Development of Guideline of Performance-Based Design For Steel Strctures in Korea PDF

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on
Structural Steel Construction

Nov. 5, 2009
POSCO Center, Seoul, Korea
- Keynote Lecture -
Development of
2006 12 24
Guideline of PerformancePerformance-based Design
for Steel Structures in Korea
Sang-Hyo KIM
Yonsei University, Korea
Co-authors :
Jung-Sik KONG (Korea Univ.)
Kwang-Il CHO (Yonsei Univ.)
The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Overview and scope of the project
3. Guideline of performance-based design for
steel structures
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Concept and philosophy

Basis of performance-oriented design
Performance evaluation
Limit states in performance-based design
Contents
Examples
4. Other research results

5. Conclusions
Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
1. Introduction - Development of design concepts

1931
AASHTO
standard
1st Edition
1900
1900s
ASD
1900
1930
1940
USD
1950
1960
1995
1995
PBD
concept
*)
(SEAOC
(SEAOC)
1980
1980s
-
LRFD
1960s
1960
1970
1980
1990
1983
1983
USD
in Korea
ASD
Service load effects
should not exceed
maximum allowable
stress
USD
LRFD
Service load
effect should not
exceed ultimate
strength of
material
Evaluate structural safety by

considering probabilistic
characteristics of loads and
the strength of material
Prescriptive Design
2000
2000s
2000
PBD concept
in
Korea
Performance-based Design
* SEAOC: Structural Engineers Association of California
1. Introduction - Definition of Performance

Performance-based design
- Define required performances on each construction stages (planning, designing,
constructing, maintaining stages) and evaluate whether those performances are
satisfying specified criteria or not.
- Performance-based design allows to use any kinds of structural types, materials,
structural analysis methods, construction methods if the required performance is
satisfied.
Definition of Performance and Performance criteria

Performance : Certain qualitative level of important characteristics at any time
- Important performances : fireproof, durability, seismic resistance, fatigue (ISO 15686)
Performance criteria: Criteria which focuses on satisfaction of
performance throughout the service life
1. Introduction - Characteristics and Advantages

Characteristics of performance-based design
Design based on performance evaluation

Systematic performance criteria
Classification of performance requirement and capacity
Limit states to measure performance
Comprehensive performance criteria
Advantages
Goal
Performance
Requirements
Performance Criteria
Design concepts, evaluation
processes, analysis methods
Easy to adapt new materials and construction methods

Flexible to use complicated but advanced analysis methods
Easy to describe performance in plain language for clients and designers
Suitable for LCC analysis considering time-dependent decreasing durability
Easy to confront against to opening construction markets
Proper to improve domestic design specification
Appropriate to construction technology and establish international standards
1. Introduction - Performance-based design vs. Prescriptive design

Performance-based design
VS
Prescriptive design
Performance-based design is not an alternative

design concept compared to ASD and LRFD.
Rather, it is a design concept that defines
rational performance criteria and evaluates
them by considering the design, construction,
maintenance of specified structure
Prescriptive designs can be also used, if they

satisfy design criteria specified in performancebased design code
1. Introduction - Performance-based design in other countries
Euro
Code
ATC,
FEMA,
Caltran
JSCE
Hong Kong
Vietnam
Code
NZ Code
Performance-based
design
PBD
Many other countries have been already introduced performance-based

design concepts in their design specifications or developing it.

Other
Construction
Fields
Contract
Methods
Research Group
Concrete
Structures
for
Standardization of
Construction
Specifications and
Design Criteria Based
on Performance
Pavement
Constructions
Steel
Structures
Development of
Guideline of
Performance-based
Design for Steel
Structures

System of Performance-based design
Actions
Basic Concepts
Experimental
Test
Material
Limit State
Environmental
Limit State
Durability
Limit State
Safety
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Structural
Analysis
Reliability
Analysis
Performance design
for structures
- Define required performances
- Target reliability
- Seismic and wind design

Research activities
Monthly research
group meeting and
workshops
presentation to
check
workgroup
progress
Special lectures by
international experts
Comprehensive Consensus
by Research Group and
Design Experts
Survey
questionnaires
Performance-based
Design Guideline
Development Strategy
Special
workshops
Papers and
advertisements
Special forum and
technical presentations
10

