Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
James A Swanson
Associate Professor
University of Cincinnati
Dept of Civil & Env. Engineering
765 Baldwin Hall
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071
Ph: (513) 556-3774
Fx: (513) 556-2599
James.Swanson@uc.edu
AASHTO LRFD
Review of Loads and Analysis
James A Swanson
References
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Wai-Faf Chen and Lian Duan, 1999, CRC Press
(ISBN: 0-8493-7434-0)
Four LRFD Design Examples of Steel Highway Bridges, Vol. II, Chapter 1A
Highway Structures Design Handbook, Published by American Iron and Steel
Institute in cooperation with HDR Engineering, Inc. Available at http://www.aisc.org/
Design of Highway Bridges, 2nd Ed. Richard Barker and Jay Puckett, 2007, Wiley &
Sons (ISBN: 0-471-69758-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 1 --
References
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
References
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 2 --
References
Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 4th Ed. Charles G. Salmon and John E.
Johnson, 1996, Harper Collins
Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 5th Ed. Edited by Theodore
V. Galambos, 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Available at http://campus.umr.edu/ssrc/
Design of Steel Structures, 3rd Ed., Edwin H. Gaylord, Charles N. Gaylord, and
James E. Stallmeyer, 1992, McGraw-Hill
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
References
AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 1997, 2003
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, 2007
AASHTO Guide Specification for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 3 --
Philosophies of Design
LRFD: Load & Resistance Factor Design
For Safety:
Q R
Q - Load Effect
R - Component Resistance
- Load Factor
- Resistance Factor
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
4
Reliability Index
Reliability Index
27
54
81
Span Length (ft)
108
180
27
54
81
Span Length (ft)
108
180
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 4 --
AASHTO-LRFD Specification
Contents
1.
2.
Introduction
General Design and Location
Features
Loads and Load Factors
Structural Analysis and
Evaluation
Concrete Structures
Steel Structures
Aluminum Structures
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Wood Structures
Decks and Deck Systems
Foundations
Abutments, Piers, and Walls
Buried Structures and Tunnel
Liners
Railings
Joints and Bearings
Index
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States
Service:
Strength:
Intended to ensure that strength and stability are provided to resist statistically
significant load combinations that a bridge will experience during its design life.
Extensive distress and structural damage may occur at strength limit state
conditions, but overall structural integrity is expected to be maintained.
Extreme Event:
Deals with restrictions on stress, deformation, and crack width under regular
service conditions.
Intended to ensure that the bridge performs acceptably during its design life.
Fatigue:
Deals with restrictions on stress range under regular service conditions reflecting
the number of expected cycles.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 5 --
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States
Q = i i Qi
(1.3.2.1-1)
i - Load Factor
Qi - Load Effect
i - Load Modifier
When the maximum value of i is appropriate
i = D R I 0.95
(1.3.2.1-2)
i =
1
1.00
D R I
(1.3.2.1-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 1.3
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States - Load Modifiers
Applicable only to the Strength Limit State
D Ductility Factor:
R Redundancy Factor:
D = 1.05
D = 1.00
D = 0.95
R = 1.05
R = 1.00
R = 0.95
I Operational Importance:
I = 1.05
I = 1.00
I = 0.95
These modifiers are applied at the element level, not the entire structure.
Pgs. 1.5-7; Chen & Duan
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 6 --
D Ductility Factor:
Use a ductility load modifier of D = 1.00 for all strength limit states
R Redundancy Factor:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
R Redundancy Factor:
Cap and column piers with three or more columns should be considered
redundant.
T-type piers with a stem height to width ratio of 3-1 or greater should be
considered non-redundant.
For information on other substructure types, refer to NCHRP Report 458
Redundancy in Highway Bridge Substructures.
R does NOT apply to foundations. Foundation redundancy is included in the
resistance factor.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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I Operational Importance:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 3: Loads and Load Factors
James A Swanson
-- 8 --
DD - Downdrag
DC - Structural
Components and
Attachments
DW - Wearing Surfaces
and Utilities
EH EL -
ES -
EV -
Pg 3.7
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
BR
CE
CR CT CV EQ FR IC LL IM -
Pg 3.7
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LS PL SE SH TG TU WA WL WS -
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 9 --
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
STRENGTH I
(unless noted)
1.75
1.00
--
STRENGTH II
1.35
1.00
--
STRENGTH III
1.00
STRENGTH IV
STRENGTH V
Load
Combination
1.35
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
1.40
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
0.40
1.0
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
EXTREME
EVENT I
EQ
1.00
--
EXTREME
EVENT II
0.50
1.00
FATIGUE LL,
IM, & CE ONLY
--
0.75
--
Load
Combination
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
--
1.00
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00
1.00
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
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-- 10 --
Load
Combination
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
SERVICE I
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.30
1.0
SERVICE II
1.00
1.30
1.00
--
SERVICE III
1.00
0.80
1.00
SERVICE IV
1.00
--
1.00
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
0.70
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
1.0
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
CV
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Strength I:
Strength II:
Strength III:
Strength IV:
Strength V:
Pg 3.8-3.10
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Extreme Event I:
Fatigue:
Pg 3.8-3.10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Service I:
Service II:
Service III:
Service IV:
Pg 3.8-3.10
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in
of
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-- 12 --
Load Factor
Maximum
Minimum
1.25
1.50
0.90
0.90
1.4
1.05
1.25
0.25
0.30
0.35
1.50
0.65
1.50
1.35
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.00
Pg 3.13
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Strength I:
Service II:
Fatigue:
0.75(LL+IM)
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-- 13 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Examples:
A 20 ft. wide bridge would be required to be designed as a two lane
bridge with 10 ft. lanes.
A 38 ft. wide bridge has 3 design lanes, each 12 ft. wide.
A 16 ft. wide bridge has one design lane of 12 ft.
Pg 3.16
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 14 --
The governing force effect shall be taken as the larger of the following:
The effect of the design tandem combined with the design lane load
The effect of one design truck (HL-93) combined with the effect of the
design lane load
For negative moment between inflection points, 90% of the effect of two
design trucks (HL-93 with 14 ft. axle spacing) spaced at a minimum of 50
ft. combined with 90% of the design lane load.
Pg 3.24-25
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
8 kip
14' - 0"
32 kip
Pg 3.22-23
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32 kip
6' - 0"
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 15 --
Pg 3.23
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
NOTE: the impact factor, IM, is NOT applied to the lane load. It is only
applied to the truck or tandem load.
Pg 3.18
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 16 --
8 kip
32 kip
32 kip
Truck
25 kip 25 kip
Tandem
640 plf
Lane Load
The impact factor is applied only to the truck, not the lane load
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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-- 17 --
In this case, the front axle is ignored as it does not contribute to the maximum
response.
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-- 18 --
The truck/tandem is positioned such that the center of any wheel load is
not closer than:
1.0 ft. from the face of the curb/railing for design of the deck
overhang.
2.0 ft. from the edge of the design lane for design of all other
components.
Pg 3.25
The load is
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
3'-0"
Traffic Lane #2
Traffic Lane #3
3'-0"
Pg 3.25
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 19 --
MP Factor
1.20
1.00
0.85
0.65
If the ADTT is less than 100, 90% of the specified force may be used
If the ADTT is less than 1,000, 95% of the specified force may be used
Multiple Presence Factors are NOT used with the Distribution Factors
Pg 3.17-18
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Impact Factors, IM
Deck Joints
75%
ODOT EXCEPTION
Pg 3.29
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 20 --
8 kip
14' - 0"
32 kip
32 kip
6' - 0"
The fatigue truck is applied alone lane load is NOT used. The dynamic
allowance for fatigue is IM = 15%. The load factor for fatigue loads is 0.75
for LL, IM and CE ONLY.
No multiple presence factors are used in the Fatigue Loading, the
distribution factors are based on one lane loaded, and load modifiers () are
taken as 1.00.
Pg 3.27
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 4: Structural Analysis
and Evaluation
James A Swanson
-- 21 --
Simplified Analysis
Distribution Factor
Refined Analysis
Finite Element Modeling
Pg 4.9 4.10
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Also applies to Precast Concrete Tee and Double Tee Sections when
sufficient connectivity is present.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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-- 22 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Slab-on-Steel-Girder bridges
qualify as type (a) cross sections.
Pg 4.31-32
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Created July 2007
-- 23 --
Pg 4.35-36
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Created July 2007
Pg 4.35
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Created July 2007
-- 24 --
Interior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
0 .4
0.3
S S K g
DFM,Int = 0.06 +
3
14 L 12 Lt s
0.1
0 .1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
3.5 S 16.0
20 L 240
10k Kg 7M
4.5 ts 12.0
-1.0 de 5.5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 25 --
K g = n I + Aeg2
n
I
A
eg
(4.6.2.2.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
de
9.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 26 --
Lever Rule:
Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and solve for
the reaction in the exterior girder as a fraction of the truck load.
This example is for one lane loaded.
Multiple Presence Factors apply
1.2 is the MPF
M
R=
1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe
1.2e
DF =
S
S
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DFM' = 1 C1 (Tan )
1 .5
Kg
C1 = 0.25
3
12 Lt s
0.25
) DF
S
L
0.5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 27 --
Interior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
DFV,Int = 0.36 +
S
25.0
S S
12 35
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
de
10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 28 --
12 Lts3
DFV' = 1.0 + 0.20
Tan DFV
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DFExt ,Min =
NL
Nb
e
x
XExt
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
Nb
Pg 4.37
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 29 --
DFExt ,Min =
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
Nb
Pg 4.37
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 4.29
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 30 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
G
3
G
4
G
5
G
6
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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-- 31 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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-- 32 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Material and
General Information
James A Swanson
Chapter 6 Organization
6.1 Scope
6.2 Definitions
6.3 Notation
6.4 Materials
6.5 Limit States
6.6 Fatigue and Fracture Considerations
6.7 General Dimension and Detail Requirements
6.8 Tension Members
6.9 Compression Members
6.10 I-Section Flexural Members
6.11 Box-Section Flexural Members
6.12 Miscellaneous Flexural Members
6.13 Connections and Splices
6.14 Provisions for Structure Type
6.15 Piles
App A Plastic Moment of Composite Sections in Negative Moment and
Noncomposite Sections
App B Moment Redistribution in Continuous Bridges
App C Basic Steps for Steel Bridge Superstructures
App D Fundamental Calculations for Flexural Members
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 33 --
6.1 - Scope
This chapter covers the design of steel components, splices and
connections for straight or horizontally curved beam and girder
structures, frames, trusses and arches, cable-stayed and suspension
systems, and metal deck systems, as applicable.
Although horizontally curved girder structures are now included in the
AASHTO-LRFD Specification, they will not be specifically addressed in this
course.
Pg 6.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.4 - Materials
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
Structural Steels
Pins, Roller, and Rockers
Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
Stud Shear Connectors
Weld Metal
Cast Metal
Stainless Steel
Cables
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 34 --
6.4 - Materials
6.4.1: Structural Steels
Table 6.4.1-1 Minimum Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel
AASHTO
Designation
Equivalent ASTM
Designation
Thickness of
Plate (in)
Minimum Tensile
Strength, F u (ksi)
M270
Grade 36
A709
Grade 36
Up to 4.0
incl.
58
M270
Grade 50
A709
Grade 50
Up to 4.0
incl.
65
M270
Grade 50S
A709
Grade 50S
Not
Applicable
65
M270
Grade 50W
A709
Grade 50W
Up to 4.0
incl.
70
Minimum Yield
Strength, F y (ksi)
36
50
50
50
AASHTO
Designation
Equivalent ASTM
Designation
Thickness of
Plate (in)
Minimum Tensile
Strength, F u (ksi)
M270
Gr HPS 50W
A709
Gr HPS 50W
Up to 4.0
incl.
