Indigenous and Cultural Psychology

Working Paper Series

Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology | Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada

S mulies of Anger among Indonesian Adolescents

Aulia Kusuma Wardani

December 2013

Issue: 4

ISSN: 23553685

Indigenous and Cultural Psychology Working Paper Series

Issue 4, December 2013
Publisher: Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada;
Editor-in-Chief: Faturochman ; Board of Editor: Wenty Marina Minza, Haidar Buldan Thontowi; Guest
Editor: Yopina Galih Pertiwi; Proofreader: Adelia Khrisna Putri; Lay-out and Production: Banyu Wicaksono;
Mailing Address: cicp@ugm.ac.id / Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology Faculty of Psychology
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Humaniora 1 Bulaksumur Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

INDIGENOUS AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKING PAPER SERIES

ISSUE 4 DECEMBER 2013
Stimulies of Anger among Indonesian Adolescents

Author
Aulia Kusuma Wardani
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Abstract

In comparison to other emotions, anger is easier to be aroused. This especially applied to

adolescents. Therefore, it is important to understand the causes of anger among adolescents.
This study identified causes of anger among Senior High School Students. A total of 461
students (male = 188; female = 237) from Yogyakarta Province were asked to answer:
overall, what makes you angry the most?. The data were categorized, coded, and later cross
tabulated by gender and by rural/urban classifications. The result of this study indicated that
the overall causes of anger among male students were: social disruption (43,48%), self
assumption (19,88%), violation of trust (18,63%), and unpredicted bad moments (9,32%).
Meanwhile, the causes of anger among females were: violation of trust (33,74%), social
disruption (33,33%), unpredicted bad moments (15,23%), and self assumption (13,17%). The
causes of anger among urban adolescents were: social disruption (34,23%), violation of trust
(29,23%), and unpredicted bad moment (15%). In the other hand students who live in rural
area stated that their causes of anger were: social disruption (42,96%), violation of trust
(25,35%), and self assumption (19,01%). Social disruption is the main factor that stimulated
anger in adolescents.
Keywords : Anger, Adolescents, Gender, Urban/Rural

Aulia Kusuma Wardani

Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology
Faculty of Psychology
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
auliakusuma.wardani@yahoo.com

WARDANI
caused by a dependency between one

Introduction
Anger exerted by adolescents is

person and another (Van Kleef, Van Dijk,

closely related to their social relationship,

& all, 2007). Interpersonal conflict is a

such as friendship (Saarni, 2008). Anger is

form of social aggression that can lead to

also related to how adolescents respond to

the existence of physical aggression in

anger: some adolescents deal with anger

adolescents (Xie, Swift, & all, 2002). It

by internalizing it, and these adolescents

can be said also that the various emotions

will have higher tendency to experience

associated with anger that mostly occurs in

depression in comparison to adolescents

adolescence, are often associated with

who respond by expressing it (Cautin,

criminality (Feindler, 1990).

Overholser, & Goetz, 2001). Conditions of

In the development of the study of

suppressed anger can also affect high

anger, a variety of opinions have emerged.

reactivity when anger is triggered. Even

There is an assumption that anger leads to

so, suppressed anger in women does not

a positive affect (Novaco in Plutchik,

affect the level of reactivity (Vogele,

2003), yet some studies also suggested that

Jarvis, & Cheeseman, 1997).

anger causes negative actions such as

There

of

abuse, dangerous behavior, desruction, and

across

homicide (Plutchik, 2003). Many debates

various societies. Interpretation of the

have surfaced regarding the theory of

emotions

is

emotion, but it can be traced back to a

interpreted differently between Americans

theory that found anger as a variation of

and

the adaptive function (Lemerise & Dodge,

interpreting

are

different

certain

emotions

associated

Indonesians.

ways

The

with

love

difference

is

considered to be caused by factors of

2008).

tradition, as well as the fact that Indonesia

The universal view regarding anger

is a Muslim majority country (Shaver,

often takes the perspective of biological

Murdaya, & Fraley, 2001) Yet, similar to

processes,

Americans (and perhaps other societies in

influenced the many experimental studies

general), Indonesians interpret anger as a

focusing on physiological indications.

negative emotion.