Final outputs of research
Final
report
Research outputs and applicable specifications that

help designing structures with performance-based
design concept
Supplementations of Guideline of performance-based

design for steel structures with helpful design
examples
Design examples included
Guideline for
structural design
code drafting
founded on the
performancebased design
concept
Guideline of
performancebased design
for steel
structures
Establish important concepts for future performancebased design specification
Commentary
included
Propose
further
research
subjects
Propose further research subjects to develop

performance-based design code for steel structures
11
4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures

Concept and philosophy
Design structures by
current design
specifications
Prescriptive terms
Lack of specifications for
special applications
Should check
prescriptive regulations
Need to adjust target
safety level : under
requirements of client or
importance of structure
Need of specifications
under circumstances
above
Performance-oriented
design guideline for
steel structures
Get free of prescriptive
terms if satisfies required
performances and has
verification procedure
Various specifications
(including current design
specifications) can be
practically applied
Compensate current design
specification
Considering various
required performances
Authorized design
specifications
New materials
Reliability-based
design
Various analysis
methods
Verification by
experimental test
12

Basis of performance-oriented design (1/2)
Define rational
Performance
requirements
considering various conditions in design, construction,
operation, and maintenance stages
Structural design should be carried out by reliability-based design referring this guideline.
Preliminary design of structural element
: use existing prescriptive design codes
Performance verification and improvement

: use Guideline of performance-based design
If the structure or structural elements are difficult to perform reliability-based design

Independent performance requirement or criteria can be adopted selectively
13

Basis of performance-oriented design (2/2)
Code calibration is possible in performance-based design

Specific code is not exist for the
structure in design
Target reliability can be modified
Performance verification and improvement

: use Guideline of performance-based design
Target service life of structure should be defined considering its purpose and performance
requirement level
Minimize Life-Cycle Cost
Appropriate maintenance should be performed
Satisfy performance requirement considered in design
14

Evaluation
Evaluation
Evaluation
Method III
Method II
Method I
Comparatively accurate
accurate,, but easy and simple method for practical designers
Applicable in commercial software
15
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures

Limit states in performance-based design
- Define limit states in accordance with required performances
and calculate performance demand and capacity

PD: Performance Demand : According to Actions (Loads)
PC: Performance Capacity : Performance capacity of structure
- Limit states in steel structures
Safety
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Durability
Limit State
Environmental
Limit State
16

Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(1/6)
Section 1
General
Scope
Composition
Assumptions
Definition of performance-based design
Section 2
Concept of
performance-based
design
Characteristics of performance-based design

Performance requirement
Performance classification
Definition of limit states
Performance assessment and verification
Section 3
Methodology of
performance-based
design
Basic of design
Procedure of performance-based design
Performance assessment and verification method
Life-cycle cost analysis
17

General
Section 4
Actions
Classification of actions
Combinations of actions
Characteristics of actions
General
Section 5
Material
Performance requirements on structural steel

Material properties
Performance-based design using steel
Structural modeling for analysis
Global analysis
Section 6
Structural analysis
Imperfections
Method of analysis considering material non-linearities
Structural analysis methods for performance-based design
18

General
Statistical estimation of parameters
Section 7
Reliability-based
design
Evaluation of reliability
Level of reliability analysis
Reliability analysis of structures
Probabilistic load model for reliability analysis
Probabilistic structural resistance model for reliability analysis
Procedure of reliability-based design
Scope
General
Classification of experimental assessment
Section 8
Performance
assessment based on
experiments
Planning experimental assessment

Preparation for specimen
Setup experiment and data analysis
Loads for experiments and termination of experiments
Property assessment for materials of specimen
Report of experimental assessment

19

Section 9
Safety
General
Investigation of resistant performance
Resistance
General
Section 10
Serviceability
Serviceability evaluation
Section 11
Durability
Section 12
Environmental
performance
Fatigue
Corrosion resistance
General procedure for environmental assessment
Method of environmental analysis
20

General
Performance requirement for safety
Investigation on safety
Section 13
Performance-based
design of connection
General concept of connection design

Weld connection
High-tension bolt connection
Structural details of high-tension bolt
Pin joint
General
Section 14
Performance-based
wind design
Basis of performance-based wind design

Wind load
Necessity assessment for dynamic wind design
Wind dynamic analysis
21

General
Section 15
Performance-based
seismic design
Basis of performance-based seismic design

Performance classification
Performance assessment
Appendix.
Steel towers
Temporary structures
22

