg, 94
Work,
Joints

Curved

for,

149"152

Cutting

gauge,

120,

Cutting

gauge

for

133,

134

dovetailing,

15

Dovetail, housed

120

Cutting

how

gauge,

to

for

use

dovetails, 134

Cutting

the

Dovetail

and

mitred, 128

joint, curious

puzzle,

193

for

recess

hinges,95,

Dovetail
Dovetail

96

joint,mitred, 128
joint, possible origin

of, 117
Dovetail

Desk

hinge,

Desk,

joint for roll top, 161, 162

99

marking

top, clamping, 66
Dining-table leaf, dowelling a, 84
Dining-table leg and
framing,
dowelling, 86, 87
Desk

Dining-tableslide joint,159
Donkey's ear shooting board, 181
Door, barred, jointsfor, 44, 45
Door, cupboard, shutting joints,
III,

Door
Door

frame,

building up
of, 151,

circular
semi-

frame

joints,55
frame, mitreing a moulded,
curved

132

Joint,

134

The,

117

"

144

joints,glueing, 144
joints in framing,

127

Dovetail

keying, 129, 130

keying for boxes,

168,

Dovetail

169
counter

kejrs, butt
jointing
tops with, 164
(lap)pins,roughing in,

122

Dovetail
Dovetail

with

the,

joint,squaring,

Dovetail
Dovetail

Dovetail

152

186

Door

Dovetail

Dovetail

113
head

Door

Dovetail

and

joint,setting out

Dovetail

mitres, 183

203

pins, 120
pins, marking, 133, 135
pins,sawing, 143

Index
Dovetail

plates for bed

joints,

164, 165
Dovetail
puzzle, 194, 195
Dovetail
Dovetail

and

tongue

groove

joint, 41
Dovetail, with

halved

Dovetailed

halved

and

joint,14
joints,16,

bearer
curved

rail, 131
work,

130,

131

Dovetailed

footstool, 130

Dovetailed

joint (one

halved

halving
scarf

Dovetailed

for

joint
15, 16

lengthening timber,

320
Dowel

for legs,86, 87
gauge
of making, 77
Dowel, method
Dowel
plate, steel, 78

joint,89,

screw,

Dowel

with

Dowelled

90

rail, 127,

stretcher

130
tee

16

bevelled,

or

132

Dovetailing,blind lap, 127

Dovetailing, chisel work,

135,

for,

125

Dovetailing drawers

and

boxes,

139

Dovetailing jewel drawer,

131,

132

79

ready for glueing,

joints,various

cations
appli-

of, 83

Dowelling
Dowelling
Dowelling

cabriole

mitred

Dowelling

Dowelling

leg,87
frame, 84

shaped rail, 85
leaf,84

table
a

washstand

ment,
pedi-

Dowelling caps, 86
Dowelling cradle, 78, 79
frame,
Dowelling for moulded

86

Dowelling for turned pillar,86

DowelUng, frame 84, 85
Dowelling
88
Joint, The, 77
Dowelling, marking and gauging
boards for, 81, 82
Dowelling packing cases, etc.,
77" 78
Dowelling, probable originof, 77
Dowelling table leg to framing,
86, 87
Dowelling thick timber, 82
Dowels, beechwood,
78
Dowels, cradle for planing, 78, 79
Dowels, glueing, 82
Dowels, good and bad, 80
"

Dovetailing, lap, 118

Dovetailing, lap, blind, 127

^Dovetailing,lap, drawer

fronts,

141

Dovetailing, lap, wardrobe

top,

132

Dovetailing, oblique, 131, 133

Dovetailing
"

removal

of

waste,

125

Dovetailing template,

135, 136
Dovetailing, through, 117, 141
Dovetails, angles of, 118
Dovetails, boring for 122
Dovetails,
at
cutting several
once,

159

88

Dovetailing,cutting channel

124,

154,
groove,

82

136

131.