70
M270
Gr HPS 70W
A709
Gr HPS 70W
Up to 4.0
incl.
85
Minimum Yield
Strength, F y (ksi)
50
70
M270
Grades 100/100W
A709
Grades 100/100W
Up to 2.5
2.5 to 4.0
incl.
incl.
110
100
100
Pgs 6.20-22
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90
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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6.4 - Materials
BDM 302.4.1.1: Material Requirements
Types of steel to be selected in the design of bridges is as follows:
BDM Pg 3-19
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-- 35 --
6.4 - Materials
6.4.3: Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
Pgs 6.23-25
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6.4 - Materials
6.4.4: Stud Shear Connectors
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Created July 2007
-- 36 --
6.4 - Materials
6.4.5: Weld Metal
Pg 6.25
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
General
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture Limit State
Strength Limit State
Extreme Event Limit State
6.5.1: General
Pg 6.27
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-- 37 --
Pg 6.27
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Pg 6.27
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-- 38 --
y = 0.95
u = 0.80
Axial Compression
c = 0.90
Flexure
Shear
f = 1.00
v = 1.00
t = s = bb = 0.80
Pgs 6.28-29
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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All resistance factors for the extreme event limit state, except for
bolts, shall be taken as 1.00
Pg 6.29
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-- 39 --
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4
6.7.5
6.7.6
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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Effective span lengths may be different for effective width and DF calcs.
Pg 6.49
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-- 40 --
Pg 6.49
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Created July 2007
Pg 6.51
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-- 41 --
transfer lateral wind loads from the bottom flange of a girder to the deck
and from the deck to the bearings,
Pg 6.52
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Created July 2007
Pg 6.53
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Created July 2007
-- 42 --
BDM Pg 3-29
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-- 43 --
-- 44 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Fatigue and Fracture
James A Swanson
6.6.1
6.6.2
Fatigue
Fracture
Pg 6.29
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Created July 2007
-- 45 --
(f ) (F ) n
where,
(f )
(6.6.1.2.2-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The force effect considered for the fatigue design of a steel bridge
detail shall be the live load stress range.
Pg 6.29-30
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Created July 2007
-- 46 --
i.e., where:
Pg 6.30
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
100.0
A
B
B'
C
D
E
E'
10.0
1.0
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
Stress Cycles
Pgs 6.42
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 47 --
A 3 (F )TH
(F ) n =
2
N
(6.6.1.2.5-1)
(6.6.1.2.5-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Detail
A x 108
Category
A
B
B'
C
C'
D
E
E'
M164 Bolts
M253 Bolts
(ksi )
250
120
61.0
44.0
44.0
22.0
11.0
3.9
17.1
31.5
( F )TH
(ksi)
24.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
7.0
4.5
2.6
31.0
38.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 48 --
Detail
Category
A
B
B'
C
C'
D
E
E'
This Table shows the values of (ADTT)SL above which the Infinite Life
check governs (Assuming one cycle per truck passage).
Pg 6.43
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Span Length
> 40 ft.
40 ft.
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
Spacing
Transverse Members
> 20 ft.
1.0
20 ft.
2.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 49 --
(3.6.1.4.2-1)
where,
p - The fraction of truck traffic in a single lane
Table 3.6.1.4.2-1 Single Lane Truck Fraction
# Lanes Available
to Trucks
1
2
3 or more
p
1.00
0.85
0.80
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Class of
Highway
Rural Interstate
Urban Interstate
Other Rural
Other Urban
TF
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.10
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Created July 2007
-- 50 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 51 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Version
1 - DoJuly
Not 2007
Duplicate
Created
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 52 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 53 --
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Pg 6.42
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
The appropriate
Table 6.6.2-1
temperature
zone
shall
be
determined
from
Temperature Zone
0 F and above
o
-1 F to -30 F
o
-31 F to -60 F
Pgs 6.46-6.48
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1
2
ODOT Designs
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-- 55 --
Pgs 6.46-6.48
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Expansion dams
Drainage material
Pgs 6.46-6.48
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-- 56 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The designer should make all efforts to not develop a structure design
that requires fracture critical members. As specified in Section 301.2,
structures with fracture critical details require a concurrent detail
design review to be performed by the Office of Structural Engineering.
BDM Pg 3-32
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 57 --
Mech Fastened
Welded Members
Grade
36
50/50S/50W
HPS 50W
HPS 70W
100/100W
Thickness
(in)
t4
t2
2< t 4
t4
t4
t 2.5
2.5 < t 4
t4
t4
t4
t4
t4
36
50/50S/50W
HPS 50W
HPS 70W
100/100W
Min Test
Energy
(ft-lbs)
20
20
24
24
28
28
36
20
20
24
28
28
25 @ 70
25 @ 70
30 @ 70
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ 30
45 @ 30
25 @ 70
25 @ 70
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ 30
25 @ 40
25 @ 40
30 @ 40
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ 0
45 @ 0
25 @ 40
25 @ 40
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ 0
Pg 6.48
Temperature
Zone 3
(ft-lbs @ oF)
25 @ 10
25 @ 10
30 @ 10
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ -30
Not Permitted
25 @ 10
25 @ 10
30 @ 10
35 @ -10
35 @ -30
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Mech Fastened
Welded Members
Grade
36
50/50S/50W
HPS 50W
HPS 70W
100/100W
36
50/50S/50W
HPS 50W
HPS 70W
100/100W
Thickness
(in)
t4
t2
2< t 4
t4
t4
t 2.5
2.5 < t 4
t4
t4
t4
t4
t4
15 @ 40
15 @ 40
20 @ 40
20 @ 10
25 @ -10
25 @ 0
35 @ 0
15 @ 10
15 @ 10
20 @ 10
20 @ 10
25 @ -10
25 @ -30
35 @ -30
15 @ 70
15 @ 70
20 @ 10
25 @ -10
25 @ 30
15 @ 40
15 @ 40
20 @ 10
25 @ -10
25 @ 0
15 @ 10
15 @ 10
20 @ 10
25 @ -10
25 @ -30
Pg 6.48
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 58 --
Tension Members
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Tension Members
James A Swanson
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
6.8.4
6.8.5
6.8.6
6.8.7
General
Tensile Resistance
Net Area
Limiting Slenderness Ratio
Built-Up Members
Eyebars
Pin-Connected Members
6.8.1: General
Members and splices subjected to axial tension shall be investigated for:
Pg 6.64
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 59 --
Tension Members
Pr = y Pny = y Fy Ag
(6.8.2.1-1)
y = 0.95
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(6.8.2.1-2)
u = 0.80
Fu - Specified minimum tensile strength.
An - Net area of the member.
U - Shear lag reduction coefficient.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 60 --
Tension Members
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Gross Section
Net Section
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 61 --
Tension Members
Yielding is not checked on the net section because it will be localized and will not
lead to excessive elongation of the member.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 62 --
Tension Members
1/
16
Staggered Fasteners
For Each Diagonal Segment, add
s2
4g
Pg 6.67
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
U = 1.00
U = 0.90
for rolled I-shapes and tees cut from I-shapes where the
flange width is not less than 2/3 the depth when no fewer
than 3 fasteners are used in the direction of stress
U = 0.85
U = 0.75
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 63 --
Tension Members
The AISC provisions are now found in Article D3.3 of the 2005 13th Ed.
Pgs 6.65-66
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Table D3.1
Shear Lag Factors for Connections
to Tension Members
Case
Description of Element
1 All tension members where the tension
load is transmitted directly to each of the
cross-sectional elements by fasteners or
welds (except cases 3, 4, 5 and 6.)
2
is
U = 1
x
L
U = 1.00
and
A n = area of the directly
connected elements
L 2.0W U = 1.00
2.0W > L 1.5W U = 0.87
1.5W > L 1.0W U = 0.75
AISC Pg 16.1-29
ODOT Short Course
Example
---------
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 64 --
Tension Members
AISC Pg 16.1-251
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AISC Pg 16.1-251
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 65 --
Tension Members
Net Section
Less than 100% Effective
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
L
rmin
140
L
200
rmin
L
240
rmin
Pg 6.68
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 66 --
Compression Members
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Compression Members
James A Swanson
6.9.1
6.9.2
6.9.3
6.9.4
6.9.5
General
Compressive Resistance
Limiting Slenderness Ratio
Noncomposite Members
Composite Members
6.9.1: General
Pg 6.71
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 67 --
Compression Members
Axial Capacity, Pn
Py = Fy As
PE =
2 EAs
( KL / r )
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Axial Capacity, Pn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 68 --
Compression Members
Axial Capacity, Pn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
(6.9.2.1-1)
c = 0.90
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 6.71
ODOT Short Course
-- 69 --
Compression Members
KL
120
r
KL
140
r
Pg 6.73
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(6.9.4.1-1)
0.88 Fy As
(6.9.4.1-2)
where,
2
KL Fy
=
rs E
(6.9.4.1-3)
Pg 6.73-74
ODOT Short Course
-- 70 --
Compression Members
b
E
k
t
Fy
(6.9.4.2-1)
Pg 6.74-6.76
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 6.74-6.76
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 71 --
Compression Members
where,
and
kE
b bf
=
0.64 c
t 2t f
Fy
(6.9.4.2-2)
0.35 kc 0.76
(6.9.4.2-3)
kc =
4
D
tw
(6.9.4.2-4)
The parameter kc provides a measure of the amount of localbuckling restraint that the web provides to the flange and accounts
for interaction between FLB and WLB.
Pg 6.74-6.76
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
D
E
2.8
t
Fy
(6.9.4.2-5)
b
E
1.7
t
Fy
(6.9.4.2-6)
Although AASHTO states that b/t limits shall be satisfied, they still refer
to AISC for strength determination of slender members.
Pg 6.74-6.76
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 72 --
Compression Members
=
+ 0.82
(1 + 2 ) rib
r m
r o
2
(6.9.4.3.1-1)
r m
KL
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.76-77
ODOT Short Course
ri 4 r max
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 73 --
Compression Members
K = 0.750
K = 0.875
K = 1.00
Pgs 4.48-52
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 74 --
Compression Members
G=
( EI / L)C
( EI / L)G
Sidesway Uninhibited
Sidesway Inhibited
AASHTO Pg 4.48-52, AISC Pg 16.1-241
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
G=
(C4.6.2.5-3)
( EI / L)C
( EI / L)G
(C4.6.2.5-3)
Sidesway
Uninhibited
=2
= 2/3
= 3/2
= 1/2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 75 --
Compression Members
G = 1.5
G = 3.0
G = 5.0
G = 1.0
AASHTO Pg 4.48-52
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.73-74
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 76 --
Compression Members
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 77 --
Compression Members
Pn = 0.66 Fy As
(6.9.4.1-1)
0.88 Fy As
(6.9.4.1-2)
where,
=
Fy
Fe
Pgs 6.73-74
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
AISC Pg 16.1-34
ODOT Short Course
(AISC E4-4)
-- 78 --
Compression Members
4 Fey Fez H
1 1
2
( Fey + Fez )
Fey + Fez
Fe =
2H
H = 1
Fey =
xo2 + yo2
ro2
(AISC E4-8)
( KL / r ) y
(AISC E4-5)
Ix + I y
(AISC E4-7)
Ag
2 EC
1
w
+ GJ
Fez =
( K L )2
Ag ro2
z
2E
2
(AISC E4-10)
AISC Pg 16.1-34
(AISC E4-11)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
For Tees and Double Angles, the provisions are simplified since the Cw
term in AISC Eqn E4-11 can be taken as zero.
0
2 ECw
1
+ GJ
Fe =
2
K
L
(
)
z
Ix + Iy
Fcrz =
GJ
Ag ro2
(AISC E4-3)
(AISC E4-2)
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1 1
2
( Fcry + Fcrz )
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
AISC Pg 16.1-34
ODOT Short Course
-- 79 --
Compression Members
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1 1
2
( Fcry + Fcrz )
(AISC E4-2)
where Fcry is taken as the critical stress for flexural buckling about the
Y axis (i.e. Pn / As from either Eqn 6.9.4.1-1 or Eqn 6.9.4.1-2), and
Fcry =
Pn, y
Ag
Pn , ft = Fcrft Ag
AISC Pg 16.1-34
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 80 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Bending Members
Flexural Theory
James A Swanson
Plate Girders are members that are composed of elements that are
slender enough that buckling of one or more of the elements occurs
before the yield moment, My, can be reached
Plate Girders are almost always built-up sections
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 81 --
Flexure: Slide #2
when,
h
E
5.70
t
F
h
E
> 5.70
t
F
when,
yw
yw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Flexure: Slide #3
Mn = Mp
Local Buckling:
Flange Local Buckling
Web Local Buckling
Mn = Mcr
Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
Mn = Mcr
Other:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 82 --
Flexure: Slide #4
Mn = My
Mn = Mcr
Mn = Mcr
Flexure: Slide #5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 83 --
Flexure: Slide #6
M y = Fa = ( bh4 Fy ) ( 32 h ) = bh6 Fy = S x Fy
2
(1/2)(h/2)=
/4
M p = Fc a = Ft a
Fc
M=Mp
Fc = Ft = ( Fy ) ( h2 ) ( b ) = bh2 Fy
a = h (2) ( h4 ) = h2
Ft
M p = Fa = ( bh2 Fy ) ( 2h ) = bh4 Fy = Z x Fy
2
b
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Flexure: Slide #7
(1/2)(h/2)=
/4
Fc
M=Mp
a
Ft
bh 2
F
M p 4 y
SF =
=
= 1.5
M y bh 2
F
6 y
-- 84 --
Flexure: Slide #8
M p = Fi ai
F fc = F ft = b f t f Fy = F f
a1 = a4 = h2 +
tf
2
= 12 ( h + t f ) = a f
Fwc = Fwt = ( h2 ) tw Fy = Fw
a2 = a3 = ( 12 ) ( h2 ) = h4 = aw
M p = (2) F f a f + Fw aw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Flexure: Slide #9
When the section is only singly symmetric (or nonsymmetric) the ENA
and PNA will be at different locations.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 85 --
If the section is homogenous, find the PNA by setting the area above
the PNA to the area below the PNA.
Otherwise, set the force above the PNA to the force below the PNA
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Fconc
ac
ts
a1
PNA
a2
Fsteel
Fy
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 86 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 87 --
Pg 6.290
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 6.290
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 88 --
PNA
II
In Web
In Top Flange
CONDITION
Y AND M P
Pt + Pw Pc + Ps + Prb + Prt
D P Pc Ps Prb Prt
Y = t
+ 1
Pw
2
2
P
M p = w Y 2 + ( D Y ) + [ Ps d s + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc dc + Pd
t t]
2D
Pt + Pw + Pc Ps + Prb + Prt
t P + Pw Ps Prb Prt
Y = c t
+ 1
Pc
2
2
Pc 2
Mp =
Y + ( tc Y ) + [ Ps d s + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2t
c
III
Concrete Deck,
Below Prb
C
Pt + Pw + Pc rb Ps + Prb + Prt
ts
IV
Concrete Deck,
at Prb
C
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rb Ps + Prt
ts
P + Pw + Pc Prb Prt
Y = ( ts ) t
Ps
Y 2 Ps
Mp =
+ [ Pc d c + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2ts
Y = Crb
Y 2 Ps
Mp =
2ts
+ [ Pc d c + Prt d rt + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
Pg 6.290
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
PNA
Concrete
Deck,
Above Prb
Below Prt
C
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rt Ps + Prt
ts
VI
Concrete
Deck, at Prt
C
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rb Ps + Prt
ts
Concrete
Deck,
Above Prt
C
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt < rt Ps
ts
VII
Y AND M P
CONDITION
P + Pw + Pc + Prb Prt
Y = ( ts ) t
Ps
Y 2 Ps
Mp =
+ [ Pc dc + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2ts
Y = Crt
Y 2 Ps
Mp =
+ [ Pc dc + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2ts
P + Pw + Pc + Prb Prt
Y = ( ts ) t
Ps
Y 2 Ps
Mp =
2ts
Pg 6.290
ODOT Short Course
+ [ Pc dc + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 89 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Pg 6.291
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 90 --
Pg 6.291
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
PNA
In Web
Y AND M P
CONDITION
Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Prt
D P P Prt Prb
Y = c t
+ 1
Pw
2
Mp =
II
In Top Flange
Pc + Pw + Pt Prb + Prt
2
Pw 2
Y + ( D Y ) + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pd
t t + Pc d c ]
2 D
t P + Pc Prt Prb
Y = t w
+ 1
Pt
2
Mp =
2
Pt 2
Y + ( tt Y ) + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pc d c ]
2tt
Pg 6.291
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 91 --
f < Fy
Moment
f = Fy
M y = Sx Fy
Fy
Fy
M p = Z x Fy
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 92 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 93 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Flanges (Unstiffened):
Compact if p
Stiffened
bf
2t f
p = 0.38
E
Fy
Non-Compact if p < r
Slender if r <
r = 0.83
E
Fy
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 94 --
Webs (Stiffened):
Compact if p
Stiffened
h
tw
p = 3.76
E
Fy
Non-Compact if p < r
Slender if r <
r = 5.70
E
Fy
Based on this, All rolled sections in AISC have compact webs for Fy 50ksi
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Flanges (Unstiffened):
Compact if p
bf
2t f
p = 0.38
E
Fy
Non-Compact if p < r
Stiffened
Slender if r <
kc =
4
h / tw
r = 0.95
Ekc
Fy
0.35 kc 0.76
-- 95 --
Unstiffened
Slender if r <
h
tw
r = 5.70
E
Fy
Stiffened
Moment Capacity, Mn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 96 --
When r
When p
How much inelastic strain must a section sustain to reach its plastic
moment?...
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
R=
f p
p
Moment Capacity, Mn
Define:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 97 --
L-
L+
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
L = r
2
L + = r +
2
d
2
L + d
r=
r=
L-
d L + d
+ =
2
d
L+
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 98 --
Then,
2 2
f p d f d p f p
R=
=
=
p
p
2
d p
Since =
R=
= L
f
= ( R + 1)
p
f L pL f p
=
pL
p
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Mp
My
y = SF y p = SF y
f
f
f
=
= SF ( R + 1)
p SF y
y
f
= 4.8
y
Most texts estimate the strain demand at the plastic moment at roughly 7 to
9 times the yield strain. Comparatively speaking, the strain at the onset of
strain hardening is roughly 15 to 20 times the yield strain.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 99 --
Fcr =
2 kE
2
12 (1 2 ) ( b t )
b
2 kE
kE
=
= 0.951
2
t
F
12 1 Fcr
cr
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
b
kE
kE
( 0.46 )( 0.951)
= 0.437
t
Fy
Fy
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 100 --
b
kE
kE
( 0.46 )( 0.951)
= 0.437
t
Fy
Fy
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
( 0.709 ) E
Fy
= 0.368
E
Fy
p = 0.38
E
Fy
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 101 --
M cr =
W=
EI y GJ 1 + W 2
ECw
GJ
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 102 --
Dc
3
3
3
D t b fct fc
+ c w
12
12
3 12
Dt
At = b fct fc + c w
3
I yt =
rt =
rt =
b3fct fc
I yt
At
b3fct fc
Dt
12 b fct fc + c w
3
b fc
Dt
12 1 + c w
3
b fc t fc
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 103 --
M cr = S xc Fcr
Dc
3
Fcr =
Rb 2 E
( Lb / rt )2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Moment Capacity, Mn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 104 --
For Beams:
L p = 1.76ry
E
Fy
Lr = Complex...
L p = 1.0rt
E
Fyc
Lr = rt
E
Fyr
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
The equation proposed for the critical buckling strength were derived
for the case of a uniform bending moment over the length of the beam.
This is the most critical case but is very often overly conservative
when the moment diagram is not uniform.
A factor, the moment gradient modifier, Cb, based on the shape of the
moment diagram, is used to increase the moment capacity when the
moment is not uniform.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 105 --
M
M
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2
M2
Cb =
12.5M max
3.0
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
where Mmax is the maximum moment in an unbraced length and MA, MB,
and MC are the moments at the quarter point, mid point, and threequarter point of the unbraced length. Absolute values of the moments
are used.
-- 106 --
Without Cb
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
S&J Pg 482-483
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 107 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
G&G Pg 463
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 108 --
f dx = d
d =
S&J Pg 615-617
ODOT Short Course
h
2
2 f dx
h
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Fvert = f A f d
Substituting,
2 f dx
Fvert = ( f A f )
h
If we divide Fvert by the area A = tw dx then we get the stress fc shown above
2 f dx A f
f c = ( f A f )
=
(2 f f )
h tw dx Aw
S&J Pg 615-617
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 109 --
Fcr =
k 2 E
12(1 2 )(b t ) 2
Let fc = Fcr, k = 1.00 (pinned top & bottom; other edges free), b/t = h/tw
Af
2 E
(2 f f ) =
12(1 2 )(h tw ) 2
Aw
S&J Pg 615-617
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
h
= 0.672
tw
Aw E
A f f f
Now suppose that the flange is at its yield stress, which leads to f =
Fy and the strain in the flange is equal to (Fy + Fr) / E
h
= 0.672 E
tw
Aw
A f Fy ( Fy + Fr )
S&J Pg 615-617
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 110 --
h
=
tw
0.475 E
E
= 0.4166
F
Fy (1.3Fy )
y
Fy =
(0.4166)(29,000 ksi )
= 80.5ksi
(150)
VFB is precluded so long as the yield stress is not greater than 80ksi. The
commentary on Pg 6-85 says that youre safe up to 85ksi.
S&J Pg 615-617
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #61
Dc
Fcr =
k 2 E
12(1 2 )(b t ) 2
For a web panel of the girder defined by vertical stiffeners with the aspect
ratio of a / h,
k = 39.6
if full fixity is assumed at the flanges
k = 23.9
if the web is assumed to be pinned at the flanges.
Take 80% of the difference towards the higher value:
k = 23.9 + (0.8)(39.6 - 23.9) = 36.5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 111 --
Fcr =
36.5 2 E
33.0 E
=
12(1 0.32 )(h tw ) 2 (h tw ) 2
h
E
= 5.74
tw
Fcr
Solve for h / tw
h
E
5.74
tw
Fy
which is roughly the limit for a slender web, of
h
E
= 5.70
t
F
w
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Fcr =
k 2 E
0.9038 k E
=
2
2
12(1 0.3 )( D / t w )
( D / tw )2
9
( Dc / D) 2
For the case of the doubly symmetric shape, D = 2Dc, k = 36.0, and
k=
Fcr =
32.5 E
( D / tw )2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 112 --
Since the web carries only a small portion of the bending moment on
the section, however, this buckling does not generally represent the
end of the usefulness of the girder.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 113 --
Mn
A
= 1.0 0.09 w
My
Af
S&J Pg 627
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
The strength represented by line BD in the chart two slides back can
be approximated as linear.
At point D, h / tw = 320, the limit above which VFB may govern.
h
E
= 5.70
162 (for Fy = 36ksi)
tw
Fy
At Point B,
Slope of BD=
S&J Pg 627
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 114 --
Then,
A h
Mn
E
= 1.0 0.0005 w 5.70
My
Fyw
Af tw
Mn
awc
= 1.0
1200
300awc
My
+
h
E
5.70
Fyw
tw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
When My is replaced by the critical moment, Mcr = Sxc Fcr, which may be
less than My,
h
awc
E
M n = S xc Fcr 1.0
5.70
Fyw
1200 + 300awc tw
M n = S xc Fcr Rb
Thus the load shedding factor (or plate girder factor) can be written as,
awc
Rb = 1
1200 + 300awc
2 Dc
E
5.70
1.0
Fyc
tw
(6.10.1.10.2-3)
-- 115 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 116 --
where,
Rh =
a =
wc
12 + awc (3m m3 )
12 + 2awc
A
A
m=
F
F
yw
yf
12 + (3 3 )
12 + 2
(6.10.1.10.1-1)
2 Dn t w
A fn
(6.10.1.10.1-2)
Fyw
fn
1.0
Dn - Larger of the distances from the E.N.A. to the inside face of either flange.
fn - Yield stress of the flange corresponding the Dn.
Afn - Area of the flange corresponding to Dn.
Pg 6.95
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 117 --
These discussion have focus primarily on the stability of the web with
regard to Web Local Buckling, Bend Buckling, Vertical Flange
Buckling, Load Shedding, etc.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Dc
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 118 --
Dc
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Since the ENA and PNA are coincident for a non-composite doubly
symmetric section
h 2 Dc 2 Dcp
=
=
tw
tw
tw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 119 --
Pg 6.293
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 6.293
ODOT Short Course
(D6.3.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 120 --
Pg 6.294
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 6.294
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 121 --
Fyw Aw
2
(D6.3.2-1)
For all other composite sections in positive flexure, Dcp shall be taken
equal to zero.
Pg 6.294
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
D
Fyt At + Fyw Aw + Fyrs Ars Fyc Ac
2 Aw Fyw
(D6.3.2-2)
For all other composite sections in negative flexure, Dcp shall be taken
equal to D.
Pg 6.295
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 122 --
(D6.3.2-3)
D
Fyt At + Fyw Aw Fyc Ac
2 Aw Fyw
(D6.3.2-4)
Pg 6.295
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 6.292
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 123 --
Calculate the additional moment MAD that must be applied to the shortterm composite section to cause nominal yielding in either steel flange.
The yield moment is the sum of the total permanent load moment and
the additional moment.
Pg 6.292
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(D6.2.2-1)
M y = M D1 + M D 2 + M AD
(D6.2.2-2)
Fyf =
Then calculate:
Pg 6.292
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 124 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Bending Members
Flexural Provisions
James A Swanson
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
6.10.7
6.10.8
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Positive Flexure
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and
Noncomposite Sections
6.10.9 Shear Strength
6.10.10 Shear Connectors
6.10.11 Stiffeners
6.10.12 Cover Plates
Pg 6.80
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 125 --
Flexure: Slide #2
(1 of 19)
6.10.1 General
6.10.1.5 Stiffness
Pg 6.80
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #3
(2 of 19)
Modular Ratio, n = Es / Ec
2.4 fc 2.9
2.9 fc 3.6
3.6 fc 4.6
4.6 fc 6.0
6.0 fc
Pg 6.82
ODOT Short Course
n = 10
n=9
n=8
n=7
n=6
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 126 --
Flexure: Slide #4
(3 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Flexure: Slide #5
(3 of 19)
bs,ext for exterior beams may be taken as one half bs,int plus the least of:
One-eighth the effective span length
6.0 times the slab thickness plus the greater of one-half the web
thickness of one-quarter the width of the top flange
The width of the overhang
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 127 --
Flexure: Slide #6
(4 of 19)
Interior Beams,
Exterior Beams:
For effective flange width calculations, the effective span length is the:
actual span length for simply supported spans, and
distance between permanent load inflection points for continuous spans
14 Leff
18 Leff
bs,int
bs,ext =
+Min 6ts +Max ( 12 tw , 14 bft )
2
S
ext
ODOT: Dont include the sacrificial wearing surface in eff width calcs.
Pgs 6.83, 4.52-53
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Flexure: Slide #7
(5 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 128 --
Flexure: Slide #8
(6 of 19)
The yield strength of the web should not be less than 70% of the yield
strength of the higher strength flange or 36ksi.
Pg 6.84
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Flexure: Slide #9
(7 of 19)
6.10.1.5: Stiffness
Pgs 6.86
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 129 --
(8 of 19)
fbu:
fl :
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(9 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 130 --
(10 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
(11 of 19)
When the top flange is braced by a slab, etc., the wind acting on the
upper half of the girder is disregarded (i.e. goes directly into the slab).
The Wind pressure acting on the lower half of the girder is carried by
the weak-axis bending in the bottom flange to the cross frames where
it is transmitted into the deck.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 131 --
(12 of 19)
2.
V Z
VDZ = 2.5Vo 30 ln
VB Z o
V
PD = PB D Z
VB
(3.8.1.1-1)
(3.8.1.2.1-1)
The total wind loading shall not be taken less than 30Lb/ft on beam spans.
Pgs 3.38-42
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(13 of 19)
i PD d
2
(C4.6.2.7.1-1)
The weak-axis moment in the bottom flange between brace points, where
the brace carries the wind load to the deck, may be determined as,
Mw =
W L2b
10
(C4.6.2.7.1-2)
The weak-axis moment in the bottom flange, where the overall wind load
is carried by weak-axis bending of the girder system alone (no deck), may
be determined as,
Mw =
W L2b W L2
+
10
8N b
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(C4.6.2.7.1-3)
-- 132 --
(14 of 19)
fl =
M w 6M w
=
S yf
t f b 2f
The horizontal wind force applied at the bottom flange to each brace
point, Pw, may be calculated as:
Pw = W L b
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(C4.6.2.7.1-4)
(15 of 19)
When the longitudinal tension stress in the concrete deck due to Load
Combination Service II exceeds the factored modulus of rupture for
the concrete, 1% reinforcement shall be provided in the deck.
The reinforcement used shall be grade 60 bars not larger than #6.
Pgs 6.89-90
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 133 --
(16 of 19)
A
ft 0.84 n
Ag
Fu Fyt
(6.10.1.8-1)
ft - Stress on the gross area of the tension flange due to factored loads.
An - Net area of the tension flange (6.8.3).
Ag - Gross area of the tension flange.
Pg 6.90
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(17 of 19)
k=
0.9 Ek
D
tw
( Dc / D )
(6.10.1.9.1-1)
(6.10.1.9.1-2)
Fcrw - Bend-buckling resistance, not to exceed the smaller of RhFyc or Fyw / 0.7.
k - Bend-buckling coefficient.
Dc - Depth of the web in compression (Elastic Section).
Post buckling strength of the web is not considered under service loads.
Pg 6.91
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 134 --
(18 of 19)
12 + (3 3 )
12 + 2
2 Dn t w
A fn
Fyw
fn
(6.10.1.10.1-1)
(6.10.1.10.1-2)
1.0
Dn - Larger of the distances from the E.N.A. to the inside face of either flange.
fn - Yield stress of the flange corresponding the Dn.
Afn - Area of the flange corresponding to Dn.
Pgs 6.94-95
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(19 of 19)
awc
Rb = 1
1200 + 300awc
awc =
2 Dc
E
5.70
1.0
Fyc
tw
2 Dc t w
b fc t fc
(6.10.1.10.2-5)
Pgs 6.95-97
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.1.10.2-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 135 --
6.10.1
(1 of 6)
General
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Positive Flexure
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and
Noncomposite Sections
6.10.9 Shear Strength
6.10.10 Shear Connectors
6.10.11 Stiffeners
6.10.12 Cover Plates
Pg 6.99
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #23
(2 of 6)
D
150
tw
(6.10.2.1.1-1)
D
300
tw
(6.10.2.1.2-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 136 --
(3 of 6)
12.0
bf
D
6
t f 1.1t w
0.1
I yc
I yt
10
bf - Flange width.
tf - Flange thickness.
D - Depth of the web.
Iyc - Moment of inertia of the compression flange about the vertical axis of the member.
Iyt - Moment of inertia of the tension flange about the vertical axis of the member.
Pgs 6.100-101
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #25
(4 of 6)
BDM Pg 3-33
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 137 --
(5 of 6)
For A709-50 & 50W steel, the cutoff is 85% of the value for A709-36.
BDM Pg 3-33
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(6 of 6)
552.5Lbs
= 9.02 '
61.25 Lb ft
BDM Pg 3-33
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 138 --
6.10.1
6.10.2
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
6.10.3 Constructability
6.10.3.1 General
6.10.3.2 Flexure
6.10.3.3 Shear
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
6.10.7
6.10.8
Pg 6.101
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
(1 of 10)
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Pg 6.108
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 139 --
(2 of 10)
Typical:
On Cantilevers:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(3 of 10)
Section 3.6.1.3.2 reads, If the owner invokes the optional live load
deflection criteria, the deflection should be taken as the larger of:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 140 --
(4 of 10)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(5 of 10)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 141 --
(6 of 10)
Steel
Minimum Depth
Simple Span
Continuous Spans
Type
Overall Depth of
Composite I-Beam
0.040L
0.032L
Steel Depth of
Composite I-Beam
0.033L
0.027L
Trusses
0.100L
0.100L
ODOT states that designers shall apply the span-to-depth ratios shown.
Pgs 6.108, 2.13-14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(7 of 10)
f f 0.95 Rh Fyf
(6.10.4.2.2-1)
ff +
fl
0.95Rh Fyf
2
(6.10.4.2.2-2)
ff +
fl
0.80 Rh Fyf
2
(6.10.4.2.2-3)
Noncomposite Sections:
Both Flanges:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 142 --
(8 of 10)
Pgs 6.109-111
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(9 of 10)
f c Fcrw
(6.10.4.2.2-4)
fc -
Post buckling strength of the web is not considered under service loads.
Pgs 6.109-111
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 143 --
Pg 6.278
(10 of 10)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
6.10.5.1 Fatigue
6.10.5.2 Fracture
Check elastic flexing of the web under shear loads Well cover this later.
Pg 6.112
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 144 --
Pg 6.278
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
(1 of 5)
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
6.10.6.1 General
6.10.6.2 Flexure
6.10.6.3 Shear
Pg 6.113
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 145 --
(2 of 5)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
(3 of 5)
Section Classification
Compact if:
2 Dcp
tw
3.76
E
Fyc
(6.10.6.2.2-1)
Nonslender:
Noncompact if:
2 Dc
E
5.70
tw
Fyc
and
I yc
I yt
0.3
(6.10.6.2.3-1)
(6.10.6.2.3-2)
Otherwise Slender
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 146 --
(4 of 5)
Upper Bound: Mp
Upper Bound: My
Sections with Fy > 70ksi are limited to their yield moment, My.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Pg 6.279
ODOT Short Course
(5 of 5)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 147 --
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
(1 of 7)
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Pg 6.119
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(2 of 7)
1
fl S xt f M n
3
(6.10.7.1.1-1)
Pg 6.119
ODOT Short Course
-- 148 --
(3 of 7)
Mn = M p
If Dp 0.1Dt, then:
Otherwise:
(6.10.7.1.2-1)
Dp
M n = M p 1.07 0.7
Dt
(6.10.7.1.2-2)
M n 1.3Rh M y
(6.10.7.1.2-3)
Dp - Distance from the top of the concrete deck to the PNA of the composite section.
Dt - Total depth of the composite section.
Mp - Plastic moment of the composite section (App. D6.1).
My - Yield moment (App. D6.2).
Rh - Hybrid girder factor.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.120-121
ODOT Short Course
(4 of 7)
fbu f Fnc
(6.10.7.2.1-1)
where:
Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc
(6.10.7.2.2-1)
(6.10.1.6).
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 149 --
(5 of 7)
f bu +
1
f l f Fnt
3
(6.10.7.2.1-2)
where:
Fnt = Rh Fyt
(6.10.7.2.2-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #51
(6 of 7)
D p 0.42 Dt
(6.10.7.3-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 150 --
Pg 6.280
(7 of 7)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
6.10.7
6.10.8
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sects in Pos Flexure
6.10.9
6.10.10
6.10.11
6.10.12
Shear Strength
Shear Connectors
Stiffeners
Cover Plates
Pg 6.124
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 151 --
fbu +
(6.10.8.1.1-1)
f bu +
1
fl f Fnc
3
1
f l f Fnt
3
(6.10.8.1.2-1)
fbu f Rh Fyf
(6.10.8.1.3-1)
Fnc - Nominal Flexural Resistance for the Compression Flange from 6.10.8.2
Fnt - Nominal Flexural Resistance for the Tension Flange from 6.10.8.3
Pgs 6.124-125
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc
(6.10.8.2.2-1)
F pf
Rb Rh Fyc
Fnc = 1 1 yr f
Rh Fyc rf pf
(6.10.8.2.2-2)
Otherwise:
where:
Fyr = min ( 0.7 Fyc , Fyw ) 0.5 Fyc
Pg 6.126-127
ODOT Short Course
(Pg 6-109)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 152 --
Flange Capacity, Fn
f =
b fc
(6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc
pf = 0.38
E
Fyc
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
rf = 0.56
E
Fyr
(6.10.8.2.2-5)
Pg 6.126-127
ODOT Short Course
Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc
(6.10.8.2.3-1)
Fyr Lb Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
R R F Rb Rh Fyc
Lr Lp b h yc
Rh Fyc
(6.10.8.2.3-2)
Otherwise:
Pg 6.127
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.8.2.3-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 153 --
LP = 1.0rt
Flange Capacity, Fn
Fy
Inelastic LTB
Fr
Lr = rt
Elastic LTB
Lp
Fcr =
Lr
Unbraced Length, Lb
rt =
E
Fyc
E
Fyr
Cb Rb 2 E
( Lb / rt )
b fc
1 Dc t w
121 +
3b t
fc fc
(6.10.8.2.3-4)
(6.10.8.2.3-5)
(6.10.8.2.3-8)
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.128
ODOT Short Course
In General:
2
f
f
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
f
2
f2
(6.10.8.2.3-7)
Cb = 1.00
(6.10.8.2.3-6)
Pgs 6.128-134
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 154 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.128-134
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 155 --
(10 of 16)
f1
When the variation in the moment along the entire length between the
brace points is concave in shape:
f1 = fo
(6.10.8.2.3-10)
Otherwise:
f1 = 2fmidf2 fo
(6.10.8.2.3-11)
Pgs 6.128-134
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(11 of 16)
Pgs 6.287-288
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 156 --
(12 of 16)
Pgs 6.287-288
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
6.10 - I-Sections: Comp Sections in Neg Flexure / Noncomp Sections (13 of 16)
6.10.8.2: Moment Gradient Modifier
Strict application of the Cb provisions would require the consideration of the concurrent
moments along the unbraced length.
However, since concurrent moments are normally not tracked in the analysis, it is
convenient and always conservative to use the worst-case moment values to compute
the above stresses.
The worst-case moment for calculation of f2 is the critical envelope value, or the
moment causing the largest value of f2 in the flange under consideration.
The worst case moments used to compute fo and fmid are the values obtained from the
moment envelopes that produce the largest compressive stress, or the smallest tensile
stress if the point is never in compression, within the flange under consideration at
each of these locations.
Pgs 6.128-134
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 157 --
6.10 - I-Sections: Comp Sections in Neg Flexure / Noncomp Sections (14 of 16)
6.10.8.2: Moment Gradient Modifier
Pgs 6.128-134
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(15 of 16)
Fnt = Rh Fyt
Pg 6.135
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.8.3-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 158 --
Pg 6.281
(16 of 16)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
App A6
Pgs. 212-223
App B6
Pgs. 224-234
App C6
Pgs. 235-239
Pgs. 242-245
Step-by-step Instructions
Flowcharts
App D6
Pgs. 250-256
Fundamentals of Flexure
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 159 --
A6.1
A6.2
A6.3
A6.4
(1 of 18)
General
Web Plastification Factors
Flexural Resistance Based on the Compression Flange
Flexural Resistance Based on the Tension Flange
Upper Bound: Mp
Upper Bound: My
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(2 of 18)
A6.1: General
2Dc
E
< 5.7
tw
Fyc
(A6.1-1)
and
I yc
I yt
0.3
Pg 6.246
ODOT Short Course
(A6.1-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 160 --
(3 of 18)
A6.1: General
At the Strength Limit State:
Mu +
1
fl Sxc f M nc
3
(A6.1.1-1)
Mu +
1
fl Sxt f M nt
3
(A6.1.2-1)
Mnc - Nominal Moment Capacity for the Compression Flange from A6.3.
Mnt - Nominal Moment Capacity for the Tension Flange from A6.4.
Pgs 6.247-249
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #73
(4 of 18)
A6.1: General
At the Strength Limit State:
M u f Rpc M yc
(A6.1.3-1)
M u f Rpt M yt
(A6.1.4-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 161 --
(5 of 18)
Web Classification
2 Dcp
Compact if:
tw
pw( Dcp )
2Dc
rw
tw
Noncompact if:
(A6.2.1-1)
(A6.2.2-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(6 of 18)
Web Classification
pw( D ) =
cp
rw = 5.7
E
Fyc
D
rw cp
Dc
Mp
0.09
0.54
Rh M y
E
Fyc
(A6.2.1-2)
(A6.2.1-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 162 --
(7 of 18)
R pc =
Rpt =
Mp
(A6.2.1-4)
M yc
Mp
(A6.2.1-5)
M yt
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(8 of 18)
rw pw( D ) M yc M yc
M p
c
R M w pw( D ) M p M p
c
Rpt = 1 1 h yt
M p
M yt M yt
rw
pw( Dc )
(A6.2.2-5)
Dc
rw
Dcp
(A6.2.2-6)
w =
2Dc
tw
pw( D ) = pw( D )
Pgs 6.250-252
ODOT Short Course
(A6.2.2-4)
cp
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 163 --
(9 of 18)
Pgs 6.252
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(10 of 18)
(A6.3.2-1)
F S pf
M nc = 1 1 yr xc f
Rpc M yc
Rpc M yc
rf pf
f =
bfc
(A6.3.2-3)
2t fc
Pgs 6.254
ODOT Short Course
(A6.3.2-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 164 --
(11 of 18)
Flange Classification:
Compact if:
f pf = 0.38
E
Fyc
(A6.3.2-4)
Noncompact if:
f rf = 0.95
E kc
Fyr
(A6.3.2-5)
kc =
4
D
tw
0.35 kc 0.76
(A6.3.2-6)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(12 of 18)
(A6.3.3-1)
F S L Lp
M nc = Cb 1 1 yr xc b
Rpc M yc Rpc M yc
Rpc M yc
Lr Lp
(A6.3.3-2)
(A6.3.3-3)
Pgs 6.255
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 165 --
(13 of 18)
LP = 1.0rt
E
Fyc
Lr = 1.95 rt
E
Fyr
Fcr =
Cb 2 E
( Lb / rt )
(A6.3.3-4)
F S h
1 + 1 + 6.76 yr xc
Sxc h
E J
J
1 + 0.078
J Lb
S xc h rt
(A6.3.3-5)
(A6.3.3-8)
S
Fyr = min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw 0.5 Fyc
S
xc
(Pg 6-222)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(14 of 18)
J=
rt =
3
t fc b ft t 3ft
t ft
D tw3 b fc t fc
+
1 0.63 +
1 0.63
3
3
b fc
3
b ft
(A6.3.3-9)
b fc
1 Dc t w
121 +
3b t
fc fc
(A6.3.3-10)
Pg 6.256-257
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 166 --
(15 of 18)
In General:
2
M
M
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M
2
M2
(A6.3.3-7)
Cb = 1.00
(A6.3.3-6)
Pgs 6.256-259
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(16 of 18)
Pgs 6.256-259
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 167 --
(17 of 18)
M nt = Rpt M yt
Pg 6.259
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 6.283-284
ODOT Short Course
(A6.4-1)
(18 of 18)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 168 --
6.10.1
6.10.2
(1 of 19)
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
6.10.3 Constructability
6.10.3.1 General
6.10.3.2 Flexure
6.10.3.3 Shear
Pg 6.101
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(2 of 19)
6.10.3.1: General
Pg 2.14-15
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 169 --
(3 of 19)
6.10.3.1: General
Pg 2.14-15
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(4 of 19)
6.10.3.1: General
Pg 6.101, 3.13
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 170 --
(5 of 19)
6.10.3.1: General
Pg 6.101-102
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(6 of 19)
6.10.3.1: General
Pg 6.102
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 171 --
(7 of 19)
6.10.3.2: Flexure
Discretely Braced Compression Flanges
f bu + f l f Rh Fyc
f bu +
f bu f Fcrw
1
f l f Fnc
3
(6.10.3.2.1-1)
(6.10.3.2.1-2)
(6.10.3.2.1-3)
Appendix A can be used to check for LTB and/or FLB for Constructability.
Pg 6.102-103
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Flexure: Slide #95
(8 of 19)
6.10.3.2: Flexure
f bu + f l f Rh Fyt
(6.10.3.2.2-1)
f bu f Rh Fyf
Pg 6.104
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.3.2.3-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 172 --
(9 of 19)
6.10.3.3: Shear
Vu Vcr
(6.10.3.3-1)
Vu - shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the factored
permanent loads and factored construction loads applied to the
non-composite section
The nominal shear resistance for this check is limited to the shear
yielding or shear-buckling resistance. The use of tension-field action
is not permitted under these loads during construction.
(Use of tension-field action is permitted after the deck has hardened or is
made composite, if tension-field action is permitted in Section 6.10.9)
Pg 6.105
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(10 of 19)
Pg 6.106
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 173 --
(11 of 19)
Pg 6.106
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(12 of 19)
bf
L
85
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 174 --
(13 of 19)
The effects of forces from deck overhang brackets acting on the fascia
girders shall be considered
The applied torsional moments bend the exterior girder top flanges
outward. The resulting flange lateral bending stresses tend to be largest
at the brace points at one or both ends of the unbraced length. The
lateral bending stress in the top flange is tensile at the brace points on
the side of the flange opposite from the brackets. These lateral bending
stresses should be considered in the design of the flanges.
Pg 6.107
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(14 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 175 --
(15 of 19)
The effects of forces from deck overhang brackets acting on the fascia
girders shall be considered
The horizontal components of the reactions on the cantilever-forming
brackets are often transmitted directly onto the exterior girder web. The
girder web may exhibit significant plate bending deformations due to
these loads. The effect of these deformations on the vertical deflections
at the outside edge of the deck should be considered. The effect of the
reactions from the brackets on the cross-frame forces should also be
considered.
Pg 6.107
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(16 of 19)
Alternatively, the brackets may bear on the girder webs if means are
provided to ensure that the web is not damaged and that the
associated deformations permit proper placement of the concrete
deck.