Performance-based design examples
Design examples using procedures specified in the guideline and data
from final report
1.2
Load factor d
0.8
0.6
0.4
1.2
0.2
1
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Load factor d
Displacement (mm)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
Displacement (mm)
Structural
analysis
Reliability
Seismic
analysis
Performancebased design
examples
Wind
Connection
Environmental
Performance
Safety
Durability
Improvement
Definding
purpose
&
range
Collecting
data
Designing
network
Applying
input
material
Applying
database
LCI
Calculating
inputoutput
Grouping
result
of
LCI
Arranging
result
of
LCIA
LCIA
Analysing
result
Report
Examination
23

Deformation serviceability (1/2)
Various deformation limits from various specifications
U.S.: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Spec. (2007)
U.S.: AASHTO Standard Spec. for Highway Bridges (2002)
CANADA: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (2006)
JAPAN: Japanese design code for highway bridges (2002)
KOREA: Korean design code for highway bridges (2005)
U.S.: AISC Spec. for Structural Steel Building (2005)

U.S.:AISC Manual of Steel Construction - LRFD (2001)
EUROPE: Eurocode 1993-1-1, 1993-2 (2006)
HONG KONG: Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel (2005)
JAPAN: Standard specifications for steel and composite structures (2007)
KOREA: Standard specifications for steel structures (2003)
KOREA: Korean building code (2005)
* Although most of the specifications are not prescribed lateral displacement of buildings, 1/500~1/1000 of
building height is traditionally used for high-rise buildings (Korean building code, 2005)
Given LIMIT
STATE
(Maximum value
or functions)
Should be
verified for
serviceability
& durability
24

Deformation serviceability (2/2)
Various deformation limits from specifications
Purpose
for
deformation
assessment
Prevent structurally or mentally undesirable effects

Prevent blazing effects of surface
Prevent cracks on surface
Prevent bonding strength weakening on the pavement
Prevent excessive flexural stress on concrete slab
Improve runability of vehicles
Prevent effects of secondary stress (Prestressed members)
Prevent unpleasant vibrations (Vibration serviceability)
Prevent undesirable impact from vehicles (near expansion joint)*
Gather Desirable gap (for supports)

Prevent cracks on surface
Prevent damages on drainage system
Prevent anxious appearance (Cracks and large deformation)
Prevent removal of cladding materials
Performance based design
Service
-abilty
By examine
Safety
serviceability,
safety,
durability,
Durability
aestheticality,
it is possible to
obtain required
Aestheticality
* On Eurocode 1993-2 Steel Bridge, deflection of parts near expansion joints in bridge
structures is limited as 5mm.
serviceability.
25

Reliability-based design (1/4)
Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (1/2)
STEP 1. Design using Korean Highway Bridge Design Specification (MOCT, 2005)
- Allowable stress of steel : 190 MPa
D, D
L, D
L, L
R
R, R
Designing section
STEP 2. Perform reliability analysis for the section

- Determine probabilistic characteristics of member strength (R) and
load (live load (L) and dead load (D)).
- Calculate reliability index Limit state equation : g = R-D-L
* Probabilistic models:
D: Normal (Ellingwood, 1982)
L: Type-I (Ellingwood, 1982)
R: Log-normal (Nowak ,1995)
26

Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (2/2)
STEP 3. Decide target reliability and adjust allowable stress
- Target reliability : 3.0 (as an example)
- To satisfy target reliability 3.0, allowable stress of steel is adjusted as 230MPa and 205MPa
(Reliability adjustment)
- Reduction of steel : 9.66%
Target reliability
index ()
Design using Korean design code for highway bridges :

Allowable stress : 190MPa
4.0
=3.5, Ps=99.98%, Steel needed : 66,240 mm2
3.5
Adjust allowable stress : 230MPa

Adjust allowable stress : 205MPa
Ps : Non-exceedance probability
Adjust allowable stress

3.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
180
190
200
210
220
Allowable stress (MPa)
230
240
27

Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)
Traffic control system using WIM sensor

Gate for
Emergency
Height
Restriction
Barrier
Monitoring
Monitoring
Camera
Camera
Traffic Control
Gate
WIM Sensor
Monitoring
Cameras
Small passenger vehicles freely pass the bridge

Vehicle that could not pass the Height Restriction Barrier should move to the way where WIM sensor is located
Over-weighted vehicles should detour around the bridge
Vehicles which WIM sensor admitted to pass the bridge should wait for a sign to enter the bridge
Reduce live load effect and its uncertainties

28

Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)
PDF
Original
Design
R-Q
Load
Q
R
R = iQi
Resistance
Traffic
Control
System
L
L
R
Uncertainty of live load

