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    Shrimoy Kumar Das
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    Web Tech

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    22 visualizações12 páginas

    WT

    Enviado por

    Shrimoy Kumar Das
    Web Tech

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato DOCX, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 12

    UNIT- 4

    JAVA APPLET
    An applet is a Java program that runs in a Web browser. An applet can be a fully
    functional Java application because it has the entire Java API at its disposal.
    There are some important differences between an applet and a standalone Java
    application, including the following:
    An applet is a Java class that extends the java.applet.Applet class.
    A main() method is not invoked on an applet, and an applet class will not define
    main().
    Applets are designed to be embedded within an HTML page.
    When a user views an HTML page that contains an applet, the code for the applet is
    downloaded to the user's machine.
    A JVM is required to view an applet. The JVM can be either a plug-in of the Web
    browser or a separate runtime environment.
    The JVM on the user's machine creates an instance of the applet class and invokes
    various methods during the applet's lifetime.
    Applets have strict security rules that are enforced by the Web browser. The security
    of an applet is often referred to as sandbox security, comparing the applet to a child
    playing in a sandbox with various rules that must be followed.
    Other classes that the applet needs can be downloaded in a single Java Archive
    (JAR) file.
    Life Cycle of an Applet
    Four methods in the Applet class give you the framework on which you build any
    serious applet:
    init: This method is intended for whatever initialization is needed for your applet. It
    is called after the param tags inside the applet tag have been processed.
    start: This method is automatically called after the browser calls the init method. It
    is also called whenever the user returns to the page containing the applet after
    having gone off to other pages.
    stop: This method is automatically called when the user moves off the page on
    which the applet sits. It can, therefore, be called repeatedly in the same applet.
    destroy: This method is only called when the browser shuts down normally.
    Because applets are meant to live on an HTML page, you should not normally leave
    resources behind after a user leaves the page that contains the applet.

    paint: Invoked immediately after the start() method, and also any time the applet
    needs to repaint itself in the browser. The paint() method is actually inherited from
    the java.awt.

    import java.applet.*;
    import java.awt.*;
    public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet
    {
    public void paint (Graphics g)
    {
    g.drawString ("Hello World", 25, 50);
    }
    }
    The APPLET CLASS methods that do the following:
    Get applet parameters
    Get the network location of the HTML file that contains the applet
    Get the network location of the applet class directory
    Print a status message in the browser
    Fetch an image
    Fetch an audio clip
    Play an audio clip
    Resize the applet
    Additionally, the Applet class provides an interface by which the viewer or browser
    obtains information about the applet and controls the applet's execution.

    request information about the author, version and copyright of the applet

    request a description of the parameters the applet recognizes

    initialize the applet

    destroy the applet

    start the applet's execution

    stop the applet's execution


    Invoking an Applet:
    An applet may be invoked by embedding directives in an HTML file and viewing the
    file through an applet viewer or Java-enabled browser.
    The <applet> tag is the basis for embedding an applet in an HTML file. Below is an
    example that invokes the "Hello, World" applet:
    <html>
    <title>The Hello, World Applet</title>
    <hr>
    <applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width="320" height="120">
    If your browser was Java-enabled, a "Hello, World"
    message would appear here.
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>
    Web Servlet

    Servlets are simple java programs that run on servers.

    Servlets are commonly used with HTTP, hence the name HTTP Servlet

    Servlets make use of Java standard


    javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http

    extension

    classes

    in

    packages

    Uses of Servlets:

    Process and store data submitted by HTML form

    Useful for retrieving and updating databases

    Servlets working is based on Request-Response

    Used in Cookies and session tracking

    - Cookies are a message given to a Web browser by a Web server. The browser
    stores the message in a text file.
    - Session tracking keeps track of all previously accessed web pages

    How Servlet Works?

    Client makes a request for some servlet using Web Browser

    The Web Browser then sends the request to Web Server. The Web Server
    finds the requested servlet

    The obtained servlet gathers the relevant information by clients request and
    builds a Web Page

    The Web page is displayed by clients request

    Web Servers:

    Communication with web servers established with the help of web browser

    Examples of web browsers: IE,Mozilla..

    Examples of web servers: Apache web server, Microsoft IIS(Internet


    Information Services)server...

    Client makes a request to web server by sending a Uniform Resource


    Locator(URL)

    URL is divided into 3 parts:

    (a) First part of URL is Protocol Name(HTTP or FTP)


    (b) In second, name of web server is mentioned
    example: www.university.com
    (c)Request for webpage is displayed. Typically it is .html file

    Web browser sends the GET request to web server.

    Server sends HTML page to the browser

    Deployment of Servlets:

    Writing the servlets is best choice for server side programming

    Servlets need a special environment for execution i.e., Tomcat, a servlet


    container & open-source product is recommended which contains class
    libraries, documentation and runtime support which is useful for executing
    and testing the servlets.

    For execution of servlets,following software must be installed

    - JDK: As servlets are basically java files,JDK must be installed


    - Tomcat: servlet can be executed
    JDSK:

    The Java Development Standard Edition Kit(JDSK) is available from Sun


    Microsystems in order to develop and deploy Java applications on desktop
    and servers

    Installation : http://www.java.sun.com/j2se

    After installation, important task is setting up of environment variables

    Steps: Control panel Click System Click Advanced System Settings-Click


    Environment Variables

    Set the path variable by mentioning the directory C:\jdk1.06_4(your jdk


    directory)\bin.Click OK to save settings.

