EXPERIMENT 1

Natural frequency of undamped torsional vibration of a single rotor shaft system

AIM: To determine the natural frequency of undamped torsional vibration of a single
rotor shaft system.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then
the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations. The shaft is twisted and untwisted
alternatively and the torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft. Since there is no
damping in the system these are undamped vibrations. Also there is no external force is
acting on the body after giving an initial angular displacement then the body is said to
be under free or natural vibrations. Hence the given system is an undamped free
torsional vibratory system.
FIGURE:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Shaft diameter, d = 3 mm
Diameter of disc, D = 225 mm
Weight of the disc, W = 2.795 kg
Modulus of rigidity for shaft, C = 7.848 * 10 10 N/m2
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the brackets at convinent position along the lower beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by chuck.
3. Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft.
4. Twist the rotor through some angle and release.
5. Note down the time required for 10 to 20 oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of the shaft.

CALCULATIONS:
Polar moment of inertia of shaft = * d 4 / 32 Moment of inertia of disc, I = (W/g)*(D 2/8)
1. Torsional stiffness Kt
Kt=(G*Ip)/L
2. Periodic time, T (theoretically)

3. Periodic time, T (expt)

T = t/n
4. Frequency, f (expt) = 1 / T
5. Frequency, f (theo) = / =
RESULT TABLE:

CONCLUSION:
1. The natural frequency of undamped free torsional vibration (theo)

2. The natural frequency of undamped free torsional vibration (expt)

EXPERIMENT 2
Natural frequency of undamped torsional vibration of two rotor shaft system
AIM:
To determine the natural frequency of undamped torsional vibration of two rotor shaft
system.
APPARATUS:
Figure shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment. Two discs having
different mass moment of inertia are clamped one at each end of the shaft by means of
collets chucks. Mass moment of inertia of any disc can be changed by attaching the cross
lever masses. Both disc are free to oscillate in the ball bearings. This provides negligible
damping during experiment.
THEORY:
The system which requires two co-ordinates independently to describe its motion
completely is called a two degree of freedom system. The system having two degree of
freedom has two natural frequencies.
The two rotor system consists of a shaft having torsional stiffness K and two rotors having
their inertias as Ii and L? at its two ends. Torsional vibration occurs only when the rotor 1
and rotor 2 rotates in the opposite direction. If the rotor 1 and rotor 2 rotates in the same
direction then it has zero frequency. When the rotors rotate in the opposite direction then
the amplitude of vibration at the two ends will be in the opposite direction and there exists a
point on the shaft having zero amplitude is called node point.
FIGURE:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of disc
Diameter of disc B, DB = 225 mm
Mass of disc A, mA = 2.015 kg

A, DA = 190 mm

Mass of disc B, me = 2.795 kg

Mass of arm with bolts, m = 0.166 kg
Length of cross arm, R = 0.165 m
Diameter of shaft, d = 3 mm
Length of shaft between rotors, L = 1.03 m
Moment of inertia of disc A, IA = kg-m2
Moment of inertia of disc B, IB = kg-m2
Modulus of rigidity of the shaft, C = 7.848 * 10 10 N/m2
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearings.
2. Turn the disc in angular position in opposite direction by hand and release.
3. Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
4. Fit the cross arm to one of the disc say A and again note down the time.
5. Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of the
cross arm and note down the time.

CONCLUSION:
The experimental and theoretical values of natural frequency of torsional vibration should be
same.

