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Boris Spassky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
; born January 30, 1937) is a
Boris Spassky
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Young grandmaster
2.2 Uneven results
2.3 Title contender
2.4 Challenger
2.5 World Champion
2.6 Championship match with Fischer
Soviet Union
France
Russia
Born
Title
Grandmaster (1955)
196972
World
Champion
FIDE
rating
2548
(http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?
event=600024) (March 2015)
Peak
rating
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Early life
He was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and learned to play chess at the age of 5 on a train evacuating
from Leningrad during World War II. He first drew wide attention in 1947 at age 10, when he defeated Soviet
champion Mikhail Botvinnik in a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad.[2] His early coach was Vladimir Zak, a
respected master and trainer. During his youth, from the age of 10, Spassky often worked on chess for several
hours a day with master-level coaches. He set records as the youngest Soviet player to achieve first category rank
(age 10), candidate master rank (age 11), and Soviet Master rank (age 15). In 1952, at fifteen, Spassky scored 50
percent in the Soviet Championship semifinal at Riga, and placed second in the Leningrad Championship that same
year, being highly praised by Botvinnik.
Career
Young grandmaster
Spassky made his international debut in 1953, aged sixteen, in Bucharest, Romania, finishing tied for fourth place[3]
with Laszlo Szabo on 12/19, an event won by his trainer, Alexander Tolush. At Bucharest he defeated Vasily
Smyslov, who challenged for the World Championship the following year. He was awarded the title of International
Master by FIDE. In his first attempt at the Soviet Championship final, the 22nd in the series, held in Moscow 1955,
Spassky tied for third place with 11/19,[4] after Smyslov and Efim Geller, which was sufficient to qualify him for
the Gothenburg Interzonal later that year.
The same year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship held at Antwerp, Belgium, scoring 6/7 to qualify for
the final,[5] then 8/9 in the final to win by a full point over Edmar Mednis.[6] Spassky competed for the Lokomotiv
Voluntary Sports Society.
By sharing seventh place with 11/20 at Gothenburg,[7] Spassky qualified for the 1956 Candidates' Tournament,
held in Amsterdam, automatically gaining the grandmaster title, and was then the youngest to hold the title. At
Amsterdam, he tied for third place with four others in the ten-player field, scoring 9/18.[8] At the 23rd Soviet
final, held in Leningrad in JanuaryFebruary 1956,[9] Spassky shared first place on 11/19, with Mark Taimanov
and Yuri Averbakh, but Taimanov won the subsequent playoff to become champion,[10] defeating Spassky in both
their games. Spassky then tied for first in a semifinal for the 24th Soviet championship, thereby qualifying.[11]
Uneven results
Spassky then went into a slump in world championship qualifying events, failing to advance to the next two
Interzonals (1958 and 1962), a prerequisite to earn the right to play for the world championship. This crisis
coincided with the hard three final years of his first marriage before his divorce in 1961,[12] the same year that he
broke with his trainer Tolush.
In the 24th Soviet final, played at Moscow in JanuaryFebruary 1957, Spassky shared fourth place with
Tolush,[13] as both scored 13/21, while Mikhail Tal won the first of his six Soviet titles, which began his ascent to
the world title in 1960.
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Spassky's failure to qualify for the Portoroz Interzonal came after a last-round defeat at the hands of Tal, in a nervy
game in the 1958 Soviet championship,[14] held at Riga. Spassky had the advantage for much of the game, but
missed a difficult win after adjournment, then declined a draw. A win would have qualified Spassky for the
Interzonal, and a draw would have ensured a share of fourth place with Yuri Averbakh, with qualification possible
via a playoff.
