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Do you consider the low level of financial status as a factor affecting agriculture?
(a) Yes (b)No
Age (a) 18-25 (b)26-33 (c)34-41 (e)42-49 (d) 42-49 (f)50 and above
Occupation apart from farming? (a) Civil Servant [ ] (b) farming [ ] (c) trading
(d) others
5
Level of education attained (a) Primary [ ] (b) Secondary [ ](c) post secondary [
](d) Non [ ]
Appendix
Section A: Personal Data of respondent,
QUESTIONAIRE
Department of Geography,
Benue State University,
Makurdi,
Dear Respondent,
Please kindly provide answers to the questions that follow on the next
page. This could enable me effectively gather data for the research. Be assured that all
your options and answers shall be treated in a strict confidential and used only for the
purpose of this research.
APPENDIX
QUESTIONAIRE
Department of Geography,
Benue State University,
Makurdi,
Dear Respondent,
I am a final year student of Geography Department, Carrying out research on the
topic. Factors Affecting Agricultural Development in Agba-Ikyan Community of
kwande Local Government of Benue State.
Please kindly provide answers to the questions that follow on the next
page. This could enable me effectively gather data for the research. Be assured that all
your options and answers shall be treated in a strict confidential and used only for the
purpose of this research.
REFERENCES
Agboola, S. A. (1979). An Agricultural Atlas of Nigeria, Oxford University
Press London.
Akinsanmi, O. (1978). Certificate Agricultural Science, Long man group
Limited, London.
Akinyosoye, V. O. (1984). Senior Tropical Agriculture for west Africa,
Macmillan Educational Books Limited, London,
Allan, W. (1993). Soil and Environment: An Introduction, Cambrige
University Press.
Anyanwuocha, (2011). Fundamentals of Economics, Onitsa, African First
Publishers.
Bedejo, T. (1975). Revision Notes on Agricultural Science, for School
Certificate and General Certificate in Education, Illesani Press and Limited.
Bhooshan, (1980) Concept of Development, Nairobi. Heinemann Education Books.
Gyuse, T .T. (2005). How to Plan, Execute and Report your Research,
Makurdi, Serfers Publishing Limited.
http: ll www. ask. Com/wiki/agriculture, oxford. ed 8
Illoeje, N. P. (1982). A New Geography of Nigeria, Ibadan, Longman Group, Limited
Iorvaa, T. et al (2010). Environmental Health, Makurdi Adeka Press and
Publishing Co. Ltd.
Komolafe, et al. (1980). Agricultural Science for West African Schools and
Colleges, Ibadan, University Press, Limited.
Nyagba, L. (1995). Soil and Agriculture, in Benue State Rapid Education Publishers,
Calabar.
Ogieva, E. (1993). Comprehensive Agricultural Science, Nigeria, Onitsha,
Johnson Publishers.
i.
That the provision of social amenities to the rural communities such as schools,
health facilities portable water amongst other will enhance the development of rural
dwellers standard of living, discourage youth migration, and boost commercial
activities. This when done, will cause the rapid development in the agricultural
sector.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
ii.
iii.
that there is need to open up all agro-centres in each district or ward for
the purpose of early
5.3 Suggestions
The major objective of any study of this nature is to make positive contribution
to the progress of education by utilizing the findings of the study. Thus any research
which stops at probing critically into the model operation of any system without such
contribution is tantamount to a waste of time, energy and resources.
Consequently, base on the outcomes of the data collected, presented and
analyzed, the researcher here by put forward the following suggestions that shall
help rejuvenate the sustainable development of the agricultural sector:
i.
That a good
That government should accord top priority on the construction and maintenance
of feeder roads amongst rural communities to ease
5.2 Conclusion
This research work carefully identify various factors affecting agricultural
development in Agba-ikyan community of Kwande Local Government Area , efforts
made by government to improve the sector and the need to generate data for proper
evaluation, decision making and further planning of the enterprise.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary
In accordance with the researchers findings, agricultural production is
undeveloped in Agba-kyan community with farmer low productivity and per capital
income and output. This development is as a result of socio-economic cultural,
technological and political factors, including land tenure system, poorly developed
transport sector, inadequate extension services, use of rudimentary farm implement,
financial problem, lack of basic rural infrastructural facilities, lack of modern storage
facilities, lack of farm inputs and organized market system.
