INTRODUCTION

Teleportation is the transfer of physical objects from one place to another, distant place,
without transferring the physical particles that constitute the original object. By most
definitions, the object in its original location is either destroyed or rendered otherwise
unrecognizable and unable to function. This limits teleportation devices to transportation
roles only, incapable of duplicating or manufacturing objects. Although teleportation
devices were until recently considered by the scientific community to stay confined to the
realm of science fiction, recent understandings of quantum mechanics have led to the
development of successful teleportation techniques.
The current state of the art in teleportation technology, having successfully moved
relatively large masses relatively large distances, relies on the uncertainty principle and
quantum entanglement phenomenon. The uncertainty principle states that the more
information that is extracted from an object, the more the object is malformed. The point in
which the object is so malformed as to prevent further scanning occurs well before enough
information is extracted to produce an exact copy. Quantum entanglement allows the
quantum state of one particle to be predicted based upon the quantum state of another
particle that had once been in contact with it. Thus, a teleportation sending station and
receiving station can be prepared by bringing two such particles into contact, and then
bringing one to the sending station, and the other to the receiving station. The particle at the
sending station is then scanned along with the object to be teleported. The scanning process
malforms both the particle and the object. The scanned information is then sent to the
receiving station, which then performs the reverse process to raw material together with the
second particle. As the second particle is currently in the same quantum state as the first
particle, together with the original object, the finished product is identical to the original
object.

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 DEFINITION

Teleportation is the duplication or re-creation of physical objects or their properties

using light beams, according to researchers at the California Institute of Technology. Also
calling it quantum teleportation, the researchers have successfully transmitted information
about the properties of an object at the speed of light so that the object could theoretically
be duplicated or reconstructed at the destination. The experiment takes advantage of the
atomic particle property in which two particles at a great distance are in some mysterious
way intertwined. Thus, an effect on one particle is almost simultaneously felt in the other
particle as well. In physics, this characteristic is called entanglement. The Caltech
researchers believe the characteristic may one day have practical applications, one of which
would be a quantum computer in which information is moved with light using the
entanglement principle rather than wires.

In their experiment, the researchers created two entangled light beams. A light beam is a
stream of photons, and photons, which have both wave and particle characteristics, are the
basic units of light. The entangled light beams carried information about the quantum state
of a third light beam over the distance of a yard about one meter at the speed of light. The
researchers believe the concept can be applied to transmitting the physical property
attributes of solid objects at the speed of light.

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 HISTORY

Teleportation also called teletransportation, the process of moving from one place to
another without traveling through the intervening space. Teleportation is well known in
science fiction most famously in the form of the transporter in Star Trek. The term
embraces both psychic teleportation, a subject not taken seriously by most scientists, and
physical teleportation. The latter is now a scientific reality in the form of quantum
teleportation.
The term "teleportation" was coined by Charles Fort after whom the term "Fortean,"
for an anomalous phenomenon, derives in his book Lo! 1931. The idea of a matter
transmitter first appeared much earlier than this, however, in Edward Page Mitchell's story
"The Man without a Body." Arthur Conan Doyle developed a similar theme in one of his
Professor Challenger tales, "The Disintegration Machine" 1927. In Special Delivery
(1945), George O. Smith describes how transmitters scan an object atom by atom and then
takes it apart, storing the particles in a "matter bank." The information and energy released
during the breakup are then beamed to a second station that uses raw materials in its own
matter bank to recreate the body perfectly. E. A. van Vogt, in The Mixed Men 1952 and
Algis , in Rogue Moon 1960, also used tapped the possibilities One of the features of
quantum teleportation – the only form of teleportation that allows the creation of a perfect
copy of the original someplace else.At the atomic level, all particles are identical. Also, the
stuff in our bodies is constantly being replaced anyway. According to one estimate, you're
completely replaced at the cellular level about every seven years. It just happens to replace
all of your particles in one fell swoop rather than over a period of time.
Perhaps non-quantum forms of teleportation will be developed and applied to human
beings. Then the original would not need to be destroyed, thus raising the specter of
multiple nearly-identical copies of a person being created. . This revelation, first announced
by Bennett at an annual meeting of the American Physical Society in March 1993, was
followed by a report on his findings in the March 29, 1993 issue of Physical Review
Letters.

