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Chapter 9
Objectives
j
1. Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles.
2 Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.
2.
cycles
3. Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
4 Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
4.
cycles
5. Solve problems based on the Otto and Diesel cycles.
6. Solve pproblems based on the Brayton
y cycle;
y ; Brayton
y cycle
y with regeneration;
g
;
and Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
7. Identify simplifying assumptions and perform second-law analysis on gas
power cycles.
cycles
Air-standard Assumptions
1 Th
1.
The working
ki flfluid
id is
i air,
i which
hi h continuously
ti
l
circulates in a closed loop and always
behaves as an ideal gas.
2 All th
2.
the processes th
thatt make
k up th
the cycle
l
are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a
h t dditi process from
heat-addition
f
an external
t
l
source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
h t j ti process that
heat-rejection
th t restores
t
the
th
working fluid to its initial state.
Chapter 9
Basic Components
The piston
Th
i t reciprocates
i
t in
i the
th cylinder
li d between
b t
t fixed
two
fi d positions
iti
called
ll d the
th top
t dead
d d
centre (TDC) - the position that forms the smallest volume in the cylinder - and the bottom
dead centre (BDC) - position that forms the largest volume in the cylinder.
The distance between TDC and BDC is called the stroke of
the engine. The diameter of the piston is called the bore.
Compression ratio:
10
Performance Characteristics
Net work output per cycle:
Classifications of IC Engines:
1. Spark-ignition (SI) or Petrol engines
2. Compression-ignition (CI) or Diesel
engines
11
12
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines on a P-v diagram.
IC Engines Classifications:
Four-stroke
F
t k cycle
l
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolutions of crankshaft
Two-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution of crankshaft
Sequence of processes:
13
Two-Stroke IC Engines
IIn two-stroke
t
t k engines,
i
allll four
f
f ti
functions
d
described
ib d earlier
li are executed
t d in
i two
t
strokes: the power and compression stroke.
Generally less efficient, but are relatively simple and inexpensive. They have high
power-to-weight
t
i ht andd power-to-volume
t
l
ratios.
ti
14
Temperature-volume
p
relation,,
Thermal efficiency,
15
16
Chapter 9
18
Sequence
Seque
ce of
o processes:
p ocesses
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3 4 Isentropic
3-4
I t i expansion
i
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection.
Note:
Petrol and diesel engines differ only in the
manner the heat addition (or combustion)
process takes
t k place.
l
It is approximated as a constant volume
process in the petrol engine cycle and as a
constant pressure process in the Diesel
engine cycle.
19
Th
Thermal
l efficiency
ffi i
off Di
Diesell cycle
l ((general),
l)
20
For the same compression ratio, thermal efficiency of Otto cycle is greater than that
of the Diesel cycle.
cycle
As the cutoff ratio decreases, the thermal
efficiency of the Diesel cycle increases.
increases
21
Note: Both the Otto and the Diesel cycles can be obtained
as special cases of the dual cycle.
22