1/9/2013

Primary clarifer in Winnipegs

North End Water Pollution Control Center

CIVL 3700
Environmental
Engineering
Design

Lecture 2

Jan A. Oleszkiewicz
PEng,CEng(UK);BCEE,FCAE,IWAFellow
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Typesoftreatmentlevels

Preliminary
1800s
Primary
1900s Winnipeg1935
Advanced(Enhanced)primary
Secondary
1970s
Secondarywithnutrientremoval(BNR)1980s
Tertiary(residualsolidsremoval)1990s
Advanced:2000now
Oxidationoforganics
Adsorptionoforganics
Membranefiltration
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

1/9/2013

Traditionalwastewatertreatmentplantremoves
cBOD.CEPA1999:mustdisinfect(USalways
did).SinceCl2 bannedonlyUVusedinCanada
Bar
Racks

Fine
screen

Grit
tanks

Activated
sludge

Prim.
clarifier

Secondary
Clarifier

UV
Disinfection

To lake
Ontario
Effluent

Influent

Thisplant Ashbridges Toronto

(860ML/d)addschemicalsto
activatedsludgeto
precipitatephosphorus.
DischargetoLOntario

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Yr 2000plantsremoveCBOD,nutrientsandresidual
solids
Fine
screen

Grit
tanks

Prim.
clarifie
r

BNR
Activate
d sludge

Secondary
Clarifier

Filtration

UV
Disinfectio
n

1/9/2013

Whypreliminary/primarytreatment?
Poorscreening:
Floatablesontanksurfaces
Coarsesolidsmayruinsludgerecyclepumps

Poorgritremoval:
Gritdestroysallmovingequipment scrapers,pumps
Gritaccumulatesinsludgedigestersandplugsthem
withconcretelikedeposit

Primaryclarificationkeepsinertandslowly
degradablesolidsfrombiologicalprocess
(biomasscanonlyingestsolublefood):
Canrunlowerbiomassconcentrationandbiomasshas
higheractivefraction
CIVIL3700 Oleszkiewicz

Coarsescreens
Barracks25+mm

Rawwastewater

InlineEqualization

logs&dogs

Equalization
option

OPTIONAL

Finescreens<6mm

Preliminaryand
primary
treatment
Coagulants?

O&Gremoval

Grease
H2 S

Gritremoval
Particles
SG>2

Primarysettling

BOD:30%removed
SS:60+%removed(w/ochemicals)
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

screenings

Particles
SG=1.01;
Premoval?

PE
Primary
effluent

1/9/2013

Screening
Coarse6150mm

Barracks

Finescreens<6mm

Microscreens
(drum)1050m

Perforated
drums

stationary

Perforated
plate

Step(moving)
screens

Designcriteria:QmaxhandQminh

CoarseBarScreens
Removaloflargeobjects(i.e.rags,paper,plastic,etc)
Verticalorinclinedsteelbarsequallyspacedacrossa
channel,mechanicallycleaned.

Designcriteria
Openingbetweenbars=10100mm(25mmtypical)
Dimensionsbasedonvelocityandpeakdesignflowrate
Typicalvelocitythroughopenings>0.75m/sscourvelocity
Quantityofscreenings=20m3 /106 m3 ofwastewater
(average),&36m3 /106 m3 ofwastewater(maximum)

HeadlossExample51p.321
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

1/9/2013

Coarsebar
screens

Mechanicallycleaned

Manualonbypass

30Lof
Screenings
per1000m3
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Coarsescreens10+mm

FordonPL,
Note:limesilo
fordisinfection

Velocitythrough0.5 1.2m/s
Headlossactivatesremoval
Stepscreens,travellingscraper
(Comminutors (grinders)notusedanymore)
WinnipegNorth
Notetheconveyor
Brandon,old:manual