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 This experiment was first done on photon and proved that teleportation is infact
possible.

HOW TELEPORTATION WILL WORK

Teleportation involves dematerializing an object at one point, and sending the details
of that object's precise atomic configuration to another location, where it will be
reconstructed. What this means is that time and space could be eliminated from travel -- we
could be transported to any location instantly, without actually crossing a physical distance
Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat of making an object or
person disintegrate in one place while a perfect replica appears somewhere else. It is
usually seems to be that the original object is scanned in such a way as to extract all the
information from it, then this information is transmitted to the receiving location and used
to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual material of the original, but perhaps
from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original.We are
years away from the development of a teleportation machine like the transporter room on
Star Trek's Enterprise spaceship. The laws of physics may even make it impossible to
create a transporter that enables a person to be sent instantaneously to another location,
which would require travel at the speed of light.

For a person to be transported, a machine would have to be built that can pinpoint and
analyze all of the 1028 atoms that make up the human body. That's more than a trillion
atoms. This machine would then have to send this information to another location, where
the person's body would be reconstructed with exact precision. Molecules couldn't be even
a millimeter out of place, lest the person arrive with some severe neurological or
physiological defect.

In the Star Trek episodes, and the spin-off series that followed it, teleportation was
performed by a machine called a transporter. This was basically a platform that the
characters stood on, while Scotty adjusted switches on the transporter room control boards.
The transporter machine then locked onto each atom of each person on the platform, and
used a transporter carrier wave to transmit those molecules to wherever the crew wanted to

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go. Viewers watching at home witnessed Captain Kirk and his crew dissolving into a shiny
glitter before disappearing, rematerializing instantly on some distant planet.

A teleportation machine would be like a fax machine, except that it would work on 3-
dimensional objects as well as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than an
approximate facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of scanning it. A
few science fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve the original, and the plot gets
complicated when the original and teleported versions of the same person meet; but the
more common kind of teleporter destroys the original, functioning as a super transportation
device, not as a perfect replicator of souls and bodies.

If such a machine were possible, it's unlikely that the person being transported would
actually be "transported." It would work more like a fax machine -- a duplicate of the
person would be made at the receiving end, but with much greater precision than a fax
machine. It suggests that teleportation would combine genetic cloning with digitization.

In this biodigital cloning, tele-travelers would have to die, in a sense. Their original
mind and body would no longer exist. Instead, their atomic structure would be recreated in
another location, and digitization would recreate the travelers' memories, emotions, hopes
and dreams. So the travelers would still exist, but they would do so in a new body, of the
same atomic structure as the original body, programmed with the same information.

Teleportation Between Two Atoms:

For the first time, scientists have successfully teleported information between two
separate atoms in unconnected enclosures a meter apart - a significant milestone in the
global quest for practical quantum information processing.

Teleportation may be nature's most mysterious form of transport: Quantum information,

such as the spin of a particle or the polarization of a photon, is transferred from one place to
another, without traveling through any physical medium. It has previously been achieved
between photons over very large distances, between photons and ensembles of atoms, and
between two nearby atoms through the intermediary action of a third. None of those,

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however, provides a feasible means of holding and managing quantum information over
long distances. Now a team from the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI) at the University of
Maryland and the University of Michigan has succeeded in teleporting a quantum state
directly from one atom to another over a substantial distance. That capability is necessary
for workable quantum information systems because they will require memory storage at
both the sending and receiving ends of the transmission. In the Jan. 23 issue of the journal
Science, the scientists report that, by using their protocol, atom-to-atom teleported
information can be recovered with perfect accuracy about 90 percent of the time - and that
figure can be improved.

Our system has the potential to form the basis for a large-scale 'quantum repeater' that
can network quantum memories over vast distances, says group leader Christopher Monroe
of the Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland department of physics.
Moreover, our methods can be used in conjunction with quantum bit operations to create a
key component needed for quantum computation. A quantum computer could perform
certain tasks, such as encryption-related calculations and searches of giant databases,
considerably faster than conventional machines. The effort to devise a working model is a
matter of intense interest worldwide.

Teleportation works because of a remarkable quantum phenomenon called entanglement

which only occurs on the atomic and subatomic scale. Once two objects are put in an
entangled state, their properties are inextricably entwined. Although those properties are
inherently unknowable until a measurement is made, measuring either one of the objects
instantly determines the characteristics of the other, no matter how far apart they are.

The JQI team set out to entangle the quantum states of two individual ytterbium ions so
that information embodied in the condition of one could be teleported to the other. Each ion
was isolated in a separate high-vacuum trap, suspended in an invisible cage of
electromagnetic fields and surrounded by metal electrodes. The researchers identified two
readily discernible ground lowest energy states of the ions that would serve as the
alternative bit values of an atomic quantum bit, or qubit.

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 Conventional electronic bits short for binary digits, such as those in a personal computer,
are always in one of two states: off or on, 0 or 1, high or low voltage, etc. Quantum bits,
however, can be in some combination, called a superposition, of both states at the same
time, like a coin that is simultaneously heads and tails - until a measurement is made. It is
this phenomenon that gives quantum computation its extraordinary power.

Experimental setup - Overview: Single photons from each of two ions in separate traps
interact at a beam splitter. If both detectors record a photon simultaneously, the icons are
entangled. At that point, Ion A is measured, revealing exactly what operation must be
performed on Ion B in order to teleport Ion A's information.

At the start of the experimental process, each ion designated A and B is initialized in a
given ground state. Then ion A is irradiated with a specially tailored microwave burst from
one of its cage electrodes, placing the ion in some desired superposition of the two qubit
states - in effect writing into memory the information to be teleported.

Immediately thereafter, both ions are excited by a picoseconds (one trillionth of a

second) laser pulse. The pulse duration is so short that each ion emits only a single photon
as it sheds the energy gained by the laser and falls back to one or the other of the two qubit
ground states. Depending on which one it falls into, the ion emits one of two kinds of
photons of slightly different wavelengths designated red and blue that corresponds to the
two atomic qubit states. It is the relationship between those photons that will eventually
provide the telltale signal that entanglement has occurred.

Each emitted photon is captured by a lens, routed to a separate strand of fiber-optic

cable, and carried to a 50-50 beamsplitter where it is equally probable for the photon to
pass straight through the splitter or to be reflected. On either side of the beamsplitter are
detectors that can record the arrival of a single photon.

Before it reaches the beamsplitter, each photon is in an unknowable superposition of

states. After encountering the beamsplitter, however, each takes on specific characteristics.
As a result, for each pair of photons, four color combinations are possible blue-blue, red-
red, blue-red and red-blue - as well as one of two polarizations: horizontal or vertical. In

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nearly all of those variations, the photons either cancel each other out or both end up in the
same detector. But there is one - and only one - combination in which both detectors will
record a photon at exactly the same time.

In that case, however, it is physically impossible to tell which ion produced which
photon because it cannot be known whether the photon arriving at a detector passed
through the beamsplitter or was reflected by it.

Thanks to the peculiar laws of quantum mechanics, that inherent uncertainty projects the
ions into an entangled state. That is, each ion is in a superposition of the two possible qubit
states. The simultaneous detection of photons at the detectors does not occur often, so the
laser stimulus and photon emission process has to be repeated many thousands of times per
second. But when a photon appears in each detector, it is an unambiguous signature of
entanglement between the ions.