Live load effect
Structural resistance
Section area
Similar Pf
PDF
R-Q
( similar )
Load
R
Modified
Design
Resistance
29

Vibration serviceability (1/4)
(1) Define required performance
- Required performances in vibration serviceability can be subdivided into lateral and vertical
vibration
Performance
Required performances
Vibration
Serviceability
Lateral vibration
Vertical vibration
- Vertical vibration : Generally severe for motorway bridges and railway bridges
- Lateral vibration : Generally severe for seashore structures, towers, and cranes
- Both vertical and lateral vibration : Generally for pedestrian bridges
Required performances can be determined by the propose of structure
30

(2) Determine required performance and performance classification
- Vertical and lateral required performances can be classified as follows (as an example) :
Conditions
Long exposure time

or
massive use (1)
Intermediate
exposure time or
common use (2)
Short exposure time

or
occasionally use (3)
Classification
(1) Structure which has residents or is accessed by lots of users

(2) Structure which is accessed by moderate amount of users
(3) Structure which is accessed by few amount of users
31

-
Vertical vibration performance can be classified in accordance with a structure condition

(As an example bridge structure)
Serviceability classes in Reiher-Meister curve
A : Just perceptible B : Clearly perceptible C : Annoying D : Unpleasant E : Painful
Conditions
Many
pedestrians (1)
Moderate
pedestrians (2)
Few
pedestrians (3)
No pedestrians
are allowed (4)
Abundant
Moderate
Few
Source of vibration*
(1)
Lots of pedestrians (including bicycles) are using the bridge *) Source of vibration
(2)
Average amount of pedestrians are using the bridge
(3)
Few pedestrians are using the bridge
(4)
Pedestrians are restricted to across the bridge
- Abundant : Lots of vibration occur due to running vehicle speed

and heavy traffic condition.
- Moderate : Moderate vibration occur due to running vehicle speed
and moderate traffic condition.
- Few : Few vibration occur due to running vehicle speed and
light traffic condition.
32

(3) Performance assessment (evaluation)
- Designers can choose various evaluation methods regarding to the desirable accuracy
Performance assessment
methods
Evaluate indexes
Examples of limit state
Maximum deformation due to

design load (1)
Deformation,
Eigenvalues
Apply deformation and eigenvalues

into the Reiher-Meister curve
Artificial wheel load and frame

element model (2)
Displacement,
Acceleration,
Eigenvalues
Define a limit state by referring to

the Reiher-Meister curve
3-D vehicle model and shell

element model with probabilistic
variables (3)
Displacement,
Acceleration,
Eigenvalues
Define a limit state by referring to

the Reiher-Meister curve
(1) Evaluate static deformation of structure by considering impact factor : Not very reliable
(2) Improve moving force model to consider dynamic effects of vehicle : Highly reliable and comparatively easy
(3) Most accurate dynamic analysis model : Highly reliable and accurate, but hard to model
33

Artificial wheel load
Objective
Propose easy and accurate dynamic
analysis method
80
Generate artificial wheel load
WHEEL LOAD(kN)
60
40
20
5 Axis trailer model
Propose PSD function

of wheel load
10
TIME(sec)
100
100
Proposed Method
Moving Vehicle
Real PSD
Proposed PSD
Proposed Method
Moving Vehicle
A : Painful
B : Unpleasant
C : Annoying
D : Cleary perceptible
E : Just perceptible
10
A
B
C
D
Line/Scatter Plot 37
Line/Scatter Plot 39
0.1
Acceleration
Displacement
10
A
B
0.1
0.01
E
0.1
0.001
2
0.01
0.001
5 6 7 89
10
20
30 40 50 60708090
100A
1E-005
5 6 7 8 9
20
10
30
40 50 60 70 8090
asdfasdf
100
Frequency
(Hz)
1 car
Frequency (Hz)
2 cars
3 cars
0.005
0.0001
Displacement(m)
Dynamic analysis
program
Legend
A : Painful
B : Unpleasant
C : Annoying
D : Clearly Perceptible
E : Just Perceptible
0.01
-0.005
-0.01
1E-006
-0.015
100
200
300
400
500
4
6
Time (sec)
10
Apply on bridge dynamic analysis

and serviceability evaluation
- Consider dynamic effects such as bridge-vehicle interaction and road roughness during the analysis
- Perform dynamic analysis and serviceability evaluation using commercial FE software
34

Environmental performance evaluation (1/2)
Evaluate environmental load throughout the life cycle of structure
Available to establish an alternative plan to reduce environmental load
A
Establish database
Classify results from LCI
Develop construction stages
Characterize results from

each stages and materials
Apply input materials

Apply database
Improvements
Define objective and

scope of analysis
Environmental
impact categories
Global warming (CO2)
Ozone depletion
(CFC11)
Analyze results
Acidification (SO2)
Report
Eutrophication (PO43)
Calculate input & output

A
LCI : Life cycle inventory
Examination
Photochemistry ozone
creation (ethylene)
LCIA : Life cycle inventory analysis
Estimate environmental load quantitatively using each environmental impact categories.