Pg 6.107
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 176 --
(17 of 19)
Ml =
Fl L2b
12
(C6.10.3.4-1)
Ml =
Pl Lb
8
(C6.10.3.4-2)
Lb - unbraced length.
Fl - statically equivalent uniformly distributed lateral force from the brackets
due to the factored loads.
Pl - statically equivalent concentrated lateral bracket force placed at the
middle of the unbraced length
Pg 6.107-108
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(18 of 19)
Pg 6.108
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 177 --
Pg 6.277
ODOT Short Course
(19 of 19)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 178 --
Shear Strength
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Bending Members
Shear Strength
James A Swanson
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
6.10.7
6.10.8
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sects in Pos Flexure
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and
Noncomposite Sections
6.10.9.1 General
6.10.9.2 Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened Webs
6.10.9.3 Nominal Resistance of Stiffened Webs
Pg 6.135
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 179 --
Shear: Slide #2
Shear Strength
Vn = Vcr = CV p
(6.10.9.2-1)
(6.10.9.2-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Shear: Slide #3
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 180 --
Shear: Slide #4
Shear Strength
cr =
2 kv E
2
12 (1 2 ) ( D / tw )
C=
=
Vcr
cr
=
V p 0.58 Fyw
12 1
2 kv E
1.57 kv E
) ( D / t ) ( 0.58F ) ( D / t )
2
yw
Fyw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Shear: Slide #5
kv = 4.0 +
5.34
( do / D )
when do D:
kv =
4.0
( do / D )
+ 5.34
Practical Solution:
Split the difference
kv = 5 +
( do / D )
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 181 --
Shear: Slide #6
Shear Strength
G&G Pg 346
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Shear: Slide #7
Shear Yielding
Vp
1.12
Ek
F
yw
1.40
Ek
F
yw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 182 --
Shear: Slide #8
Shear Strength
(6.10.9.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Shear: Slide #9
Vn = Vcr = CV p
(6.10.9.2-1)
Pg 6.135-139
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 183 --
Shear Strength
D
Ek
1.12
t
F
w
yw
C = 1.0
if 1.12
Shear Yielding
Ek D
Ek
< 1.40
F
t
F
yw
yw
C=
1.12 Ek
D F
t
yw
if 1.40
(6.10.9.3.2-4)
Ek D
<
F
t
yw
Inelastic Shear
Buckling
(6.10.9.3.2-5)
Elastic Shear
Buckling
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
C=
1.57 Ek
D F
t
2
yw
Pg 6.135-139
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Shear: Slide #11
k =5
k = 5+
5
d
D
(6.10.9.3.2-7)
Pg 6.135-139
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 184 --
Shear Strength
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
G&G Pg 476
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 185 --
Shear Strength
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
1.12
Ek
F
yw
1.40
Ek
F
yw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 186 --
Shear Strength
2 Dtw
2.5
b
t
( fc fc + b ft t ft )
else
0.87(1 C )
Vn = V p C +
2
d
1+ o
0.87(1 C )
Vn = V p C +
2
1 + d o + d o
(6.10.9.3.2-1)
(6.10.9.3.2-2)
(6.10.9.3.2-8)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Vn = Vcr = CV p
(6.10.9.3.3-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 187 --
Shear Strength
Pg 6.135
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
V V = CV
u
cr
(6.10.5.3-1)
Vu - Shear in the web panel due to unfactored permanent loads plus twice
the factored fatigue load.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 188 --
Shear Strength
General
Cross-Section Proportion Limits
Constructability
Service Limit State
Fatigue and Fracture
Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sects in Pos Flexure
Flexural Resistance: Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and
Noncomposite Sections
6.10.9 Shear Strength
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
6.10.5
6.10.6
6.10.7
6.10.8
6.10.10.1
6.10.10.2
6.10.10.3
6.10.10.4
General
Fatigue Resistance
Special Requirements for Inflection Points
Strength Limit State
6.10.11 Stiffeners
6.10.12 Cover Plates
Pg 6.139
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Exception: shall have shear connectors for the full length of
Pg 6.139
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 189 --
Shear Strength
The ratio of the height to diameter of a stud shear connector shall not
be less than 4.0
The depth of clear cover over the tops of the shear connectors should
not be less than 2.0
The shear connectors should penetrate at least 2.0 into the concrete
deck.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The transverse center-to-center stud spacing shall not be less than 4.0
stud diameters.
The clear distance between the edge of the top flange and the edge of
the nearest shear connector shall not be less than 1.0.
BDM 304.4.1.15: ODOT Prefers the use of 7/8 diameter shear studs.
Pgs 6.139, 6.141
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 190 --
Shear Strength
nZ r
Vsr
(6.10.10.1.2-1)
Pg 6.140
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
V fat =
(6.10.10.1.2-2)
Vf Q
(6.10.10.1.2-3)
A l F
Ffat = max bot flg , rc
w
wR
(6.10.10.1.2-4)
Pgs 6.140-141
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 191 --
Shear Strength
Frc - Net range of cross-frame or diaphragm force at the top flange, taken as zero
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Zr = d 2
5.5d 2
2
= 34.5 4.28log( N )
d
N
(6.10.10.2-1)
(6.10.10.2-2)
Must also check the effect of the connector on the fatigue resistance of the flange.
Pg 6.142
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 192 --
Shear Strength
For members that are noncomposite for negative flexure in the final
condition, additional shear connectors shall be provided in the region
of points of permanent load contraflexure.
The number of additional shear connectors shall be taken as:
nac =
As f sr
Zr
(6.10.10.3-1)
As - Total area of reinforcement over the interior support within the effective width.
fsr - Stress range in the longitudinal reinforcement under the Fatigue combination.
The additional shear connectors shall be placed within a distance
equal to 1/3 the effective width on each side of the inflection point.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.142
ODOT Short Course
Qr = scQn
(6.10.10.4.1-1)
sc = 0.85
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 193 --
Shear Strength
(6.10.10.4.3-1)
(6.10.10.4.3-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
P
Qr
(6.10.10.4.1-2)
For straight simple spans and straight continuous spans that are
noncomposite for negative flexure, the shear force, P, between the
point of maximum positive moment (LL + IM) and each adjacent point
of zero moment shall be taken as Pp:
'
P = 0.85 f c bsts
P = Pp = min 1 p
P2 p = Fyw Dtw + Fyt b ft t ft + Fycb fct fc
(6.10.10.4.2-2)
(6.10.10.4.2-3)
Pg 6.143-144
ODOT Short Course
-- 194 --
Shear Strength
n+ =
P Pp
=
Qr Qr
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
For straight continuous spans that are composite for negative flexure,
the shear force, P, between the point of maximum positive moment
(LL + IM) and an adjacent end of the member shall be determined
based on shown on the previous slide.
For straight continuous spans that are composite for negative flexure,
the shear force, P, between the point of maximum positive moment
(LL + IM) and the centerline of an adjacent interior support shall be
taken as PT:
P = PT = Pp + Pn
(6.10.10.4.2-6)
(6.10.10.4.2-7)
(6.10.10.4.2-8)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 195 --
Shear Strength
n+ =
P Pp
=
Qr Qr
n =
P PT Pp + Pn
=
=
Qr Qr
Qr
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 196 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Web Strength and
Stiffeners
James A Swanson
6.10.1 General
6.10.2 Cross-Section Proportion Limits
6.10.3 Constructability
6.10.4 Service Limit State
6.10.5 Fatigue and Fracture
6.10.6 Strength Limit State
6.10.7 Flexural Resistance: Pos Flexure
6.10.8 Flexural Resistance: Neg Flexure
6.10.9 Shear Strength
6.10.10 Shear Connectors
6.10.11 Stiffeners
6.10.11.1
6.10.11.2
6.10.11.3
Transverse Stiffeners
Bearing Stiffeners
Longitudinal Stiffeners
Pg 6.146
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 197 --
Stiffeners: Slide #2
Pgs 6.146
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Stiffeners: Slide #3
The distance between the end of the web-to-stiffener weld and the
near edge of the adjacent web-to-flange or longitudinal stiffener-toweb weld shall not be less than 4tw or more than the lesser of 6tw and
4.0 in.
The gap is limited to 6tw to avoid vertical bucking of the unsupported web
Pgs 6.146
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 198 --
Stiffeners: Slide #4
These stiffeners shall be welded to the web and the compression flange.
The tension flange of these stiffeners shall be a tight fit.
BDM Pg 3-34
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Stiffeners: Slide #5
Stiffener plates shall have corners in contact with both web and flange
clipped. The clip dimensions shall be 1 inch horizontally and 2
inches vertically.
Violation of the 6tw requirement of this article due to the requirement for
clipping stiffeners and stiffener weld terminations is acceptable.
BDM Pg 3-34
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 199 --
Stiffeners: Slide #6
bt 2.0 +
D
30
(6.10.11.1.2-1)
and
16t p bt
bf
(6.10.11.1.2-2)
where:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Stiffeners: Slide #7
When neither tension field action nor post buckling strength are used
in adjacent web panels, the moment of inertia of the transverse
stiffener shall satisfy the smaller of:
I t bt w3 J
(6.10.11.1.3-1)
and
1.5
It
D 4 t1.3 Fyw
40 E
(6.10.11.1.3-2)
where:
It - Moment of inertia of the stiffener about the edge in contact with the
web for single stiffeners and about the mid-thickness of the web for
pairs of stiffeners.
Pgs 6.147
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 200 --
Stiffeners: Slide #8
D
J = 2.5 2.0 0.5
do
(6.10.11.1.3-3)
Fcrs =
0.31E
(b / t )
t
Fys
(6.10.11.1.3-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Stiffeners: Slide #9
It
D 4 t1.3 Fyw
40 E
Pgs 6.147
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.11.1.3-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 201 --
Pgs 6.297
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Rn = (5k + N ) Fywtw
(D6.5.2-2)
where:
k - distance from the outer face of the flange resisting the concentrated
load or bearing reaction to the web toe of the fillet
N - length of bearing
(Recallb = 1.00)
Pgs 6.298
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 202 --
(5k + N)
k
N
Pgs 6.298
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Rn = (2.5k + N ) Fywtw
(D6.5.2-3)
(Recallb = 1.00)
Pgs 6.298
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 203 --
Pgs 6.298
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
EF t
N t
yw f
Rn = 0.80tw2 1 + 3 w
tw
d t f
(D6.5.3-2)
(Recallw = 0.80)
Pgs 6.299
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 204 --
N
0.2
if
d
1.5
N tw EFywt f
Rn = 0.40t 1 + 3
tw
d t f
(D6.5.3-3)
N
> 0.2
if
d
1.5
EF t
4N
t
yw f
Rn = 0.40tw2 1 +
0.2 w
tw
d
t f
(D6.5.3-4)
2
w
(Recallw = 0.80)
Pgs 6.299
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
At bearing locations on rolled shapes and at other locations on builtup sections or rolled shapes subjected to concentrated loads, where
the loads are not transmitted through a deck or deck system, either
bearing stiffeners shall be provided or the web shall satisfy the
provisions of Article D6.5 (Web Yielding / Web Crippling)
Pgs 6.148
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 205 --
Pgs 6.148
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.148
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 206 --
The stiffeners shall extend the full depth of the web and as closely as
practical to the outer edges of the flanges.
Each stiffener shall be either milled to bear against the flange through
which it receives its load or attached to that flange by a full
penetration groove weld.
Pgs 6.148
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
E
Fys
(6.10.11.2.2-1)
where:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 207 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
(6.10.11.2.3-1,2)
where:
Apn - Area of the projecting elements of the stiffener outside of the web-toflange fillet welds but not beyond the edge of the flange.