80, 81

boards

halving joint,15,

Dovetailing, angle

124,

rounder,

Dowel

Dowelled

Dovetailed

131,

119

Dowel

side) 14
Dovetailed
Dovetailed

of marking
Dovetails, method
with
cutting gauge, 120
Dovetails, sawing, 123, 138
Dovetails, settingout bevels for,

Dovetails, squaring, 119

Dovetails, using marking awl for,

17

Dovetailed
Dovetailed

135
saw

blade, 123,

96, 124, 144

saw,

Dovetails, gauging for, 119,

with
Dovetails,
marking

125,

126

Dovetails, frame, 125, 126, 127

Dowels,
Dowels,
Dowels,

iron, 77

length of, 82
making, 78

Dowels, method

204

of grooving,

79

Index
frame, haunched

Garden

Half

tenon

joint, tenon, 57
Gauge, cutting, 133,

Halved

Gate

for

Halved

dovetailing, 120, 134

Gauge, dowel, for legs, 86, 87
Gauge, marking, the, 21, 23, 31,

Halved

to

use

Halved

Gauge, mortise, 71

the,

joint,how

Joint, The,

Halved

joint with

81, 82
a

dovetailed,

for dovetails, 119,

135
for
hingeing, importance

20,

95
for mitres, 181, 182
for tenons, 54

blocking,

top with,

159,

16,

Joint,The,

work,

joints, their

method

Halved

moulded

Halved

tee

of

of

Grooved

(5"e

and

Tongued

Tongued

and

dowels,

43

Joint
Grooved

79

Grooves,
cutting with plane, 49
Grooving,
Dovetail,
148
145
for
Guide
block
bevelling in
"

dovetail

24
used

joint,17,

grooving, 146

12.

19

13

Handscrew,

Hanging,

206

housed

Halving, stopped, dovetail, 14,

Hammer

joint,17

rail

Halving joint, (dovetailed) for

lengthening timber, 15, 16
Halving, mitred, 13
Halving, oblique, 12, 13
Halving, oblique dovetail, 14, 15
Halving, oblique,with shoulder,

15

lap scarf joint,89, 90

dovetail
bevelled
Half-lapped

18

joint, dovetailed,

(upright) and cross

joint,19
Halving, cross, joints,15

Hammer,
Half

for

joint, 12

tee

shoulders,

Joint).
Grooved

Halved

tools

Halving, dovetail, 13
Halving joint,cross, 18
Halving joint,cross, with

Glueing dowels,
Glueing for glued joints,1
Groove, housing, 166
runner,

wheel,

15. 16
Halved

in drawer

training

barrow

joints,sawing,

joints,
making, 21

82

Groove

joints on

Halved

10

"

joints, arrangement
timber
for, 4
Glued
joints,cramping, 2, 3
Glued
joints,
testing the, 3

frame

17

Halved

Glued

14

21

Halved

160

side

one

joints (manual
exercise) 18, 19

joint,supporting, 2

Glued

tail,
dove-

double

Halved

joint,applicationof the, 6
joint, display cabinet

Glued

26

"

joints for Oxford

Halved

Girders, cogged joint for, 161

Glued

i i

joint with

Halved

bridle joint, 31

of, 93,

Glued

out

14
for

Gauging
Gauging

Glued

mark

to

22

Halved

Gauge, using the marking, 23

Gauging and marking for dowels,

Glue

joints,

168

167,
Halved

68

Gauging
Gauging
Gauging

dovetailed

corner
joint,12
joint,angle, 25
jointat end of timber, 26
joint,chiselling,23
joint for cross
framing,

Halved

134

cutting, how

Gauge,

178

a,

and

16, 17

joint,58, 156, 157

frame

Garden

mitre,

Halved

joint for, 58

the, 26
tenon, 65

head

148
close

joint,no

Index
Hanging, inside, loi
Hanging, open joint, 109
Hanging, outside, 103
Haunch

on

Haunch

on

Hinges,

Haunched

tenons, 64, 65
barefaced
tenon, 55

Haunched

tenon,

Haunched

tenon

twin

54.