The results of the findings revealed that the people have very low financial
status. That is the lack the economic power and the source of loan available to them is
limited since only a few can access loans. This is also because banks require collateral
that is what they do not have since their lands are not titled lands with C/o that will be
accepted by the banks .poor road networks is another factor hindering agriculture in
the area. This implies that even if they are able to produce in quality, they will spend
more in transporting to places where they can get buyers. And much expense will
leave them with nothing or little and the cycle of their struggling continues.
TITLE PAGE
FACTORS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AGBA-KYAN
COMMUNITY OF KWANDE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,
BENUE STATE
BY
DECEMBER, 2014
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been written by Jir Samuel Aondohemba carefully supervised and accepted as
being of the required standard in partial fulfillment of the requirements for then award of
B.sc. (Hons ) degree in geography in Benue state university, makurdi.
-----------------------------------
--------------------------------
------------------------------------
---------------------------------
------------------------------------(External examiner)
DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated to God Almighty whose grace sustained me in the course of
this study and to my humble mother Jir Caroline and my wife Blessing Jir for their physical
and spiritual support.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost. I would want to express my gratitude and therefore give thanks and
praise to the Almighty God for granting me health, long life, courage and strength require for
the successful completion of this noble work.
I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to various individuals and groups whose
singular and collective contributions have made this work a success.
I am grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Abawua J. for his constructive criticisms, suggestions,
advice and effort through also which this work has full materialized similarly; my gratitude
also goes to all the lecturers in the department of geography Benue state university Makurdi,
for their transfer or knowledge and guidance in course of this study.
I am indebted to my parents Mr. Jir Iorpuu my father and my humble mother Mrs. Caroline
Jir, who is my right hand and my good wife Blessing Jir who also understand with me in my
suffering in school and her children Bianca and Marian, a good friend of my Mr. Emmanuel
Abeikya with his family, Peter Kumaoron, Aper Mpuuga Ephraim my good course mate and
my late brother Mr Akaa Jir when he was alive during my year one and two.
My thanks also goes to my friend and colleagues among whom are Ukenongo innocent, my
uncle Isaac Iorpuu and those whose name are not mention here for lack of space.
Kudos goes to people who contributed spiritually in my academy work. More grease to
your elbows.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page---------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Approve Page-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Dedication--------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement-----------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Table of contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------v
List of tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------xi
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
Research Questions---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.7.1 Location----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.7.3 Climate--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------31
development. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------49
5.1 Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
5.3 Suggestions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
Appendix---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
ABSTRACT
This project work carefully examines the major factors affecting agricultural development in
Agba-kyan community of Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State. The study also
reiterated both federal and state government efforts through programmes/policies, tailored
toward revamping, rejuvenating and re-awakening the sub-sector for optimum productivity.
The success as well as the failure of the efforts was look into. The need to generate agricultural
production data for effective evaluation, planning and decision making to enhance farming
enterprise was succinctly examined. Data collected through primary and secondary source
reveals that the provision of social infrastructural facilities to rural communities is
indispensible and significant in charging a course for the sectors development. Lastly, socioeconomic, cultural, political and technological defects are confirmed as the factors are
tantamount to the underdevelopment of agriculture in the study area and the nation at large.
LIST OF TABLE
NO OF TABLE
TITLE OF TABLE
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3:
Table 4.4:
Table 4.5:
Table 4.6:
Table 4.7.
Table 4.8:
Table 4.10
Table 4.11:
Table 4.12
Table 4.13
Table 4.14
Table 4.15:
Table 4.16
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Agriculture is by far the most important economic activity in the world. It
engages two thirds of the world population. Agricultural economy is to a significant
extent influenced by human decision, distribution, movement and cultural traits. It
also bears the imprints of crop and livestock origins and the introduction and spread
of exotic crops (Agboola, 1979). Nigeria depends heavily on agriculture and majority
of Nigerians engage heavily in agriculture.