Spassky tied for first place at Moscow 1959 on 7/11, with Smyslov and David Bronstein.[15] He shared second
place in the 26th Soviet final with Tal, at Tbilisi 1959, finishing a point behind champion Tigran Petrosian, on
12/19.[16] Soon after Spassky notched a victory at Riga 1959, with 11/13, one-half point in front of Vladas
Mikenas.[17] Spassky finished in a tie for ninth at the 27th Soviet final in Leningrad, with 10/19, as fellow
Leningrader Viktor Korchnoi scored his first of four Soviet titles.[18] Spassky travelled to Argentina, where he
shared first place with Bobby Fischer, two points ahead of Bronstein, at Mar del Plata 1960 on 13/15,[19]
defeating Fischer in their first career meeting. Spassky played on board one for the USSR at the 7th Student
Olympiad in Leningrad,[20] where he won the silver,[21] but lost the gold to William Lombardy.[22]
Another disappointment for Spassky came at the qualifier for the next Interzonal, the Soviet final, played in
Moscow 1961,[23] where he again lost a crucial last-round game, this to Leonid Stein, who thus qualified, as
Spassky finished equal fifth with 11/19, while Petrosian won.
Title contender
Spassky decided upon a switch in trainers, from the volatile attacker Alexander Tolush to the calmer strategist Igor
Bondarevsky. This proved the key to his resurgence. He won his first of two USSR titles in the 29th Soviet
championship at Baku 1961, with a score of 14/20, one-half point ahead of Lev Polugaevsky.[24] Spassky
shared second with Polugaevsky at Havana 1962 with 16/21, behind winner Miguel Najdorf.[25] He placed joint
fifth, with Leonid Stein at the 30th Soviet championship held in Yerevan 1962, with 11/19.[26] At Leningrad
1963, the site of the 31st Soviet final, Spassky tied for first with Stein and Ratmir Kholmov,[27] with Stein winning
the playoff, which was held in 1964.[28] Spassky won at Belgrade 1964 with an undefeated 13/17, as Korchnoi
and Borislav Ivkov shared second place with 11.[29] He finished fourth at Sochi 1964 with 9/15, as Nikolai
Krogius won.[30]
In the 1964 Soviet Zonal at Moscow, a seven-player double round-robin event, Spassky won with 7/12,
overcoming a start of one draw and two losses, to advance to the Amsterdam Interzonal the same year.[31] At
Amsterdam, he tied for first place, along with Mikhail Tal, Vasily Smyslov and Bent Larsen on 17/23, with all four,
along with Borislav Ivkov and Lajos Portisch[32] thus qualifying for the newly created Candidates' Matches the next
year. With Bondarevsky, Spassky's style broadened and deepened, with poor results mostly banished, yet his
fighting spirit was even enhanced. He added psychology and surprise to his quiver, and this proved enough to
eventually propel him to the top.
Challenger
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Spassky was considered an all-rounder on the chess board, and his adaptable "universal style" was a distinct
advantage in beating many top grandmasters. In the 1965 cycle, he beat Paul Keres in the quarterfinal round at
Riga 1965 with careful strategy, triumphing in the last game to win 64 (+4 2 =4).[33] Also at Riga, he defeated
Efim Geller with mating attacks, winning by 52 (+3 0 =5).[34] Then, in his Candidates' Final match against
Mikhail Tal at Tbilisi 1965, Spassky often managed to steer play into quieter positions, either avoiding former
champion Tal's tactical strength, or extracting too high a price for complications. Though losing the first game, he
won by 74 (+4 1 =6).[35]
Spassky won two tournaments in the run-up to the final. He shared first at the third Chigorin Memorial in Sochi, in
1965 with Wolfgang Unzicker on 10/15,[36] then tied for first at Hastings 196566 with Wolfgang Uhlmann on
7/9.[37]
Spassky lost a keenly fought match to Petrosian in Moscow, with three wins against Petrosian's four, with
seventeen draws,[38] though the last of his three victories came only in the twenty-third game, after Petrosian had
ensured his retention of the title, the first outright match victory for a reigning champion since the latter of Alekhine's
successful defences against Bogoljubov in 1934.[39] Spassky's first event after the title match was the fourth
Chigorin Memorial, where he finished tied for fifth with Anatoly Lein as Korchnoi won.[40] Spassky then finished
ahead of Petrosian and a super-class field at Santa Monica 1966 (the Piatigorsky Cup), with 11/18, half a point
ahead of Bobby Fischer, as he overcame the American grandmaster's challenge after Fischer had scored 3/9 in
the first cycle of the event.[41] Spassky also won at Beverwijk 1967 with 11/15,[42] one-half point ahead of
Anatoly Lutikov, and shared first place at Sochi 1967 on 10/15 with Krogius, Alexander Zaitsev, Leonid
Shamkovich, and Vladimir Simagin.[43]
As losing finalist in 1966, Spassky was automatically seeded into the next Candidates' cycle. In 1968, he faced
Geller again, this time at Sukhumi, and won by the same margin as in 1965 (52, +3 0 =5).[44] He next met
Bent Larsen at Malm, and again won by the score of 52 after winning the first three games.[45] The final was
against his Leningrad rival Korchnoi at Kiev, and Spassky triumphed (+4 1 =5),[46] which earned him another
match with Petrosian. Spassky's final tournament appearance before the match came at Palma, where he shared
second place (+10 1 =6) with Larsen, a point behind Korchnoi.[47] Spassky's flexibility of style was the key to
victory over Petrosian, by 1210,[48] with the site again being Moscow.
