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PLAXIS
PLAXIS
N 12 - JUNE 2002
Editorial
Some time has passed since the appearance
model.
Bulletin of the
PLAXIS
Users Association (NL)
another on excavations.
Plaxis bulletin
Plaxis B.V.
P.O. Box 572
2600 AN Delft
The Netherlands
E-mail:
bulletin@plaxis.nl
IN THIS ISSUE:
Jack-In Anchors.
Editorial
Column Vermeer
New developments
program.
PLAXIS 2D.
Editorial Staff:
Benchmarking II
12
Recent Activities
13
Plaxis practice I
14
17
Scientific Committee:
Users forum
22
Some Geometries
22
Agenda
24
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Column Vermeer
One
of
the
best-known
geotechnical
OF SOFT SOILS
will
discuss
correlations
for
the
Cc 1.35IP
Cc wL - 0.1
and
(1)
reformulated law,
Fig. 1:
Atterberg limits of 21
different soils that were
tested by Engel
relationship
*=
between
Cc
(1+e) In10
the
traditional
Cc
4.6
(2)
* 0.3lp
and
* 0.2(wL- 0.1)
(3)
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
form d/dln
Fig. 3:
Compression indices
correlate nicely with the
liquid limit
plasticity
in
indices
above
the
A-line
researchers.
oed
ref
ref
at
reference
stress
of
(5)
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Eoed =
Pref
*
(1+e) ln10
. P
ref
Cc
(6)
New Developments
In a few months, Plaxis version 8 will be
released. This new 2D program is one of the
user friendliness.
Foundation
Engineering,
Vol.
1,
MODELING FEATURES
Plaxis (2D) version 8 has several new features
injection.
Index
Properties
with
Some
Basic
simulate
soil
volume
loss
or
compensation grouting.
-
137-145.
structure interaction:
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Separate
maximum
distinction
between
anchor
and
compression).
-
forces
extension
cartesian stresses;
or impermeability.
Curves program.
CALCULATION OPTIONS
Regarding the new calculation options, most
software.
viewed
Construction.
(not
modified)
in
Staged
Loads
Staged
can
be
applied
in
USER FRIENDLINESS
Many new features in the framework of 'user
friendliness' are based on users' suggestions
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
NOTE ON PORE
PRESSURE
Soil Parameters
The following parameter sets have been used
MODEL
stress
state
has
been
applied
after
Table 1 Parameter
sets for Hardening
Soil model
Eurref
Eoedref
ur
pref
K0nc
Rf
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
HS_1
30 000
90 000
30 000
35
0 / 10
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
HS_2
50 000
150 000
50 000
35
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
HS_3
15 000
45 000
15 000
35
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
HS_4
30 000
90 000
40 000
35
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
HS_5
30 000
90 000
15 000
35
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
HS_6
50 000
150 000
30 000
35
0.0
0.2
100
0.75
0.426
0.9
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Hardening Soil
Fig. 1
Stress path in
p-q-space /
MC HS model
Fig. 2
q-1 - diagram /
MC HS model
Fig. 3
u-1 - diagram /
MC HS model
Fig. 4
A-1 - diagram /
MC HS model
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 5
Stress path in
p-q-space /
Hardening Soil
Fig. 6
q-1 - diagram /
Hardening Soil
approximately A = 0.6.
Summary
q [kN/m2]
Fig. 7
u-1 - diagram /
Hardening Soil
Fig. 8
A-1 - diagram /
Hardening Soil
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Reference
Skempton, A.W. (1954). The Pore-Pressure
Coefficients A and B. Geotechnique, 4, 143147.
H.F. Schweiger
Fig. 1:
Surface
settlements analysis A
Benchmarking I
PLAXIS BENCHMARK NO.1: SHIELD TUNNEL
1 - RESULTS
Fig. 2:
Horizontal
displacements at
surface -analysis A
Introduction
Unfortunately the response of the PLAXIS
community to the call for solutions for the
first PLAXIS benchmark example was not a
success at all. Probably the example
specified gave the impression of being so
straightforward that everybody would
obtain the same results and thus it would
not be worthwhile to take the time for this
exercise. However, I had distributed the
displacements [mm]
Fig. 3:
Displacements of
slected points analysis A
Fig. 4:
Surface
settlements analysis B
Fig. 5:
Horizontal
displacements at
surface -analysis B
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
displacements [mm]
Fig. 6:
Displacements of
selcted points analysis B
Fig. 7:
Surface
settlements analysis C
Fig. 8:
Horizontal
displacements at
surface analysis C
displacements [mm]
Fig. 9:
Displacements of
selcted points analysis C
Fig. 10:
Normal forces and
contact pressure analysis C
10
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 11:
Surface
settlements
analysis A / lateral
boundary at 100 m
Fig. 12:
Horizontal
displacements at
surface analysis A
/ lateral boundary
at 100 m
Fig. 13:
Surface
settlements
analysis A /
undrained drained
good
agreement
and
also
horizontal
Fig. 14:
Horizontal
displacements at
surface analysis A
/ undrained drained
undrained
drained
conditions
In order to show that the influence of the
lateral boundary is especially important under
undrained conditions (constant volume) an
11
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Summary
The outcome of this benchmark example
clearly emphasizes the necessity of performing
Technology
Benchmarking II
Table 1.