(Recallb = 1.00)
Pgs 6.149
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 208 --
1"
w
Bearing Area, Apn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.149
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 209 --
For stiffeners bolted to the web, the effective column section shall
consist of the stiffener elements only.
For stiffeners consisting of two plates welded to the web, the effective
column section shall consist of the two stiffener elements, plus a
centrally located strip of web extending not more than 9tw on each side
of the stiffeners.
If more than one pair of stiffeners is used, the effective column section
shall consist of all stiffener elements, plus a centrally located strip of
web extending not more than 9tw on each side of the outer projecting
elements of the group.
Pgs 6.150
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Stiffeners: Slide #27
Girder Web
9tw
9tw
Bearing Stiffeners
Bearing Stiffeners
Girder Web
9tw
9tw
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 210 --
The strip of the web shall not be included in the effective section at
interior supports of continuous-span hybrid members for which the
specified minimum yield strength of the web is less than 70 percent of
the specified minimum yield strength of the higher strength flange.
i.e. when:
If the specified minimum yield strength of the web is less than that of
the stiffener plates, the strip of the web included in the effective
section shall be reduced by the ratio Fyw/Fys.
Pgs 6.150
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 211 --
-- 212 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 6: Connections and Splices
James A Swanson
6.13.1
6.13.2
6.13.3
6.13.4
6.13.5
6.13.6
6.13.7
General
Bolted Connections
Welded Connections
Block Shear Rupture
Connection Elements
Splices
Rigid Frame Connections
Pg 6.193
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 213 --
Connections: Slide #2
M u ,mem + M n ,mem
2
Pg 6.193
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Connections: Slide #3
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 214 --
Connections: Slide #4
Pgs 6.23-24
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Connections: Slide #5
Where the outer face of the bolted parts has a slope greater than 1:20, with
respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis
Where AASHTO M253 (ASTM A490) bolts are to be installed in material having a
specified minimum yield strength less than 50ksi, irrespective of the tightening
method;
Where AASHTO M253 (ASTM A490) bolts over 1.0 in. in diameter are to be
installed in an oversize or short-slotted hole in an outer-ply, in which case a
minimum thickness of 0.3125 in. shall be used under both the head and the nut.
Multiple hardened washers shall not be used.
Pg 6.196
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 215 --
Connections: Slide #6
Structural plate washers or a continuous bar with standard holes, not less than
0.3125 in. in thickness, shall be required to completely cover long-slotted
holes. Hardened washers for use with high-strength bolts shall be placed over
the outer surface of the plate washer or bar.
Load indicator devices shall not be installed over oversize or slotted holes in
an outer ply, unless a hardened washer or a structural plate washer is also
provided.
Pg 6.197
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Connections: Slide #7
Pg 6.197
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 216 --
Connections: Slide #8
Pgs 6.198-199
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Connections: Slide #9
Sheared
Edges
Rolled or
Gas-Cut Edges
ODOT
Requirements
5/8"
1-1/8"
7/8"
---
3/4"
1-1/4"
1"
---
7/8"
1-1/2"
1-1/8"
---
1"
1-3/4"
1-1/4"
2"
1-1/8"
2"
1-1/2"
2-1/4"
1-1/4"
2-1/4"
1-5/8"
2-1/2"
1-3/8"
2-3/8"
1-3/4"
2-5/8"
The maximum edge distance shall not be more than eight times the
thickness of the thinnest outside plate or 5.0 in.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 217 --
The end distance for all types of holes measured from the center of
the bolt shall not be less than the edge distances specified in Table 1.
When oversize or slotted holes are used, the minimum clear end
distance shall not be less than the bolt diameter.
The maximum end distance shall not be more than eight times the
thickness of the thinnest outside plate or 5.0 in.
Pgs 6.199-200
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Connections: Slide #11
Rn = 0.48 Ab Fub Ns
Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub Ns
where:
Ab - Area of Bolt Corresponding to the Nominal Diameter.
Fub - Specified Minimum Tensile Strength of the Bolt.
Ns - Number of Shear Planes per Bolt.
(Recalls = 0.80)
Pgs 6.200-201
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 218 --
Individual bolts in shear with the shear plane in the shank of the bolt
demonstrated a strength approximately corresponding to 60% of
tensile strength of the material.
For threads excluded:
Rn = 0.6 Ab Fu
When several bolts are used in the same shear connection, the bolts
are somewhat less effective than when tested individually. The overall
strength is approximately 80% of the strength of the individual bolts.
Pgs 6.200-201
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
When the bolts are sheared on a plane that passes through the
threads, the strength was found to be 83.3% of that when they were
sheared on a plane passing through the shank. Taking 80%, then
For threads included:
Pgs 6.200-201
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 219 --
Pgs 6.200-201
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 220 --
Pgs 6.201-204
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Rn = Kh Ks Ns Pt
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.60
Standard Holes
Oversize or Short Slots
Long Slots Perpendicular
Long Slots Parallel
(6.13.2.8-1)
Class A or C
Class B
0.33
0.50
Pgs 6.201-202
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 221 --
19
24
3/4"
28
35
7/8"
39
49
1"
51
64
1-1/8"
56
80
1-1/4"
71
102
1-3/8"
85
121
1-1/2"
103
148
Pgs 6.202
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
(6.13.2.11-3)
where:
Tu - Tensile force due to factored loads under combination Service II.
Pt - Minimum required pretension in Table 6.13.2.8-1.
Pgs 6.207
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 222 --
Pgs 6.202
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The contract documents shall specify that joints having painted faying
surfaces be blast-cleaned and coated with a paint that has been qualified by
test as a Class A or Class B coating.
The contract documents shall specify that coated joints not be assembled
before the coatings have cured for the minimum time used in the qualifying
test.
Pgs 6.203
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 223 --
Pgs 6.203-204
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
(6.13.2.9-1)
Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
(6.13.2.9-2)
Otherwise
(Recallbb = 0.80)
Lc
Fu
t
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 224 --
Lc
Lc
Pgs 6.205
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Lc
Lc
Rn = (2)(Lct)(0.6Fu) = 1.2LctFu
Pgs 6.205
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 225 --
http://WWW.AISC.ORG/
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub
(6.13.2.10.2-1)
(Recallt = 0.80)
Pgs 6.206
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 226 --
Hb
Shank
1.3
Aroot = d nom
n
4
Ls
Lb
0.9743
Aeff = d nom
n
4
Thread Runout
Threads
Lth
dnominal
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
A nom
A eff
A eff / A nom
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
0.307
0.442
0.601
0.785
0.994
1.227
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
0.763
0.969
0.737
0.757
0.768
0.771
0.768
0.790
Average: 0.765
Rather than compute effective area,
its easier to compute the bolt
strength on a fraction of the
nominal area.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 227 --
The applied tensile force shall be taken as the force due to the external
factored loadings, plus any tension resulting from prying action
produced by deformation of the connected parts, as specified in
Article 6.13.2.10.4.
Fy 2P + 2Q = 2T
Solving for the bolt force, T:
T=P+Q
The force in the bolt is the sum
of the applied tension, P, and
the internal prying force, Q
Pgs 6.206-207
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
3b t 3
Qu = Pu
8a 20
(6.13.2.10.4-1)
Pg 6.206-207
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 228 --
a
b
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Where high-strength bolts in axial tension are subject to fatigue, the stress
range, f, in the bolt, due to the fatigue design live load, plus the dynamic
load allowance, plus the prying force, shall satisfy,
(f ) (F ) n
(6.6.1.2.2-1)
A 3 (F )TH
(F ) n =
2
N
(6.6.1.2.5-1)
For M164 Bolts (A325) in tension: A = 17.1 x 108 ksi3, (F)TH = 31.0ksi
For M253 Bolts (A490) in tension: A = 31.5 x 108 ksi3, (F)TH = 38.0ksi
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 229 --
The nominal diameter of the bolt shall be used in calculating the bolt stress
range. In no case shall the calculated prying force exceed 60 percent of the
externally applied load.
Low carbon ASTM A307 bolts shall not be used in connections subjected to
fatigue.
Commentary: Properly tightened A325 and A490 bolts are not adversely
affected by repeated application of the recommended service load tensile
stress, provided that the fitting material is sufficiently stiff that the prying
force is a relatively small part of the applied tension.
Pgs 6.206
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
If
Pu
0.33 ,
Rn
(6.13.2.11-1)
Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub
Otherwise
Pu
Rn
P
Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub 1 u
s Rn
(6.13.2.11-2)
Pgs 6.207
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 230 --
T
Tn
Tu Pu
+
=1
Tn Rn
P
Rn
Pgs 6.207
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.211-212
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 231 --
Tension
Shear
Shear
Pgs 6.211-212
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 232 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
(6.13.4-1)
(6.13.4-2)
Otherwise
Avg
Atg
Fy
Fu
bs = 0.80
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.211-212
ODOT Short Course
-- 233 --
Base metal, weld metal, and welding design details shall conform to the
requirements of the AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5 Bridge Welding Code.
Welding symbols shall conform to those specified in AWS Publication A2.4.
Matching weld metal shall be used in groove and fillet welds, except that the
Engineer may specify electrode classifications with strengths less than the
base metal when detailing fillet welds, in which case the welding procedure
and weld metal shall be selected to ensure sound welds.
Commentary: Use of undermatched weld metal is highly encouraged for
fillet welds connecting steels with specified minimum yield strength greater
than 50ksi. Research has shown that undermatched welds are much less
sensitive to delayed hydrogen cracking and are more likely to produce
sound welds on a consistent basis.
Pgs 6.208
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.208-210
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 234 --
Pgs 6.208
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Shear:
The factored resistance of complete penetration groove-welded connections
subjected to shear on the effective area shall be taken as the lesser of 60%
of the factored resistance of the base metal in tension, and,
0.60 e1 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.2b-1)
Pgs 6.208
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 235 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.209
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 236 --
0.60 e1 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.3a-1)
Pgs 6.209
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Shear:
The factored resistance of partial penetration groove-welded connections
subjected to shear parallel to the axis of the weld shall be taken as the
lesser of either the factored nominal resistance of the connected material
specified in Article 6.13.5 or the factored resistance of the weld metal taken
as:
0.60 e2 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.3b-1)
Pgs 6.209
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 237 --
Pgs 6.209
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Shear:
The resistance of fillet welds in shear which are made with matched or
undermatched weld metal and which have typical weld profiles shall be
taken as the product of the effective area specified in Article 6.13.3.3 and
the factored resistance of the weld metal taken as:
0.60 e2 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.4b-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pgs 6.209-210
ODOT Short Course
-- 238 --
Pgs 6.210
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Shear:
Commentary: The factored resistance of fillet welds subjected to shear
along the length of the weld is dependent upon the direction of the
applied load, which may be parallel or transverse to the weld. In both
cases, the weld fails in shear, but the plane of rupture is not the same.
Pgs 6.209
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 239 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Shear:
Commentary: If fillet welds are subjected to eccentric loads that produce a
combination of shear and bending, they must be proportioned on the basis
of a direct vector addition of the shear forces on the weld (i.e. elastic vector
method).
Pgs 6.210
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 240 --
The effective area shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the
effective throat. The effective throat shall be the shortest distance from the
joint root to the weld face.
Pgs 6.210
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Full Pen Welds: The effective weld size of a complete joint penetration
groove weld shall be the thickness of the thinner part joined. No increase is
permitted for weld reinforcement.
Partial Pen Welds: The effective weld size of a partial joint penetration
groove weld is either (1) the depth of bevel less 1/8 or (2) the depth of
bevel without reduction, depending on the angle of the groove and the
welding process used.
The ODOT CMS permits the use of SMAW, SAW and FCAW processes.