World Champion
In Spassky's first appearance after winning the crown, he placed first at San Juan in October 1969 with 11/15,
one and one-half points clear of second.[49] He then played the annual event at Palma, where he finished fifth with
10/17. While Spassky was undefeated and handed tournament victor Larsen one of his three losses, his fourteen
draws kept him from seriously contending for first prize, as he came two points behind Larsen.[50] In MarchApril
1970, Spassky played first board for the Soviet side in the celebrated USSR vs. World event at Belgrade,[51]
where he scored +1 1 =1 in the first three rounds against Larsen before Stein replaced him for the final match, as
the Soviets won by the odd point, 2019. He won a quadrangular event at Leiden 1970 with 7/12, a point
ahead of Jan Hein Donner, who was followed by Larsen and Botvinnik, the latter of whom was making his final
appearance in serious play.[52] Spassky shared first at the annual IBM event held in Amsterdam 1970 with
Polugaevsky on 11/15.[53] He was third at Gothenburg 1971 with 8/11,[54] behind winners Vlastimil Hort and Ulf
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Andersson. He shared first with Hans Ree at the 1971 Canadian Open in Vancouver. In November and
December, Spassky finished the year by tying for sixth with Tal, scoring +4 2 =11, at the Alekhine Memorial in
Moscow, which was won by Stein and Anatoly Karpov,[55] the latter's first top-class success.
Ex-champion (197385)
In FebruaryMarch 1973, Spassky finished equal third at Tallinn with 9/15, three points behind Tal;[56] he tied for
first at Dortmund on 9/15 (+5 1 =9) with Hans-Joachim Hecht and Ulf Andersson.[57] Spassky finished in
fourth place at the annual IBM tournament held in Amsterdam,[58] one point behind winners Petrosian and Albin
Planinc. In September, Spassky went 10/15 to finish second to Tal in the Chigorin Memorial at Sochi by a
point.[59] In the 41st Soviet Championship[60] at Moscow, Spassky scored 11/17 to win by a full point in a field
which included all the top Soviet grandmasters of the time.
In the 1974 Candidates' matches, Spassky first defeated American Robert Byrne in San Juan, Puerto Rico by 4
1 (+3 0 =3);[61] he then lost the semifinal match to Anatoly Karpov in Leningrad, despite winning the first game,
(+1 4 =6).[62] In Spassky's only tournament action of 1974, he played at Solingen, finishing with 8/14 (+4 1
=9), thus sharing third with Bojan Kurajica, behind joint winners Lubomir Kavalek and Polugaevsky, who scored
10.[63]
During 1975, Spassky played two events, the first being the annual tournament at Tallinn, where he finished equal
second with Fridrik Olafsson, scoring 9/15 (+5 1 =9), one point behind Keres,[64] the last international event
won by the latter before his sudden death in June 1975. In OctoberNovember, Spassky finished second to Geller
at the Alekhine Memorial in Moscow with a score of 10 points from fifteen games (+6 1 =8).[65]
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In 1976, Spassky was obliged to return to the Interzonal stage, and finished in a
tie for tenth place in Manila,[66] well short of qualifying for the Candidates
matches, but was nominated to play after Fischer declined his place. Spassky
won an exhibition match with Dutch grandmaster Jan Timman at Amsterdam
1977 by 42.[67] He triumphed in extra games in his quarterfinal Candidates'
match over Vlastimil Hort at Reykjavk 1977 by 87.[68] This match saw
Spassky fall ill, exhaust all his available rest days while recovering; then the
healthy Hort used one of his own rest days, to allow Spassky more time to
recover; Spassky eventually won the match.