In Benue state, majority of the people engage in agriculture and this has really
earned Benue State a popular name, The Food Basket of the nation. Like other states
in the Middle-Belt, Benue has advantage to produce several kinds of crops for both
internal and external market because of its geographical position in Southern Guinea
Savannah that is favourable for tree crops, grains, and tuber/root crops production.
Benue state is the major producer of crops like yam, citrus, beni-seed, rice, sorghum
and maize. Others include cocoyam, cashew, mango, sweet potatoes, millet, beans,
cassava as well as groundnuts, ginger, and sugar cane.
increasing day in day out, thus triggered rural farmers to oscillate within the
vicious cycle of object poverty.
As a result of object poverty, peasant famers of Agba-ikyan Community,
hardly get their required farming output. There is low supply over excess demand of
food, this has induced domestic food prices beyond the reach of common man.
iii. To determine the effect of pest and disease on plant and animals.
iv. To ascertain the financial status of the farmers.
v. To assess the type of access road used by farmers
ii.
iii.
iv.
What inputs have been in use in the practice of agriculture in the area?
v.
vi.
vii.
The study came at the right time where there is a clarion call for food security in
Nigeria. The study is expected to reveal the predicaments faced by the
rural farmers of Agba-ikyan Community. The identification of these factors will go
along way in helping the government,
policy
makers
extension workers,
The study shall serve as the foundation upon which further research on this
theme, could be build. The future research and academia will use the work for
reference purpose.
Finally, and
Iwen I sha, Iwen I shin ward with the major objective of examining the
problems faced by the sector in the areas with a particular reference to Mbakosu
settlement areas.
Like every other operational concept, the research suffered issues such as
finance, time constraints, unreadiness on the part of respondents and difficult
traditional nature of the people in giving an unbiased judgments and assessment.
Cross-River State. The local Government Area also shares a common boundary with
Taraba State to the East and North East.
The hilly nature of the place warranted soil or lithosils, with thin layers of less
than 10cm thick over hard rocks that occur in the hilly terrain areas of steep slopes.
These occur on the hills of Anwase town , Ikyogen town and Mondu hill respectively.
Sedimentary materials are also found in down hill sides in the low lying areas
as well as Fadama soils, which develop in recent alluvial deposits of major stream
flood plains. The soil consists of various thin layers of sediments of different textures
derived from varied parent materials. This is seen in the flood plains of Amile
Uchuku and Amile Uvesen as well as Kwembe plain.
1.7.3 Climate
As part of Kwande Local Government Area, the study area falls within the Middle
belt region whose climate is Aw characterized by the tropical wet and dry climates,
according to Koppens classification scheme (Nyagba 1995). The area has two seasons
which are the wet and dry seasons. The wet season last for seven month beginning
from April to October, with a mean annual rainfall totals of between 1400-
2200mm, while the dry season last for five months, from November to March.
This period also marks the time of severe Hammattan winds which blows across the
Sahara desert over the area.
Exceptional cases of rainfall are seen in January and March inform of organized
convective showers which form due to intensive insulation over the high land areas
such as Mondu Hill.
1.7.4 Relief
Relief is generally low lying (averaging 100m-250m) and gently undulating.
Here, the terrain is characterised by steep slopes, deep incised valleys and generally rugged
relief. Elsewhere, gradients average less than 4A.
And areas is made up of interfluves, broad open valleys and flood plains.
Drainage density, many of the streams are seasonal. Also, the permanent water table in
the area as a consequence of the thick overlying permeable meta-sediments and the great depth
which weathering has reached. Hence, there is ar acute water shortage in the dry season.
Temperatures are constantly high throughout the year averaging 280 -300c,
though the monthly mean rise to as high as 380 c in March and April. The levels of
related humidity are related to the levels of prevailing winds which approach 80%
during the rainy season and drop to 30% during the hammattan period (Nyagba).
1995
The area is having 413km and a population 100 per square metre.
Agriculture is the main source of income in the area.
condition.