    Finally, go to cmd prompt and type javac

    Tomcat Webserver:

    Tomcat installation : http://tomcat.apache.org

    In configuration window, under Configuration Options setup, we can set the


    connector port.

    By default ,the port is 8080

    We can also set the username and password for administrator login

    After installation, we need to configure with environment variables

    - Go to control panel-System Advanced tab


    - Set the environmental variable i.e., Variable name : JAVA_HOME
    - Set the environmental variable i.e., Variable value : your_jdk_directory
    ( C: \jdk1.6.0_04 )

    Again , Set the environmental variable i.e., Variable name : CATALINA_HOME

    Set the environmental variable i.e., Variable value : your_tomcat_bin


    directory

    ( C:\Tomcat5.5\apache-tomcat-5.5.27\bin)

    Now,you can start tomcat server by clicking on startup.bat batch file


    in( C:\Tomcat5.5\apache-tomcat-5.5.27\bin)

    The Servlet API:

    Servlet API consists of Classes and Interfaces

    Classes and Interfaces come in two packages

    - javax.servlet Protocol independent classes and interfaces exist


    - javax.servlet.http HTTP specific classes and interfaces exist

    Client enters the URL in the web browser and makes a request in which it
    generates HTTP request and sends it to the Webserver

    Server invokes the init() method and is called,only,when the servlet is loaded
    in memory for first time

    Server can invoke the service for particular HTTP request using service()
    method

    Finally server unloads the servlet from the memory using the destroy()
    method

    UNIT - 5
    Web Application

    Web Applications are used to create dynamic websites. Java provides support for
    web application through Servlets and JSPs. We can create a website with static
    HTML pages, but when we want information to be dynamic, we need web
    application.
    Why we need Servlet?
    Web servers are good for static contents HTML pages but they dont know how to
    generate dynamic content or how to save data into databases, so we need another
    tool that we can use to generate dynamic content. There are several programming
    languages for dynamic content like PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, Java Servlets and
    JSPs.
    Java Servlet and JSPs are server side technologies to extend the capability of web
    servers by providing support for dynamic response and data persistence.
    Web Container
    Since servlet is a server side technology, we will need a web container that supports
    Servlet technology, so we will use Apache Tomcat server.
    Tomcat is a web container, when a request is made from Client to web server, it
    passes the request to web container and its web container job to find the correct
    resource to handle the request (servlet or JSP) and then use the response from the
    resource to generate the response and provide it to web server. Then web server
    sends the response back to the client.
    Web Container
    When web container gets the request and if its for servlet then container creates
    two Objects HTTPServletRequest and HTTPServletResponse. Then it finds the correct
    servlet based on the URL and creates a thread for the request.
    Then it invokes the servlet service() method and based on the HTTP method
    service() method invokes doGet() or doPost() methods. Servlet methods generate
    the dynamic page and write it to response. Once servlet thread is complete,
    container converts the response to HTTP response and send it back to client.
    Some of the important work done by web container are
    Communication Support Container provides easy way of communication
    between web server and the servlets and JSPs. Because of container, we dont need
    to build a server socket to listen for any request from web server, parse the request
    and generate response. All these important and complex tasks are done by
    container and all we need to focus is on our business logic for our applications.
    Lifecycle and Resource Management Container takes care of managing the
    life cycle of servlet. Container takes care of loading the servlets into memory,
    initializing servlets, invoking servlet methods and destroying them. Container also
    provides utility like JNDI for resource pooling and management.

    Multithreading Support Container creates new thread for every request to the
    servlet and when its processed the thread dies. So servlets are not initialized for
    each request and saves time and memory.
    JSP Support JSPs doesnt look like normal java classes and web container
    provides support for JSP. Every JSP in the application is compiled by container and
    converted to Servlet and then container manages them like other servlets.
    Miscellaneous Task Web container manages the resource pool, does memory
    optimizations, run garbage collector, provides security configurations, support for
    multiple applications, hot deployment and several other tasks behind the scene that
    makes our life easier.
    Web Application Directory Structure
    A Web application exists as a structured hierarchy of directories. The root of this
    hierarchy serves as the document root for files that are part of the application.

    WEB-INF
    A special directory exists within the application hierarchy named "WEB-INF". This
    directory contains all things related to the application that aren't in the document
    root of the application.
    The WEB-INF node is NOT part of the public document tree of the application.

    NO file contained in the WEB-INF directory may be served directly to a client by the
    container.
    However, the contents of the WEB-INF directory are visible to servlet code using the
    getResource and getResourceAsStream method calls on the ServletContext, and
    may be exposed using the RequestDispatcher calls.
    The contents of the WEB-INF directory are:
    A special directory exists within the application hierarchy named "WEB-INF". This
    directory contains all things related to the application that aren't in the document
    root of the application.
    The WEB-INF node is NOT part of the public document tree of the application.
    NO file contained in the WEB-INF directory may be served directly to a client by the
    container.
    However, the contents of the WEB-INF directory are visible to servlet code using the
    getResource and getResourceAsStream method calls on the ServletContext, and
    may be exposed using the RequestDispatcher calls.

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