PART I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background
English is the global language that learnt by Indonesian students. It is the
global language because it influences and dominates many facets in this world.
Fishman (in Fernandes & Alsaeed, 2014: 126) states that the present world is
governed by massive trade, technology and banking systems apart from human
sciences and other qualifications, and all these applications predominantly use
English for communicational so as to ensure participation from the whole world.
Crystal (2003:3) added that a language achieves a genuinely global status when it
develops a special role that is recognized in every country.
In learning English, the students should develop the ability of their
listening, speaking, reading and writing. Wilson & Komba (2012: 2) note that
language proficiency is the overall ability of individual in learning language
basically from these skills. It means to learn English well, students should
increase their ability in listening, speaking, reading and writing.
To make all four skills above connected, vocabulary is one of the sub
skills that the students must master, because vocabulary is the element that links
to the four skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing all together (Azar,
2012: 252). Wu (2009: 131) states that every communicative language teaching
method used in grammar, text, listening, writing and they are all closely related
with vocabulary.

From the statements above, vocabulary is needed in order to develop all of

the skills in English. Students should know a number of the words and how to use
them well. Considering the importance of vocabulary role in learning English, the
mastery of this element should be ensured and developed. Otherwise, if the
vocabulary mastery of students is limited, the consequence of it is they will find
difficulties in learning the skills of foreign language (Azar, 2012: 252-253).
Learning vocabulary is complicated for students if there is no good
method to learn it. It is hard to learn vocabulary without an interesting media. To
solve this problem, it needs teaching media that will make the vocabulary
learning activity more interesting, enjoyable and effective. In this study, the
researcher will choose game as a teaching media.
Bingo is in essence a simple game of chance that requires the participants
to listen-and-find simple information and to mark their card, without
transformation of the information or use of cognition (Finch in Nakatsugawa,
2010: 28). Bingo game involves a reader calling out random numbers while
participants have record sheets in front of them. The participant to win this game
is the first participant who have all of their numbers called. However, Bingo has
the potential to make second/foreign vocabulary learning interesting, challenging,
student-centered and collaborative (Finch in Nakatsugawa, 2010: 28).
This research is a pre-experimental research. The purpose of this research
is to know whether Bingo Game is effective on the seventh grade students
vocabulary mastery at SMPN 24 Pontianak. This research is chosen by the

researcher because the English teacher of that school never applies Bingo Game
in teaching learning process. This research also focuses on the vocabulary aspect.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded English is international
language that should be learnt by the students, but learning English is not easy. If
the students want to master it they have to have many vocabularies because how
the students can communicate each other without having many vocabularies.
Therefore, the researcher will use Bingo Game to prove its effectiveness to the
seventh grade students vocabulary mastery.
B. Research Problem
The following question for this study is is the use of Bingo Game
effective in teaching vocabulary for the seventh grade students of SMPN 24
Pontianak?.

C. Research Purpose
The research purpose of this study is the researcher wants to find out
whether using bingo game is effective in teaching vocabulary for the seventh
grade students of SMPN 24 Pontianak.
D. Significance of the Study
1. For the researcher
By doing the research, the researcher hopes that he can study and get more
information about the effectiveness of bingo game in teaching vocabulary.
2. For the teachers

This research is expected to provide the information about the effectiveness of

bingo game. Teachers can use this media to improve their students
vocabulary mastery.
E. Scope of The Research
In this research, the researcher needs to give limitation of each word that
is used in this research to avoid confusing, misinterpretation and misperception.
Some of those terms are define as follows:
1. Variables
Variables are characteristics or attributes of an individual or an
organization that (a) researcher can measure or observe and (b) varies among
individuals or organizations studied. They are the key ideas that researcher
seek to collect information on to address the purpose of his study (Creswell,
2012: 112). The variables of this research are:
a. Dependent Variable is an attribute or characteristic that is dependent on or
influenced by the independent variable (Creswell, 2012: 115). The
dependent variable in this research is Students vocabulary mastery.
b. Independent Variable is an attribute or characteristic that influences or
affects an outcome or dependent variable (Creswell, 2012: 116). The
independent variable in this research is Bingo Game.
2. Terminology
In this study, there are several terms that need to be explained
operationally, in order to avoid misunderstanding in this research and make
the reader get the point of this research. The terms are explained below:

a. Vocabulary refers to the list of words and its meaning used in English.
Vocabulary in this research will be focused on the translation aspect.
b. Language learning refers to the vocabulary learning activity.
c. Bingo game refers to one kind of card game. It is game of chance that
played with randomly drawn number which the player will match against
the same number. The number will be changed into picture.
d. SMPN 24 refers to Junior High School number 24, the seventh grade. It
located on Jalan Nurali, Pontianak.
F. Research Methodology
1. Form of Research
In this study, the researcher will use a quantitative approach.
Quantitative approach summarizes results numerically and this research draws
on a principle of scientific realism (Lodico, Spaulding & Voegtle, 2010: 24).
In quantitative research, the researcher identifies a research problem based on
trends in field or on the need to explain why something occurs (Creswell,
2012: 13).
In addition, researcher uses pre-experimental design with one group
pretest posttest design. Based on Cohen, Manion & Morrison, (2007: 282),
it is represented as:
O1
Where:
O1
X
O2

: Pretest
: Treatment
: Posttest

2. Research Population and Sample

O2

a. Population
Creswell (2012: 381) states the population is a group of individuals
possesses one characteristic that distinguishes them from other groups.
This research takes the seventh grade of SMPN 24 Pontianak as a
population which is showed below:
Table 1.1
The Population of Seventh Grade of SMPN 24 Pontianak
No.

Class

1
2
3
4

7A
7B
7C
7D

Total Populations
Male
19 students
19 students
21 students
17 students
76 students

Female
16 students
17 students
15 students
17 students
65 students

Total
35 students
36 students
36 students
34 students
141 students

b. Sample
Lodico, Spaulding & Voegtle (2010: 272) state that sample is a
smaller version of the population, the group to which the researcher would
ultimately like to generalize or apply the results of the study. To take the
sample, the researcher will use cluster random sampling. Cluster random
sampling technique is to select a sample is not based on the individual, but
rather is based on the group. This technique is used by researchers because
of population to be studied is considerable amounts 141 students and
using the technique of random to obtain the natural data of the students.
3. Technique and tool of Data collection
a. Technique of Data Collection
The technique of data collection that will be used in this research is
measurement technique. Measurement is the process of assigning
meaningful numbers to persons or object based on the degree to which

they possess some characteristic (Blerkom, 2009: 6). The measurement

technique in this research aims to measure students vocabulary mastery
by test. This technique is needed in order to determine the result of this
research.
b. Tool of Data Collection
In this research, researcher will use test as tool of data collection.
The function of data collection is to determine the result of the research. In
collecting data, the researcher will use test to get the data. Based on
Westat (2002: 55) test provides a way to assess subjects knowledge and
capacity to apply this knowledge to new situations. It may require
respondents to choose among alternatives (select a correct answer, select
an incorrect answer, select the best answer), to cluster choices into like
groups, to produce short answers, or to write extended responses. A
question may address a single outcome of interest or lead to questions
involving a number of outcome areas. This technique is used to compare
students vocabulary achievements before conducting the research and
after conducting the research. Pretest and posttest are kind of test that will
measure the students scores in reinforcing their vocabulary.
Creswell (2012: 297) states that a pretest provides a measure on
some attribute or characteristic that researcher assess from participants in
an experiment before they receive a treatment and a posttest is a measure
on some attribute or characteristic that is assessed for participants in an

experiment after a treatment. From this test, the researcher will know the
students progress in remembering the vocabulary before and after
teaching vocabulary process through Picture Bingo game.
The test in this research will be written test. The test consists of 60
items that divided into three material; kitchen utensils, things in classroom
and things in bathroom. The indicator of all the tests is finding the
meaning, especially in translation.
1) Validity
Before beginning the pretest and posttest, researcher must
prove the test that given to the students is valid. The validity refers to
the ability of research instrument to measure what they say they
measure (Yount, 2006:1). In order to test the validity, the researcher
will use Pearsons Product Moment to find the validity of the test. The
formula is:
r xy =

n xy x y

[ n ( x )( x ) ][n ( y )( y ) ]
2

Taken from: Yount (2006: 4)

