2013 International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT)

Grid Frequency Analysis with the Issue of High

Wind Power Penetration.
Md. Emdadul Haque1, Shuva Paul2, and Md. Rafiqul Islam Sheikh3
1,2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Rajshahi-6204 , Bangladesh.
E-mail: emdadieee@gmail.com1
Abstract As wind turbine output is proportional to the cube of
wind speed, the wind turbine generator output fluctuates due to
random variations of wind speed. Hence, if the power capacity of
wind power generator becomes large, wind power generator
output can have an influence on the power system frequency.
Therefore, this study investigates the influence of the ratio of
wind capacity to the power system capacity, on the power system
frequency. To do this, a 100[MVA] thermal synchronous
generator (SG) is considered and the total capacity of wind power
induction generator (IG) increases as 3[MVA], 5[MVA] and
10[MVA] connected to the line. It is seen that the system
frequency fluctuation is more severe for 10% capacity of wind
power penetration. Again, a hydro generator to the same
capacity that of the thermal generator of 100[MVA] is considered
and IG capacity increases as before. In this case, it is seen that
the system frequency fluctuation is more severe for 10% capacity
of wind power. However, SGs total capacity of 100[MVA] is
considered combined with 50[MVA] thermal generator and
50[MVA] hydro generator and IG capacity increases as before.
In this case, it is also seen that the system frequency fluctuation is
more severe for 10% of total wind power capacity. For this
reason , as the wind power penetration increases rapidly
nowadays for its clean, non-polluting and renewable energy, this
study will be helpful for taking preventive measures for the
power grid operators to improve the stability and quality of
electric power. Considering these point of view, this study plays a
vital role for power system applications.
Keywords Power system frequency, AVR, Wind power
penetrationl, Cut-inand cut-out speed.

I.

INTRODUCTION

We are now at a crucial stage of our global energy scenario.

Energy has been the important driving force of the continual
progress of human civilization. Since the industrial revolution
of the two centuries ago, global energy consumption has
increased by leaps and bounds to improve our living standards,
particularly in the industrialized nations of the world. The
growth of wind energy around the world in recent years has
been consistently impressive. The increase in wind power
penetration level is likely to influence the operation of the
existing utilities networks, especially the power system
stability[1].The world experienced a great disaster in the year
Fukushima nuclear disaster on 11 March, 2011.Considering
this hazard the energy consumption has changed its route.

978-1-4799-2299-4/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

According to the current energy resources shown in Fig.1

about 47.7% energy comes from coal, 26.3% from natural gas,
16.3% from wind and remaining 9.7% comes from oil, biomass
and solar of the total energy capacity in the year 2012 and in
the year 2013 the wind energy consumption trends to increase
considerably and it is 77.8% of the total energy.

Figure 1. Total energy use.

In the conventional operation of wind power generators,

when the wind speed is between the rated speed and the cut out
speed, the wind power generator output is controlled at the
rated value by a pitch control system [2]. On the other hand,
when the wind speed is between the cut in speed and the rated
speed, the blade pitch angle is maintained constant (= 0 deg),in
general, for the wind turbine to capture the maximum power
from the wind turbine. Therefore, the wind power generator
output fluctuates due to wind speed variations in the latter
condition, because the wind power is proportional to the cube
of wind speed. In the previous study [3], it is seen that thermal
governor perform better frequency control than hydro
governor. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence
of the ratio of the wind generator capacity to the power system
capacity, on power system frequency. If the power capacity of
wind generators becomes large, wind generator output can
have an influence on the power system frequency [4]-[7]. In
this study, at first thermal generator and hydro generator is
considered separately. When the number of wind generator
increases as the total capacity of 3[MVA], 5[MVA] and

10[MVA] and keeping constant the total capacity of

100[MVA] thermal generator connected in grid (Case-1, Case2, Case-3), it shows that the system frequency fluctuation
increases with the increasing IG capacity. Again, When the
number of wind generator increases as the total capacity of
3[MVA], 5[MVA] and 10[MVA] and keeping constant the
total capacity of 100[MVA] hydro generator (Case-4, Case-5,
and Case-6), it shows that the system frequency fluctuation
also increases with the increasing IG capacity. And now,
keeping constant the SGs total capacity of 100[MVA]
combination of 50 [MVA] thermal generator and 50[MVA]
hydro generator and increases total IG capacity as 3[MVA],
5[MVA] and 10[MVA] (Case-7, Case-8,and Case-9).
It is investigated that in each case the system frequency
fluctuation is more severe for 10% of total wind power
penetration.
II.

