Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Shallow foundations represent the simplest form of load transfer from a structure to the
ground beneath. They are typically constructed with generally small excavations into the ground,
do not require specialized construction equipment or tools, and are relatively inexpensive. In
most cases, shallow foundations are the most cost-effective choice for support of a structure. A
shallow foundation is also known as an open foundation, since such foundation is constructed by
open excavation. Hence those foundations, which have depth even greater than its width, but are
constructed by way of open excavation also come under shallow foundations. Shallow
foundation can divided into three types such as pad footing, strip footing and raft footing.
Pad foundation tend to be the simplest and cheapest foundation type and are used when
the soil is relatively strong or when the column loads are relatively light. They are usually square
or rectangular on plan, of uniform thickness and generally of reinforced concrete. They can be
stepped or haunched, if material cost outweigh labour costs. The reinforcement can vary from
nothing at one extreme through to a heavy steel grillage at the other, with lightly reinforced
section being the most common.
PAD FOOTING
Strip footings are commonly used for the foundations to load bearing walls. They are also
used when pad foundations for number of columns in line are so closely spaced that the distance
between the pads is approximately equal to the length of the side of pads. It is usually more
economic and faster to excavate and cast concrete in one long strip, than as a series of closely
spaced isolated pads. They are also used on weak ground to increase the foundation bearing area.
STRIP FOOTING
A mat foundation consists of a single heavily reinforced concrete slab, which underlies
the entire structure or a major portion of the structure. It also known as Raft foundation. Mat
foundations are often economical when spread footings would cover more than about 50 percent
of the footprint of the plan area of a structure. A mat typically supports a number of columns
and/or walls in either direction or a uniformly distributed load. The principal advantage of a mat
foundation is its ability to bridge over soft spots and reduce differential movement. Structures
founded on relatively weak soils or light weight structures may be economically supported on
mat foundations. Column and wall loads are transferred to the foundation materials through the
mat foundation. Mat foundations distribute the loads over a large area, thus reducing the intensity
of contact pressures.
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
WORK PROCEDURE
Even though shallow foundation has a several types with different characteristics which pad
foundation, strip foundation, and mate or raft foundation but the work procedure is still same.
The procedure are such a sequence below;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Site clearing
Setting out
Excavation
Waterproofing
Installation(formwork, support, strut, spacer block, rebar, starter bar, and other services
involved)
6. Carried out inspection
7. Concreting
8. Concrete curing
9. Dismantling formwork
10. Backfilling foundation
11. Compacting backfilled foundation
construction is start. After the site clearing is done, fill and compacted soil work will do to obtain
a the compact and flat platform surface so that it is not will be easily damaged for access roads to
facilitate entry and exit machineries to construction sites.
2.4 Waterproofing
Waterproofing is done to avoid concrete loosing water-cement ratio during concreting
work. There are two common technique to do the water proofing work which by using plastic
sheet. Lean concrete to be poured after the excavation work is completed, lean concrete thickness
is in the range of 50mm or according to the required specifications. Lean concrete works
required is to get a flat platform and hard surface for ease of installation work of reinforcement
bar carried out and it also serves to prevent moisture in the concrete is reduced due to seep into
the ground.
2.5 Installation
After water proofing work done such as lean concrete, then it comes to installation work.
Materials include in installation work are such rebar, spacer block, formwork, support/strut,
form-tie, starter bar and any other services attach to foundation. Sequence of work are such as
follow;
i.
ii.
Formwork
Formwork means the surface of the form and framing used to contain and shape wet concrete
until it is self-supporting. Formwork includes the forms on or within which the concrete is
poured and the frames and bracing which provide stability. Although commonly referred to as
part of the formwork assembly, the joists, bearers, bracing, foundations and footings are
technically referred to as false work.
Design
The design of the final concrete structure can have a major effect on the ease of formwork
construction and the health and safety of people during construction. Generally the more basic
and simple the final concrete structure, the safer it is to construct, erect and dismantle the
formwork.
An experienced formwork designer should be consulted during the design of in-situ concrete
structures to enable the health and safety risks during formwork construction and dismantling to
be considered in the design.
The formwork designer must be competent in formwork design including documenting
temporary work platforms and special equipment needed for safe formwork construction on-site.
A designer may use a technical standard or a combination of standards and engineering
principles relevant to the design requirements as long as the outcome is a design that meets
regulatory requirements.
Rigid, watertight, braced and tied together to maintain position and shape during
construction , and
Able to be removed easily and safely without damaging the formed concrete, or have
components that remain as part of the finished structure so the rest can be removed
without damaging the structure.
GUIDE TO FORMWORK
Formwork drawings should include details of
The formwork designer should determine the vertical pour rates for walls, columns and other
vertical concrete elements before completing the formwork design. Details of the construction
method and erection sequence should be included on the formwork drawings where appropriate.
