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LOGO
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(Session: 2012-13)
LIQUID CRYSTAL
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
Of
P.HD
In
PHYSICS
GUIDED BY:
SUBMITTED BY:
UNIVERSITY NAME
LOGO
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(Session: 2012-13)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NAMEstudent of P.HD in the academic year 2012-2013 of
this institute have completed their Dissertation Part-1 LIQUID CRYSTALand
submit a satisfactory report as a part of requirement for the award of degree of
Master of engineering from COLLEGE NAME
Guide
Head of Department
Director
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the
dissertation part-I report entitled
LIQUID CRYSTAL
In partial fulfillment of PHD in PHYSICS an authentic record of our own work
carried out under the guidance of Asst. Prof. .The work has been carried out at
University name.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1 ITNRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Liquid Crystal
Liquid Crystal Types
Reorientation of the molecules in electric fields
Optical birefringence
Switchable birefringence
Choosing the preferential direction of the molecules
Calculation of the director pattern in a liquid crystal medium
ABSTRACT
Liquid
crystal
materials
generally
have
several
common
uses
the
light
modulating
properties
of liquid
crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in a
wide
range
of
monitors, television,
applications
instrument
including: computer
panels, aircraft
cockpit
as
video
watches, calculators,
players,
gaming
and telephones.
devices, clocks,
LCDs
have
displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer
image burn-in.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
and the fluid state. Liquid crystals have the ordering properties of
solids but they flow like liquids. Liquid crystalline materials have
been observed for over a century but were not recognized as such
until 1880s. In 1888, Friedrich Reinitzer (picture) is credited for
the first systematic description of the liquid crystal phase and
reported his observations when he prepared cholesteryl benzoate,
the first liquid crystal.
Ordinary fluids are isotropic in nature: they appear optically,
magnetically, electrically, etc. to be the same from any direction
in space. Although the molecules which comprise the fluid are
generally anisometric in shape, this anisometry generally plays
little role in macroscopic behavior. Nevertheless, there is a large
class of highly anisometric molecules which gives rise to unusual,
fascinating, and potentially technologically relevant behavior.
There are many candidates for study including polymers, micelles,
micro-emulsions and materials of biological significance, such as
DNA and membranes. Although all of them are very interesting
this introduction will focus only on liquid crystals.
ISOTROPIC
NEMATIC
SMETCIC
MBBA
MHPOBC
the pictures in this link illustrate. In the rest of the tutorial pages
some interesting physical and optical properties of liquid crystals
are explained, limited to the nematic liquid crystal phase. Finally
the principle of a liquid crystal display will be explained.
Nematic liquid crystal media have uniaxial symmetry, which
means that in a homogeneous liquid crystal medium a rotation
around the director does not make a difference. The bulk ordering
has a profound influence on the way light and electric fields
behave in the material. Uniaxial anisotropy results in different
electrical and optical parameters if considered along the director
or in a plane perpendicular to it. This gives rise to interesting
technological possibilities. Two unusual phenomena are the
following: the reorientation of the molecules in an electric field
and optical birefringence of the molecules.
The torque tends to align the molecule parallel to the field. When
the field strength is increased, the molecule will reorient parallel
to the field.
Original orientation
top
axes.
In
an
isotropic
medium,
both
linear
polarizations move with the same speed. The speed of the wave
is determined by the refractive index of the medium.
refractive
index
when
it
oscillates
in
the
plane
of
the
refractive
index
is
called
birefringence.
In the isotropic medium, the two parts propagated with the same
speed. Combining them back together will result in the same
polarization ellipse as the original. In birefringent media, the
different speed of the ordinary and extra-ordinary waves results in
a phase difference between the two modes (= retardation). At the
end of the medium this phase difference between the two
oscillations will result in a different polarization ellipse.
Crossed polarizers
director
at
the
surfaces
allows
reproducible
director
Planar alignment
Homeotropic alignment
Alignment by rubbing
Liquid crystals are generally used in thin layers between two glass
parallel substrates. The distance, between the top and bottom
substrate in a liquid crystal cell ranges typically from 1 to 100 m,
depending on the used liquid crystal and the intended application.