Parameters for
sheet pile wall and strut
EA
EI
kN/m/m -
0.655
kN/m
kN2/m
2.52E6
8064
Strut
1.5E6
0.0
to level 2.0 m
dry
wet
E50ref
Eurref
Eoedref
ur
pref
K0nc
Rf
Rinter
T-Strength
kN/m3
kN/m3
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
19.0
20.0
45 000
180 000
45 000
35
1.0
0.2
100
0.55
0.426
0.9
0.7
0.0
12
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
phi-c-reduction
level 6.0 m
REQUIRED RESULTS
1. bending moments and lateral deflections of
sheet pile wall (including values given in a
table)
COURSES
Regular courses:
Engineering
International
E-mail: schweiger@ibg.tu-graz.ac.at
http://www.tu-graz.ac.at/geotechnical_group/
course
Computational
Recent Activities
13
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
PLAXIS Practice I
years.
1. Introduction
Other courses:
Besides the above regular courses, other
adjacent
pre-existing
Length of excavation:
98 m
Width of excavation:
33 m
Maximum depth:
9m
Start of works:
Spring 2001
End of construction:
Summer 2001
3. Geotechnical conditions
In the Wrenlingen area, significant deposits
of the Aare River dominate, which comprises
predominantly gravels and sands. The
Photo 2:
Plaxis short course,
October 2001, Mexico
allowing
for
the
temporary
Photo 3:
Plaxis short course,
November 2001,
Vietnam.
Model
Behavior
HS
Drained
unsat
sat
E50ref
Eoedref
Eurref
ur
Rinter
kN/m3
kN/m3
kPa
kPa
KPa
kPa
22.0
22.0
33 000
37 500
0.5
99 000
0.25
1.0
32
1.0
14
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
following parameters:
649 elements
Results
Fig. 1:
Typical section
with horizontal
displacements
element.
6. Measurement on site
geotextile elements.
15
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 2:
Output in
shotcrete wall
maximum
measured
horizontal
Fig. 4:
Axial Forces in
geotextile
Fig. 5:
Measured
displacements
Plaxis
calculation
illustrates
Fig. 6:
Calculated
displacement
16
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Zrich - Switzerland
Calculation procedure
kN/m2
and 10
kN/m2)
of soil nails.
2. SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY
of soil nails.
PLAXIS
Practice
II
17
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Photo 2:
The Retaining System:
Contiguous Bored Pile
Wall Supported by Jackin Anchors that function
as Soil Nails
DEPTH (m)
DESCRIPTION
SPT N VALUE
LAYER 1
0 to 9
Clayey SILT
<12
LAYER 2
9 to 18
LAYER 3
18 to 27
>18
LAYER 4
27 to 35
Dense SILT
>50
Fig. 1:
Typical Subsurface Profile
Fig. 2a:
The Retaining System
Photo 3:
Hydraulic Jacking
Fig. 2b:
The Retaining System
18
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 4:
Geotechnical
Instruments
required
tolerance
after
engineering
assessment.
4. GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION
19
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig 6:
2-Dimensional finite element mode
where
the
Coulomb
criterion
Figure 7:
Lateral Deflection of Soil Nailed
Contiguous Bored Pile Wall
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
34000
9000
30000
200000
19
20
20
19
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
25
35
30
12
(kN/m2)
soil
(kN/m3)
Figure 8:
Lateral Deflection of Stiff and Flexible
Soil Nail System
is showing a trend of restrained cantilever and
2.90E+06
kN/m2
2.00E+07
kN/m2
ENAIL
ECONC.
20
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figure 9: Influence of
Nail Stiffness
7. SOIL-NAIL-SOIL-STRUCTURE
INTERACTION
Australia. ( To be Published)
8. CONCLUSION
The soil-nail-soil-structure interaction of a nailed
Austraila. ( To be Published)
21
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
For a beam:
EAreal=Ereal*dreal*breal [kN]
EAplaxis= EAreal/Ls [kN/m]
Users Forum
BEAM TO PILE PROPERTIES
IN PLAXIS
Properties for anchors are entered per anchor
so : EA = [kN] per anchor
Ls = [m] is spacing centre to centre
Beams and geotextiles are continuous in the
z-direction (perpendicular to the screen).
Therefore, a beam /geotextile will be a
Fig 1.
Partial geometry
for shieldtunnel
project
Some geometries
In the past bulletins, a few articles were related
to experience with the 3D Tunnel program.
Since its release last year, the 3D Tunnel
program has been used in practice for some
interesting projects. In the below graphs,
without further explanation you will find a brief
overview of possible projects and geometries.
The printed figures also indicate that the 3D
Tunnel program can deal with projects beyond
tunneling.
22
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig 2. Partial
geometry for pileraft foundation
Fig 3.
Displacement
contours for shield
tunnel project
Fig 4.
Partial geometry for anchored retaining wall.
23
Fig 5.
Deformed mesh for interacting tunnels.
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
ACTIVITIES
8-10 MAY, 2002
(English)
(English)
Boston, USA
Paris, France
(German)
Stuttgart, Germany
(Arabic, English)
Cairo, Egypt
(English)
Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands
(Portuguese, English)
(English)
Manchester, England
Karlsruhe, Germany
(Italian)
18-20 NOVEMBER, 2002
Napoli, Italy
Trondheim, Norway
Singapore
27-29 NOVEMBER, 2002
Short course on Computational Geotechnics
(French)
Pratique des lments finis en Gotechnique
Paris, France
For more information on these activities
6-9 JANUARY, 2003
please contact:
PLAXIS bv
Berkeley, USA
24