Hinge,
Hinge,
Hinge,
Hinge,
Hinge,
Hinge
Hinged
156

Housing joint, 166

Housing, stopped, 166, 167

ron

Ton

for

tenon

joint,171

joint, 59

39

drawer

side, dovetailing,

132

ig,dowelling {seeCradle)

cornice

poles,

"

100,

{seeStub Tenon)
oiner's bevel, 21, 38, 145
oining rustic woodwork,
154
oining weather
boarding, 153
oint,angle butt, 5
oint, butt, for Counters, 169,
oggle

tenon

170

oint, cogged, 161

lOI

Hingeing box lid,97

Hingeing, close joint, no
curved

work,

oint,combing or locking, 45
oint, cross framing, 167, 168
oint, cross
halving, 18
dovetail
oint,
halved, 13
oint, dovetail
plate bed, 164,
165
oint, dust proof drawer, 114
oint, finger, 106
oint, fished (scarf),91, 92
oint for fencing, 59
oint for window
sill,115
end of timber,
at
oint, halved,

94

Hingeing draught screens,

104
Hingeing, gauging for, 93, 95

Hingeing, inside,
Hingeing, open

loi

joint, 109

Hingeing, outside 102, 103

Hingeing shape-fronted work,
94

Hinges, cutting

recess

for, 95,

96

Hinges,
Hinges,
Hinges,
Hinges,

apanese

tenon

131,

joints,92

the, 4
mitred

ewel

no
Joint, The, 93
Hinged joints,stopped, 97
Hingeing, alignment in, 94
Hingeing at an acute angle,

Hingeing

for scarf

apanese

arrah,

99

Hinged

dowels, 77
nuts

ACK-PLANE,

99

joint

hingeing, 10

angle, buttoning with, 164

Ton

finger joint, 106

knuckle
joint, 107
pivot, 98, 99, 100
rising butt, 99, 100
strap, 98,

tenons, 66

NSERTED

nside

no

desk,

105,

for

106

128

joint, 56, 58
Haunched
twin tenons, 64, 65
Haunching, removing, 74
with
above,
Haunching
groove
76
Hinge, back flap,99, 100
Hinge, bagatelle, 99
Hinge-bound doors, 93, 94, 96
Hinge, butt, 93, 95
Hinge, card table, 99, 100
Hinge clearingarchitrave mould,
109,

webbing,

or

screens,

Hinges, various, 99
Hook
joint, 113, 114
Hoppers, dovetailing, 131
Horn, the, on stiles,56, 69
Housed
mitred
and
dovetail,

rails,68, 70

cross

tape

draught

fittingbutt, 10 1,
marking for, 95
paring for, 96, 97
position for, 96
Hinges, screen, 98

26

102

oint, hook, 113, 114

oint, housing, 16^
oint, Japanese tenon,

oint, knuckle, 107

207

59

Index
Joint, open

slot

mortise

and

28, 29, 38
Joint, rafter, 63, 64, 162
tenon,

162
Joint, rafter and tie beam,
Joint, roll top desk, 161, 162

Joint, saddle,

161

Joint, tenon, for gate, 57

Joint (tenon), moulded
mitred,

and

60

Joint, twin tenon, 60

turned
work,
Jointing broken
158
157.
Jointing (butt) counter
tops
with dovetail
keys, 164
Jointing with
corrugated steel

Kerf, saw, 80
Keyed picture frame, 156, 157
Keyhole screwing, 165, 166
Keying, dovetail, 129, 130
Keying, dovetail, for boxes, 168,
169
156, 157
Keying, veneer,
(dovetail), butt
Keys
jointing
counter
tops with, 164
King post joint,63, 64
Kitchen
drop table, 17
Knife

boxes, dovetailing,131

Knife,
69

the

Knuckle

marking,

30, 35,

21,

joint hinge, 107

fasteners, 172

Jointingwith shooting-board

Ladder

and

7, 8

plane,
Joints, battening, 167, 168
162, 163
Joints, birdsmouth,
shelf, 166, 167
Joints, bookcase
Joints, Bridle,
38
27
Curved
Work,
for, 149

Ladder

"

Grooving,
117

"

145
144

"

Laminated

work,

box,

152

frame,

152

7, 8

151

pins, roughing in,

of, 139,

141,

142
drawer

Lap-dovetailing

"

waste

fronts

141

"

Lap-dovetailing wardrobe

"

"

176
53

131*

top,

132

Laths, winding,

"