The two surfaces are kept parallel at a constant distance by
spacers: microscopic spheres or rods made of polymer or glass.
The spacers are mixed in the glue that holds the two substrates
together and if necessary also spread on the whole substrate
surface by spinning.
The figure below shows three examples of liquid crystal layers
sandwiched between two substrates. On the surfaces in contact
with the liquid crystal, rubbed alignment layers are deposited. In
Splay-cell
Anti-parallel rubbed
Twisted nematic
with the three elastic constants k 11, k22 and k33. This equation is
known as the Oseen-Frank distortion energy. The three terms in
the equation are related to distortion due to splay, twist and bend
respectively
as
illustrated
in
the
figure
below.
General
further
categorised
into:
crystalline
which
has
regular
CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
director
reorients
to
become
between
(yellow).
If
crossed
unpolarized
(the
material parameters
are
not
only direction
mercury
and
liquid
crystals.
Mercury
is
used
to
applications,
televisions,
including
microdisplays,
laptop
medical
and
desktop
devices,
and
computers,
industrial
for
FPDs
(MCC
1995).
The
development
of
displays,
electroluminescent
displays,
and
vacuum
on
tests
of
knowledge
in
science
(extrinsic
in
science.
Female
students
find
science
boring,
of
scientific
research
(Gerli,
1984).
Students
are
(3)
provides
first-hand
experiences,
(4)
encourages
to
teaching
physics
and
in
addition
enable
however,
their
unique
harnessedtoproducehigh-performance
dynamics
materials
with
can
be
unique
properties.
In this entry, we review the state of the art in theoretical modeling
and computation of the flow and rheology of low-molecular-weight
liquid crystals (LCs) and liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). The
latter can be viewed as macromolecular liquid crystals, and the
significance of the molecular weight will be made clear shortly. We
LCs
relax
so
fast
that
their
molecular
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLGY
3.2 Tools for collecting Secondary Data: - Various statistical tools will also be
used to analyzing the secondary data.
1. Document Review: - Obtaining the actual forms and operating documents
currently being used. Reviews blank copies of forms and samples of actual
completed forms.
2. Observation: - analyzing annual reports and press releases, verifying the
statements made during the interviews.
3. Web Search: - The information related to outside region (other part of India
and Globe) will be studied from internet to other published papers.
4. Various policies will be dealt in details by referring various government
publications and reference book, journals, published data from time to time.
Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display (coll., more
specifically known as luminance).
(the
material parameters
are
not
only direction
ovens, CD
players and
many
orientation and move anywhere in the liquid. But there are some
substances that can exist in an odd state that is sort of like a
liquid and sort of like a solid. When they are in this state, their
molecules tend to maintain their orientation, like the molecules in
a solid, but also move around to different positions, like the
molecules in a liquid. This means that liquid crystals are neither a
solid nor a liquid. That's how they ended up with their seemingly
contradictory name.
Depending on the
liquid
crystals (FLCs)
use
liquid
crystal
are
transparent
substances
that
can
conductelectricity.
An LCD is a device that uses these four facts in a surprising way.
To create an LCD, you take two pieces of polarized glass. A
special polymer that creates microscopic grooves in the surface is
rubbed on the side of the glass that does not have the polarizing
film on it. The grooves must be in the same direction as the
When the light reaches the far side of the liquid crystal substance,
it vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules. If the
final layer is matched up with the second polarized glass filter,
then the light will pass through.
If we apply an electric charge to liquid crystal molecules, they
untwist. When they straighten out, they change the angle of the
light passing through them so that it no longer matches the angle
of the top polarizing filter. Consequently, no light can pass
through that area of the LCD, which makes that area darker than
the surrounding areas.
