Voltage Ratio Testing:

This test is done to check both the transformer voltage ratio and tap changer.
When Turns Ratio meter is not available, Voltage Ratio Test is done at various tap
position by applying 3 phases LT (415V) supply on HT side of Power transformer.
In order to obtain the required accuracy it is usual to use a ratio meter rathe
r than to energies the transformer from a low-voltage supply and measure the HV
and LV voltages.
At Various taps applied voltage and Resultant voltages LV side between various P
hases and phases& neutral measured with precision voltmeter & noted.
Test Procedure:
With 415 V applied on high voltage side, measure the voltage between all phases
on the low voltage side for every tap position.
First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV term
inals are kept open.
Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on
each phase (Phase-Phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneou
sly.
After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transfor
mer should be raised by one position and repeat test.
Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.
At other taps values will be as per the percentage raise or lower at the respect
ive tap positions.
In case of Delta/Star transformers the ratio measure between RY-rn, YB-yn and BR
-bn.
Being Delta/Star transformers the voltage ratio between HV winding and LV windin
g in each phase limb at normal tap is 33 KV OR 33xv3 = 5.196 ,11 KV / v3 11
At higher taps (i-e high voltage steps) less number of turns is in circuit than
normal. Hence ratio values increase by a value equal to.5.196 + {5.196 x (no. of
steps above normal) x (% rise per each tap)} 100
{5.196 x (no. o
Similarly for lower taps than normal the ratio is equal to 5.196
f steps above normal) x (% rise per each tap)}100
Test Acceptance Criteria:
Range of measured ratio shall be equal to the calculated ratio 0.5%.
Phase displacement is identical to approved arrangement and transformer s nameplat
e.
The IEEE standard (IEEE Standard 62) states that when rated voltage is applied t
o one winding of the transformer, all other rated voltages at no load shall be c
orrect within one half of one percent of the nameplate readings. It also states
that all tap voltages shall be correct to the nearest turn if the volts per turn
exceed one half of one percent desired voltage .The ratio test verifies that th
ese conditions are met.
The IEC60076-1 standard defines the permissible deviation of the actual to decla
red ratio
Principal tapping for a specified first winding pair: the lesser 0.5% of the decl
ared voltage ratio
or 0.1 times the actual short circuit impedance. Other taps on the first winding
pair and other winding pair must be agreed upon, and must be lower than the sma
ller of the two values stated above.
Measurements are typically made by applying a known low voltage across the high
voltage winding so that the induced voltage on the secondary is lower, thereby r
educing hazards while performing the test .For three phase delta/wye or wye/delt
a transformer, a three phase equivalency test is performed, i.e. the test is per
formed across corresponding single winding.
Test can detect:
Shorted turns or open circuits in the windings.
Incorrect winding connections ,and other internal faults or defects in tap chang
er