AWS D1.5
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 241 --
The effective throat shall be the shortest distance from the joint root to the
weld face of the diagrammatic weld.
at
ro
h
T
Effective Throat
te = 0.707 w
Leg Size, w
AWS D1.5
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The maximum size of fillet weld that may be used along edges of
connected parts shall be taken as:
For material less than 1/4 thick: the thickness of the material, and
For material 1/4 or more in thickness: 1/16 less than the thickness of
the material, unless the weld is designated on the contract documents to
be built out to obtain full throat thickness.
The minimum size of fillet weld should be taken as below. The weld
size need not exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined. Smaller
fillet welds may be approved by the Engineer based upon applied
stress and the use of appropriate preheat
For T 3/4
For 3/4 < T
w 1/4
w 5/16
Pgs 6.210-211
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 242 --
The minimum effective length of a fillet weld shall be four times its
size and in no case less than 1.5 in.
Pgs 6.211
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Fillet welds that resist a tensile force not parallel to the axis of the
weld or proportioned to withstand repeated stress shall not terminate
at corners of parts or members. Where such returns can be made in
the same plane, they shall be returned continuously, full size, around
the corner, for a length equal to twice the weld size. End returns shall
be indicated in the contract documents.
Pgs 6.211
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 243 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Compression Members:
Pgs 6.213-214
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 244 --
In both web and flange splices, there shall not be less than two rows
of bolts on each side of the joint.
Oversize or slotted holes shall not be used in either the member or the
splice plates at bolted splices.
Bolted splices for flexural members shall be designed using slipcritical connections as specified in Article 6.13.2.1.1. The connections
shall also be proportioned to prevent slip during the erection of the
steel and during the casting of the concrete deck.
Pgs 6.214
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The factored flexural resistance of the flanges at the point of the splice
at the strength limit state shall satisfy the applicable provisions of
Article 6.10.6.2 (net section fracture of the flange).
For flexural members at the Strength Limit State or for
constructability, the following shall be satisfied at all sections with
holes in the tension flange:
A
ft 0.84 n
Ag
Fu Fyt
(6.10.1.8-1)
The flexural stresses due to the factored loads at the strength limit
state and for checking slip of the bolted connections at the point of
splice shall be determined using the gross section properties.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 245 --
The eccentricity of the shear force shall be taken as the distance from the
centerline of the splice to the centroid of the connection on the side of
the joint under consideration.
Pgs 6.216
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
As a minimum, at the strength limit state, the design shear, Vuw, shall
be taken as follows:
if Vu < 0.5vVn, then:
Vuw = 1.5Vu
(6.13.6.1.4b-1)
Otherwise:
Vuw =
Vu + vVn
2
Pgs 6.216
ODOT Short Course
(6.13.6.1.4b-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 246 --
The splice plates shall extend as near as practical for the full depth
between flanges.
At the strength limit state, the flexural stress in the web splice plates
shall not exceed the specified minimum yield strength of the splice
plates times the resistance factor for flexure.
Pgs 6.216-217
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
For bolt groups subjected to eccentric shear, the use of the elastic
vector method is preferred over the ultimate strength method because
it provides a more uniform level of safety.
Shifting the polar moment of inertia of the bolt group to the neutral
axis of the composite section (which is typically above the mid-depth
of the web) may cause the bolt forces to be underestimated.
Pgs 6.216-217
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 247 --
where:
tw, D
Rh
Fcf
Rcf
fcf
fncf
tw D 2
Rh Fcf Rcf f ncf
12
t D
= w Rh Fcf + Rcf f ncf
2
M uw =
(C6.13.6.1.4b-1)
H uw
(C6.13.6.1.4b-2)
Pgs 6.216-217
ODOT Short Course
M
H
Pgs 6.216-217
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 248 --
tw D 2
f s f os
12
(C6.13.6.1.4b-1 mod)
H sw =
tw D
f s + f os
2
(C6.13.6.1.4b-2 mod)
where:
tw, D thickness and depth of the web.
fs
Max stress due to Service II at mid thickness of flange under
consideration.
fos Max stress due to Service II as mid thickness of the other flange
at the point of the splice concurrent with fs.
Pgs 6.216-218
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
At the strength limit state, the splice plates on the controlling flange
shall provide a minimum resistance taken as the design stress, Fcf,
times the smaller effective flange area, Ae, on ether side of the splice.
1 f cf
+ f Fyf 0.75 f Fyf
Fcf =
2 Rh
Pgs 6.220
ODOT Short Course
(6.13.6.1.4c-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 249 --
Fncf = Rcf
f ncf
Rh
0.75 f Fyf
Pgs 6.221-222
ODOT Short Course
(6.13.6.1.4c-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
For compression flanges, Ae shall be taken as the gross area of the flange
For tension flanges, Ae shall be taken as:
F
Ae = u u
y Fyt
An Ag
(6.13.6.1.4c-2)
By designing for the effective area, Ae, net fracture of the tension flange is
theoretically precluded.
Pgs 6.221
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 250 --
The controlling flange is defined as either the top or bottom flange for
the smaller section at the point of splice, whichever flange has the
maximum ratio of the elastic flexural stress at its mid-thickness due to
the factored loads for the loading condition under investigation to its
factored flexural resistance.
f
f
=
Fn
( M n / S x )
Pgs 6.221
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
fcf - max flexural stress due to the factored loads of the controlling flange
fncf - flexural stress due to the factored loads of the noncontrolling flange
Rcf - the absolute value of the ratio of Fcf to fcf for the controlling flange
Rh - hybrid girder factor.
For hybrid sections in which Fcf does not exceed Fyw, the hybrid factor
shall be taken as 1.0
An - net area of the tension flange
Ag - gross area of the tension flange
fcf and fncf are taken at the mid-thickness of their respective flanges and
are taken at concurrent locations in the splice.
Pgs 6.221
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 251 --
Pgs 6.221
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The factor is generally taken as 1.0, except that a lower value equal to the
ratio of Fn to Fyf may be used for flanges where Fn is less than Fyf.
Pgs 6.221
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 252 --
Flange splice plates subjected to tension are checked for net section
fracture, gross yielding, and block shear rupture at the strength limit
state (though block shear rupture will typically not govern).
For a flange splice with inner and outer splice plates, the flange design
force at the strength limit state may be assume to be divided equally
between the inner and outer plates when the areas of the inner and
outer plates do not differ by more than 10%.
(See commentary for guidance when difference in area exceeds 10%)
Pgs 6.222
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
As a minimum, for checking slip of the flange splice bolts, the design force for
the flange under consideration shall be taken as the Service II design stress, Fs,
times the smaller gross flange area on either side of the splice, where,
Fs =
fs
fs
Rh
(6.13.6.1.4c-5)
- maximum flexural stress due to Load Combination Service II at the midthickness of the flange under consideration for the smaller section at the point
of splice
Rh - hybrid girder factor. For hybrid sections in which fs in the flange with the larger
stress does not exceed the specified minimum yield strength of the web, the
hybrid factor shall be taken as 1.0
Pgs 6.222-223
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 253 --
The traditional elastic vector method may also be used in these cases
to account for the effects of flange lateral bending on the design of the
splice bolts.
Pgs 6.223
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
The shear on the flange bolt group is assumed caused by the flange
force, which is calculated without consideration of the flange lateral
bending.
At the strength limit state, the design moment is taken as the lateral
bending moment due to the factored loads multiplied by the factor, Rcf.
Pgs 6.223
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 254 --
The fillers shall be extended beyond the gusset or splice material, and
the filler extension shall be secured by enough additional bolts to
distribute the total stress in the member uniformly over the combined
section of the member and the filler, or
Pgs 6.224
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
or, the fillers need not be extended and developed provided that the
factored resistance of the bolts in shear at the strength limit state,
specified in Article 6.13.2.2, is reduced by the following factor:
(1 + )
R=
(1 + 2 )
=
Af
Ap
(6.13.6.1.5-1)
Af - sum of the area of the fillers on the top and bottom of the
connected plate
Ap - smaller of either the connected plate area or the sum of the
splice plate areas on the top and bottom of the connected
plate
Pgs 6.224
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 255 --
Fillers 1/4 or more in thickness shall consist of not more than two plates,
unless approved by the Engineer.
For bolted web splices with thickness differences of 1/16 or less, no filler
plates are required.
Pgs 6.224
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pgs 6.219
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 256 --
T
E
T=eP
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 257 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
P Td
+
nA J
J = I P = I X + IY
IX =
i =1
+ Ad y 2
I Y = I y + Ad x 2
i =1
I x = I y = d b4
64
-- 258 --
J = I P = I X + IY =
i =1
+ Ad i , y 2 + I y + Ad i , x 2
i =1
I x = I y = db4
64
n
i =1
i =1
total =
Tdi
P
+
nA Adi2
( total ) ( A) = Vtotal =
P Td i
+
n di2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Tdi , y
di , y Tdi
=
Vi =
2
( di 2 )
di ( di )
Tdi , x
d
d
Tdi
=
Vi , y = i , x Vi = i , x
2
2
di
di ( di ) ( di )
d
Vi , x = i , y
di
These can then be added to the direct shear in each direction to find the
Maximum shear force in the bolt.
2
Py
P
Vi ,total = Vi , x + x + Vi , y +
n
n
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 259 --
-- 260 --
Steel Bridges:
Cost Effective Design
James A Swanson
References
-- 261 --
Economy: Slide #2
Span Configuration
Simple-Span Girders
Economy: Slide #3
Span Configuration
Two-Span Girders
Not often the most economical choice b/c of high negative moments
-- 262 --
Economy: Slide #4
Span Configuration
Three- and Four-Span Girders
Span Arrangements:
End Spans 0.8 Interior Spans is economical
End Spans Interior Spans is OK, too.
With integral abutments acting as counter weights
End Spans 0.6 Interior Spans can work
Economical Steel Bridges
Economy: Slide #5
Girder Spacing
High Steel Suggests.
-- 263 --
Economy: Slide #6
Girder Spacing
TxDOT Suggests.
Economy: Slide #7
Girder Spacing
NSBA Suggests.
SIP forms permit the use of larger girder spacings, which can be more
efficient
-- 264 --
Economy: Slide #8
Span Arrangement
Longer Spans or Shorter Spans???
Economy: Slide #9
Span Arrangement
Longer Spans or Shorter Spans???
-- 265 --
Span Arrangement
Fewer Girders =
Less Welding
Span Arrangement
Longer Spans or Shorter Spans???
-- 266 --
Span Arrangement
Consider Minimized Life-Cycle Costs
Future Redecking
Many owners are now requiring a plan for future deck replacement
using staged construction maintaining traffic on half of the structure.
This may require the an extra girder but the added costs may be easily
offest by reduced costs of redecking in the future.
-- 267 --
Easier to inventory
It is easier for fabricators for stock plates than shapes
Be Careful!!
Steel Selection
Plate Girders
-- 268 --
Weight 35 tons
Weight 80 tons
-- 269 --
Flange Details
Flange Width
Flange Details
Flange Width (continued)
In general:
L / bf 60 are stable during erection
60 < L / bf 80 are questionable during erection
L / bf > 80 require temporary bracing / support during erection
-- 270 --
Flange Details
Flange Thickness
Flange Details
Flange Thickness (continued)
Consider a flange splice only if it will save more than 800 to 1,000lbs
-- 271 --
Flange Details
Flange Thickness (continued)
Flange Details
Flange Thickness (continued)
The thinner flange should not be less than 1/2 the thickness of the
thicker flange
-- 272 --
Web Details
Flange-to-Web Welds
Anything larger than 3/8 will require multiple passes, which will
substantially increase cost
-- 273 --
Field Splices
Expansion Joints
-- 274 --