Crop production in large quantities includes rice, cassava, yam, groundnuts,
soya beans, tomatoes, guinea corn, maize, melon, benniseed among others.
Livestock also plays significant role in the economy of the area. Animals such
as pig, goats, sheep, cows, poultry (fowls, duck, pigeon, turkey) etc are reared by most
compound in the area for consumption and income.
The location of the area in an undulating plain of the savannah belt, has
afforded the people with diversified means of livelihood. The vast fertile land, and the
predominantly rural setting of the place accounts for why over 95% of the inhabitants
engaged in sedentary farming. Both
cereals) are extensively produced in the area. Blacksmithing, trading, fishing hunting,
and other forms of primary production are also carried out by the people.
The major religions practiced by [the people include Christianity and few
traditional worshippers.
Lastly Agba-ikyan is the most peaceful district in Benue State and remain the
only that has never engage in any communal conflict or land dispute with her
neighbouring communities.
According to Bhooshan (1980), development is the upward movement of a
system. Is meant to cover not only growth of economy but also improvement in the
quality of life and the movement towards the creation of an egalitarian society. He
further stressed that, improvement of income and the quality of life of the lowest
stratum of the society is a major concern of development.
Agriculture is the production of crops and the rearing of animal for man uses
Abayode and Ayida (1971). As a major source of livelihood in rural areas, agricultural
development is synonymous with rural development. Consequently, development in
agricultural sector invariably implies the development in the rural communities and
vice-versa Estimated, the sector occupies four-fifth of the rural economic population in
Nigeria, and the economic activities in the rural areas depended directory or
indirectary upon the exploitation of land which principally centred on crop farming
and cottage industry, and petty trading okigbo 91985).
CHAPTER TWO
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The chapter covers a review of related literature on agriculture developments the
factors affecting agricultural development, efforts made by the government to
improve the sector, and the need to generate agricultural production data for easy
planning and evaluation of farming.
Holding a similar view, Ileoje (1982) considered agriculture to embrace all those
productive occupations in which man works with nature in order to make his plants
and animals grow better so that they may yield products which he will harvest.
that customs dictates how the land of the dead is to be shared among the children, brothers,
sisters, and relatives. These people usually guard their land jealously whether it is currently
exploited or not.
This development can cause the problem in agricultural production. Some people are
landless with resources and intention to farm while others who own large expanse of
land
The density of population which has exerted a serious moderating influence on the
land use.
ii.
The subsistence economy supported by the custom or tradition of the people; and
iii.
tenureship of the distance of the farm from home and the ability of an individual to
mechanize or commercialize his farm operation, adding that left in the hands of
subsistence and monetary economies land use in the State continue to be disorderly in
Kwande Local Government Area including Agba-ikyan community
The situation is much felt in the area of study because farmers find it clumsy to convey
their produce to the market centers, this leads to food wastage in Kwande community, thus
decelerating the enthusiasm of investing more resources on the farm by the rural farmers,.
information which might imply criticism of their superiors. Extension agents may be given
various non-agricultural as well and very little time is left for working with farmers.
Adeyi (1981) observed that, agricultural extension workers are few, only a few of
them get to rural farmers are not aware of their existence and functions and in most case the
presence of extension workers are not felt at all. Therefore farmers tended to regard extension
officers suggestions and advice as suitable implementation with government money and
therefore uneconomical for them to adopt.
Ahalu et al (1981) maintained that farmers in the agriculture cooperative, grouping
farming system and rural banking have more access to extension service than small scale or
traditional farmers.
In Agba-ikyan development made most of the farmers to be conservative and unwilling to
accept innovations which they do not seem to give them immediate gain. In end, they tends to
mistrust the application of basic farm inputs and new tools simply because they are unfamiliar
with; consequently, the Agba-ikyan people are victims of getting information on modern farm
innovations disseminated through government agriculture agencies like ministry of agriculture
and BNARDA and other related bodies.
traditional farmers who have no access to any alternative jobs are left on the farm. According
to Akinsani(1975), the market of farm products in Nigeria is mainly in the hands of the
middlemen, which is a traditional and unregulated food marketing system.