76

for

glue jointing,

187

89
Shutting,
ToNGUED

core

table

Lap-dovetailing, 118
Lap-dovetailing, blind, 127
Lap -dovetailing, chipping

"

88

DowELLED,
77
i
10
Glued,
26
Halved,
ii
no
Hinged,
93
Miscellaneous,
153
Mortise
Tenon,
and

Scarf,

Laminated

122

148
Dovetailed,

Puzzle,

153

Laminated

Lamination,
Lap-dovetail

"

152
Dovetail

rungs,

sides, 153, 154

"

"

Lead, white, fixing tenon joints

with, 67
Leaf
(drop) of table, fly rail for,

200

92
hi

"

116

and

Grooved,

104

Leaf, table, with

39"51

Joints,buttoning, 164

(table) and

Joints, coopered, 170, 171

Joints, dovetail keyed, 164
(manual training
Joints, halved
exercise),18, 19
Joints, notched, 160, 161, 162
Joints,scribing,163
Joists,cogged joint for, 161
Joists, notched
joints for, 160,
161, 162

208

dowels, 84
framing, dowel-

Leg
ling, 86, 87
Leg (table), bridle-jointed to
rail,27
Leg (table)fixing interior,57
Legs, dowel gauge for, 86, 87
Legs, jointing broken table and
chair, 158
Lengthening timber, dovetailed
halving joint for, 13, x6

Index
Lid, hingeing box, 97
Light-tight joints,115
Locking or combing joint45
Lepers, 159

Mitred

skirting,177

Mitred

joint, Japanese,

tenon

171

Mitreing

moulded

door

frame,

186

Mitreing, findingright-anglefor,

Mahogany,
6, 122
Mallet, 26, 72, 73,
Manual
14,

121

177

training joints(exercise)
16, 17, 18, 19, 169, 171
,

Maple,

gauging

for dowels,

Mitreing, what

81.82

Marking
Marking

awl, 88, 123,

awl, using

138
for

tails,
dove-

137

Marking for hinges, 95

Marking gauge, 23, 31, 68
Marking knife, the, 21, 30, 35, 69
Matchboading, 39. 40
Matchboarding, beaded, 40
tailed
dovedouble
Matchboarding,
and tongued, 40
Matchboarding, double-tongued,

185,

Moulding,

joint,2

bevelled

framing with

mitres, 182, 183

Mouldings, sawing for mitreing,

179
Mortise

40

bridle

it

denotes, 177
Mitres, curved, 183, 184
Mitres, curved, setting out for,
184
Mitres, findingangles for straight,
178, 179
Mitres, gauging for, 181, 182
Mitres, straight, 179

and

inside

Matchboarding, vee'd, 40
Medicine
cupboard joints,62
Meeting stiles,112
Miscellaneous
Joints, 153
185
Mitre, a half, 178
Mitre

179

186

39
and

Marking

Mitreing, sawing block for

Mitreing, template
for,

framing,

Mortise

and

slot,28,
Mortise

Mortise
Mortise

joint, open

Tenon

Joint,

76

and

Japanese

for

38

29,

"

joint

55

tenon

and

The, 53

"

tenon

joints,light

tenon

stands

vase

and

with,

52

186
Joint, The, 177
Mitre joint,
tongued and grooved,
46

ting
joints, setout and
68
making,
Mortise
and tenon, wheelwright's
self-wedging,62

Mitre

Mortise

Mitre

Mitred

"

trap, screw,
and

Mitred

175

housed

and

dovetail, 128
moulded
joint

gauge,

71

Mortise

joint,slot,65
Mortise, removing waste

(tenoned), 60
Mitred

tenon

of with

chisel,74

dovetail
joint, 128
face tenon
joint,63

Mortise

Mitred
Mitred

frame, dowelling a, 84

Mortising stiles,72
Mortising tool, 57
Mortising, using chisel and

Mitred

frame

171, 172

halving, 13

Mitred

jointwith

steel

for

fasteners,
bevelled

Mitred

180

on
moulding
framing, 182, 183

j.w.