Building a simple LCD is easier than you think. Your start with the
sandwich of glass and liquid crystals described above and add
The LCD needed to do this job is very basic. It has a mirror (A) in
back, which makes it reflective. Then, we add a piece of glass (B)
with a polarizing film on the bottom side, and a common
electrode plane (C) made of indium-tin oxide on top. A common
electrode plane covers the entire area of the LCD. Above that is
the layer of liquid crystal substance (D). Next comes another
piece of glass (E) with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle
on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film (F), at a right
angle to the first one.
The electrode is hooked up to a power source like a battery. When
there is no current, light entering through the front of the LCD will
simply hit the mirror and bounce right back out. But when the
battery supplies current to the electrodes, the liquid crystals
between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped
like a rectangle untwist and block the light in that region from
were
first
discovered
in
1888,
by
Austrian
curious cholesterol-like
substance
(cholesteryl
computer
displays
are
lit
with
built-in fluorescent
drawbacks,
notably slow
response
pixel" on the display. Most active matrix displays have a few bad
pixels scattered across the screen.
Simply
put,
to
increase
display
size,
chance
of
including
bad
transistor
in
display.
rejection directly affects LCD price since the sales of the good
LCDs must cover the cost of manufacturing both the good and
bad ones. Only advances in manufacturing can lead to affordable
displays in bigger sizes.
hold
true
for
the
magnetic
susceptibility,
electrical
the
majority
of
both
commercial
and
industrial
1. Parallel Interface
The parallel interface typically controls the LCD via 8 data pins
and 3 control lines. The control lines used are Enable (E), Register
Select (RS), and Read/Write (R/W).
Description
Function
RS
Register
Control line
Select
L: Instruction H: Data
write
R/W
Read/Write
Control line
L: Data Write, H: Data
Read
Enable
to
be
Designation
Description
Function
interpreted
D0
Data Line
Bit
D1
Data Line
Lines
D2
Data Line
D3
Data Line
D4
Data Line
D5
Data Line
D6
Data Line
D7
Data Line
Parallel
Data
Description
FLM
First
DISP OFF
Function
Line Control
line
Marker
Signal
Display Off
Control line
L:
Display
Frame
Off,
H:
Display On
M
Designation
Description
Function
for Display Driver
CL1, LP
Latch Pulse
CL2, CP
Shift Pulse
D0
Data Line
D1
Data Line
D2
Data Line
D3
Data Line
2. Serial Interface
Serial Interface Types
o Serial - Serial Data In, Register Select, Reset, and Serial Clock
Custom - Various configurations - Add Latch, Chip Select
o SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
SPI (3 wire) uses Serial Data Out, Serial Data In, and Serial
Clock
SPI (4 wire) adds Chip Select
data
and
cannot
read.
Normally,
aRegister
Select
Descripti Function
on
Control
line
or CLK
(output
from
Clock
Designation
Descripti Function
on
master)
CS, CSn
(n
Chip
chip
Select
Control line
L:Chip
selected, "1, 2,
Selected,
etc")
H:Unselected
Serial
Data Line
Data In
A0
RES
Register H:
Data,
Select
Instruction
Reset
L:
Enable,
L:
H:
Disable
When RES is enabled, the register settings are initialized or
cleared.
SPI Interface
SPI, or Serial Peripheral Interface bus, is a synchronous (data is
synchronized to the clock) serial data link standard that operates
in full duplex mode, which means that devices that can
Descripti Function
on
Control
line
or CLK
(output
from
Clock
Designation
Descripti Function
on
master)
CS, CSn
(n
chip
Chip
Control
line
Select
selected, "1, 2,
etc")
SDI, DI, SI
Serial
Data Line
Data In
SDo, DO, SO
Serial
Data Line
Data Out
Occasionally, SDI (serial data in) may be called out as MOSI
(Master Out Slave In) from Motorola's original name for these lines
and MISO (Master In Slave Out) for SDO. The chip select line may
be alternatively labeled SS (Slave-Select), or STE (Slave Transmit
Enable). SPI is sometimes referred to as National Semiconductor's
trademark Microwire, which is essentially a predecessor of SPI,
which only supports half duplex.