More so, marketing channel like grading, storage centres, transport centres etc. have not
been well developed in Agba-ikyan of Kwande local Government Area. Poor infrastructural
facilities, roads, motor parks, hotels and ever information on the existence farm products or
service is grossly lacking and the greedy and unpatriotic middlemen, operating between
producers and consumers, create a serious problem with the marketing of agricultural products
which in turn, the local farmer get nothing to encourage him for further production.
migration, mass wastage of farm produce due to lack of storage facilities and of market for
agricultural products due to absence of cottage industries. This has gone a long way in
reducing the living standard of the populace; (Akor1999).
In the same vein, mbagunje (1991) said rural farmers in Nigeria are neglected. They suffer
from disease and are very poor. Rural infrastructure for better living like roads, water supply
and health facilities are highly undeveloped while in place where they exist, they are poorly
maintained. Electricity, storage facilities and processing plants that are essential for agrarian
economy are absent in most rural areas. This led to mass movement of the youth from rural to
urban centers in search of better jobs.
area. In this case, modern farming methods may not be adopted, as a result low
per capital income and food storage.
Terrace Agriculture: This form of agriculture is associated with hilly or mountainous
areas where people use sloping for agriculture. The system involves intensive
cropping as well as soil conservation techniques to stem the rapid rate of erosion. On
the shape, plots size is small but yields could be high depending on the nature and
origin of the mountain. Allan (1993) in his study, soil and the environment stressed
that cultivation on highlands or upland soils occurred as population increased, soil
erosion occurred, loss of nutrients and the consequential loss of crops.
Plantation Agriculture: This entailed the cultivation of crops on the large farms and it
is labour intensive.
Pastoral Agriculture: This involves the rearing of animals which can provide food.
Animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats are commonly grazed. In Africa, farming
rudimentary. However, the basic form of grazing is nomadic pastoralism. In the rural
communities, free hold system of livestock is adopted and these are threat to vegetal
cover hence the livestock are constantly grazing and thus arresting serial regeneration
which could expose the land surface paving way to environmental degradation of
various form (Allan, 1993)
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY.
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Designs
The research will use survey design to determine factors affecting agricultural
development in Agba-ikyan community of kwande local Government. A survey
research is one in which a group of people is studied by collecting and analyzing data
from only few people considered to be representative of the entire group. Research
design includes proposals dealing with what data is needed, how it will be collected
and how the data will be coded (Gyuse, 2005).
n= 328
1+32(0.05)
n= 328
1+328(0.0025)
n=328
1.82
n= 180
This implies will that 180 farmer s would be investigated within Mbakuso community
Number of Respondents
Mbakosu
20
10
Mbaikyan
20
10
Iwen isha
20
Iwen I shin
20
Mbainyinge
20
10
200
100%
Total
% of Respondents
10
10
3.7.1 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a technique which comprises series of items presented to
a respondent in a written form, in which the individual is expected to respond in
writing (Emaikwu, 2010). The questions in the questionnaires were carefully framed,
taking the objective of the research topic into consideration. Some of these questions
were structure response questions. This was done to enable the researcher obtain the
necessary and authentic information that will be used for the analysis of the work.
The questionnaires have been designed to be administered on people who
attend and carry out activities in the market. A total of two hundred (200)
questionnaires were administered with twenty (20) in each of the sample community.
Represent summation
O
Represent observation
E
Represent expected value or distribution
The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significant at the degree of freedom of n-1.
CHAPTER FOUR
agriculture sector were also identified. This was done base upon the information
(data) obtainable from different process and techniques described in the preceding
chapter.
The presentation and analysis of the data followed the frame of the study
questions obtained from questionnaire, oral interview, documentation as well as
personal observation by the researcher. Consequently, from the data collection, the
study was discussed under the following topics thus: The characteristics of the
respondents, the factors affecting agricultural development in Agba-kyan
community the efforts made by government and the need to generate agricultural
production and data for good decision making.
It is worthy to note that, all the two hundred (200) questionnaires distributed to
Agba-kyan community of Kwande Local Government Area, were returned. The
returned questionnaires were put into table and percentages. The results and
ordingly.
mographic Characteristics
acteristics
of the Respondents
Frequency
120
Percentage (%)
Fe
mal
e
Tot
al
60
4
8 0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
Since : Field
survey,2014
that 120 out of the 200 respondents are male and this
mple population while the removing 80 respondents
le.
n of the Respondents.
Frequency
Percentage (%)
25
35
12.5
17.5
30
15
50
60
25
30
200
100
above. This represents 30%of the sample population. Next to this group is the group
of 42-49 years old, numbering 50 and representing 25% of the sample population.
About 35 of the respondents representing 17.5%are in the age range of 26-33years
whole 30 respondents representing 15% fall within the age range of 34-41 years old
and the remaining 25persons (12.5%)are within the age range of 18-25years old.
Table 4.3: Marital Status of the Respondents
Marital Status
Married
Single
Divorced
Total
Since: Field Survey, 2014
Frequency
130
30
40
Percentage(%)
65
15
20
200
100
Table 4.3 shows that a vast majority of the respondents are married man
and women representing 65% (130)of the sample population.40 respondents
representing 20% of the sample population are divorced whole the remaining 30
respondents (15%)are single adults.
frequency
percentage(%)
Civil Servants
20
10
Farming
150
75
Trading/Business
30
15
Total
200
100
frequency
percentage
Primary school
50
25
Secondary school
100
50
50
25
200
100
Total
Source: Field Survey, 2014
Table 4.5 shows that 100 of the sample population went up to secondary
school level while 50 respondents each representing 25 percent went to primary
school and up to post secondary school respectively.
Frequency
Percentage(%)
100
50
60
30
40
200
20
Modernize agriculture
Total
100
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
150
75
No
50
25
Total
200200
200
Source: Field survey, 2014
100
Response
Frequency
Percentage(%)
Yes
140
70
No
60
30
Total
200
100
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Manual tools
Mechanical tools
155
45
77.5
22.5
Total
200
100
Percentage (%)
Purchase
Borrowing from relatives
Government aids
200
130
60
65
30
10
100
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
120
60
No
80
40
200
100
Total
Source: Field Survey, 2014
Table 4.11 shows that out of the 200 respondents,120 representing 60% of the
sample population agreed that pests and diseases are factors affecting farming in the
area while 80 respondents representing 40% are of a contrary opinion as they say pests
20
10
3years
60
30
5years
120
60
200
100
Total
Source : Field Surveys 2014
200
100
Table 4.12 shows that 120 of the respondents representing 60% say that pests
and diseased is experienced for the duration of five (5) years. That pests and disease
attacks their farm every five years. About 60 of the respondents representing 30% of the
sample population say the interval of attack of pests and disease on their farms is 3years
while about 20 respondents representing 10 percent of the sample population say the
interval is after every 2years.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
150
82.5
No
35
17.5
Total
200
100
50
25
60
30
No Source
90
45
200
Frequency
100
Percentage (%)
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Tarred roads
10
Minor roads
150
Foot paths
40
Total
75
20
200
100
the sample population went up to secondary school and 25% went to tertiary schools.
This implies that the area is a literate society, and everyone can at least read and, write
at the basic literacy level.
As regards the factors affecting agriculture in the area, the results of the findings
revealed that land fragmentation, disputes resulting from such fragmentation and the
incidents of pests and diseases are all major factors. This implies that the people even
if they have the capital to expand the challenge of land ownership either by
individuals who usually inherited it or by communal ownership with not permit them
to employ mechanized farm techniques or methods. Also, when lands are inherited, in
expanse, they are dispersed making mechanization difficult.
The results of the findings also revealed that the type of tools used is manual
and the tools, they must also buy at high cost usually from other communities. Many
who are not able to purchase their own resort to borrowing from relatives who also
are farmers and can only spare their tools when they will not use them at the
immediate. This implies that those who do not have the purchasing power are at the
mercy of their relatives who will in turn be expecting a returned favour especially in
their farm work.