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On the Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

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can happen either during or between connections. In the former case, a link
quality might become too bad while a connection is in place. In the latter, a new
connection with the same requirements as a previously established one is rejected
because the link status variability increases and, as a result, the link becomes
unreliable.
Challenges due to the Maintenance of State Information: QoS routing consists of
two basic tasks. The first task is to collect the state information and keep it up-todate. The second task is to find a feasible path for a new connection based on the
collected information. The performance of any routing algorithm directly
depends on how well the first task is solved. State information can be local or
global. In local state, each node is assumed to maintain its up-to-date local state,
including the queuing and propagation delay, the residual bandwidth of the outgoing links, and the availability of other resources. The combination of the local
states of all nodes is called a global state, and every node is able to maintain the
global state by using a link-state-based routing protocol, which exchanges the
local states among the nodes periodically. The global state kept by a node is
always an approximation of the current network state due to the constantly varying network topology, and consequently link states which encounter a non-negligible delay for propagating between nodes. In general, as the network size
grows, the imprecision increases.
Challenges due to Interactions with Other Layers: The choice of the medium
access scheme in MANETs is difficult due to the time-varying network topology
and the lack of centralized control. Time division multiple access (TDMA) or
dynamic time assignment of frequency bands is complex since there is no centralized control. FDMA is inefficient in dense networks, and CDMA is difficult
to implement due to node mobility and the subsequent need to keep track of
the frequency-hopping patterns and/or spreading codes for nodes in a timevarying neighborhood. At the MAC layer, we also have link layer reliability
problems which are related to the high bit error rate, in addition to the possible
packet collision problems. QoS at the MAC layer needs further research (QoS
aware MAC) which can serve as an infrastructure for facilitating the QoS
routing.
Challenges due to Lack of Centralized Control: The QoS path discovery process
may be centralized or distributed. In MANETs, distributed algorithms are more
preferable due to the lack of a central entity. Although distributed applications are
better suited for MANETs due to its peer-to-peer architecture, important network
applications and services such as web servers, location information databases, and
network services (DHCP, SNMP) are inherently centralized. These services are
often critical to the mobile nodes operation such that every node requires constant and guaranteed access to them. Therefore, designing protocols for MANETs
requires paying attention to both issues.
Despite these challenges, many QoS routing approaches were proposed in the literature in an attempt to overcome or tackle some of these difficulties. In the next section,
we review the efforts that have been exerted in the area of QoS routing in MANETs.

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