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

1/9/2013

Finescreens6mm
Screenings;44100
L/1000m3
Lessifprecededby
acoarsescreen

Disinfectionwithlime
andlanddisposal

Stepscreen
LethbridgeAB
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

DublinBayInletWorks
1000MLd.
6mmbarscreen
AtRingsend,Huberwaschosentosupplysevenautomaticrakedbarscreensandseven
screeningshandlingunits,againalongwithassociatedcontrolpanelsforallthemachines.The
unitssuppliedweretheHuberRakeMax screenandWAPSL Washpress.EachRakeMax screen
hasitsowndedicatedWAPSLunit,withscreeningsbeingdeliveredtotheWAPSLsvialaunder
chutes.TheRakeMax andWAPSLunitswereinstalledinarollingprogram;replacingexisting
6mmperforatedplateescalatorscreens.
TheRakeMax unitshave6mmbarspacingandthebarsdonothavethetraditionalflatbar
rakesbuthaveateardropshapedbar,toallowincreasedthroughputthroughthescreen.Each
screenhasbeendesignedtopassaflowof4700l/s.VSDsfittedtothecontrolpanelsallowfor
therakestocleanatahigherspeedintheeventofahighscreendifferentialbeingreached.A
PulsarUltra5differentialultrasoniclevelcontrollerisusedtodetectthelevelineachofthe
seveninletchannels.
Washpress units,shownleft,aredesignedtointensivelywashupto8mcubedperhourofwet
screenings.

1/9/2013

PineCreekforCalgary(100MLd)
hasperforatedplatestep 6mm
stainlessscreens

Amicroscreen<50m.Replaces
primaryclarifier

1/9/2013

Nordkanal D:50mmicroscreens
protectingultrafiltration
membranesdownstream

Sluicing channels rather than a conveyor take

screenings from 4 screens to washer and
compactor for solids
Sluice channel

Screen

1/9/2013

ScreensatLAssomption QB
25MLd (manufacturedbyClaro,Montreal)
screen
screen
Shaftless screw
conveyor
Compacted
screenings into bags

compactor

Inyourdesign:allflowsrequire
screening
Selectareliablemanufacturerofscreensand
onlygowithfinescreens3mm
Calculatetheheadlossfromthebook
Showroomforallthescreensontheplan
Showscreeningspressandplacefordisposal
bins

1/9/2013

Managementof
WetWeatherFlowsWWF

LanddrainageWWF
inseparatesystems

CIVIL3700 Oleszkiewicz

Requirement:treatallflows.
Optionsinpractice
Equalizeallflowandthendesignplantfor
equalizedflow(e.g.ChicagoTARP) the
treatmentprocesssuffersduringstorm
Splitinfluentduringstormflowsandtreat
portion(e.g.2*ADWF)inthemainstreamand
overflowchemicallyinthesidestream

ADWF = average dry weather flow

10

1/9/2013

InyourdesigntakecareofWWF.
Designeroptions
microscreens forsolids
CEPT chemicallyenhancedprimarytreatment
duringstorms
ActiFlow=ballastedfloculation,DensaDeg and
otherproprietaryequipmentonasidestream

Page416,fig550

Anexampleofplantflows(MLd)andDry
weatherflowoperation(1MLd =1000m3/d)
DryWeather Wetweatherto2Q
Bio- 150
Reactor

Grit

420
MLd

Final
Clari
fier

300
Grit

Up to
150

Primary
CEPT

Bypass after
enhanced
primary

120

Bypass screened
wastewater to disinfection

WinnipegSouth:ADWF =75 MLd

Bioreactor = 2ADWF=150
2008 CIVIL3700 Oleszkiewicz

Disinf
Cl2

270

Disinf
UV

150

Red River

11

1/9/2013

Equalization used
topushallflow
throughbioreactors

SanDiegoNorthCity

Equalization useful for small and large

municipalities - San Diego North City 100 MLd
Question: is the flow more variable:
for large or small plants?
For arid or wet climate plants?