Description
Function
RST, RES
Reset
Control line
L: Settings initialized
Designation
Description
Function
E1
Enable 1
E2
Enable 2
R/W
Read/Write
Control line
L: Data Write, H: Data
Read
A0/DI
Register
Select / Data
In
D0
Data Line
Bit
D1
Data Line
Lines
D2
Data Line
D3
Data Line
D4
Data Line
D5
Data Line
Parallel
Data
Designation
Description
D6/SCL **
Parallel mode
Data
Function
Line/
Serial Clock
D7/SDI **
Parallel mode
Data
Line/
Serial Data In
**Chip manufacturers will assign different functions to a specific
bus connection, depending on whether the chip is configured for
Parallel or Serial.
4. TFT Interface Examples
TFT Parallel Interface
Designation
Description Function
DCLK, CK
Data
Sampling
Clock
Control line
Data
Sampling
Clock Signal
Designation
Description Function
HSync
Horizontal
Sync
Signal
(negative
going)
VSync
Vertical
Control line -
Sync
Vertical
Signal
Signal
Sync
(negative
going)
R0
Red
Signal
R1
Red
Data
Signal
R2
Red
Data
Signal
R3
Red
Signal
Data
Designation
Description Function
R4
Red
Data
Signal
R5
Red
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
Ground
are
lines
placed
between
various signal
lines
for
isolation. Only
3
shown
examples
G0
Green
Data
Signal
G1
Green
Data
Signal
Data Lines
as
Designation
Description Function
G2
Green
Data
Signal
G3
Green
Data
Signal
G4
Green
Data
Signal
G5
Green
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
B0
Blue
Signal
B1
Blue
Data
Signal
B2
Blue
Data
Designation
Description Function
Signal
B3
Blue
Data
Signal
B4
Blue
Data
Signal
B5
Blue
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
ENAB
Enable
Set
Signal
H:
LCD
Enables
Designation
Description Function
R/L
Right
or Chip Specific -
Left Scan
tied to VCCor
GND
be present
U/D
Option may not
Up
or ChipSpecific -
be present
V/Q
Option may not
VGA
or Chip Specific -
QVGA
tied to VCCor
GND
be present
Description
DCLK
Clock
Input
Function
by
Setting
polarity
EDGSL
Designation
Description
Function
L: User can select
CLK
Rising
or
Duel
Edge
to
Latch by EDGSL
EDGSL
Define
Clock Polarity
L: Latch Data by
Rising
Edge
of
CLK (Default)
H: CLK Polarity is
Inverted,
Data
by
Latch
Falling
Edge of CLK
VCC
AVDD
Analog Power
Supply
RESETB
Hardware
L:
Active,
H:
Designation
VGL
Description
Function
Global Reset
Gate Off
Control
Gate
Off
line
Power
Supply Voltage
VGH
Gate On
Control
Gate
On
line
Power
Supply Voltage
VCOM
Common
Common
Voltage
Electrode Voltage
Input
V1
Gamma
Voltage level
1
V2
Gamma
Voltage level
2
V3
Gamma
Voltage level
Designation
Description
3
V4
Gamma
Voltage level
4
V5
Gamma
Voltage level
5
V6
Gamma
Voltage level
6
V7
Gamma
Voltage level
7
V8
Gamma
Voltage level
8
V9
Gamma
Voltage level
Function
Designation
Description
Function
9
V10
Gamma
Voltage level
10
DE
Input
Data When
in
DE
Enable
Control
to
enable
data
Red
Signal
R1
Red
Data
Signal
R2
Red
Data
Signal
R3
Red
Data
Signal
R4
Red
Data
Designation
Description
Function
Signal
R5 (MSB)
Red
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
between
various
signal
Green
Signal
G1
Green
Data
Signal
G2
Green
Data
Signal
G3
Green
Data
Signal
G4
Green
Data
Designation
Description
Function
Signal
G5 (MSB)
Green
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
B0 (LSB)
Blue
Signal
B1
Blue
Data
Signal
B2
Blue
Data
Signal
B3
Blue
Data
Signal
B4
Blue
Data
Signal
B5 (MSB)
Blue
Signal
GND
TTL-TFT Interface
Ground
Data
Designation
Description Function
DCLK, CK
Data
Control line -
Sampling
Latch Data At
Clock
Negative
Edge Signal
R0 (LSB)
Red
Signal
R1
Red
Data
Signal
R2
Red
Data
Signal
R3
Red
Data
Signal
R4
Red
Data
Signal
R5 (MSB)
Red
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
Ground
are
lines
placed
Designation
Description Function
between
various signal
lines
for
isolation. Only
3
shown
examples
G0 (LSB)
Green
Data
Signal
G1
Green
Data
Signal
G2
Green
Data
Signal
G3
Green
Data
Signal
Data Lines
as
Designation
Description Function
G4
Green
Data
Signal
G5 (MSB)
Green
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
B0 (LSB)
Blue
Signal
B1
Blue
Data
Signal
B2
Blue
Data
Signal
B3
Blue
Data
Signal
B4
Blue
Data
Signal
B5 (MSB)
Blue
Data
Designation
Description Function
Signal
GND
Ground
DE
Data
Control line -
Enable
Horizontal
Display
Position
Set
Signal
H:
Enables
LCD
SPI-TFT Interface
Designation
Description Function
SCL
Serial
Clock
Control line
SPI
Serial
Interface
Clock
HSync
Horizontal
Designation
Description Function
Sync
Signal
(negative
going)
VSync
Vertical
Control line -
Sync
Vertical
Signal
Signal
Sync
(negative
going)
RES
Reset
Reset Enable
CS
Chip
Select
SDO
SDI
ENAB
Serial
Data Output
Serial
In
Data Input
Enable
Designation
Description Function
Position
Set
Signal
H:
Enables
LCD
DCLK, CK
Data
Control line
Sampling
Clock
Data
Sampling
Clock Signal
R0
Red
Signal
R1
Red
Data
Signal
R2
Red
Data
Signal
R3
Red
Data
Signal
R4
Red
Data
Designation
Description Function
Signal
R5
Red
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
Ground
are
lines
placed
between
various signal
lines
for
isolation. Only
3
shown
examples
G0
Green
Data
Signal
G1
Green
Data
Signal
G2
Green
Data Lines
as
Designation
Description Function
Data
Signal
G3
Green
Data
Signal
G4
Green
Data
Signal
G5
Green
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
B0
Blue
Signal
B1
Blue
Data
Signal
B2
Blue
Signal
Data
Designation
Description Function
B3
Blue
Data
Signal
B4
Blue
Data
Signal
B5
Blue
Data
Signal
GND
Ground
across wires. This system can be used with either serial or parallel
or a hybrid interface protocol.
The operation basically has the LCD controller transmitting two
logic voltage levels that are compared in the LCD module. LVDS
uses the difference in voltage between the two lines to encode
information. These two lines are typically twisted pairs. The
transmitter sends a small current into one line or the other,
depending on the logic level to be sent. The current passes
through a resistor which is matched to the impedance of the line
at the LCD module, then returns in the opposite direction along
the other wire. The LCD module senses the polarity of the voltage
across the resistor to determine the logic level.
This
type
of
signal
minimizes
the
amount
of
radiated
uses
differential
signaling
to
reduce
electromagnetic
The main benefits to buy the LCD glass only are to reduce costs
and provide design flexibility. The total cost of the components
necessary to build the drive circuitry is less than the cost of a prebuilt module. As long as you have space on your existing PC
board, you won't have to pay for an extra PC board on which to
mount the display. By doing a little homework, your design will
work just as well as a module, and will allow the flexibility most
designers need to adapt their design to ever-changing demands.
Technology - TN or STN
The type of technology used is determined by the specific
performance characteristics of the display you are designing. For
a display with a low multiplex rate, i.e. about 8:1 or less, it is
possible to use a standard TN cell and still get an acceptable
viewing angle and contrast ratio. Above this level, the contrast
falls off quickly.
For displays with multiplex rates greater than 8:1, it has been
found that increasing the twist angle to 180 to 240 degrees, gives
superior results. By using a higher twist angle, one can achieve a
seals
will
not
be
problem.
In
general
then,
the
which
will
be
indoors,
or
mostly
indoors,
can
the light like the anti-glare materials, but rather re-direct the light
waves so that they continue traveling forward instead of
reflecting back toward the observer. New anti-reflective materials
can reduce the front surface reflections to less than 0.3% or less.
CHAPTER 4
Organic Light Emitting Diodes
(electron
and
hole
Therefore,
the
electrical
power
applied
to
the
4.2 Efficiency
The ratio between the electrical power supplied to the device and
the optical power that comes out through the glass substrate
determines the efficiency of our device. It can be divided into the
internal efficiency, that is the number of generated photons per
injected electron, and the optical outcoupling efficiency which is
the percentage of the generated light that is able to escape from
the device through the glass substrate.
But,
in
general
the
most
restrictive
parameters
for
the
OLED
technology
has
some
major
advantages
applications:
High efficiency and large area sources.
High brightness and wide viewing angle.
Thin, flat and lightweight.
Low voltage and fast switching technology.
Form freedom and tunable emission.
Flexible displays.
Low cost production.
for
these
of
thin,
mobile
and
flexible
displays:The
stimuli.
For
instance:
thermochromics
materials
are
is
raised
or
lowered.
This
effect
is
called
phototropism
(exposure
to
electromagnetic
radiation
groups
of
electrochromes
are
popular
in
making
Cheap:
The raw materials used in EC displays are cheap.
Switching is quite fast
One of the main issues of the first generation EC devices was the
long switching time. This is the time needed to change colour,
starting from the transparent state (about 5 seconds). This
however can be solved by using porous electrodes, like is done
now with the EC displays of the new generation. Typical switching
times are now of the order of 200 milliseconds.
Integration of colours without colour filters:
Researchers have developed a molecular dye that can
display red, green or blue, depending upon the applied
voltage. This implies that you wouldn't need to use colour
filters, which diminish the brightness of the display.
Easy transformation to make them in large amounts:
Recent studies show that existing LCD-manufacturers could
easily transform their assembling machines to assemble EC
displays.
Chapter 5
Computer simulation of confined and flex electric liquid
crystalline systems
anchoring
phase
diagrams
for
three
different
surface
interaction models showed that the hard needle wall and rodsurface potentials induce both planar and homeotropic alignment
separated by a bistability region, this being stronger and wider for
the rod-surface varant.
The results obtained using the rod-sphere surface model, in
contrast, showed that tilted surface arrangements can be induced
by surface absorption mechanisms.
off
states
orientations
is
from
arrangement.
The
achieved
field
surface
by
changing
aligned
to
treatment
of
the
molecular
surface
the
cell
aligned
surfaces,
has
become
particular
focus
for
numerical
extreme, a solid retains its shape, can support shear and its
atoms are restricted in space, oscillating about a fixed position.
Two type of solids can be distinguished; in crystalline solids, the
atoms are regularly spaced on a 3 dimensional lattice, whereas in
amorphous or glassy solids, the atoms are disordered on a large
scale but ordered in the range of a few molecular lengths.
Liquid is a state of matter which exists between the two
preceeding phases. A liquid substance only fills part of its
container and its localisation is largely controlled by the
gravitational force. Actually a liquid is only one component of a
two phase system as every liquid is always searching to be in
equilibrium with its own saturated vapor. A liquid has no rigidity,
gives no resistance to shear under static conditions and has a
small volume compressibility. On a microscopic scale, the
positions of the constituent molecules are randomly distributed
and no long range order can be found. Molecules in a liquid are
subject to Brownian diffusion.
