Analysis of Production Data

(Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance)
Module for:
Analysis of Reservoir Performance
Analysis of Production Data
T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
(+1) 979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
(27 November 2003)
Slide 1
Module for:

Executive Summary
(27 November 2003)
Slide 2
Executive Summary Presentation Structure
zOverview of Production Data Analysis

zEquivalent Constant Rate Case
Material Balance Time (Oil and Gas)
Normalized Rate Functions
zAssumptions and Limitations

Data Requirements
Liquid (Oil) and Gas (Generally Dry Gas)
Miscellaneous
zLibrary of Decline Type Curve Models

Various well and reservoir models
zExample Analyses
zComment and Closure
(27 November 2003)
Slide 3
Module for:

Overview of Production Data Analysis
(27 November 2003)
Slide 4
Overview of Production Data Analysis

zHistorical Developments
Perspectives
Early reserves estimation plots
Early decline curve analysis
zEvolution of Decline Type Curve Analysis

Arps' exponential and hyperbolic relations
Dimensionless rate-time plot (constant pressure)
Dimensionless decline type curves (liquid and gas)
zRigorous Analysis of Production Data

Full superposition (van Everdingen-Meyer method)
Analogy/synthesis with analysis of well test data
zProduction Data Analysis Future Issues

Data, models, integration, simulation, control...
(27 November 2003)
Slide 5
Production Data Analysis: History Lessons (1/4)

z Origin of technology:
Early 1900's estimate well
deliverability and reserves.
"Reservoir characterization" did
not evolve until 1950's.
z Relevance:
Pressure transient testing is a
"high frequency/high resolution" data analysis technique.
Production data analysis remains a "crude data" technique.
Data quantity/quality issues will
always be an issue.
z From: Dealing with the Idiots in

Your Life, J. Benton (1993).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 6

z Production decline analysis:
Over 80 years old!
Objective was economic, not
technical production extrapolations were even
referenced to the tax year!
Very humble origins
"whatever worked" plots
seemed to be popular (e.g.,
Cartesian, log-log, and semilog).
z From: Manual for the Oil and Gas Industry

Arnold (1919).
z From: Estimation of Underground Oil Reserves

by Oil-Well Production Curves Cutler (1924).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 7
a. The "engineer's solu- b. The "gee it works" plot c. The "scratch your head"
plot ... interesting, but ...
tion" (i.e., the log-log
I wonder if there is
how does it work?
plot) (did not stand
some theory ... (yes).
the test of time plot).
z From: Estimation of Underground Oil Reserves
by Oil-Well Production Curves Cutler (1924).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 8
zArps' Relations for Decline Curve Analysis: (1944)

Empirical, but even in 1944, Arps tried to relate to theory.
Many products use these relations, must use regression.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 9
Decline Type Curve Analysis: Evolution
(1/5)
z "Arps" decline analysis:
z From: SPE-Transactions Arps (1944).
Introduction of exponential
and hyperbolic families of
"decline curves" (Arps, 1944)
Introduction of log-log "type
curve" for the "Arps" family
of "decline curves" (Fetkovich, 1973).
Empirical ... but seems to
work as a general tool. Is
this more coincidence or
theory?
z "Arps" curves should be used
as an empirical tool particularly for estimating future performance and reserves.
z From: SPE 04629 Fetkovich (1973).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 10
(2/5)
z "Analytical" rate decline curves:
(27 November 2003)
Data from van Everdingen

and Hurst (1949), re-plotted
as a rate decline plot (Fetkovich, 1973).
This looks promising but
this is going to be one really
big "type curve."
What can we do? Try to collapse all of the trends to a
single trend during boundary-domination flow (Fetkovich, 1973).
z "Analytical" stems are another
name for transient flow behavior, which can yield estimates
of reservoir flow properties.
Slide 11
(3/5)
z Composite Transient Type Curve:
Collapses the transient flow

trends into "stems" related to
reservoir size and skin factor
(Fetkovich, 1973).
z Composite Decline Type Curve:
Addition of the "Arps" empirical
trends for "boundary-dominated
flow behavior (Fetkovich, 1973)."
z Assumptions:
Constant bottomhole pressure.
"Liquid" flow (not gas).
z Comments on gas flow behavior:
Fetkovich (and others) have noted
that most gas cases lie on or near
the stems for 0.4<b<0.6.
(27 November 2003)
No physical support for this.