Anger is also studied in terms of the

which

seemed

to

have

Anger has many roles in social

various effects it has on the way of

context: it can lead to social conflict in

thinking, as well as rational and irrational

interpesonal relationships due to conflicts

decision (Schroder & Carey, 2005). For

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STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS

instance, according to the theory of

Anger and Gender

expression, Matsumoto explained that

A stereotypical view on anger saw

everyone expressed emotion in the same

it as an emotion that men express more

way,

others

often (Brody & Hall, 2008). Expressions

not

of anger tend to show that males are more

regardless

understand

the

of

whether

expressions

or

(Elfenbein & Ambady, 2003).

aggressive,

shown

through

physical

Anger can also be seen in social

aggressiveness towards their peers rather

context. Environment, especially family, is

than toward women (Fives, Kong, Ryan, &

believed to influence the formation of

DiGlusepper, 2010). Rumination is one of

emotions. Family has a large influence in

the factors that lead to an increasing level

social

in

of aggressiveness as anger emerges. This

adolescents life: family support influences

triggers a person's self control to decrease

the presence or absence of conflict in the

(Denson, Pedersen, Friese, Hahm, &

family, and family interest in the various

Roberts, 2011).

development

of

emotion

fields such as political, social and cultural

rights (Deepshikha & Bhanot, 2011)

Gender is also found to influence

the process of self-regulation. For instance,

The study of anger is an important

girls are better at regulating emotions in

matter that needs deeper examination. We

comparison to boys (Cook, Chaplin, Sinha,

cannot escape anger, whether it came from

Thebes, & Mayes, 2012). Depression was

other people or within ourselves. Knowing

assumed to be caused by the (internalized)

the cause of anger would provide various

anger,

benefits, for example it would help arrange

differences were found in men and women

coping

in this situation (Newman, Fuqua, Gray, &

strategy

when

anger

arise

(Torested, 1989). As indicated above,

but

no

clinically

significant

Simpson, 2006).

anger has been explored using biological

In studies of association between

approaches. This study used a cultural

anger and age, it was found that women

approach to anger (Kovecses, 2000),

both adult and children- showed low levels

which provides a more specific and

of anger in comparison to adolescents.

comprehensive understanding of anger

Moreover, women at any age express

through the lens of psychology and

longer duration of anger than men (Kira S

culture.

Birditt, 2003).

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WARDANI
Anger and Urban/Rural Origins

Methods

Many problems in the city are

In carrying out this study, an

caused by dense population, such as in

Indigenous Psychology approach was used

seedy places. The urban population also

to understand behavior and modes of

has to deal with high living cost and

thinking based on the context where the

unhealthy sanitation (McGranahan, et.al,

study was taken (Kim & Berry, 1993).

2001). Adolescents in urban areas are

prone to distress, which may trigger anger.

Participants.

The level of anger and aggressiveness in

This study consisted of 461 high school

adolescents living in urban areas are often

students from Yogyakarta, with 188 male

caused by poor economic conditions that

students, and 273 female students. Among

lead

the participants, 294 grew up in the city,

to

adolescents

depression
(Puskar,

and
et

aggressive
al,

2010).

Adolescents in rural area also have their

164 in villages and 3 did not write their

place of origin.

own set of problems that effect anger,

usually caused by stresses of geographic

Data collection.

isolation, lack of specialized services, and

The data was collected by asking "What

poverty (Puskar, Dianxu, Bernardo, Haley,

are the things that upset you (make you

& Stark, 2008).

angry) the most? This question is given as

Studies have also shown that

part of an open-ended questionnaire that

compared to young women, young men

was developed by Kim, where participants

living in rural areas tend to express higher

were able to freely answer the questions.

level of anger and concern for the future

(Hektner, 1995). A study conducted by

Data analysis.

Deffenbacher (2008) regarding the driving

The analysis was done by classifying

style in relation to anger at the village or

responses based on keywords, which were

town, found that there was no difference

then categorized into themes. An open-

regarding anger in rural and urban

coding was then conducted to obtain sub

residents.

categories and more general categories.

The results of coding were then analyzed
using

cross

tabulation

based

on

participants background information. The

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STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS

results of the analysis are general factors

refers to a place where the participant grew

that elicit anger based on gender and place

up.

of origin. The place of origin in this case

Results
Table 1. Causes of anger by gender
Category

Table 2. Causes of anger by origin

Male

Female

Total

(%)

(%)

(%)

Social disruption (37,20)

Category

Urban

Rural

(%)

(%)

Total
(%)

(29,70) (32,70)

Social disruption

(37,20)

(30,20)

(32,80)

(7,90)

(11,90)

(10,50)

Being disturbed

(12,20)

(9,20) (10,40)

Being disturbed

Being hurt

(16,00)

(8,40) (11,50)

Being hurt

(12,20)

(11,20)

(11,60)

(9,00)

(12,10) (10,80)

Not appreciated

(17,10)

(7,10)

(10,70)

Violation of trust (16,00)

(30,00) (24,30)

Violation of trust

(22,00)

(25,90)

(24,50)

(22,00)

(25,90)

(24,50)

(16,50)

(12,60)

(14,00)

(10,40)

(6,50)

(7,90)

(6,10)

(6,10)

(6,10)

(7,30)

(13,30)

(11,10)

(7,30)

(13,30)

(11,10)

(17,10)

(18,10)

(17,70)

Not appreciated

Violation of

(16,00)

(30,00) (24,30)

Violation

trust
Self Assumption
Poor

trust
(17,10)
(11,20)

(11,70) (13,90)
(5,50)

Self Assumption

(7,80)

Poor

performance

performance

Uncomfortable

(5,90)

Unpredicted bad

(8,00)

(6,20)

(6,10)

(13,60) (11,30)

moment
Unpredicted

Uncomfortable
Unpredicted bad
moment

(8,00)

(13,60) (11,30)

Unpredicted

bad moment
Other

of

bad moment
(21,80)

Other

(7,40)

Blank

(14,40)

(15,00) (17,80)
(4,00)

Other

(5,40)

Other

(3,70)

(6,50)

(5,50)

(11,00) (12,40)

Blank

(13,40)

(11,60)

(12,20)

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Figure 1. Causes of anger by gender

Figure 2. Causes of anger by origin

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ON INDIGENOUS AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS

3.1 Social disruption
The category of social disruption
is the main cause of anger among

respondents when describing his anger

wrote: "(Being) deceived, he/she made a
promise, but it was not fulfilled".

adolescents, which include the following

sub-categories: being diturbed, being hurt,

1.3 Self Assumption

and not appreciated. Most participants

The

self
of

assumption

gave answers that were included in this

consistsed

category. Seventy (37.2%) of all male

categories: poor performance and feeling

participants, and 81 (29.7%) of all female

uncomfortable. This category is the third

participants answered that social disruption

most dominant response (13.9%). Out of

was the main cause of anger. A total of 61

all maleparticipants, 17% described self-

respondents (37.2%) originated from urban

assumptions the main cause of anger

areas while 89 respondents (30.2%) from

(which comes in second place), while

rural areas. Adolescents from both urban

11.7%

and rural areas stated that social disruption

answers belonging to this category

is the main contributing factor to anger.

(coming in fourth place). Based on place

of

the

category

female

following

participants

sub-

gave

of origin, this category ranks third among

1.2 Violation of trust

urban participants (16.5%) and fourth

The category violation of trust is

among participants from rural areas (with

ranked second as the cause of anger in

37 respondents or 12.6% expressing

adolescents (24.3%). Out of all male

answers that fit this category). One

participants, 16.0% gave answers included

respondent explained that she became

in this category, while 30% of female

angry when she is "confuse, upset, tired".