EXPERIMENT 3
Gyroscopic Couple
AIM: To analyse the motion of a motorized gyroscope when the couple is applied along its
spin axis.
APPARATUS:
Motorised gyroscope, weights, and voltage regulator.
THEORY:
The angular velocity is a vector quantity and change in its magnitude can be caused by
acceleration. To create this angular acceleration a torque or couple is required. To keep this
angular velocity constant in magnitude due to the angular acceleration caused by the
couple the spinning mass of the gyroscope undergoes a change called the angle of
precession. This cause the gyroscopic couple to incline to a certain degree so that it can
retain its angular velocity. This angle of precession for different torques and couple can be
analysed by this experiment.
FIGURE:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Moment of inertia of disc, I = 0.8* 10 -2 kg-m2
Distance of point of application of load from center of disc, L = 0.22 m
Maximum speed of motor = 6000 rpm
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the rotating disc of the gyroscope in motion.
2. Increase the speed of motor from 1000 rpm to 3500 rpm gradually in steps.
3. Put weights in pan from 50 gm to 2500 gm for creating couple at defined speed in steps.
4. Observe the axis of spin will precess to a certain degree to retain the angular velocity.
5. Measure the angle of precession for the respective speed and weight.
6. Take the readings for the change in angle of precession in constant period say 15

CALCULATIONS:
1. Theoretical torque = W * L kg-m
Where, L is distance of point of application of load from the center of disc is 0.22 m
W is weight in pan in kg
2. Gyroscopic couple = I* * p kg-m
Where, I is moment of inertia of disc = 0.8 * 1 -2 kg-m2
is angular velocity of disc in rad/sec
p is velocity of precession rad/sec
CONCLUSION:
1. Theoretical torque / couple is kg-m
2. Gyroscopic couple is kg-m
From the above results it can be concluded that the theoretical and practical couples
produced conform to the principle of gyroscope.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Increase the speed of the motor gradually in the range given.
2. Do not add large weight on the weight pan.
3. Always maintain safe distance from the apparatus.

EXPERIMENT 4
Undamped free vibration
AIM: To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring mass
system.
/
THEORY:
The vibrations the system executes under no damping condition is known as undamped
vibrations. Neglecting damping is also considered as undamped situation. When no external
force is acts on the body after giving an initial displacement then the body is said to be
under free or natural vibrations. The frequency of the free vibrations is called free or natural
frequency and denoted by fn. simple pendulum is an example of undamped free vibrations.
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Support one end of the beam in the slot of trunion and clamp it by means of screw.
2. Attach the other end of the beam to the lower end of the spring.
3. Set the beam in the horizontal position.
4. Measure the distance LI of the assembly from pivot.
5. Allow the system to vibrate.
6. Measure the time for say 10 oscillations and find the periodic time and natural frequency
of vibration.
7. Repeat the experiment by varying L1.

CALCULATIONS:
1. Periodic time T (theoretical)

where rrie equivalent mass at the spring = m (L 12 / L2)

K = stiffness of the spring 0.3 kg/mm
m = (W + w) / g
w = weight attached to exciter assembly
W = weight of exciter assembly = 4.44 kg
LI distance of W from pivot = 0.25 m
L is distance of spring from pivot 0.94 m

CONCLUSION:
1. The theoretical natural frequency is
2. The experimental natural frequency is
It is to conclude that the theoretical and experimental natural frequency of vibration is
almost equal

EXPERIMENT 5
Damped force vibration
AIM:
To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass system.
APPARATUS:
Spring mass system, damper, exciter unit, voltage regulator and strip-chart recorder.
THEORY:
The vibration that the system executes under damping system is known as damped
vibrations. In general all the physical systems are associated with one or the other type of
damping. In certain cases amount of damping may be small in other case large. In damped
vibrations there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration. This is due to the
fact that a certain amount of energy possessed by the vibrating system is always dissipated
in overcoming frictional resistances to the motion. The rate at which the amplitude of
vibration decays depends upon the type and amount of damping in the system. Damped
vibrations can be free vibrations or forced vibrations. Shock absorber is an example of
damped vibration. Mainly the following two aspects are important while studying damped
free vibrations:
1. The frequency of damped free vibrations and
2. The rate of decay.
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the exciter
to D.C. motor.
2. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
3. Wait for 3 to 5 minutes for the amplitude to build for particular forcing frequency.
4. Adjust the position of strip-chart recorder. Take the record of amplitude Vs time on the
strip-chart.
5. Take record by changing forcing frequency.
6. Repeat the experiment for different damping. Damping can be changed adjusting the
position of the exciter.
7. Plot the graph of amplitude Vs frequency for each damping condition.