Slide 12
(4/5)
zFetkovich "Composite" Decline Type Curve:

Assumes constant bottomhole pressure production.
Radial flow in a finite radial reservoir system (single well).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 13
(5/5)
z Gas Carter Type Curve:
z From: SPE 12917 Carter (1985).
Correlation of gas well

performance for varying
levels of pressure drawdown
(Carter, 1985).
z Gas Fetkovich-McCray-Carter
Type Curve:
Addition of new the "McCray"
plotting functions (Palacio, et
al, 1993).
z Assumptions:
Production at constant bottomhole pressure.
z From: SPE 25909 Palacio, et al (1993).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 14
Production Analysis: Rigorous Approaches (1/3)

z "Van Everdingen-Meyer Method:
"Analysis by simulation" (use
analytical solution to define xaxis plotting function.
Considers all of the data,
needs a complete model to
generate an appropriate
analysis/interpretation.
Theoretically simple, practical.
z Pro: Theoretically simple and
practical (can use field data).
z Con: Limited by solution model
as well as data quality.
z From: SPE 15482 Whitson

and Sognesand (1988).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 15

z Practically speaking...
"Data on demand" will arrive.
We may even have pressure.
Today's tools can not handle
the task of analysis and interpretation.
z "Drowning in Data"
Consider the case of pressure transient testing
10,000-100,000 data are now
common.
Production databases will be
enormous...
z From: SPE 56419 Athichanagorn, Horne, and Kikani (1999).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 16

z Consider a well test example:
Impossible to analyze all of
the data...
Use "windows" to analyze
segments of the data.
Surprise! The results are not
the same from window to
window but they are
related (see histograms).
z Good news: The statistics are
relevant...
z Bad news: This is not as consistent as we would like...
z From: SPE 56419 Athichanagorn, Horne, and Kikani (1999).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 17
Production Analysis: Future Issues

z Data analysis/interpretation:
Improved acquisition.
Integration of analytical and
numerical tools.
"Event" analysis
"Continuous" data analysis.
z Good news: The tools (analytical and numerical) will evolve.
z Bad news: The data burden will
be tremendous, perhaps even
overwhelming. Data quality
may still be an issue.
z The purpose of analysis is to
provide a basis for modelling
and, in turn, modelling provides
z From: School is Hell, M. Groen- a basis for optimization and flow
ing, (1987).
control.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 18
Module for:

Equivalent Constant Rate Case
(27 November 2003)
Slide 19
Equivalent Constant Rate Case

zMaterial Balance Time
"Converts" variable-rate/variable pressure drop data
into "equivalent" constant rate case using a superposition formula based on boundary-dominated flow
behavior.
Liquid (oil) systems have a simple formulation
based of the flowrate and cumulative production.
Gas systems require a pseudotime function for the
pressure-dependent gas properties.
zNormalized Rate Functions

(qo/p) (or (qg/pp) for gas)
(qo/p)i (or (qg/pp)i for gas)
(qo/p)id (or (qg/pp)id for gas)
(27 November 2003)
Slide 20
Eq. Constant Rate Case: Material Balance Time

zIntroduce the rigorous application of production decline analysis using type curves: (variable-rate/variable pressure drop data)
Use time, pressure, flowrate (TPR) data .
Analysis approach uses "material balance time"
(forces late-time data onto the Arps b=1 stem).
zOil Material Balance Time:

t =
Np
qo
zGas M.B. Pseudotime: zGas Pseudopressure:

c
qg (t )
gi ti
ta = q
( p )c ( p ) dt
t
g 0 g
(27 November 2003)
gi zi p
pp =
pi
p
base
p
dp
g z
Slide 21
Eq. Constant Rate Case: Rate Functions

zThe normalized rate function (qo/p) (or (qg/pp)
for gas) results from the superposition formula.
The auxiliary functions ((qo/p)i (or (qg/pp)i)
and (qo/p)id (or (qg/pp)id)) are used to provide
"smoothness" and "character" to the data.
zRate Function:
(qo/p) (or (qg/pp) for gas)
zRate Integral Function:

ta
1 t
1
(qo / p ) i = (qo / p )dt or (q g / p p ) i =
(q / p p ) d t a
ta 0 g
t 0
zRate Integral-Derivative Function:

(qo / p )id = t
(27 November 2003)
d
d
| (qo / p )i | or (q g / p p )id = t a
| (q g / p p )i |
dta
dt
Slide 22
Well Performance Relations: Oil Case

zThe well performance equations for the oil case
are obtained by combining the material balance
equation for a slightly compressible liquid and
the pseudosteady-state flow equation. The
pressure drop and flowrate results are:
Pressure Drop Form:
p
= bo , pss + mo , pss t
qo
Where:
mo , pss =
Flowrate Form:
qo
1
=
p bo , pss + mo , pss t
1 Bo
Nct Boi
o Bo 1
4 1 A
bo , pss = 141.2
ln
+ s
2
kh 2 e C A rw
(27 November 2003)
Slide 23
Well Performance Relations: Gas Case

zThe gas well performance equations are obtained by combining the gas material balance
equation and the pseudosteady-state flow equation for gas. These results are given as:
Pressure Drop Form:
p p
qg
Flowrate Form:
qg
= bg , pss + mg , pss t a
Where:
p p
1
bg , pss + mg , pss t a
z
q
t
(
)
p
gi
i
gi ti
g
=
dp
ta = q
( p )c ( p ) dt pp
pi p
g z
t
g 0 g
base
1
mg , pss =
Gct
(27 November 2003)
bg , pss = 141.2
gi Bgi 1
kh
4 1 A
ln
+ s
2
2 e C A rw
Slide 24
Module for:

Assumptions and Limitations
(27 November 2003)
Slide 25
(1/4)
zData Requirements
Good estimates of base PVT properties (black oil: T,
sep, pb, STO and for dry gas: T, sep). OR, a fluid
sample/report would be preferred (with the fluid

sample taken early in the life of the reservoir.
Accurate measurements/estimates of rate and pressure data. This is the key to the methodology
random errors are "tolerable" gaps or other systematic errors in the rate history are generally NOT
acceptable.
Estimates of porosity, net pay, wellbore radius, are
necessary.
A detailed documentation of the well completion
history is very useful particularly when attempting to resolve production anomalies.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 26
(2/4)
zLiquid (Oil) Case

Only major issue/limitation is that of the appropriate
value of total compressibility (ct). This value is used

to estimate original oil-in-place (N), and we must
recognize that ct changes as the reservoir depletes.
In particular, the effect of reservoir pressure trending below the bubblepoint pressure is a major issue.
zGas (i.e., Dry Gas) Case

Requires an estimate of initial gas-in-place, G.
Generally yields good estimates of volumetric and
flow properties.
No major issues water/liquid loading has been
seen to cause problems in the pressure data. Well
cleanup also occasionally an issue (low permeability reservoir systems).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 27
(3/4)
zMiscellaneous
This is data analysis methodology designed to be a
single well analysis technique, it can be extended to

the multiwell case, but this is not trivial and requires the production history for the entire field.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 28
(4/4)
zCompressibility/Mobility Plot: (pwf = constant)
From Camacho-V., R.G. and Raghavan, R.: "Boundary-Dominated Flow in Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoirs," SPERE (November 1989) 503-512.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 29
Module for:

Library of Decline Type Curves
(27 November 2003)
Slide 30
Decline Type Curve Analysis: Property Estimates

z Decline type curve models are available for:
Unfractured vertical wells
Vertical well (radial flow) case
Waterflood" case
Fractured vertical wells
Infinite Conductivity Vertical Fracture

Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture
Horizontal wells
z The proposed analysis and interpretation methods for

decline type curve analysis provide estimates of:
Original Oil-in-Place/Drainage Area
Reservoir Flow Characteristics:
Formation Permeability
Initial Skin Factor
Fracture Half-Length
Effective Horizontal Well Length
Boundary Flux Parameters (possibly)
(27 November 2003)
Slide 31
Library of Decline Type Curves: Orientation

z Fetkovich Type Curves Radial Flow:
Original Fetkovich Decline Type Curve
"Rate Derivative" Decline Type Curve
z Fetkovich-McCray Type Curves Radial Flow:
Fetkovich-McCray Type Curve

Fetkovich-Carter-McCray Type Curve (Gas)
"Waterflood" Type Curves (Boundary Flux)
"Well Interference" Type Curve (Boundary Flux)
z Fetkovich-McCray Curves Fractured Wells:

Infinite Conductivity Vertical Fracture
Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture
z Fetkovich-McCray Curves Horizontal Wells

z Agarwal, et al Methodology:
Radial Flow Case
Vertically Fractured Well Cases
(27 November 2003)
Slide 32
Library of Decline Type Curves: Fetkovich
a. Palacio, et al (1993): "Fetkovich-McCray Original" (radial

flow) includes auxiliary functions. (tDd format)
(1/3)
b. Doublet, et al (1994): "Fetkovich Derivative" (radial

flow) not practical for analysis. (tDd format)
z Decline Type Curves: Radial Flow

"Fetkovich-McCray Original"
"Fetkovich Derivative"
"Fetkovich-McCray Material
c. Doublet, et al (1994): "Fetkovich-McCray M.B. Time"

(radial flow) includes auxiliary functions. (tDd,bar)
(27 November 2003)
Balance" Uses material balance

to rigorously incorporate variations in rate and pressure over
time. This technique substantially improves the analysis of
variable-rate production data.
Slide 33
(2/3)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for an Unfractured

Well Production Time Format.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 34
(3/3)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for an Unfractured

Well Material Balance Time Format.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 35
Library of Decline Type Curves: Doublet/Pratikno (1/4)
a. Doublet, et al (1996): "Fetkovich-McCray" format

INFINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=).
b. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format

FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=10).
z Decline Type Curves: Fractured Wells

Infinite fracture conductivity:
Less complex solution, but
somewhat ideal for use in
practice.
Finite fracture conductivity:
FcD=10: Moderate to high fracture
c. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format

FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=0.5).
(27 November 2003)
conductivity case.
FcD=0.5: Low fracture conductivity case.
Slide 36
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for a Fractured Well

(Infinite Conductivity) Material Balance Time Format.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 37

(FcD=10) Material Balance Time Format.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 38

(FcD=0.5) Material Balance Time Format.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 39
Library of Decline Type Curves: Shih

z Horizontal Well Cases "Infiniteconductivity" horizontal well
case(s).
z From: SPE 29572 Shih, et al. (1995).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 40
Library of Decline Type Curves: Boundary

z Decline Type Curve Analysis:
"Break-glass-in-case-of-fire" cases
z From: SPE 30774 Doublet, et al. (1995).
z From: Unpublished Marhaendrajana (2000)

(multiwell analysis do not use).
z From: SPE 30774 Doublet, et al. (1995).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 41
Library of Decline Type Curves: Multiwell

z Multiwell Analysis
Multiwell case can be "recast" into
single well case using cumulative
production for entire field.
Homogeneous reservoir example shows
that all cases (9 wells) align same
behavior observed for heterogeneous
reservoir cases.
z From: SPE 71517 Marhaendrajana (2001).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 42
Library of Decline Type Curves: Agarwal, et al

z Agarwal, et al Methodology:
Basically the same as Blasingame, et al
work.
More like pressure transient test analysis/interpretation.
z From: SPE 57916 Agarwal, et al. (1998).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 43
Library of Decline Type Curves: Crafton, et al

z Crafton, et al Methodology:
Rate normalized pressure drop versus
production time (p/q versus t).
Also analogous to pressure transient
test analysis/interpretation.
Very serious limitations production
time is not sufficient for general case of
rate variation.
z From: SPE 37409 Crafton, et al. (1997) (Fig. 2).
z From: SPE 37409 Crafton, et al. (1997) (Fig. 5). z From: SPE 37409 Crafton, et al. (1997) (Fig. 10).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 44
Module for:

Examples
(27 November 2003)
Slide 45
Example 1: Fetkovich Rate-Time Analyses
a. West Virginia Well A: log(qg) versus log(t) (pi=

4175 psia, pwf=710 psia, Gquad=3.29 BSCF).
c. West Virginia Well A: log(Gp) versus log(t)

(pi= 4175 psia, pwf=710 psia, Gquad=3.29 BSCF).
z qg vs. t and Gp vs. t:
Good data matches (a. and c.)
b. West Virginia Well A: log(qg) versus t (pi= 4175

psia, pwf=710 psia, Gquad=3.29 BSCF).
(27 November 2003)
data quality provides clear trends.

"High" and "low" qi cases are +/10 percent assist in orienting
analysis in the spreadsheet.
Note that production performance
(i.e., rate data) is very consistent
(semilog rate-time plot).
Slide 46
Example 1: Fetkovich Decline Type Curve Analysis
z Rate-Time Decline Type Curve: (Rigorous Analysis)

West Virginia Well A (pi= 4175 psia, pwf=710 psia, Gquad=3.29 BSCF).
Very clear trends all data functions.
The estimate of gas reserves using rate-time decline type curve analysis is
conservative, possibly/probably a result of the lack of pressure data.
(27 November 2003)
Slide 47
Example 2: Horizontal Well Rate-Time Analyses
a. Well Heckmann 1: log(qg) versus log(t) (pi 9000

psia, pwf=variable, Gquad=5.69 BSCF).
c. Well Heckmann 1: log(Gp) versus log(t)

(pi 9000 psia, pwf=variable, Gquad=5.69 BSCF).
z qg vs. t and Gp vs. t:
Log(qg) vs. log(t) and log(qg) vs. t
b. Well Heckmann 1: log(qg) versus t (pi 9000

psia, pwf=variable, Gquad=5.69 BSCF).
(27 November 2003)
plots exhibit rate noise only

during the 100-day "erratic rate"
period.
Log(Gp) vs. log(t) trend is very
smooth and continuous throughout the entire production history.
Slide 48
Example 2: Horizontal Well Decline T.C. Analysis
z Rate-Time Decline Type Curve: (Rigorous Analysis)

Well Heckmann 1 (pi 9000 psia, pwf=variable, Gquad=5.69 BSCF).
This is a horizontal well sparse early data does match type curve trends
reasonably well.
Good overall data match comparable estimate of gas-in-place (G).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 49
Example 3: Womack Hill Field Well 1655
a. Production Data Plot for Well 1655 Womack

Hill Field (Alabama).
b. Watercut Plot for Well 1655 Womack Hill Field

(Alabama).
c. EUR Plot for Well 1655 Womack Hill Field

(Alabama).
d. Decline Type Curve Match of Oil Rate Data for

Well 1655 Womack Hill Field (Alabama).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 50


(Alabama).

(Alabama).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 51


(Alabama).

(Alabama).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 52


(Alabama).