participants answers were included in this

category. An interesting issue is that, for

1.4 Unpredicted Bad Moment

The

male participants, violation of trust only

unpredicted

bad

moment

came in third. But for female participants,

category is derived from matters that can

violation of trust came in first. Based on

suddenly lead to anger and situations that

place of origin, both adolescents from

causes anger. This category was ranked

urban areas (22%) and rural areas (25.9%)

fourth with 52 respondents (11.3%). By

ranked violation of trust as the second

gender, the 15 respondents of male

contributing factor in anger. One of the

adolescent

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(98.0%)

and

37

female

WARDANI
adolescent respondents (13.6%) answer

number of respondents (70; 37.2%), while

was

category.

the main cause in females anger is

Unpredicted bad moment ranked fourth

violation of trust, an answer stated by 82

and third as a cause of anger, for both

female

male adolescents and female adolescent

referring to social disruption, with the sub

respectively. Based on place of origin,

category of: being disturbed by (other)

this category was ranked fourth in

men (12.2%), being hurt (16%), and not

adolescents who grew up in urban areas

appreciated (9%), adolescent males high

with a number of 12 respondents (7.3%)

response to social disruption as their main

and third in adolescents who grew up in

cause of anger, can be attributed to the

rural areas.

emergence of the male stereotype where

included

in

this

participants

(30%

).

Mainly

men are considered more aggressive than

women in the social environment. As an

Discussion
Thus this study found that the four

example, men are physically much more

causes of anger are (in sequence from the

expressive than women when it comes to

highest

angertowards their peers (Fischer & Evers,

ranked):

social

disruption,

violation of trust, self assumption and

unpredicted

bad

moment.

2010)

Research

Significant

differences

between

conducted by Eisenberg and Delaney

adolescent males and females is in the

(1998) stated that there are various causes

category of violation of trust. In this

of anger, including: frustrating situations,

category

conditions when ones security is under

responded to the violation of trust in

threat, and when the person's behavior do

comparison with 30% adolescent females.

not match his / her expectations. On the

This is similar to Hutson-Comeauxs

other hand, if there is social support from

(1999) study that stated that women would

teachers or families, the level of anger or

respond to emotions associated with

frustration in adolescents will decrease

interpersonal relations, such as betrayal of

(Arslan, 2009).

trust by others. Fischer & Evers (2010)

Based

on

gender,

there

16%

of

adolescent

males

are

also states that women are more sensitive

differences in the rate of the overall anger.

when it comes to trust, commitment and

The rate of anger among adolescent males

love.

is social disruption, with the highest

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STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS

Indonesia, like Japan and other East
Asian countries, is known to be a

black people as being more aggressive

than white people.

collectivist society, and has a tendency to

regard

maintaining

social

harmony,

Conclusion

connectedness, as well as compatibility

This study showed that the most

with the group as important (Markus &

dominant, overall cause, of anger in

Kitayama, 1991). As an example, in a

Indonesian

study conducted by Andajani (2007),

disruption. Meanwhile, it was also found

Javanese women interpret that depression

that there is a significant difference

is associated with complex social, cultural,

between gender in the cause of anger,

and economic contexts. In the same study,

where female adolescents stated that their

women are also found to be less in need

main cause of anger was violation of trust.

for

surrounding

There were no significant differences in

environment. So the correlation between

the cause of anger among adolescents by

anger-related causes of social context, such

urban/rural contexts.

support

from

the

adolescents

is

social

as social disruption and violation of trust is

the dominant factor in comparison to other

Acknowledgements

factors, such as self assumption or

unpredicted bad moment.

I express many thanks to all my

friends in the who have supported me in

Results from this study supported the

writing this article. Special thanks for

existing theories and findings. It has also

Yopina Galih Pertiwi, as my mentor who

provided a new enriching perspective with

have guided me through the process of

regard to the phenomenon of anger in a

creating this article and gave me insightful

social and cultural contexts, specifically

advices. Next, I would also like to thank

that in Indonesia. Stereotypes that arised

Adelia Khrisna Putri as both my mentor

due to differences in culture, ethnicity or

and friend, who have encouraged me

race related to anger, has been minimized

dearly throughout this research, as well as

through the results of this study which

gave me wonderful input on this research.

found

that

there

was

basically

no

significant difference related to anger by

place of origin. Even a study by Mabry
and Kiecolt (2005) discarded the notion of

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WARDANI
counseling, (pp. 28-34). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.

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