shooting-board,

197,

75

198

let
mal-

73, 74

Mould, bolection, 63
Mould,

175
Mitred

side removed,

Mortising puzzle,

joints, wedging,

Mitred

with

up,

double

skirting,building

46

Mould, hinge clearingarchitrave,

109,

209

110

Index
Moulded

and

joint,

mitred

(tenoned),
Moulded
frame, dowelling for,
85.86
Moulded
joint,halved, 17, 18
60

Moulded

sash

63.64
Moulding

glued

joint,

tenon

bar

shelf,3,
Moulding, scribed, 163
on

Nail, double-pointed dowelling,

77

Non

-reversible

hinge, 98,

screen

100

joints,160, 161, 162

Nuts, iron, for scarf joints,92

Piano-fall, building up
Picture
Picture

30

Pillar,dowelling cap to, 86

Pillars,jointing sideboard, 159
Pine, I, 2
Pinning, 60, 61
Pinning, drawbore, 63, 64
Pins, castor, 158
Pins, dovetail, 120
Pins, marking dovetail, 133, 135
of sawing
tail,
dovePins, method

grooves,

Oblique bridle joint,28

Oblique dovetail halving, 14
Oblique dovetailing, 131, 133
Oblique halving, 12, 13
Oblique halving, with shoulder,
12,

Open
Open

Plane,
Plane,
Plane,
Plane,
Plane,

Outside
Oxford

Plane,

mortise, 65
and

mortise

29, 38
hingeing, 102,

frame

hadved

tenon

103

joints,20,

^Paring,24,
Paring
Partition
Patera

ogee-shaped,

pointing

for

97

joints,cellarette, 19,
covers

for

screw

155

a, 88

plough, 47, 48, 49,

Stanley, 116

112

use

side

of ladder, 154

or

cornice

secured

steel

joints,
with

fasteners, 175
Plough plane, the, 47, 48, 49,

Plough

"

slip, glueing

to

ii2

drawer,

7.8
Ploughing, 47
Plugs, wall, 165
Pocket
screwing, 160
ling,
ol dowelPole, cornice, method
83
Pole, finial for cornice, 153, 154

Pegs {seeDowels).
Pelleting, 156, 157
Pencil, the, 21
"

Plank

Plinth

20

fixtures,

Pattern-making joints,17
Pediment,
washstand, dowelling

Photographic
joints,115

49

tooth, 147

Plate, dowel, steel, 78

Plates, dovetail, for bed
164, 165

25

hinges, 9O,

woman's

Planes, tongueing, 50, 51

Planing, cradle for, 42
Planing for glue jointing,4
Planing for mitred work, 181
Planing grooves, 49

21

Panel,

tongues with,

trying, 4
of toothing, for glued
joints,2
Planes
for shutting joints,116

13

Open slot
joint,28,

making
old

and

41, 42

Plane, jack, the,

jointhingeing, 109
slot

156,

121

joint, 29,

bridle

157

Pins, sawing dovetail, 143

Pins, steel, wire, 86
Pivot
hinge, 98, 99, 100
Plane
for making
tongues

39

Oblique angle

frame, keyed, 156,

frame, pelletinga,

157

Notched

Oak,

of,

case

7. 8

"

light-tight
210

Index
Pole

side of ladder, 145

Poles, cornice, hinged joint for

156

Post, dowelling cap to, 86

Post, king, joint,63, 64
Post, upright, joint of rails to,

Pounce-bag,

Purlins, 90
Purlins, cogged joint for, 161
Puzzle, Eastern
joint, 196
Puzzle
Chinese,
187
joint,
Puzzle
dovetail,
joint, curious

Rose

bit, 80, 81

joint,dovetail, 194,

200
Joints, 187
Puzzle, mortising, 198
Puzzle, six-piecejoint, 199,

joints, i
Rungs, ladder, 153
Rustic
Saddle

joint,161
bar
(moulded)

200

the

tenon,

joint,

162

Rafter, bridle joint for, 30

Ratter, cogged joint for, 161
Rafter
joint, 30, 63, 64, 161, 162
Rail and stile,framed, 56
Rail