(Alabama).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 53
Module for:

Comment and Closure
(27 November 2003)
Slide 54
Reservoir Performance Analysis: Tools

z Production Analysis Tools:
"Old" decline curve analysis.
Decline type curve analysis.
EUR analysis
Numerical simulation.
z On the horizon integrated data
acquisition, analysis, and control.
z Issues:
What tools do we really want?
What tools do we really need?
Numerical modelling savior
or villain?
Data acquisition is the key.
z From: Love is Hell, M. Groening, (1984).

(27 November 2003)
Slide 55
Reservoir Performance Analysis: Reality Check

z Production data analyses and
pressure transient analyses
"see" the reservoir as a volumeaveraged set of properties.
z New solutions/models will also
have this view of the reservoir.
z It's only time-pressure-rate data,
don't expect a miracle...
z The challenge of future work is
to represent the behavior of the
reservoir while also providing
an understanding of the scale of
reservoir features.
z From: Simulator Parameter Assignment
and the Problem of Scaling in Reservoir
Engineering Halderson (1986).
(27 November 2003)
Slide 56
Module for:

End of Presentation
(27 November 2003)
Slide 57
References: Reservoir Performance Analysis

Historical Methods Production Data Analysis:
1. Arps, J.J: "Analysis of Decline Curves," Trans., AIME (1945) 160, 228-247.
2. Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves," JPT (June 1980) 1065-1077.
3. Gringarten, A.C.: "Reservoir Limits Testing for Fractured Wells," paper SPE 7452 presented at the 1978 SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX., 1-3 October.
4. Carter, R.D.: "Type Curves for Finite Radial and linear Gas Flow Systems: Constant Terminal Pressure Case," SPEJ (October 1985)
719-728.
Decline Type Curve Analysis:
1. Fraim, M.L., Lee, W.J., and Gatens, J.M., III: "Advanced Decline Curve Analysis Using Normalized-Time and Type Curves for
Vertically Fractured Wells," paper SPE 15524 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans,
LA, 5-8 October.
2. McCray, T.L.: Reservoir Analysis Using Production Decline Data and Adjusted Time, M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M U., College Station, TX
(1990).
3. Palacio, J.C. and Blasingame, T.A.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Analysis of Gas Well Production Data," paper
SPE 25909 presented at the 1993 Joint Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, CO, 26-28 April
1993.
4. Doublet, L.E., Pande, P.K., McCollum, T.J., and Blasingame, T.A.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Analysis of Oil Well
Production Data Using Material Balance Time: Application to Field Cases," paper SPE 28688 presented at the 1994 Petroleum
Conference and Exhibition of Mexico held in Veracruz, Mexico, 10-13 October 1994.
5. Shih, M.-Y. and Blasingame, T.A.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves: Horizontal Wells," paper SPE 29572 presented at the
1995 Joint Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, CO, 20-22 March, 1995.
6. Doublet, L.E. and Blasingame, T.A.: "Evaluation of Injection Well Performance Using Decline Type Curves," paper SPE 35205
presented at the 1996 SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, TX, 27-29 March 1996.
7. Crafton, J. W.: "Oil and Gas Well Evaluation Using the Reciprocal Productivity Index Method," paper SPE 37409 presented at the
1997 SPE Production Operations Symposium, held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 9-11 March 1997.
8. Agarwal, R.G., Gardner, D.C., Kleinsteiber, S.W., and Fussell, D.D.: "Analyzing Well Production Data Using Combined Type Curve
and Decline Curve Analysis Concepts," paper SPE 49222 prepared for presentation at the 1998 SPE ATCE, New Orleans, LA, 27-30
September 1998.
9. Marhaendrajana, T. and Blasingame, T.A.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Evaluation of Well Performance Behavior
in a Multiwell Reservoir System," paper SPE 71514 presented at the 2001 Annual SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition, New
Orleans, 30 September-03 October 2001.
10. Pratikno, H., Rushing, J.A., and Blasingame, T.A.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves: Fractured Wells," paper SPE 84287
presented at the 2003 Annual SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, CO., 05-08 October 2003.
(27 November 2003)
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(Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance)

Analysis of Reservoir Performance

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.