However, this picture changed somewhat in the late eighteen
eighties. Slightly before then a number of scientist noticed some
who
performed
the
first
polarised
optical
microscopic
applications,
interest
in
liquid
crystals
increased
done in, but the difficulty of the task increases significantly with
the order of the coefficients. A better approach is the use of
resumptions techniques such as the y-expansion that allow the
indirect
inclusion
of
high
order
coefficients.
Some
other
and
mixture
systems
leading,
recently,
to
The main conclusion that can be drawn from this is that while MS
theory is most effective at long range it can successfully describe
liquid crystalline behaviour. This implies that short-range repulsive
forces have little role to play, whereas short range potentials have
been shown to be responsible for both the ordering of nematics
and the structure of normal liquids. This apparent discrepancy can
be resolved by appreciating that the long range attractive part of
the potential used in MS theory can be regarded as describing the
interactions between clusters of highly ordered particles.
5.3 Technology
Liquid crystals are substances that exhibit a phase of matter that
has properties between those of a conventional liquid and those
of a solid crystal. For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a
liquid, but its molecules may be arranged and oriented in a
crystal-like manner. There are many different types of liquid
crystal phases, which can be distinguished based on their
different optical properties.
The liquid crystal molecules are electrically charged. By applying
an electric current to transparent electrodes over each pixel or
subpixel, the molecules are twisted by electrostatic forces. This
changes the twist of the light passing through the molecules, and
allows varying degrees of light to pass through the polarizing
filters.
Merck
KGaA
(Darmstadt,
Germany)
and
the
Japanese
The
remaining
10
percent
of
liquid
crystal
share of LCDs in the flat panel display market will grow from 73.3
percent in 2004 to 81 percent in 2008. LCDs represented a total
display area of 13.2 million square meters in 2004 and are
projected to represent a total display area of 39.7 million square
meters in 2008. In 2004, passive matrix LCDs represented 4
percent of the market display area (684,000 square meters); they
are expected to represent 1.4 percent (6.7 million square meters)
of the total display area in 2008.
Average display size of LCD computer monitors will increase from
about 16.7 inches in 2005 to 17.2 inches in 2008 (DisplaySearch
2004, Becker 2005). LCD notebook displays are expected to
increase from a 14.5-inch display size in 2005 to an average size
of 14.8 inches in 2008.
Worldwide sales are predicted to grow from about 55 million
pieces in 2005 to over 85 million pieces in 2008 (DisplaySearch
2004). U.S. markets for LCDs are expected to increase at an
annual rate of 17 percent to reach about $14 billion by 2008
(Freedonia 2004).
2004).
Growth
in
demand
matches
those
of
light;
this
effect
is
form
of
materials
used
include
compounds
of
aluminum,
to
human
health
and
the
environment.
Lists
nature
of
individual
constituents,
including
of
the
effects
of
the
more
well-studied
FPD
the
potential
toxicity
and
hazards
of
FPD
interest
are
constituent
bioaccumulation
potential
and
Disease
Registry
[ATSDR]
toxicological
profiles;
EPAs
of
the
metals
and
metal
compounds
used
in
the
element
and
depends
on
local
soil
conditions.
Metal
watched
and
managed
constituents
due
to
their
in
IQ,
development
delays,
mental
retardation,
phosphors
may
contain
antimony,
manganese,
yttrium, tin and other metal compounds (Socolof et al. 2001). The
only information identified on the potential toxicity of these
Liquid Crystals
Manufacturers have conducted a fairly wide range of testing to
evaluate the potential for harmful effects associated with liquid
crystals. The findings of liquid crystal compounds and mixtures
tested to date generally suggest a low toxicity to humans and
ecological receptors and that test compounds are not mutagenic.
Though much of the underlying data were unavailable for review
for proprietary reasons, tests were reportedly conducted in
accordance with international guidelines set forth for industrial
chemicals (e.g., Organization for Economic Cooperation and
evelopment
[OECD],
European
Union
[EU])
and
prior
to
and
biphenyls
(EIAJ
1996).
There
are
tests
are
generally
used
in
evaluating
the
Union
as
toxic).2
Merck
emphasizes
that
the
the
OECD
and
EU
guidelines.
Results
for
daphnia
potentially
relevant
testing
includes
bioaccumulation
personnel.
They
provide
information
on
physical
Manufacturers emphasize,
however,
that criteria
for
MSDS
drawn
similar
conclusions.
EPAs
Office
of
Pollution
have
determined
that
the
physical
and
chemical
potential
toxicity
concerns
for
some
congeners.
been
commercially
manufactured:
penta,
octa,
and
Chapter 7
Recycling Technologies under Development
7.1
Recycling
of
Liquid
Crystals
and
Liquid
Crystal
Mixtures
Technically, recovery of liquid crystals from end-of-life LCDs is
possible. However, there are a number of factors greatly limiting
the practicability of recycling the liquid crystals. These include:
The liquid crystal mixture in an LCD typically contains 25
components or more (Becker 2002);
The quantity of liquid crystals in each LCD is very small: 0.6 mg
per square cm display size in a layer about 5 micrometers thick
(Becker 2002; LIREC no date);
Mechanical reclaiming of liquid crystals is not very efficient,
because adhesive forces between the liquid crystals and the glass
plates are high and lead to the risk of glass breakage; and
The extensive use of solvents is necessary to reclaim the liquid
crystals; the use of these solvents is restricted by economic and
regulatory considerations.
reclamation
procedure
is
more
expensive
than
the
such
as
electronics
and
plastic
case.
Merck
(e.g.
used
temperatures. These
catalysts
or
waste
metals)
with
high
materials. The products resulting from this process are slag and
the recovered noble metals. To avoid the formation of metal
oxides, reducing agents - like carbon-containing products must
be added. Merck applied for a patent for this method in 2004
(Martin, et al. 2004).
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
anchoring
for,
respectively,
long
and
short
arrangements
which
had
previously
always
been
simple
bistable
surfaces
for
low
energy
device
applications.
Hybrid anchored systems with a top home tropic surface have
been studied in the HNW as a surface potential in an attempt to
create a hybrid anchored slab
structural
transition
between
the
two
latter
phase
proved
to
be
very
interesting,
showing
systems
of
PHGO
particles
interacting
with
the
were
attempted
using
both
dielectric
and
dipolar
strength
and
dipole
moment
successful
The cell model itself should also be improved, for instance by the
use of mixtures of ellipsoidal shaped (HGO) and pear shaped
particles (PHGO) which would allow independent tuning and/or
enhancement of the bulk flexoelectric properties of the cell and
the field-direction-dependence of its surface behaviour. This
would also make the model a better description of a real liquid
crystal cell, since mixtures of several different components are
commonly used.
Finally, incorporation of attractive forces into the molecular
models should be considered so as to render them more realistic
and give access to better control mechanisms for tuning phase
and
anchoring
behaviour.
This
could
include
addition
of
REFERENCES
[1] A.J Davidson and N.J. Mottram. Flexoelectric switching in a
bistable nematic device. Physical Review E, 65:051710, 2002.
[2] R. Berardi, M. Ricci and C. Zannoni. Ferroelectric nematic and
smectic liquid crystals from tapered molecules. ChemPhysChem,
7:443, 2001.
[3] J.S. Rigden. Macmillian encyclopedia of physics. Macmillian,
1996.
[4] A. Guinier . The Structure of Matter. Edward Arnold Ltd, 1984.
[5]
F.
Reinitzer.Beitrage
zur
kenntniss
des
the
dielectric
permeability
and
the
piezoelectric
[16]http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266866177_A_Sampl
e_Document_for_electronic_Liquid_Crystal_Communications_(eLC)
[17]http://ec.org/presentations/tmp/Lev_M._Blinov_2008_01_19_10_14_11.pdf
[18]
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/64/1/10.1063/1.431
958
[19]http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/oleg/wiki/PolarizationIndependent_L
C_Microdisplays