MODEL SYSTEM FOR SIMULATION ANALYSIS

The model system used in the PSCAD simulation analyses

is shown in Fig. 2 One IG actually consists of a number of
induction generators (IGs) of capacity [3MVA], [5MVA], and
[10MVA] and Two synchronous generators capacity SG1 [50
MVA] Salient pole type with hydro governor and SG2
[50MVA] cylindrical type with thermal governor forming the
total capacity of 100 MVA of SGs are used with the network.
QWF and Q Load are capacitor banks. QWF is used at the terminal
of IG to compensate the reactive power demand of wind
generator at steady state. The value of the capacitor is chosen
so that the p.f. becomes unity, when the wind generator
operated in the rated condition [2]. Qload is used at the terminal
of load to compensate the voltage drop by the impedance of
transmission lines. Core saturations of induction generators
and synchronous generators are not considered for simplicity.
Parameters of IGs and SGs are shown in table I to II and initial
condition is shown in table III. All parameters are expressed in
per unit system. The transformers rating used for transmission
and distribution are selected wisely so that they are in matched
condition when generator to transmission and transmission to
distribution respectively.

III.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL

A. Governor
The governor is a device that automatically adjusts the
rotational speed of the turbine and the generator output. When
the generator load is constant, the turbine is operated at a
constant rotational speed. However, when the load changes,
balance between the generator output and the load is not
maintained, and the rotational speed changes. When the load is
removed, the governor detects the increase of the rotational
speed, and then, the valve is closed rapidly so that an
abnormal speed increase of the generator is prevented [2].
TABLE I.

PARAMETERS OF INDUCTION GENERATOR

Induction Generator

[MVA]

10

X [pu]

0.18

Xm[pu]

10

R2[pu]

0.015

X2 [pu]

0.12

2H[sec]

1.5

TABLE II.

PARAMETERS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Synchronous Generator
Salient Pole Type(HG)

Cylindrical Type
(TG)

Xd[pu]

1.2

2.11

Xq[pu]

0.7

2.02

Xd[pu]

0.3

0.28

Xd[pu]

0.22

0.215

Xq[pu]

0.25

0.25

Tdo[sec]

5.0

4.2

Tdo[sec]

0.05

0.032

Tqo[sec]

0.14

0.062

H[sec]

2.5

2.32

TABLE III.

Figure 2. Simulation model.

[MVA]

INITIAL CONDITION

IG

SG1

SG2

P [pu]

0.03/0.05/0.10

1.00

1.00

V[pu]

1.00

1.05

1.05

Q[pu]

0.00

S(Slip)

-1.733%

B. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

To keep the voltage constant of the synchronous generators,
AVR is needed [2]. In the simulation analyses, the AVR is
expressed as simplified form. AVR model is shown in Fig.3.
Parameters of AVR are shown in table IV. A typical PID
controller is adopted in the voltage feedback control loop,
considering that there is also a different component in PID
controller, a low pass filter is added in this loop [8]. The
transfer function of a typical PID controller is shown in
equation (1) [9]-[10].
Gd(s) =  (

The torque coefficient and the wind turbine torque are shown
as follows
=
 =

(6)

)R3

(7)

(1)

Figure 3. AVR Model

TABLE IV.

PARAMETER OF AVR MODEL

Gain ,KP [pu]

400

Time Constant,TA[sec]

0.02

Time Constant,TB=TC[sec]

.00

Figure 4.

Where, Pwtb is the wind turbine output [W], R is the radius of

the blade [m], is the wind turbine angular speed [rad/s],
is the blade pitch angle [deg], is the wind speed [m/s],
is the air density[kg/m3], and M is the wind turbine output
torque [N-m].

