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1.0 Introduction
We welcome you to OPA 141: Introduction to Public Administration. This is a two unit
course, supposedly meant to be taken by all undergraduate students in the Bachelor of Arts
(Public Administration) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) of the Open
University of Tanzania. The course is being introduced for the first time in the form it is,
although it was also taught in the past as part of Political Science and Public Administration. The
change of the course to the current structure and content was seen to be the best way we can
inculcate the detailed knowledge, skills, understanding and competencies of theory and practice
of public administration. Public Administration course is pursued as a core course by all
undergraduate students studying the Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration). The course
introduces students into the functionality of Government machinery and articulates how that
machinery functions to achieve its set goals through people in it i.e. administrators. To
administer involves the combining of individual efforts and performing a job that would
otherwise, be impossible to perform by a single individual. Definitely combining the individual
efforts and directing them to the desired end involves different actions, approaches and
principles. These will clearly be covered in this course, so the learners who are future
administrators can know how theory merges with practice. It is hoped that students who shall go
through this course are equipped with skills, competencies, strategies and techniques of running
the government machinery as administrators in implementing public policies.
Students will be introduced to mainstream literature in Public Administration, the main locus and
focus of the course and be able to apply the techniques to both public and private administration.
This is important because while all the two provide services, they differ in the scope of their
activities. Public administration has multiple roles to be achieved simultaneously, while Private
administration is charged mainly with the profit motive of the organization. However, it is
important also to appreciate a significant role in the contemporary government private sector
complementarities, where private organizations are providing services to the public under the
component of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
This course outline provides you with the necessary information about the contents of the course
and the materials you will need to be familiar with for a proper understanding of the subject
matter. It is suggested that you will need to use in addition to the materials recommended to you
by the course Lecturers, several other sources e.g. the internet materials, several journal articles
to which OUT Library has subscribed and other on line materials, as you will be advised by the
library staff from time to time. Please ensure that you become friendly with the search tools for
materials as well as the use of library services. One final point is the necessity to attach your self
in a study group where you will be sharing information, exchanging notes and learning from
each other. As a student in distance learning system acquaint your self with self study skills and
strategies so that learning becomes interesting and motivating at the same time. The lecturers
will always be available to assist you whenever you get stuck, although it is not advisable to get
stuck. It is anticipated that in a future date you will be having study materials for the course, but
even with the availability of study materials you will need to supplement them with readings as
suggested above. We are confident that with this elaborate course outline you will be able to
study Public Administration, with a view to knowing how the machinery of government works,
how policies are formulated and implemented, why some policies succeed and why others fail an
so on. You will be able to apply the theoretical pieces of information to the real world of work
and as a result be able to distinguish theory from practice. As an important contribution to your
studies, you will undertake a field practical of five weeks, which will help you merge theory with
practice, establish how they complement each other or how they may contrast sometimes.
(i) Hierarchy: Organization form a chain of superiors ranging from the highest ranking to
the lowest ranking manager
(ii) Unity of command: Employees receive orders from one superior
(iii)Chain of command: organizations are divided into various but functional sections, units,
departments etc.
(iv) Span of Control: Employees are given authority and responsibility that is
commensurate with their offices, which should not be more or less.
3.3 Theoretical Understanding of Public Administration
The study of Public Administration has been approached from different theoretical
understandings which include:
3.3.1 Administrative Management developed by Hendry Fayol through his fourteen
Principles of Management; and Ulrich and others
3.3.2 Scientific Management developed by Fredrick W. Taylor who believed there was one
best way of managing.
3.3.3 Bureaucratic Management developed by Max Weber who introduced the concept of
Bureaucracy
3.3.4 Human Relations which was developed through the works of Elton Mayo and
colleagues
government has varied over times, shifting from the core roles of the government towards
developmental and economic growth at times.
3.5.1. The Broader view also called the Integral School of Public Administration
3.5. 2 The Managerial School also called Narrower view of Public Administration
3.5.3
The Body of Knowledge also called the prevailing trend of Public Administration
In to days modern state and in developing countries functions and role of Public
Administration is very important. The role and importance of Public Administration
are as follows.
References
Adebayo, (2004) Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Nnoli, O. (2003) Introduction to Politics Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for
Research on Peace and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
2.0 OBJECTIVES
Towards the end of this theme the student should be able to
Discuss the history of public administration
State the differences between private and public administration
Mention the similarities between private and public administration
List the qualities of a public administrator
COURSE GUIDE OPA141
3.0 Main Content
3.1 The Evolution of Public Administration
3.2 Differences between Public and Private Administration
3.3 Similarities between Public and Private Administration
3.4 Basic Principles of Administration (Refer to Fayols principles as a starting point)
3.5 Qualities of Public Administrator
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition,Enugu: Pan African Center for
Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Weber, M. (1946), Essays in Sociology (Translated by H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, New York:
Oxford University Press
Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Translated by A. M.
Henderson and T. Parsons, New York: Oxford University Press,
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Introduction
Public Administration deals with human beings, therefore, it is influenced by the environment in
which it is required to function. The environment affects the administration of organizations, just
as the activities and actions of the organization affect the environment. It is a well known fact
that no administrator can ignore the social, economic, political , scientific and technological and
cultural environment in which he/she is operating. There is reciprocal relationship between the
environment and administration. Therefore for a thorough understanding of the administration,
the study of environment is a sine quo non. In fact, administration and environments mutually
affect each other so much so that it can be said that the study of environment for proper study of
a public administration system is unavoidable. Therefore, there are different types of
environments covered, and each one has its impact on administration. For example, economic
conditions always have deep impact on economic structure and organisation of the society.