(cross)and
joint,19

Rail, dovetailed
Rail, dovetailed

upright halved
bearer,

131

stretcher, 127,

61

astragal,112

shutting joint with

slip, 113, 114
for hinges, cutting and
Recess
paring, 95, 96. 97
tongue

Reversible

33

for

mitreing, 179

dovetails, 138

Sawing

Sawing halved joints,24

joints for,
Scantlings, notched
160

Scarf

joint,double

tenoned, 90,

91

Scarf

joint,dovetailed, 89,

Scarf

joint, half lap, 89,

Scarf

joint,tenoned,

Scarf

Joint, The,

90,

89

"

90

90
91
92

joint used in roof work, 90

joint with vec'd ends, 91
Scarf joints,iron nuts, bolts,and
Scarf

130

Rail, revolving fly,for table, 104

Rails and
stiles,setting out, 68
tenon
Rails,
joint for wide and
66, 67
narrow,
Rails, top-, tenon jointsto post,
Rebated
Rebated

21,

using for bridle joints,34

Sawing block
beam

63,

kerf, 80

Saw,
Saw,

leg,dowelling, 87
tie

tenon,

walnut, 121
Satinwood, 2, 122
Saw, dovetail, 96, 124, 144

timber, 5

and

joining,154

woodwork,

Satin

Saw

Rafter

8i

64

I95

"

Quartered
Queen Anne

dowel,

Rubbed

Sash

193

for, 29,

30

Rounder,

123

king post

joint (tiebeam,

and strut) 63, 64

Roof
scarf joint,90
Roof
truss^ bridle joint

Rosewood,

60, 61

Puzzle
Puzzle

Roof

or

double-folding

screen
hinge, 98, 99
for table, 104
Revolving fly-rail
Rising butt hinge, 99, 100
Roll top desk fall joint,i6i, 162

211

Scarf

washers

for, 92
Screens, hingeing draught, 104
Screens, hinges for, 98, 104
Screw-bound
door, 94
Screw, double-pointed, 154, 159
Screw, dowel, 154, 159
Screw

fixtures,patera

155
Screw

mitre

covers

for,

trap, 175

Screwing, pocket, 160

Screwing, slot or keyhole, 165,
166

Scribed
60

and

tenoned

joint,59,

Index
Scribing joints,163
Secretaire falls,clamping,
Segments, circular rim
150,

in

66

halved,

Slot mortise

joint,65

Slot

mortise

Slot screwing

151

and

(open)
joint,28, 29, 38

165,

tenon

166

Spandrel, jointinga shaped, 7, 8

Spandrel,
tongued
joint for
shaped, 43
work,
Shape-fronted
hingeing,
Sprocket wheel, 57
Spruce, 77
94
Shaped rail,do welling a, 85
Square, the set, 4
Shed, post and rail jointfor, 61
Square, the try, 21, 30, 38, 88
She^ joints,bookcase, 166, 167
Square, using the, 22, 23
Shelf slip-gluedwith
with
Stands,
hardwood.
Japanese
vase,
mortise
and tenon
joints, 52
Shooting board, donkey's ear,
Stanley plane, 116
181
Steel dowel
plate, 78
180
Steel
fasteners,corrugated, 17a
Shooting board, mitre,
Shoulder, oblique halving joint Steel wire pins, 86
with, 12, 13
Sticks, twist, for glue-jointing,
4
of tenon, cutting chanStile and
Shoulder
nel
cross
rail,framed, 56
at, 71, 72
Stile,meeting, 112
and
Shoulder, tongued
grooved,
Stile,slamming, 1 1 1
tenon
Stiles and rails,setting out, 68
with, 64
Shouldered
tenon
joints,58
Stiles,mortising, 72
Shoulders, cross
halving joint Stop-bound door, 93, 94
with
housed
or
notched, 19
Stopped bridle joint, 28, 29
Shoulders, cutting bridle joint, Stopped dovetail halving, 14, 15
Stopped hinged joints,97
35
dovetailed
halved
Shoulders,
Stopped housing, 166, 167
with
16,
Straight-edge,
using, for glued
joint
17
116
Showcase
joints,3
joints,
Shutting
116
Joints, hi
Straight mitres, 179
Shutting joints,planes for, 116
Strap hinge, 98, 99
Stretcher
Sideboard, cottage, 174
rail, dovetailed. 127,