CONCLUSION:

1. From the graph it can be observed that the amplitude of vibration decreases with time.
2. Amplitude of vibration is less with damped system as compared to undamped
system.

EXPERIMENT 6
Static and Dynamic balancing
AIM: To study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.
DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus basically consists of main Steel shaft mounted in ball bearings on either side
in a rectangular frame. Set of four blocks of rigid different weights are provided and it can be
clamped in any position on the shaft: which can also be easily detached.
A protractor scale in fitted to one side of the rectangular frame shaft carries a disc and rim of
this disc is grooved to locate the Weighing, balance card provided with two metal containers
of equal weight.
A scale is fired to.the bottom member of the frame and when used along with the circular
protractor scale, allows the exact longitudinal and angular position of pa oh adjustable
block to be determined.
The shaft is driven by a fractional IIP AC motor, fixod below the frame with rubber belt,
For Static Balancing of individual weights the frame is rigidly fixed to the support frame by
nut bolts and at that position the motor driving belt is disconnected. Wr x No.of balls.

For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the frame is suspended by the supportframe by two chains in which the frames are in same place
STATIC BALANCING
The block is finally fixed at 90 to the frame and the belt is removed. The value of v/r. for
each block is determined by fixing block in 90 to 0 position on the shaft. The cord and pan
system suspended over the protractor disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal
weight are placed into one of the containers to exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. So
that the block should come back to original 90. The number of balls 'N' will give the value
the wr f or the block.
PROCEDURE OT FIND : UT_ wr BY STATIC BALANCING METHOD
Attach the balance frame to main frame firmly. Insert the Card with pan to the grooved,
pulley provided. Set the unit to 0 position.

Values of Static balancing for cull the M sights will be arrived when we are conducting. the
experiment on Dynamic Balancing.
Now keep the block in a suitable position as reference and fix the 2nd block in any
convenient position say 3 cm to left.
Now draw force and couple polygons and find out the position of the other 2 bolcks and fix it
to get complete balance.
Now hang the frame by chain and couple it with motor and run the motor by suing electric
dimmer to a rated speed.
By this way we can balance the machine.
If the calculation is not correct then the unit will vibrate. That indicates there is something
calculation mistake at the time of drawing force and couple polygon.
Attach any block to the shaft at any position.
Put steel balls in one of the pans to bring the block to original 90 o position.
Number of balls proportional to the Wr value of block.
Repeat the experiment for other three blocks.
Wr x No. of balls.
TYPICAL RESULTS: (For illustration of Experimental Calculations)
EXPERIMENTS
To statically and dynamically balance a four place rotating mass system, Block No. 2 is to
be positioned 900 anticlockwise and 3 cms. Along the shaft from block no. 1. Determine the
angular and longitudinal positions of blocks 3 to 4 for perfect balance.

CALCULATION FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE

SCALE : 1 CM = 20 Balls

SCALE

Block 1.

W1 r1 -

148 No of balls

7.4 cm

Block 2.

W2 r2 -

75 No of balls

3.75 cm

Block 3.

W3 r3 -

124 No of balls

6.2 cm

Block 4.

W4 r4 -

168 No of balls

8.4 cm

FORCE POLYGON is drawn to find out the angular position of block 3 & 4. The longitudinal
positions of 3 & 4 are l and m from (reference).
Take W1 r1 = 3 CM to Reference --------- 0
0 = W2 r2
W1 r1 11

SCALE 40 = 1 CM
----------- 148 x 3 (CM) = -444.

11. 4

W2 r2 12
-------------------- 0
W3 r3 13
------------------------ 11. 6 X 4 0 (from couple polygon)
W4 r4 14
------------------------- 8 . 15 x 4 0 (from couple polygon)
W1 r1 11 = 148 x 3 (fixed ) left.
W3 r3 13 = 11 . 6 x 40
13 = 11. 6 x 40
= 3.75 cn (to the right)
124
W4r4 14 = 8.15 x 40
W4 = 8.15 x 40
168

= 1.95 cm (to the right)