When an entangled condition is identified, the scientists immediately take a measurement

of ion A. The act of measurement forces it out of superposition and into a definite
condition: one of the two qubit states. But because ion A's state is irreversibly tied to ion
B's, the measurement also forces B into the complementary state. Depending on which state
ion A is found in, the researchers now know precisely what kind of microwave pulse to
apply to ion B in order to recover the exact information that had been written to ion A by
the original microwave burst. Doing so results in the accurate teleportation of the
information.

What distinguishes this outcome as teleportation, rather than any other form of
communication, is that no information pertaining to the original memory actually passes
between ion A and ion B. Instead, the information disappears when ion A is measured and
reappears when the microwave pulse is applied to ion B.

One particularly attractive aspect of our method is that it combines the unique advantages
of both photons and atoms, says Monroe. Photons are ideal for transferring information fast
over long distances, whereas atoms offer a valuable medium for long-lived quantum
memory. The combination represents an attractive architecture for a 'quantum repeater,'

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that would allow quantum information to be communicated over much larger distances
than can be done with just photons. Also, the teleportation of quantum information in this
way could form the basis of a new type of quantum internet that could outperform any
conventional type of classical network for certain tasks.

Photon Experiment

In performing the experiment, the Caltech group was able to get around the Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle, the main barrier for teleportation of objects larger than a photon.
This principle states that you cannot simultaneously know the location and the speed of a
particle. But if you can't know the position of a particle, then how can you teleport it? In
order to teleport a photon without violating the Heisenberg Principle, the Caltech physicists
used a phenomenon known as entanglement. In entanglement, at least three photons are
needed to achieve quantum teleportation:

• Photon A: The photon to be teleported

• Photon B: The transporting photon
• Photon C: The photon that is entangled with photon B
If researchers tried to look too closely at photon A without entanglement, they would bump
it, and thereby change it. By entangling photons B and C, researchers can extract some
information about photon A, and the remaining information would be passed on to B by
way of entanglement, and then on to photon C. When researchers apply the information
from photon A to photon C, they can create an exact replica of photon A.
In other words, when Captain Kirk beams down to an alien planet, an analysis of his
atomic structure is passed through the transporter room to his desired location, where a
replica of Kirk is created and the original is destroyed. In 2002, researchers at the
Australian National University successfully teleported a laser beam. The most recent
successful teleportation experiment took place on October 4, 2006 at the Niels Bohr
Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark. Dr. Eugene Polzik and his team teleported information
stored in a laser beam into a cloud of atoms. According to Polzik, "It is one step further
because for the first time it involves teleportation between light and matter, two different

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objects. One is the carrier of information and the other one is the storage medium" [CBC].
The information was teleported about 1.6 feet half a meter.

Quantum teleportation holds promise for quantum computing. These experiments are
important in developing networks that can distribute quantum information. Professor
Samuel Braunstein, of the University of Wales, Bangor, called such a network a "quantum
Internet." This technology may be used one day to build a quantum computer that has data
transmission rates many times faster than today's most powerful computers.

CLASSIFICATION

Officially teleportation has been classified into:

SF-Teleportation
"The disembodied transport of persons or inanimate objects across space by advanced
(futuristic) technological means”. This type of teleportation could use a physical
connection between the two locations, such as a wire. Using existing technology, such as
the Internet, or telephone lines, could be the means for this type of teleport. However, this
means it would be extremely slow, since a typical living animal is approximately equal to
600YB (yottabytes). Compression could be utilized, but would have to be effective in
keeping all data intact.

P-Teleportation
"The conveyance of persons or inanimate objects by psychic means."

VM-Teleportation
"The conveyance of persons or inanimate objects across space by altering the properties of
the spacetime vacuum, or by altering the spacetime metric (geometry)." This category
includes the use of wormholes for transport, and the modification of the speed of light.

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Q-Teleportation
"The disembodied transport of the quantum state of a system and its correlations across
space to another system, where system refers to any single or collective particles of matter
or energy such as baryons (protons, neutrons, etc.), leptons (electrons, etc.), photons,
atoms, ions, etc."