C. Pitch Controller
The method normally used, in which the angle of the rotor
blades can be actively adjusted by the machine control system.
This is known as pitch control. Pitch controller is used to
maintain the output power of the wind generator at rated level
by controlling the blade pitch angle of turbine blade when the
wind speed is over the rated speed [11].
IV. WIND TURBINE MODELING
In this study, the MOD-2 model [12] is considered for the
Cp- characteristics, which is represented by the following
equations and shown in Fig. 4.for different values of blade
pitch angle, . Mod-2 system data is shown in table V. The
captured power from the wind can be obtained from (2) [13].
Tip speed ratio, , and power coefficient, CP, can be expressed
as (3) and (4). Since CP is expressed in feet and mile, is
corrected as (5).

PWTB= CP()R3



CP()=0.5(-0.022 )

 =

CP() versu curve for different values of pitch angle.

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

TABLE V.

MOD-2 SYSTEM DATA

2.5[MW]

Power Capacity

15.55[rpm]

Rotational speed

45.73[m]

Wind turbine radius

Rated wind speed
Cut-in wind speed
Cut-out wind speed

28[mph]*=12.51[m/s]
13[mph]*=5.81[m/s]
45[mph]*=20.11[m/s]
*

1mile=1609m, and 1 hour=60sec

V.

SIMULATION RESULTS

Simulation analyses have been carried out to investigate

the performance of the power system frequency with the
increased wind power penetration using wind speed data and
associated data that is required. In this study, the first 100
[sec] is considered for run up to steady state condition of the
wind generator inertia and hence the first 100 [sec] have not
considered. For this reason, all the curves shown in the fig. are
started from 100 [sec]. The wind speed data applied to the
wind generator is shown in Fig. 5.The wind speed data are
chosen in such a way that the values vary within the cut-in and
cut-out speed. The wind speed data applied on PSCAD (Power

System CAD) from a text file Simulation analyses have been

carried out for nine cases shown in Table VI. in order to
investigate the influence of the frequency on power system.
The simulation analyses have been performed by using
PSCAD 4.2.0. Fig.6 shows the wind generator output real
power and Fig.7 shows the system frequency for case-1, case2, and case-3. Fig. 8and 9 shows the IG output real power and
frequency response respectively for case-4, case-5 and case6.It is also evaluated IG output real power and system
frequency for cases 7, 8 and 9 in Fig.10 and Fig. 11. Finally,
the system frequency for cases 3, 6 and 9 is shown in
Fig.12.The evaluation of the results has been presented in
Table VII of system frequency. From the table it is seen that
system frequency becomes more severe in the case-3, case-6,
and case-9. The case-3, case-6, and case-9 are modeled in the
simulation block on the bases of wind generator capacity
increases 10% of the total penetration. This is the point
where different from the other cases.
TABLE VI.

Figure 6.

SIMULATION PATTERN

Cases

IG[MVA]

SG1[MVA]
with Thermal
Governor

SG2[MVA]
with Hydraulic
Governor

Case-1

100

Case-2

100

Case-3

10

100

Csae-4

100

Case-5

100

Case-6

10

100

Case-7

50

50

Case-8

50

50

Case-9

10

50

50

Wind generator output power.

Figure 7. System frequency.

Figure 5. Wind speed data.

Figure 8. Wind generator output power.

Figure 9.

System frequency.

Figure 12. System frequency.

TABLE VII.

EVALUATION OF SIMULATION RESULTS

Case-1
Case-2

0 and of frequency
fluctuations
0
0

Case-3
Case-4

Case-5
Case-6
Case-7

[Cases]

Case-8

Case-9

0 means within 0.2 [Hz] and means beyond 0.2 [Hz].

VI.
Figure 10. System frequency.

DISCUSSION

A permissible range of power system frequency deviation

provided by the most of the developed countries is within
0.2[Hz]. Evaluating the frequency response Fig. 8, 11 and 14, it
is seen that in case of wind generator capacity of 3[MVA] and
5[MVA] the frequency fluctuation is within the acceptable
limit but when the total capacity of 10[MVA] IG, the
frequency fluctuation exceeds the permissible range.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Since frequency is one of the measures to determine the
quality of electric power, this study investigates the influence
of frequency fluctuations on power system with high wind
power penetration. However, from the results presented, it is
confirmed that the high wind power gives rise to the
fluctuations of the system frequency as the power capacity of
wind becomes large, and system becomes worse when wind
power penetration to the grid increases beyond 10% of the
total capacity. Therefore some preventive measures should be
taken for all the cases 3, 6 and 9 by power grid operators to
supply reliable electric power.
.

Figure 11. System frequency.

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