Spassky won an exhibition match over Robert Hbner at Solingen, 1977 by
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Bath, Somerset 1973, board 1, 5/7 (+3 0 =4), team gold, board gold.[78]
Spassky played seven times for the Soviet Olympiad team. He won thirteen medals, and scored 69/94 (+45 1
=48), for 73.40 percent. His complete results are:
Varna 1962, board 3, 11/14 (+8 0 =6), team gold, board gold medal;
Tel Aviv 1964, 2nd reserve, 10/13 (+8 0 =5), team gold, board bronze;
Havana 1966, board 2, 10/15, team gold.
Lugano 1968, board 2, 10/14, team gold, board bronze;
Siegen 1970, board 1, 9/12, team gold, board gold;
Nice 1974, board 3, 11/15, board gold, team gold;
Buenos Aires 1978, board 1, 7/11 (+4 1 =6), team silver.[78]
Spassky played board one in the USSR vs. Rest of the World match at Belgrade 1970, scoring (+1 1 =1) against
Larsen.
Spassky then represented France in three Olympiads, on board one in each case. For Thessaloniki 1984, he
scored 8/14 (+2 0 =12). At Dubai 1986, he scored 9/14 (+4 0 =10). Finally at Thessaloniki 1988, he scored
7/13 (+3 1 =9). He also played board one for France at the inaugural World Team Championships, Lucerne
1985, where he scored 5/9 (+3 1 =5).
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However, Spassky's performances in the World Cup events of 1988 and 1989 showed that he could by this stage
finish no higher than the middle of the pack against elite fields. At Belfort WC 1988, he scored 8/15 for a joint 4th
7th place, as Garry Kasparov won. At Reykjavk WC 1988, he scored 7/17 for a joint 15th16th place, with
Kasparov again winning. Finally, at Barcelona WC 1989, Spassky scored 7/16 for a tied 8th12th place, as
Kasparov shared first with Ljubomir Ljubojevi.
Spassky played in the 1990 French Championship at Angers, placing fourth with 10/15, as Marc Santo Roman
won. At Salamanca 1991, he placed 2nd with 7/11 behind winner Evgeny Vladimirov. Then in the 1991 French
Championship, he scored 9/15 for a tied 4th5th place, as Santo Roman won again.
In 1992, Bobby Fischer, after a twenty-year hiatus from chess, re-emerged to arrange a "Revenge Match of the
20th century" against Spassky in Montenegro and Belgrade; this was a rematch of the 1972 World Championship.
At the time, Spassky was rated 106th in the FIDE rankings, and Fischer did not appear on the list at all, owing to
his inactivity. This match was essentially Spassky's last major challenge. Spassky lost the match with a score of +5
10 =15. Spassky then played young female prodigy Judit Polgr in a 1993 match at Budapest, losing narrowly by
45.
Spassky continued to play occasional events through much of the 1990s, such as the Veterans versus Women
series.
On October 1, 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. In his first major
post-stroke play, he drew a six-game rapid match with Hungarian Grandmaster Lajos Portisch in April 2007.
On September 23, 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him
paralyzed on his left side.[85] After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.[86] On August
16, 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances.[87][88] Spassky is the oldest living
former world champion.
Legacy
Spassky's best years were as a youthful prodigy in the mid-1950s, and in the mid
to late 1960s. It is generally believed that he began to lose ambition once he
became world champion. Some suggest the first match with Fischer took a severe
nervous toll, but others disagree, and claim that as he was a sportsman who
appreciated his opponent's skill. He applauded one well-played game of Fischer,
and defended Fischer when he faced jailing.
Spassky has been described by many as a universal player.[89][90][91] Never a
true openings expert, at least when compared to contemporaries such as Geller
and Fischer, he excelled in the middlegame and in tactics.