Similarly administrative system contributes in economic development, etc.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to discover the following points:
that the study of public administration is incomplete without the study of its interaction with
external environments
importance of the study of Environment
how political and constitutional environment of a country are inter- linked with its public
administration system
the impact of economic environment on public administration
the role of language, education, values and communication system on administration etc.
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Economic Environment
3.2 Political environment
3.3 Social environment
3.4 Legal environment
3.5 Cultural environment
3.6 Scientific and Technological environment
4.0 References
Ekhator, Victor Eghe (2003). Rudiments of Public Administration. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic
Printers and Publishers Co.
Mukhi, H.R. (1998). Comparative Public Administration. New Delhi: SBD Publishers.
Nicholas, Henry (2006). Public Administration and Public Affairs. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of
India Ltd.
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Kinard, M. (1992) Management Prentice Hall USA
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public administration has evolved and developed over time, this has been possible because of
relentless investigations into issues bothering on the improvement of the discipline. Major
methods of inquiry into the discipline that will be discussed here are historical method,
descriptive method, experimental method, survey method and case study method.
2.0 Objectives
At the successful completion of this unit, you should be able to:
Explain Historical Method
Examine Descriptive Method
Describe Experimental Method
Discuss Survey Method
State Case study Method
Define Institutional Approach
Explain Comparative Approach
Explain Biographical Approach
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An understanding of the nature of Civil Service in a society is very vital for the study of the
administrative practices of such place. Civil Service is the hub through which public
administrative work centers on. Important areas considered for discussion here are the definition
and functions, principles, control of civil service, the new civil service in Tanzania and civil
service in Tanzania, 1967 to date.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
It is intended that by the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Define and list the functions of Civil Service
Mention various principles of civil service
Describe the control of civil service
Examine the colonial/First Republic Civil Service in Tanzania
Discuss New Civil Service in Tanzania
Examine Civil Service in Tanzania, 1967 to 90s
Examine civil service reform under the second phase leadership 1995 2005
4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Dare, L and Oyewole (1988), A/L Government Textbook for West Africa, Ibadan: Onibonoje
Press & Book Industries (Nigeria Limited)
Ezeani, O. E (2005), Administrative Reforms in a Post Colonial State: An Appraisal of
Nigerias Experience under Obasanjo
Regime (1999 2005) in, University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 1 (1)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Henry, N. (2003) Public Administration and Public Affairs. Prentice Hall of India. New Delhi
4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Donald C. Stone, D. C (1965), Government Machinery Necessary for Development', in Martin
Driesberg, ed, Public Administration in Developing Countries,
Riggs, F. W (1995), 'Public Administration: A neglected Factor in Economic Development',
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol, 305 May
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Like other disciplines in social sciences, public administration has some peculiar concepts which
are often employed for analytical purposes. Some of the concepts that will be discussed in this
unit are bureaucracy, organization, chief executive and the environment of public administration
2.0 OBJECTIVES
Towards the end of this module a student is expected to:
Define bureaucracy and list its features
Discuss the concept of organization
Explain the responsibilities of chief executive
Describe the environment of public administration
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Bureaucracy
3.2 Organization
3.3 The Chief Executive
3.4 Efficiency
3.5 The Environment of Public Administration
4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Anderson, J. (1979), Public Policy Making, New York: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd.
Easton, D (1965),
Dunn, W. N. (1981), Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
Trace the major historical development of public administration in Tanzania
discuss the administrative reforms that have taken place after independence
describe the structures of Tanzanian Civil Service
discuss decision making process in Tanzanian public service
3. O Historical Development
3.1 Review Commissions
3.2 Abolition of Local Government System
3.3 Structures of Public Administration - Decentralization
3.4 Reintroduction of Local Government Authorities
4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Warioba, M.D, (1999) Management of Local Government in Tanzania: Some Historical
Insights. IDM Mzumbe
UNIT 4 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THE WORLD
CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Public Administration and African Experience
3.2 French Administrative Practice
3.3 The United States of America
3.4 British Administration
4.0 References/Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public administration is a very interesting area of study and it has its peculiarities in various parts
of the world. We will therefore consider selected nations in this unit for discussion. Those to be
considered include African nations (which are assumed to share similar experience depending on
who the colonial masters were), France, America and Britain.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you are expected to:
Describe Public Administration in Africa
Discuss administrative practice in France
Explain the practice of Public Administration in the United States of America
Discuss the British Administrative System
Meaning of Budget
Centrality of Budget
Evolution of Budgetary concepts in Government
Major strategies and tactics for bigger budgets
Budgeting in Tanzania
The size and growth of Budgets and Sources of Revenue
References
Rosenbloom, H.D. (1993). Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and
Law in the Public Sector Mc Graw Hill NY
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
9.0 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND
LIBERALIZATION
CONTENT
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Globalization
9.2 Liberalization
9.3 Public Administration since World War II
9.4 New Public Management
9.4.1 Features of New Public Management
9.4.2 Evaluation of New Public Management
9.5 Good Governance
9.5.1 Features of Good Governance
9.5.2 Evaluation of Good Governance
Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
Define Globalization and Liberalization
Explain the relationship between Globalization/Liberalization and Public Administration
10.1 Introduction
Public administration as an activity which encompasses each and every aspect of human life. The
explosion and spread of information and communication technology, the wide acceptance of
democratic form of government and changing social norms enable the people to demand higher
standards of ethics, transparency and accountability in the public sector. Ethical public service is
considered as a prerequisite of well functioning democracy. Ethical, transparent and accountable
public sector is also a precondition of good governance that ensures sustainable development and
responsive public policy
CONTENT
10.0: Objective of the study
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ethics and accountability in Public Administration
10.3 Legislative control over public administration
10.4 The Roles of the Ombudsman
References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London