Where special methods like external vibration are involved the formwork design should allow
for any resulting additional structural loads. Variations to a design of a system should be checked
and verified in writing by a designer, engineer or other competent person.
iii.
After that, prepare and install spacer block on the lean concrete inside of
iv.
v.
vi.
provided on specification.
Starter bar then install and tighten with the foundation rebar. Make sure lapping of
vii.
viii.
Then for bigger foundation, install form tie or strut to strengthen the formwork or
prevent formwork failure and concrete bulging.
However sequence of installation work was not necessary to follow as state above. It depends on
site condition that influence flow of work. Some criteria that may affect the flow of work is
materials, man power, weather, and also logistic on site.
Dont put us and the contractor under pressure by ordering concrete until after the
inspection has been carried out
After all
installation work have done, then inspection will be carry out before ordering a
Rebar
Starter bar
Spacer block
Size
Level
Position
Cleanliness
Materials for concreting work
Manpower
the accompanying pictures. This mix is 1 part cement : 3 parts sharp sand : 6 parts aggregate. In
practice, it is often easier to order ballast where the sand and aggregate is pre mixed. When using
readymix, mixes are specified by grade. You must ensure that the mix you use is as specified in
the approved documents.
Mixing the concrete by hand would not be practical for this job - even mixing concrete with a
mixer is a labour intensive process. Having concrete delivered by a ready mix lorry is the most
practical solution for anything more than a small volume. When ordering the concrete you will
need to specify what mix you require as well as agree a time slot for delivery. The amount of
concrete you are ordering will affect the price and remember that you may have to pay a
surcharge for any cubic metres less than a full load. There are also other preparations you will
need to make aside from ensuring that the work is absolutely ready before the lorry arrives. You
need to be sure that there will be room for the lorry to park up as near to the work as possible
the less barrowing the better. Talk to neighbours and if needs be mark out an area of the street
with cones in advance. The last thing you want is a load of concrete turning up and not being
able to offload it. The access route between the lorry and the foundation trenches should be
completely clear so that a steady flow of barrow loads can go back and forth.
Remember that concrete can cause alkali burns so wear protective gear and avoid skin
and eye contact. The easiest way to work is have one person working the concrete as it is tipped
into the trench and two or three people barrowing it from the lorry. Work the concrete so that it
fills all the space without leaving any pockets, voids or trapped air. Use a shovel to work it into
place. The level for the top of the concrete should be clearly marked on site so you know when
youve reached it. Once the trench has been filled to this level, tamp the surface with a batten so
that it is flat and level ready to receive the brickwork when it has set.
As soon as all the concrete has been poured, clean up the area. There will inevitably be a
few slops and spills along the way and this will set hard if its not cleared up straight away. Use a
shovel to pick up any spilled concrete then thoroughly hose the area down. Make sure you
include the street where the lorry was loading the barrows.
Methods that reduce the loss of mixing water from the surface of the concrete. This can
be done by covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic sheets, or by applying
membrane-forming curing compounds.
Methods that accelerate strength gain by supplying heat and additional moisture to the
concrete. This is usually accomplished with live steam, heating coils, or electrically
heated forms or pads. The method or combination of methods chosen depends on factors
such as availability of curing materials, size, shape, and age of concrete, production
facilities (in place or in a plant), esthetic appearance, and economics.
As a result, curing often involves a series of procedures used at a particular time as the concrete
ages. For example, fog spraying or plastic covered wet burlap can precede application of a curing
compound. The timing of each procedure depends on the degree of hardening of the concrete
needed to prevent the particular procedure from damaging the concrete surface
How Long Should a Concrete Foundation Cure Before Erecting the Building?
Between 3 and 9 days
Concrete should be allowed to cure from anywhere between three and nine days,
depending upon the temperature and moisture levels, according to the National Ready
Mixed Concrete Association. Lower temperatures and higher moisture levels result in a
longer curing time.
Seven to 28 days
According to Concrete Network, concrete should be allowed to cure for at least seven
days before it's built on. However, waiting longer will greatly reduce the risk of the
concrete cracking. Concrete continues to cure up to 28 days after it is poured, at which
point it reaches maximum strength.
Bottom Line
Provide for the safe handling and operating of plant and equipmentlarge structures may
require scaffolding or mobile plant to be located on suspended floors
Provide suitable plant and material handling, placement and storage arrangements to
minimize manual tasks, and
Include regular inspection and maintenance.
Done correctly, these four steps help to ensure that a well-built basement functions the way its
supposed.
thin layers, but the method provides insurance against foundation damage and against call-backs
related to drainage problems.
3.0 CONCLUSION
Shallow foundation has 3 major types which are pad foundation, strip foundation, and raft
foundation.