Segments, marking
jointing,149, 150
Set-square,the, 4

for

circular

"

Sideboard
Sideboard

pillars,
jointing,159
top,

part

of,

130

with

Strut, oblique bridle

tongued joint,4^
Skirting board, scribed, 163
Skirting,mitred, 177
ing
Skirting mould, double, buildup, 46
Skylight joint,156, 157
Skylight tenon (haunched) joint,
58
Slamming stile,1 11
Slaped joint, i
Slide

joint,dining-table,159

Slide, tee,

Strut
Stub

Sycamore,
Table

53, 54, 55

and

Table

131

212

chair

legs, jointing

158
(card) hinge, 99, lOO
(dining) slide joint,159
bearer rail,dovetailed,
(dressing)

broken,
Table

159

(roof)joint 63, 64
tenon,

Studs, bookcase, 166, 168

Stump tenon, {ut Stub Tenon).

Table

Slipped joint,x

joint for,

28

Index
TONGUED

GROOVED

AND

JOINT,

and
Tongued
grooved
applications of the, 42,
and
Tongued
grooved
planes, for, 41, 42

joint,

Tongued

Wall

plugs, 165
Walnut, satin, 121
Wardrobe
131.
Washers

joint for sideboard

top,

Tongueing

cross,

50

41, 42, 43,

Tongues, feather, 41,

Tongues, loose, 41, 42
Tongues, making with

49,

50

plane, 49

Tool, mortising, 57

plane (old woman's), 147

Washstand

pediment,

Trench,

housing, 166
Trestle
joint,workshop, 19, 20
Troughs, food, dovetailing, 131
Truss, bridle
square,

joint for,
the,

21,

29,

30,

30

38,

88

plane, the, 4
pateras for hiding screws,

155

Turned
pillar,dowelling for, 86
Turned
work, jointing 157, 158
Tusk
tenon, 61
Tusk
tenon
and
wedge, 61
Twin
tenon
joint, 60, 64
Twin
Twist

tenons

with

haunch,

64, 65

bit, 81

Twist

bit, block

Twist

sticks

Upright

for

halved

for, 85
glue jointing,4
and

cross

rail

boring,

Waste,
Waste,

for bridle

joints,

paring, 24, 25
boards,

uniting joint with, 67

joining, 153

hinges

screens,

for

draught

106

105,

and
dovetail tenon, 62
Wedged
tenon
Wedged
joint, wheel
62
Wright's,
tusk
Wedged
tenon, 61
counter
Wedges,
folding, for

joints,169,

170

for scarf joints, 91

Wedges
for tenon
joints, 56
Wedges
canvas
frames, 171, 172
Wedging
Wheel, sprocket, 57
Wheelbarrow,
joints, 16, 17
tise
Wheelwright's self-wedging morand
tenon
joint, 62
White
joints
lead, uniting tenon
with, 67

Whitewood,

Winding

American,

laths

Window

for

frame,

121

glue jointing, 4
moulded

sash

joint for, 63, 64

sill joint, 115
Wire, steel, pins, 86
joining rustic, 154
Woodwork,
Workbox,
hingeing, 97
trestle
joint, 19, 20
Workshop
fall
hingeing
Writing
bureau,
bar
Window

front

joint, 19
Varnish,

dowelling

a. 88

butt

mitre, 175

screw

Turned

tailed,
rail, dove-

131

Webbing

planes, 50

Tongues,

Trying

joints, 92

bearer

Washstand

Weather

43

Trap,

lap -dovetailing,

top,

132
for scarf

33

43

Tooth

40

keyed frame, 156, 157

Veneer
keying, 156, 157
Vice, the, 23, 35, 80, 124, 125

joint,

and
mitre
Tongued
grooved
joint, 46
and
Tongued
grooved shoulder,
tenon
with
64, 65
cabinetwork
Tongued
joints,41
Tongued
coopered joints, 171
Tongued
corner
joints, 45, 46
Tongued
joint for dressing glass,
46. 47
Tongued
joint for shaped spandrel,

Try

Vee-jointed matchboarding,
Veneer

39"51

tenon

of, 103

Writing table top with tongued

and
grooved joints,44