Equalization up to now rarely used in municipal

WWTP. Recent requirements to treat all
weather flows forces retention - W End
Industrial WWTPs
Off-side versus in-line equalization
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Equalizationtanks aboveground
11000m3 D48m;H5.25m;
DesignerBlack&Veatch

16000m3;Diameter68m;
Height4m;
Designer:CDM
ThesetanksservetoalleviateCSO beforetheplantshadbypassedto
theriver10+times/year.Offlinetanksremainemptyuntilthereisa
largesurgeofwastewater.USEPAdemandsthatCSOdischargesare
lessthan4times/year.Winnipegcurrentlyexceeds18/year
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

12

1/9/2013

Equalizationofinfluentwastewater

Inlineoroffline? fig510
Volume?Basedonload
Depositionofsolids?
Odorcontrol
Where?Influent.Sludgeliquor

Examplefig510and511p.334
Equalizationistypicallymoreexpensivethan
physchemicaltreatmentofsidestream
wastewaterduringstorm.
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Water reuse, equalization at the end:

storage of treated wastewater for
groundwater recharge in St Petersburg
FL South Cross Bayou plant

13

1/9/2013

West End Winnipeg:

final effluent temperature
equalization

Strongsludgeliquorequalization ZurichCH.
Feedinginthevalleys(liquorfromprocessingsludgehas1000mg/L
Daily
compared
withwith
Dailyvariation
variation
compared
average
load
average
load

NH4Ncomparedto60mg/Linsewage)
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1

0.8
0.8

flow
COD-Load
flow
NH4-Load
COD-Load
NH4-Load
Supernatant

0.6
0.6

0.4
0.4

0.2
0.2

0
0
0
0

4
4

8
8

12
12
Hours

16
16

20
20

24
24

Compare Fig. on page 342

14

1/9/2013

Theoryofsettlingp.363
Fg =Fd Gravityforce=Frictionaldragforce
Newtonslawforterminalvelocityofa
particlewithSGandsizeinlaminaror
turbulentregime.
inlaminarregionbecomesStokeslaw:
vp g(sgp 1)dp2/(18)
sgp =sp.gravity
=viscosityofliquid
dp =diameter

LiquidT=25oCvs 8oC?
Wherewillsolidssettlebetter?

Calgarys 100 MLd Pine Creek WWTP clarifiers

15

1/9/2013

Discretesettling:sandandPS
Rectangular,radialandvertical Fig.522p368
vh

vh
vs

vsc

Sludgezone

v=Q/A=(m3/d)/(m2)=depth/time=OR
Fractionofparticlesremoved=Xr =vp/vc

Flocculentsettling:biologicalsolids
Agglomerationmakesflocs settlefast

Sludgezone

16

1/9/2013

1000

height

Flocculentparticlessettling,
Fig524p.369ande.g.57p.373
h1

h2

250

h3

h4
h5

44%

60%

40%

35%

55%

47%

30%

41%

t1

t2

time
t3

t4

Typesofsettlingtanks

Horizontal(rectangular)
Radial
Vertical
Lamella

17

1/9/2013

Lamellaandtubesettlers:
45o60o angle
Seegraphsonpage375
Whydoesitwork?

Activated sludge settling

in the final clarifier
Flocculentandthenhindered
orzonesettling
Simplestmethodbasedon1batchtest:
Athick =Q*tu/Ho notethatQ/ Athick =Ho/tu
Determinetu,Hu frome.g.58;p.381
A forclarificationisfromthesettlingportion
ofthesubsidencecurve

18

1/9/2013

Grit removal objective:

separate SG 2 from SG<1.1
0.5m/s>Vscour>0.2m/s

Removalofgrit=sand,gravel,cinderorotherheavysolid
material
Designcriteria

1)

HRT=25min(3ministypical)
Establishthepeakhourlyflowratefordesign

p.391

2) Peakflowrate =Qavg,d*2.75
3) Gritchambervolume=peakflowrate *HRT*1/2
4) Dimensions:Depth=25m;lengthtowidthratio(2.5:1) (5:1)
5) Airsupply0.3m3/mLmin
6)Gritquantity(m3/1000m3 ofinfluent):
Separatesewersystem0.0040.037
Combinedsewersystem0.0040.18

NOTE:(youneedatleast2chambers)

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Aeratedgritchamber.Notusedin
newWWTPinAmerica.Stillused
inEU
1. airispumpedintomaintainvelocity
allowingsettlingofgritbutkeeping
theVSSin
2. Retentiontime23minutes
3. Slowlyphasedoutasthenewvortex
onesaresmallerandmoreeffective

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

19

1/9/2013

Nordkanal D:aeratedgrittankand
greasetrap.Microscreens (sieves)in
thebuildingprotectedbythegrittank!