Spassky, 2009
Spassky succeeded with a wide variety of openings, including the King's Gambit,
1.e4 e5 2.f4, an aggressive and risky line rarely seen at the top level. The chess
game between "Kronsteen" and "McAdams" in the early part of the James Bond
movie From Russia With Love is based on a game in that opening played
between Spassky and David Bronstein in 1960 in which Spassky ("Kronsteen")
was victorious.[92]
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His contributions to opening theory extend to reviving the Marshall Attack for Black in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5
2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5), developing the Leningrad Variation for
White in the Nimzo-Indian Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Bg5), the Spassky Variation on the Black
side of the NimzoIndian, and the Closed Variation of the Sicilian Defence for White (1.e4 c5 2.Nc3). Another
rare line in the King's Indian Attack bears his name: 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 b5!?
Notable games
Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer, Santa Monica 1966, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D87), 10
(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044620) Fischer seems to equalize in a sharp game, but
he makes a small mistake and Spassky capitalizes.
Boris Spassky vs Efim Geller, Sukhumi Candidates' match 1968, game 6, Sicilian Defence, Closed Variation
(B25), 10 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1049394) One of three wins by Spassky
over Geller in this match using the same variation, which is one of Spassky's favorites.
Boris Spassky vs Tigran Petrosian, World Championship match, Moscow 1969, game 19, Sicilian Defence,
Najdorf Variation (B94), 10 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106864) Aggressive style
of play and combinations show Spassky at his heights.
Bent Larsen vs Boris Spassky, Belgrade 1970 (match USSR vs. Rest of the World), NimzoLarsen Attack,
Modern Variation (A01), 01 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1128831) Another short
win over a noted grandmaster.
Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer, Siegen Olympiad 1970, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D87), 1
0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044698) Fischer tries the Grunfeld again against
Spassky, and the game is remarkably similar to their 1966 encounter.
Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer, World Championship match, Reykjavk 1972, game 11, Sicilian Defense,
Najdorf, Poisoned Pawn Variation (B97), 10 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044724)
Fischer's only loss in his favourite Poisoned Pawn variation.
Anatoly Karpov vs Boris Spassky, Candidates' match, Leningrad 1974, game 1, Sicilian Defence,
Scheveningen Variation (B83), 01 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1067809) Spassky
lost the match, but he started strongly with this win.
References
Notes
1. "Spassky switches federations, now represents Russia" (http://www.chessvibes.com/spassky-switchesfederations-now-represents-russia). ChessVibes. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
2. "ChessBase News | Boris Spassky: a chess legend turns seventy-five" (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?
newsid=7883). Chessbase.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
3. "Bucharest 1953 - 365Chess.com Tournaments" (http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Bucharest_1953/25016).
365chess.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
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Cup_2nd_1966/26329).
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Bibliography
Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results, 19561960: A Comprehensive Record With 1,390 Tournament Crosstables
and 142 Match Scores, With Sources. McFarland. ISBN 0-786-44803-2.
Schonberg, Harold C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN 0-397-01004-4.
Further reading
Spassky's Best Games by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford, 1969.
World chess champions by Edward G. Winter, editor. 1981 ISBN 0-08-024117-4
Cafferty, Bernard (1972). Boris Spassky Master of Tactics. Spassky's 100 Best Games 19491972.
London: B. T. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-2409-6.
Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 43
57. ISBN 0-486-28674-6.
No Regrets: FischerSpassky by Yasser Seirawan; International Chess Enterprises; March 1997. ISBN 1879479-08-7
Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time
by David Edmonds and John Eidinow; Ecco, 2004.
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Garry Kasparov (2004). My Great Predecessors, part III. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-371-3
Raetsky, Alexander; Chetverik, Maxim (2006). Boris Spassky: Master of Initiative. Everyman Chess.
ISBN 1-85744-425-6.
External links
Boris Spassky (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?
pid=21136) player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Chessbase report of stroke
(http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6692)
OlimpBase (http://www.olimpbase.org/players/59pz3v1e.html)
Succeeded by
Bobby Fischer
Achievements
Preceded by
Tigran Petrosian
Succeeded by
Bobby Fischer
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