Where:
rxy = validity coefficient
n = Total items
x = item score
y = total score
Criterion: If rxy > rtable with N = total of samples and the
significance of 5% stated that the instrument is valid, but if rxy < rtable
the instrument is invalid.
2) Reliability

Reliability in quantitative research is essentially a synonym for

consistency over time, over instruments and over groups of
respondents (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2007: 146). Creswell (2012:
159) adds that reliability means that scores from the instrument are
stable and consistent. It means that the scores of the test must be
consistent over the conditions that mentioned above. To calculate the
reliability, the researcher will use Cronbachs Alpha. The formula
given is:
alpha=

nr ii
1+(n1) r ii

Taken from: Cohen, Manion & Morrison (2007: 506)

Where:
n = The number of items in the test
rii = The average of all the inter-item correlated
For the alpha coefficient the following guidelines are:
Table 1.2
Guidelines of Alpha Coefficient
Alpha
> 0.90
0.80 0.90
0.70 0.79
0.60 0.69
<0.60

Classification
Very high reliable
Highly reliable
Reliable
Marginally/minimally reliable
Unacceptably low reliable

4. Data Analysis
Data analysis describes the techniques used to analyze the data that
were collected, it describes the various stages of analysis that were
implemented and the checks that were carried out to make sure that the data
were free as many confounding factors as possible (Westat, 2002: 37).
a. Students Individual Score
b. Mean Score

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The data will be collected from the students vocabulary test. After
the researcher gets the data, it will be calculated to find the mean score by
using this formula:
x
x =
N
(Taken from: Sudijono in Tanjung, 2011: 22)
Where:
x =mean
x=individual score

n=number of students
Based on the result of mean score, Nuriyantoro (in Misbahanudin,
2011: 12) classified the score as following:
Table 1.3
Score Classification of Vocabulary Achievement
Score
8 10
67
45
03

Categories
High
Satisfactory
Low
Fail

c. t-test

5. Hypothesis Statistic
To find the answer, the researcher should propose Alternative
hypothesis (Ha) and Null hypothesis (Ho) as follow:
a. Alternative hypothesis (Ha): This hypothesis comes when there will be a
difference based on results from past research or an explanation or theory
reported in the literature. Alternative hypothesis uses non-directional
alternative hypothesis, where the researcher predicts a relationship for

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variables in a population but does not indicate whether the direction of this
prediction will be positive or negative, or greater or less (Creswell, 2012:
127). The alternative hypothesis of this research is picture bingo game has
effect in teaching vocabulary.
b. Null hypothesis (Ho): Null hypothesis is stated to reflect no relationship
between variables (Yount, 2006: 4). The null hypothesis of this research is
picture bingo game does not have effect in teaching vocabulary.

G. The Procedures of Research

In this part, the researcher explains the steps of conducting this research.
1. Checking validity. The researcher will give the test that already made to the
class that has the same characteristic with the treatment class. After get the
data, the researcher will analyze the result of this test and then continue to
check the reliability of the test.
2. After getting the result of validity and reliability checking, the researcher will
give the test to the students in the treatment class to get the first data that will
be compared to the result of the posttest.
3. The next is giving treatment. In this phase, the researcher will use bingo game
as a method to determine the result of this research. The treatment will be
given three times.
4. Posttest will be held after all the treatment activity conducted. The result of

this data will be used to measure the students ability after they get treatments.
The result of the test will be analyzed statistically.