Grit/sand

Vortex
Effluent
Influent

HydraulicResidencetimeHRT 3050seconds
www.huber.de/products/grit-separation-and-treatment/circular-grit-traps/hubervortex-grit-chamber-vormax.html

20

1/9/2013

Effluent

Teacup
grit
separator

Effluent

Grit/sand

HRT 3050seconds
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Newgrittanksuperiorasithasthe
smallestsettlingdepth.HeadcellTM
Amodular,multipletraysettleablesolidsconcentratorthatremovesgrit
assmallas50micronswithminimalheadloss.Thehighefficiencyflow
distributionheaderevenlydistributesinfluentovermultipleconicaltrays.
Tangentialfeedestablishesavortexflowpatternwheresolidssettleinto
aboundarylayeroneachtray,andaresweptdowntothecenter
underflowcollectionchamber.Thesesettledsolidsarecontinuously
pumpedtogritseparation,classification,anddewateringsystem.
TheHEADCELLcapturesveryfineparticlesduetothelargesurfacearea
andshortsettlingdistances.Evenlysplitfloweliminatesthermalshort
circuitingwhichreducestheperformanceofconventionalgritbasins.
TheHEADCELLprovideshighperformancefinegritremovalinasmall
footprint.Thisallowsfuturecapacityincreasesusingexistingspace.For
newheadworksgritcontrolsystems,theHEADCELLcanbeinstalledina
pouredinplaceconcretebasinatgrade,withafootprintmuchsmaller
Doesnotuseair!
thanconventionalgritremovalsystems.

21

1/9/2013

1MGD=3.78MLd

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

S.Cross
Bayou,St
PeteFL
200ML/d

Why does grit stay settled

in a grit tank if the wastewater
is still swirling around?

22

1/9/2013

Removedgritiswashed,
dewateredandsenttolandfill

Grit washing

Fig 5-38 p. 396

Grit washing: provide

a pipe with final effluent

23

1/9/2013

Primarysettling
Grit:d=0.2 mm; vs = 2 cm/s; vh= 25 cm/s
Organic: d=0.2 mm; vs = 0.5 cm/s; vh= 5 cm/s

Removessettleable organicswithSG1.1
Willremovesandandgritifnotremovedearlier
Floatablematerialgenerated
Olderplants(inWinnipeg)sendbiological
sludge(Wasteactivatedsludge)hereinanow
phasedoutprocesscalledcothickening
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Fig.546 page405
6065%TSSremoval
2530%BOD5 removal

Pine Creek AB. Primary Clarifiers are

covered for odor control

24

1/9/2013

SanJuanPR

Primaryclarifier
design
Surfaceoverflowrate
AtaverageflowSORavg =3050m3/m2d
SOR=Q/A[m/d]
Determineareaofclarifiers
Determinethenumberofclarifiers
diameter25m 50mCanberectangularaswell!
Calculatethevolumeofeachclarifier usingHRT=1
2.5hatQavg,d, Depthmustbebetween36m
Checkatpeakflows SORmax mustbebetween70
130m3/m2d
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

EXAMPLE:
TypicalSORavg =35m3/m2d
ADWFQavg d=10,000m3/dwith;Qmaxh =30,000
m3/d(peakingfactorPF=3)
Surfacerequired=Q/SOR=10,000/35=286m2
Circularclarifier Diam.=19m
AtQmaxh 30,000/286=105m3/m2dthisvalueis
withinthepeakvaluethatwillbetoleratedby
theclarifier

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

25

1/9/2013

Primary
Clarifers

Travelling bridge with vacuum pump

Burlington ON Skyway plant

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

LynettenCopenhagen
500000PE
(populationequivalents)
(built1980s)

Primary:rectangularorcircular,but
avoidsquircles

San Diego, North City

Jones Is, Milwaukee

Square circular clarifiers were dubbed squircles in Winnipeg and Calgary and
work lousy. Structural engineers, who slept through hydraulics
Classes, convinced city officials to save
on walls. Errors were perpetuated!!!
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

26

1/9/2013

Rectangularcountercurrent
primaryclarifiers:
SanJoseCA

1.5hHRTatAverageflowADWF

SanJoseCA

Radialfinalclarifiers:
4hHRTatADWF
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Primarysludgewithoutchemicals
Removals
5065%removalofinfluentTSS(60%typical)
BOD(35%);N=10%;P=510%

Sludgeproduction
60%influentTSS=[influent,Q(m3/d)*TSS(mg/L)*0.6]
412%totalsolids(TS)concentration(typical4.5%TS)

SimplifiedcalculationsassumeSGH2O=1=SGsolids
Vo*TSo =V1*TS1example100m3*1%=25m3*4%
100m3/dat1%TS1000kgTSdry in100,000kgslurry
At4%TS1000kgTSin25,000kgsludgeor25m3
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

27

1/9/2013

ChemicallyEnhancedPrimary
TreatmentCEPT
Add coagulants and precipitate/settle 75-80%
solids (TSS) and additionally remove 70-90%
phosphorus
Particulate BOD5 (and bpCOD) removal
Montreal 8 000 000 m /d
increased to 40-70%
In Montreal that is all they
do because the raw
wastewater is very diluted
BOD =50 -70 mg/L
3

Primary clarification
efficiency depends
on SOR.
100

80

Removal
(%)
60
40

This is without
chemicals. You
split WWFlow to 2*Q
through plant
Then add chemcials
to the 2Q flow and
treat the rest in
dedicated
ballasted flocculation
Acti-Flo Fig. 5-50

BOD5

20
20

40

60

80

100

SOR
m3/m2d

Hydraulics is key to good performance at

higher flows

28

1/9/2013

Actiflo(VeoliaWater):
Ballastedflocculation
.Fig.550p.516
Sludge

Hydrocyclone
Polymer
Micro-sand

Raw water

Lamella settler
Settled
water

Coagulation
coagulant

Injection

Maturation
P

Static mixing

Clarifier hydraulics depends on baffles. The art:

maintain laminar flow when flow input varies!
Nobaffle

HRTtheor = 30

Quickflow/dye
Breakthrough
Should be plug flow

See Fig. 547, p. 407

In real plug flow dye in effluent after 30

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

29

1/9/2013

Withasimplebaffleredirectingthedensitycurrent
theflow/waterstaysmuchlonger(ontheaverage)
intheclarifier.EDIEnergydissipatinginletdesign

CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

Useflowmeteringtocontrolyourflowsplits,
bypasses,chemicaldoseetc:Parshallflume;
Venturi;magneticmeters

Reno-Sparks NV - Parshall flume

30

1/9/2013

Flow splitting is an art

Prague Cz Central WWTP: split into four even streams

Conclusiononpreliminary/primary
treatment
Definesplantestheticsandmakessuredownstream
processeswork:
Poorscreening:
Floatablesontanksurfaces
Coarsesolidsmayruinsludgerecyclepumps
Ragskillmixers

Poorgritremoval:
Gritdestroysallmovingequipment scrapers,pumps
Gritaccumulatesinsludgedigestersandplugsthemwithcementlike
harddeposit

Primaryclarificationkeepsinertandslowlydegradablesolids
frombiologicalprocess(biomasscanonlyingestsoluble
Design
food): Settling velocity H/t or Q/A m3/m2h

Grit Canrunlowerbiomassconcentrationandbiomasshashigheractive
2 cm/s
fraction
Primary sludge
0.5 cm/s
Secondary sludge CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz
0.05 cm/s

31

1/9/2013

Finalorsecondaryclarifierssettleflocculentsolids(zone
settling).Usuallyradial.Deeper;4hHRTanddesigned
forsolidsloading;e.g.4kgSS/m2h
andlowSOR=1m/h(24m3/m2d)

Innsbruck, Austria. Strass WWTP

Design Settling velocity H/t or Q/A m3/m2h

Grit
2 cm/s
Primary sludge
0.5 cm/s
Secondary sludge
0.05 cm/s

Final Clarifier
Innsbruck, Austria. Strass WWTP
CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz

32

1/9/2013

Bonnybrook Calgary
600MLd

33