E-Teleportation
"The conveyance of persons or inanimate objects by transport through extra space
dimensions or parallel universes."
Human teleportation
The use of teleportation as a means of transport for humans still has considerable
unresolved technical and philosophical issues, such as exactly how to record the human
body sufficiently accurately and also be able to reconstruct it, and whether destroying a
human in one place and recreating a copy elsewhere would provide a sufficient experience
of continuity of existence. Believers in the supernatural might wonder if the soul is
recopied or destroyed, and might even consider it murder. Likewise, someone with a
secular worldview who considers the body synonymous with the self might also see the
disintegration of a given corpus as the killing of a human being. The reassembled human
would be a different sentience with the same memories as the original. Many of the
questions are shared with the concept of mind transfer.

• The process of teleportation on a human

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The laws of physics may even make it impossible to create a transporter that enables a
person to be sent instantaneously to another location, which would require travel at the
speed of light.

Animated view of teleportation

For a person to be transported, a machine would have to be built that can pinpoint
and analyze all of the 102k atoms that make up the human body. That’s more than a trillion
atoms. This machine would have to send this information to another location, where the
person’s body would be reconstructed with exact precision. Molecules couldn’t be even a
millimeter out of place, lest the person arrive with some severe neurological or
physiological defect.

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 APPLICATIONS

• Cooperative 3D work: designers, architects or engineers could use teleportation for

distributed manipulation and visualization of 3D objects as for example in shared
CAD applications.
• Distributed negotiation: sensitive negotiation and conflict resolution meeting are
best held face to face.
• The physically disabled: for such people teleport offers a natural way of
communicating with other people.
• Education and consulation: teachers or professors could meet directly with students
located in other cities or countries.

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 FEATURES

• Merging of real and virtual environments.

• Viewer tracking and real time rendering.
• An image segmentation system capable of extracting participants from a controlled
background.
• Composition of live video with synthetic background.

GOALS

Like all technologies, scientists are sure to continue to improve upon the ideas of
teleportation.

• To demonstrate the use of wall sized displays integrated in a working living

environment.
• To demonstrate an immersive teleconferencing environment without need for head
mounted displays.
• To analyse, test and validate user requirement in diverse areas such as tele teaching,
tele music and tele architecture design.

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 ADVANTAGES

The organizations have recognized the substantial communication benefits of technology

• Genuine eye-to-eye contact with individuals or audience in the distant location,

which means you, can make that person connection count wherever you are.

• The quality of communication means that you are able to see and respond to the
mood and body language of the person you are speaking with to build trust and
understanding.
• There is natural two-way communication with no audio interference or discernable
latency even if the communication is across twelve time zones.
• You can take control of PowerPoint and other presentation material, which would
be seen by audience instantly- in real time as you are talking.
• The financial benefits are significant too.
• Substantial saving in travel and accommodation constant.
• Less non productive travel time means more efficient use of your valuable human
resources.
• No expensive training required.
• You can be there when travel is impossible.

DISADVANTAGES

• This wonderful technology could also be used in an illegal way by trapping people
in the form of a signal, or send destructive material such as bombs.

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 CONCLUSION

If a teleporter is really built, the subject will be teleported to the destination at

the speed of light, which is the real advantage & spirit behind the research of teleportation.
So think about your office or college as easily as you were going to house in your
neighborhood or reaching a star or a planet at a speed which Newton or Einstein have not
dreamed to be possible.
As all good things have limits teleportation also has its limits. The teleporter
transfers matter at a speed of light & we know that light has its speed limit; the feeling of
instantaneous teleportation is felt only on Earth & distances comparable with, or less than
the speed of light. If a subject is transported to a galaxy at distance of about 4 light years
away then it will take a period of 4 years (of earth time) for the subject to reach its
destination. As everything invented or discovered in science can be used for or against
mankind, this wonderful technology could also be used in an illegal way by trapping people
in the form of a signal, or send destructive materials such as bombs. So this technology
which is still in its infancy has real hopes for the future of mankind

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.wikipedia.com
• www.howstuffworks.com
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation
• www.nanotechwire.com/news.asp

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