Practical designers can make a technical decision regarding environmental performance.
35

Environmental performance evaluation (2/2)
Environmental performance
evaluation results
Ozone depletion
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Carbon (CO2)
emission cost
Ozone depletion
Photochemistry ozone creation
Photochemistry ozone creation
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
Global warming
Eutrophication
Acidification
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Acidification
W/O
Recycling
stage
Global warming
Eutrophication
Compare and determine

appropriate plan
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
LCC analysis results

Life Cycle Cost
2.84E+07
2.63E+07
2.58E+07
2.45E+07
Global
warming (kg CO2-eq/kg)
Current recycling ratio
Target recycling ratio
2.50E+07
2.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.79E+07
1.74E+07
1.50E+07
Alternatives
Optimal
LCC
Point
(Minmum LCC)
Price
3.00E+07
1.87E+07
1.16E+07
1.16E+07
1.00E+07
Expected
Maintenance fee
5.00E+06
Initial
cost
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
100
First
Recycle
1
200
()
Time
(years)
Second
Recycle
2
300
Reliability(Safety)
36

Guideline for structural design code drafting founded on the
performance--based design concept
performance
1. General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Framework of design code
2. Performance requirements of structures

2.1 Objectives of structures
2.2 Performance requirement
2.3 Performance criteria
3. Performance verification procedures

3.1 Allowable verification procedures
3.2 Verification approach A
3.3 Verification approach B
4. Structural design report

37

Proposal of further research project
Structural analysis
Nonlinear-nonelastic analysis technology for steel structures
High-tech structural analysis
Reliability analysis
Probabilistic load and resistance model based on domestic data
Durability
Durability test on corroded steel structures
Performance-based design specification for corrosion resistance
Environmental performance
Database for environmental performance assessment
Criteria for environmental performance
Lots of other future research projects were proposed from different fields.
However, proposals from above fields are shown in this presentation as a representative.
38

Research applications
Based on this research, apply performance concepts into the current design specifications
Achieve more rational design procedure with performance evaluation methods
Perform more advanced and user-friendly design
39
5. Conclusions
General provisions and some examples of the guideline of
performance-based design for steel structures are introduced
Performance-based design provides users with intrinsic guidelines to
assess the performance
Performance-based design is an innovative design concept which
may attain economical design
Fundamental concepts of performance-based design for steel
structures are determined through this study. Further researches
should be carried out for practical use of performance-based design
40
Thank You
Prof. Sang-Hyo KIM
Structure and Bridge Engineering Lab.
School of Civil Environmental Engineering
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Tel: +82-2-2123-2804
E-mail: sanghyo@yonsei.ac.kr

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The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on

Structural Steel Construction

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

Concept and philosophy

4. Other research results

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

1. Introduction - Development of design concepts

Evaluate structural safety by

* SEAOC: Structural Engineers Association of California

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

1. Introduction - Definition of Performance

Definition of Performance and Performance criteria

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

1. Introduction - Characteristics and Advantages

Design based on performance evaluation

Easy to adapt new materials and construction methods

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

1. Introduction - Performance-based design vs. Prescriptive design

Performance-based design is not an alternative

Prescriptive designs can be also used, if they

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

1. Introduction - Performance-based design in other countries

Many other countries have been already introduced performance-based

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

2. Overview and scope of the project

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

2. Overview and scope of the project

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

2. Overview and scope of the project

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

2. Overview and scope of the project

Research outputs and applicable specifications that

Supplementations of Guideline of performance-based

Design examples included

Establish important concepts for future performancebased design specification

Propose further research subjects to develop

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures

considering various conditions in design, construction,

operation, and maintenance stages

Performance verification and improvement

If the structure or structural elements are difficult to perform reliability-based design

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures

Code calibration is possible in performance-based design

Performance verification and improvement

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

3. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures

and calculate performance demand and capacity

- Limit states in steel structures

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction