LG Flexline Ahu Ing

Flexline
Air Handling Units
Contents
ABOUT US....................................................................................................................................................
1. CERTIFICATES...................................................................................................................
1.1. CE Mark.........................................................................................................................................
1.2. EUROVENT Certificate.......................................................................................................
1.3. Customs Union Conformity Certificate....................................................................
1.4. TSEK Certificate........................................................................................................................
1.5. ISO 9001 Certificate................................................................................................................
1.6. OHSAS 18001 Certificate.....................................................................................................
2. FLEXLINE STEEL FRAME AIR HANDLING UNITS..................................................
2.1. The Frame.....................................................................................................................................
2.2. Panel Structure..........................................................................................................................
2.2.1. Panel Insulation Material............................................................................................
2.2.2. Interior and Exterior Surface Materials..........................................................
2.2.3. Material for Panels and Corner Profiles...........................................................
2.3. No Thermal Bridging..............................................................................................................
2.4. Design Features and Advantages.....................................................................................
2.4.1. Test Results According to EN 1886...................................................................
2.4.2. Modular Design..............................................................................................................
2.4.3. Energy Efficiency............................................................................................................
2.4.4. Quick Selection Chart................................................................................................
3. FRAME DRILL TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................... 10

3.1. Assembly Steps.......................................................................................................................... 11

3.1.1. Base Assembly................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.2. Frame Assembly............................................................................................................. 12
3.1.3. Panel Structure............................................................................................................... 12
4. AHU PERFORMANCE STANDARDS................................................................................ 13

4.1. EN 1886.......................................................................................................................................... 13

4.1.1. Mechanical Strength of Casing............................................................................. 13
4.1.2. Casing Air Leakage...................................................................................................... 13
4.1.3. Filter Bypass Leakage................................................................................................... 14
4.1.4. Thermal Transmittance.............................................................................................. 14
4.1.5. Thermal Bridging Factor........................................................................................... 14
4.1.6. Acoustic Insulation of Casing................................................................................. 15
4.2. EN 13053....................................................................................................................................... 15
Contents
5. COMPONENTS OF AHU............................................................................................................ 16
5.1. Fans................................................................................................................................................ 16

5.1.1. Fan Laws............................................................................................................................. 17
5.1.2. Plug Fan Section............................................................................................................. 19
5.1.3. Centrifugal Fan Section............................................................................................. 20
5.2. Coils......................................................................................................................................... 22

5.2.1. Coil Geometry................................................................................................................ 22
5.2.2. Number of Rows.......................................................................................................... 22
5.2.3. Number of Circuits...................................................................................................... 22
5.2.4. Structural Properties of Coils............................................................................... 22
5.2.5. Testing of Coils.............................................................................................................. 23
5.2.6. Cooling Coil..................................................................................................................... 23
5.2.7. The Drainage System................................................................................................. 24
5.2.8. Heating Coil...................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.9. Electrical Heater............................................................................................................. 25
5.3. Heat Recovery Systems....................................................................................................... 26

5.3.1. Basic Principle of Heat Recovery....................................................................... 26
5.3.2. Rotary Type Heat Recovery................................................................................. 26
5.3.3. Plate Type Heat Recovery...................................................................................... 28
5.3.4. Runaround Heat Recovery.................................................................................... 29
5.3.5. Heat Pipe Heat Recovery........................................................................................ 30
5.4. Filters............................................................................................................................................ 31

5.4.1. Panel Filter......................................................................................................................... 33
5.4.2. Bag Filter............................................................................................................................. 34
5.4.3. Low Depth Filter........................................................................................................... 35
5.4.4. Carbon Filter.................................................................................................................... 36
5.4.5. Rigid Filter.......................................................................................................................... 37
5.5 Humidification Systems........................................................................................................ 37

5.5.1. Steam Humidifier.......................................................................................................... 37
5.5.2. Spray Humidifier............................................................................................................ 39
5.5.3. Evaporative Humidifier............................................................................................... 40
5.6 Mixing Chambers..................................................................................................................... 42

5.6.1. Double Damper Mixing Chamber..................................................................... 42
5.6.2. Triple Damper Mixing Chamber......................................................................... 43
5.7 Attenuator Section.................................................................................................................. 43

5.8 Damper........................................................................................................................................... 45
6. AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.................................................................................. 46
7. AHU TESTING and PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (AMCA) CHAMBER...... 50
About Us
Systemair
Systemair was founded in 1974 in Sweden by CEO Gerald Engstrm, as a company
pioneering in the development and market release of circular centrifugal fans that
simplify HVAC systems.
Its manufactured products include fans, air handling units, air curtains, heating
products and since 2012, cooling products.
The business percept of Systemair, which operates on the basic values of simplicity
and reliability is based on developing, manufacturing, and marketing quality HVAC
products.
Systemair has registered an operational profit every year since its founding. The
average annual growth rate for the last 10 years is 15%.
Systemair Group;
Has made sales of 4.55 billion Swedish Krona in the 2012/2013 fiscal year,
Has registered an average growth of 15% in net sales over the last 10 years,
Has subsidiaries in 46 countries spread in Europe, North and South America,
The Middle East, Asia and South Africa,

Has 19 factories with a total storage and manufacturing area exceeding 220,000 m2,
Has the highest credit score (AAA),
Is listed in the NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchange,
Has 4,000 employees in 56 companies.
Systemair HSK is the one of the most

modern factory of Systemair
Systemair HSKs new manufacturing facilities have become operational in
February 2013.
The facility set on 30,000 m2 of outdoor and 12,000 m2 of indoor area
predominantly manufactures air handling units.
Production in the Systemair HSK factory is carried out using a very special sheet
metal processing machine found in a choice handful of AHU plants in Europe.
The sheet metal processing machine that is set on an area of 1,500 m2 is a factory
in itself.
With the Frame Drill technology developed by the Systemair HSK R&D team and
patented by Systemair HSK, air handing units can be manufactured from standard
parts and easily assembled in the field.
With the Air Handling Unit Performance Test Chamber (AMCA Chamber) housed
in the facility, 1 in every 200 air handling units is tested for performance.
Air handling units, fan coil, heat recovery units are manufactured in the
Systemair HSK factory.
1. Certificates
Certification is a tool that documents that the product is safe and legal. It certifies
that all specifications claimed for the products are guaranteed by an independent
auditing company. Certified products also offer advantages in terms of delivery
times to the customer, by offering easy passage through customs.
1.1. The CE Mark: LG has been using the CE mark on its air handling units
since January 2003. The CE mark shows the products conformance to European
product regulations. It is also a mark that enables free distribution of the product
within the EU, whose use has become mandatory in the Turkish domestic market
as of January 1, 2004. It is a declaration of warranty by the manufacturer as well as
serving as a passport for a product, and indicates that the product will not harm
people, the environment and other products in the same environment as long as
it is used in accordance to its intended purpose. It is valid in product groups that
fall within the boundaries of the union. Products are manufactured in adherence to
basic requirements including effective EU guidelines.
1.2. EUROVENT Certificate: The Eurovent certificate, documents the
performance classification of air conditioning and cooling product groups in
accordance with European Union and international standards. LG has been
awarded the Eurovent certificate following the tests performed in TV laboratories
in Germany in 2001. Flexline Air Handling Units have successfully met the
prescribed performance values in EN 1886 and were awarded with Eurovent
Certified Performance logo.
1.3. The Certificate of the Customs Union (CU Certification): Is an official
document confirming the quality of production to approved standards within the
territory of the Customs Union. The Customs Union consists of three countries: Belarus,
Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. These countries have agreed on the sole basis
of technical and regulatory rules. For products certified before September 2, 2011
(date of the official issuance of the Regulation), no action is required by the customer
until the expiration date of their current Russia (GOST R), Belarus (STB) or Kazakhstan
(GOST K) certificate approaches. GOST R, STB or GOST K certificates issued between
September 2, 2011 and February 15, 2013 will be valid until March 15, 2015.
1.4. TSEK Certificate: LG conforms theTurkish Standards Institute(TSEK)for
itsproducts to the required standards. The TSEK comprises monograms that can
be used within the framework of a contract, certifying that the products (or the
packages of products) it is placed on has been manufactured and marketed in
accordance with the Quality Factors and Values accepted by the Turkish Standards
Institute. TSE EN 814, is used on labelled products which comply to TSEK and
electrical specifications.
1.5. ISO 9001 Certificate: It is internationally accepted management standard
which have been developed and implemented by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO), for constant improvement of efficiency and quality in
management, production or service efforts, for fulfilment of customers conditions,
and maximization of customer satisfaction through the introduction of certain
conditions to the management systems of enterprises.
1.6. OHSAS 18001 Certificate: OHSAS 18001 is a generalized concept of
work health and safety, including the protection of workers, of the enterprise and
production from all sorts of hazards and damages. Due to the highest priority of
human life, it views the issues of enterprise and production safety as a secondary
priority, and indicates the safety of workers by the concept of work safety and
health in the international area.
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2. Flexline Steel Frame

Air Handling Units
LGs Eurovent Certified Flexline Air Handling Units offer high resistance to thermal
leaks with their 50 mm panel design without thermal bridging, galvanized steel
frame profiles that maximise the strength and durability of the air handling unit and
their double sloped mineral wool insulated condensation pan manufactured as a
standard from stainless steel.
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Steel sheet thickness 0.8 mm 1.2 mm that has been galvanized against corrosion
is used in interior and exterior surfaces. PVC frame and air handling unit edge
profiles insulate against thermal bridging while offering an aesthetically pleasing
appearance.
Frame profiles manufactured from galvanized steel sheets , with a thickness of
2 mm and with dimensions 30x30 mm and 30x60 mm form a structure that is
resistant to negative pressure values. Connections of frame profiles are made with
cast aluminium corner elements creating a rigid frame.
Connection of panels to frame profiles is made with screws that are protected
against corrosion and preventing thermal bridging with protective covers and
special sheaths. The modular nature of Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Units
offer solutions that may suit varying areas of application.
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2.1. The Frame
The rigidity of the frame is increased by using 2 mm thick, 30x30 mm and 30x60 mm
box profiles manufactured from galvanized steel maximizing the strength of the air
handling unit under negative and positive conditions; which leads to a DI class the
highest mechanical strength according to EN 1886. Profile connections consist of
aluminium corner members. Connection of panels to box profiles is made with
screws that are protected against corrosion and thermal bridging with protective
covers and special sheaths. Special EPDM sealing is used in all connecting points
of panels and profiles, to avoid thermal bridging and air leaks. Air handling unit
cross sections are designed to match filter cross sections, in order to raise filter
efficiencies and to ensure the required optimum speed values. Ergonomic filter
mechanisms allow easy servicing of the filter. Thus the unit conforms to the
highest EN 1886 filter by-pass leakage class of F9. Specially designed base frames
function separately for each section and ensure that the weight of your air handling
unit is transferred to the floor as a distributed load. Thus, a more stable and
homogeneous load distribution is achieved on air handling unit bases.
Frame profiles are manufactured of galvanized steel sheet.

Air Handling Units
2.2. Panel Structure
2.2.1. Panel Insulation Material
Panel thickness: 50 mm
Insulation material: Mineral Wool
What is Mineral Wool?
Mineral wool is produced by smelting and spraying rocks such as basalt, diabase and
dolomite, mixing them with bakalite and subjecting them to special processes.
Mineral wool insulation material with a density of 50-70-110 kg/m3 can be used as
an option in Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Units.
Technical specifications for 50 - 70 - 110 kg/m3 mineral wool are presented in the
following table.
50 kg/m3
70 kg/m3
110 kg/m3
Units
Value or
Statement
Value or
Statement
Value or
Statement
kg/m3
50
70
110
W/m.K
0,035
0,035
0,035
Thermal Resistance / Rd
(m .K)/W
1,4
1,4
Fire Reaction Class
Euroclass
A1
A1
A1
Short Term Water Absorption / WS
kg/m2
<3
NPD
<1
Long Term Water Absorption / WL(P)
kg/m2
<1
NPD
<2
Water Vapour Permeability / MU
Air Flow Resistance / Afr
NPD
NPD
NPD
Density / D
Tolerances 10 %
Thermal Conductivity
Flexline
Panel Detail
2.2.2. Interior and Exterior Surface Materials

Interior and exterior surface metal sheets can be selected of galvanized steel,
painted or stainless steel and be manufactured in the range 0.8 1.2 mm.
Painted metal sheets are manufactured from, primary surface with an epoxy coat
of 5 and secondary surface is manufactured and 20 polyester oven based
baked paint with colour code RAL 7035 secondary surface. A 80 of film is
applied to protect exterior surfaces of painted metal sheets.
The amount of zinc used in galvanized steel sheets is 160 g/m2.
The quality class 304 2b is used as a standard in stainless steel sheets.
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2.2.3. Material for Panels and Corner Profiles

Panel edge profiles are manufactured from PVC while corner profiles are
manufactured from ABS material. Profiles are manufactured to offer high resistance
against the effects of UV radiation. The range of operational temperatures is
- 40 C / + 80 C.
1. Interior panel sheet
2. Exterior panel sheet
3. PVC panel frame
4. Panel corner part
5. Support bushing
6. Support bushing

Air Handling Units
2.3. No Thermal Bridging
No thermal bridging in an air handling unit indicates high resistance to thermal transmission
between the inner environment of the air handling unit and the outer environment which
there is a temperature difference. At this point, panel systems which separate the inner
and outer environment of the air handling unit are very important. Since metal parts with
high thermal transmission are insulated with plastic parts with low thermal transmission, the
panel structure of Flexline air handling units display high resistance to thermal transmission
between the inside and outside of the air handling unit.
Thermal bridging is an unwanted effect which raises thermal losses and lowers energy
efficiency. Since it increases condensation risk, it causes corrosion on exterior surfaces,
shortening the useful life of the air handling unit and increasing maintenance costs.
Condensation on interior surfaces leads to corrosion as well as microbiological hazards.
Due to its superior design, the Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling unit has a very low thermal
bridging value. It has been certified by Eurovent as TB2 class according to EN 1886.
2.4. Design Features and Advantages

2.4.1. Test Results According to EN 1886
The Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Unit with superior thermal and mechanical
properties has been certified by Eurovent with the following thermal and
mechanical specifications.
Test Criteria of Casing
Class
Mechanical strength
D1
Air leakage
L2
Filter by-pass leakage
F9
Thermal transmittance
T2
Thermal bridging
TB2
Acoustic Insulation
125Hz
16,2 dB
250Hz
22,6 dB
500Hz
28,8 dB
1000Hz
29,0 dB
2000Hz
30,8 dB
4000Hz
35,3 dB
8000Hz
39,0 dB
2.4.2. Modular Design

Modules are built on multiples of 306 mm. In this way, unit dimensions can be
shortened and lengthened in modules. The modular structure also contributes
significantly to minimising filter by-pass leaks.
2.4.3. Energy Efficiency
Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling units minimise thermal and pressure losses by
virtue of their superior design. While excellent panel design prevents heat and air
leaks, the aim is to minimise internal pressure losses by the correct layout of the
equipment within the unit. Products are designed to offer minimum pressure loss
within the air handling unit, through the CFD work carried our by the LG R&D
team for this purpose. Hence, lower energy consumption is achieved. Flexline Steel
Frame Air Handling Units offer a substantial advantage in energy efficiency since
the Eurovent approved Rotary Heat Recovery System, Plate Type Heat Recovery
System and Runaround Heat Recovery System can be easily applied and selected
with in house designed air handling unit selection software.
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Air Handling Units
2.4.4. Quick Selection Chart
Flexline Air Handling Units can be manufactured in the air flow range of 2,000 m3/h to
100.000 m3/h. The suitable air handling unit casing can be easily selected as a function
of the air flow rate and coil surface velocity using the following quick selection chart.
FL 100 x 110
FL 80 x 130
FL 100 x 100
FL 90 x 100
FL 90 x 90
FL 70 x 110
FL 80 x 90
FL 60 x 110
FL 80 x 80
FL 60 x 100
FL 70 x 80
FL 50 x 110
FL 60 x 90
FL 50 x 100
FL 70 x 70
FL 60 x 80
FL 50 x 90
FL 60 x 70
FL 50 x 80
FL 40 x 90
FL 60 x 60
FL 40 x 80
FL 50 x 60
FL 40 x 70
FL 50 x 50
FL 40 x 60
FL 40 x 50
FL 30 x 60
FL 40 x 40
VELOCITY
DISTRUBITION
FL 30 x 50
FL 30 x 40
2 - 2,8 m/s
FL 30 x 30
2,8 - 4 m/s
FL 20 x 30
FL 20 x 20
1
7 8 9 10
20
30
40
50
60 70 80 90 100
200
Flow m /h (x1000)
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3. Frame Drill Technology

The Frame Drill technology developed by the LG R&D team and patented by LG
has been our new milestone toward the sustainable development of our quality
and the increase of our competitive power.
Developed in 2007 as the culmination of almost 2 years of study, the Frame Drill
technology is a new production method. In the Frame Drill business model, the
precision of assembly in air handling unit assembly increases, air handling units
are assembled from standardized parts, units and can be easily assembled in our
outside the factory.
Advantages of the Frame Drill Technology

Modularity
Quality Standardization
Convenience of Transport
Quick Delivery
Can be assembled on site
With the Frame Drill technology, the main body of the air handling unit can be
manufactured in advance with zero tolerance, stocked and thus delivered in a very
short period of time.
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3.1. Assembly Steps
With the Frame Drill Technology, air handling unit assembly can be made quite
simply and quickly with a systematic coding logic and pictorial installation manual.
The traceable coding logic allows the installer to easily find and implement where
each part will be used during assembly.
3.1.1. Base Assembly
60 mm Profile Assembly
Bottom Panel Assembly
30 mm Profile Assembly
Base Frame Assembly
Base Frame and Bottom Panel
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3.1.2. Frame Assembly
Assembly of Bottom and Top Groups
Assembly of Section Connecting Components
3.1.3. Panel Assembly

Assembly of Side and Top Panels
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Finished Section
4. AHU Performance Standards

Air handling units can be considered under the three main headings of
Mechanical Performance
Component Selection
Performance Characteristics
Engineering Infrastructure and Software
As long as these three major considerations are carried out properly, an optimum
product with high performance and minimised energy consumption, capable of
correctly meeting customers needs will be manufactured. Two European standards
assess performance under these three major headings in air handling units. The first
is EN 1886 which evaluates Mechanical Performace and the second is EN 13053
which evaluates Component Selection and Performance Characteristics as well
as engineering infrastructure and software.
4.1. EN 1886
This standard comprises test requirements and classifications for air handling units
which blow and/or extract via a network of air ducts for the purposes of ventilating
and/or air conditioning an entire or part of a building.
The standard which evaluates air handling units in terms of Mechanical
Performance measures the performance of the Casing Design of the air handling
unit by performing 6 separate tests under the headings of Mechanical Strength
of Casing, Casing Air Leakage, Filter Bypass Leakage, Thermal Transmittance
Coefficient, Thermal Bridging Factor, Acoustic Insulation of Casing.
4.1.1. Mechanical Strength of Casing
There are two basic criteria for mechanical strength;
The deflection in the design conditions of the frame (mm/m)
Mechanical strength at maximum operating fan pressure
The test for mechanical strength of casing evaluates the existence of permanent
deformation in the casing.
Relative Deflection Test conducted at -1000 Pa pressure and under vacuum
(prEN 1886)
Maximum Fan Pressure Test conducted at -2500 Pa pressure and under vacuum
(prEN 1886)
* The Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Unit

conforms to class D1 with respect to the EN 1886
casing strength test.
Casing Strength EN 1886

Strength Class
Maximum Relative Deflection mm/m -1
D1*
D2
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D3
Not required
4.1.2. Casing Air Leakage

Air leakage tests are performed in the following manner depending on the
construction and operating conditions of the air handling unit:
AHUs with sections operating under negative pressure, shall be tested at 400 Pa
negative pressure
Units operating under both negative and positive pressure shall be tested with
700 Pa positive pressure

In cases of higher operating pressure than +700 Pa, test shall be performed
under operating pressure

-400 Pa Casing Air Leakage EN 1886
Air Leakage Class
Maximum Leakage Rate (f400) L x s -1 x m - 2
L1
0,15
L2 **
1,44
L3
3,96
** The Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Unit

conforms to class L2 with respect to the EN 1886
casing air leakage test.
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conforms to class L2 with respect to the EN 1886
casing air leakage test.
700 Pa Casing Air Leakage EN 1886
Air Leakage Class
Maximum Leakage Rate (f 700) L x s -1 x m - 2
L1
0,22
L2*
0,63
L3
1,9
4.1.3. Filter Bypass Leakage

Filter Bypass Leakage is related to the amount of filtered air passing through the filter
section. It can be defined as the ratio of unfiltered air to the total amount of air.
Filter Bypass Leakage tests are conducted under a pressure differential of 400 Pa
in the filter section. The following table shows admissible leakage rates (%k).
** The Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Unit

conforms to class F9 with respect to the EN 1886
filter bypass leakage test.
Admissible leakage rates are determined with respect to the class of filter used
in the section being tested.
Maximum admissible filter bypass leakage rate as per EN 1886
Air Handling Unit Filter Class
G1-G5
F6
F7
F8
F9**
Bypass Leakage Factor (%k)
0,5
4.1.4. Thermal Transmittance

This test procedure enables the classification of the thermal transmittance of the
casing of an air handling unit manufactured with standard properties, by using the
applied test methods. Thermal transmittance U (W.m-2 K-1) is determined when
the stable differential operating temperature is 20 K. The unit should be adjusted to
circulate the ambient air 100-110 times, and air velocity on the exterior surface of
the section should be below 0.1 m/s.
Thermal transmittance coefficient is classified with to the following values according
to the EN 1886 standard.
*** The Flexline Steel Frame Air Handling Unit
conforms to class T2 with respect to the EN 1886
thermal transmittance coefficient test.
Thermal Transmittance (U) EN 1886
Class
Thermal Transmittance W.m -2 K-1
T1
U 0,5
T2***
0,5 < U 1,0
T3
1,0 < U 1,4
T4
1,4 < U 2,0
T5
Not required
4.1.5. Thermal Bridging Factor

The possibility of condensation on the unit casing can be estimated with the
thermal transmittance coefficient of the casing. However, even when the thermal
transmittance coefficient indicates that condensation will not occur on the unit
surface, if temperature distribution on the surface is not homogeneous, surface
temperature at areas of weak thermal insulation can fall below dew point
temperature, which will cause condensation. This case demonstrates that the
thermal transmittance coefficient alone is not sufficient to estimate whether
condensation will occur on the unit surface.
The thermal bridging value is determined using the same setup as in measuring the
thermal transmittance value.
The highest temperature on the units exterior surface when heat transfer
is stable (tmax)
Interior temperature under stable conditions (ti)
Ambient temperature under stable conditions (ta)
The thermal bridging factor Kb is calculated using the following equation:

kb = (ti - tmax) / (ti - ta)
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As the thermal bridging value approaches 1, the probability of condensation
on unit surfaces decreases and as the value approaches 0, the risk increases.
Since the problem of condensation on unit surfaces is very common in
practical conditions, the thermal bridging factor should definitely be taken into
consideration among other factors when selecting an air handling unit. Exterior
and interior surface temperatures of an ideal casing should be homogeneous and
close to the ambient temperature to which it is exposed. For this purpose, in
order to approach a thermally ideal casing, LG R&D Team have developed the
Flexline air handling units that offer no thermal bridging.
Thermal Bridging Factor (kb) EN 1886
Class
Thermal Bridging Factor (kb)
TB1
0.75 < kb < 1
TB2*
0.6 kb < 0.75
TB3
0.45 kb < 0.6
TB4
0.3 kb < 0.45
TB5
Not required

conforms to class TB2 with respect to the EN
1886 thermal bridging factor test.
4.1.6. Acoustic Insulation of Casing

The acoustic insulation performance of the casing (casing sound attenuation)
is calculated according to ISO 11546-2 and reported for octave bands
125 Hz to 8000 Hz.
Octave Band (Hz)
Insulation (dB)
125
21
250
25
500
29
1000
30
2000
32
4000
35
8000
39
4.2. EN 13053
This standard comprises test requirements for the performance and rating of
air handling units as well as the test requirements and classification of certain
equipment and sections in air handling units.
EN 13503 tests examine Correct Component Selection and Characteristics and
Engineering Infrastructure and Software Characteristics. The Flexline Air Handling
Unit has been certified by comparing the results of tests carried on Real Unit
selected by Eurovent officials from the production line to the results obtained from
Airware Web, LGs original software. These tests apply to all Flexline Steel Frame
Air Handling Units as well as with Heat Recovery.
The factors evaluated as per the EN 13053 standard are the following.
Casing, Fan Section, Coils, Heat Recovery Section, Damper Section, Mixing Section,
Humidification, Filter Section, Silencer Section, Accessibility, Surface Smoothness,
Inspection Glass and Lights, Measures Against Drainage/Condensation,
Air Leakage Test.
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5. Components of AHU
5.1. Fans
The air handling unit includes a fan section for the purpose of facilitating air
circulation, depending on the requirements of the environment. While forward
curved fans are preferred for units within the low pressure range, forward curved
or backward curved fans can both be used for units within the medium and high
pressure ranges. Airfoil fans are commonly preferred due to their efficiency and
low noise level operation. Depending on design conditions Plug (without scroll
case, single inlet, direct coupled) fans can also be used. Since plug fan systems
are directly coupled to the motor shaft, they do not require an additional system
for transmission of force. Thus, friction losses resulting from this transmission are
minimised, and more efficient systems can be achieved. It is also an advantageous
form of application due to the convenience of service and operation.
Forward Curved Fans
Radial Fans
Backward
Curved Fans
Airfoil Fans
Fans used in LG Air Handling Units are manufactured from galvanized steel sheets
and can be oven painted as an option. Fans are dynamically and statically balanced
according to the ISO 1940-G6.3 norm. Flexible connection is used between the fan
and the unit body to dampen vibrations. The transmission of the vibration to the
casing is prevented by the use of rubber isolators. Spring vibration isolators can also
be used upon demand. Flexible connections which may be used from the outside
for connecting to the ductwork are also available as an option. If another section is
directly coupled to the exhaust side of the fan section, a diffuser is used to enable
homogeneous distribution of air over the section and to glean maximum efficiency
from the section.
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EFFICIENCY
AREA OF APPLICATION
Most efficient of the centrifugal fans
General ventilation/air conditioning
Most efficient operating conditions are achieved

with maximum flow of 40-50%
Mainly large systems
Power is also peaked at the maximum

efficiency level
Significant energy savings in large industrial fresh

air systems
Efficiency is slightly lower
General ventilation/air conditioning
Similar efficiency with Airfoil fan
Certain industrial applications where airfoil fans

might be exposed to corrosion and wear
Higher pressure characteristics than airfoil and

backward curved fans
High pressure industrial applications (material

handling in industry)
Fan should not be operated when the curve is

on the left side of maximum pressure
Easily repaired wheel, which sometimes is

coated with a special material
Power constantly increases. This should be

considered in motor selection
Not suitable for ventilation/air conditioning
Fan should not be operated on the right side of

maximum pressure
Mainly for low pressure ventilation/air

conditioning applications
Most efficient operating conditions are achieved

with maximum flow of 50-60%
Lower maximum efficiency than the other
centrifugal fans
5.1.1. Fan Laws
To be used in fan selection, manufacturing firms provide fan characteristics curves
indicating the variation of fan pressure, efficiency and power with fan air flow for
specific types, size and rotation speed (rpm) of fan.
Equations providing the relationships between characteristic variables for
dynamically similar fans, are called fan laws.
These variables are: D for fan diameter; n for rotation speed; d for gas
density; Q for gas flow; Pt for total fan pressure; Ps for fan static pressure,
N for fan power and for fan efficiency.
1. The 1st law indicates the effects of fan diameter speed and gas density on flow
rate, pressure and power.
2. The 2nd law indicates the effects of fan diameter, pressure and gas density on
flow rate, speed and power.
3. And the 3rd law indicates the effects of fan diameter, flow rate and gas density
on speed, pressure and power.
d : Gas Density (kg/m3),

Q : Flow Rate (m3/h) P : Pressure (Pa)
N : Fan Speed (d/d) D : Fan Diameter (mm) W : Fan Shaft Power (kW)
Sample Application: An example of a fan working at 10.000 m3/h air flow and
600 Pa static pressure, indicating the operating characteristics of 10,000 m3/h
air flow and 730 Pa static pressure.
10,000 m3/h air flow and 600 Pa static pressure
17
Condition 1
Condition 2
Total Efficiency
% 79,00
% 79,00
Static Efficiency
% 73,00
% 74,00
Static Pressure
600 Pa
730 Pa
Dynamic Pressure
49 Pa
49 Pa
Total Pressure
649 Pa
779 Pa
2,27 kW
2,74 kW
Fan Power
Motor Power
2,93 kW
3,45 kW
Air Flow Rate
10.000 m3/h
10.000 m3/h
Air Velocity
9 m/s
9 m/s
Fan Speed
1292 rpm
1394 rpm
20,5 C
20,5 C
Air Temperature
Motor Efficiency
Specific Fan Power
% 85
% 85
1,054 kW/(m3/s)
1,243 kW/(m3/s)
10,000 m3/h air flow and 730 Pa static pressure
(*) Speed deviations within 4% may be possible with the final selection of the belt
drive which may slightly modify technical data
Conclusion:
Theoretical calculation: While 2,27 kW of power is required for the fan shaft at
10.000 m3/h air flow and 600 Pa static pressure; 3,04 kW of power is required for
the fan shaft at 10.000 m3/h air flow and 730 Pa static pressure.
Manufacturer selection program: While 2,27 kW of power is required for the
fan shaft at 10.000 m3/h air flow and 600 Pa static pressure; 2,74 kW of power is
required for the fan shaft at 10.000 m3/h air flow and 730 Pa static pressure.
18
5.1.2. Plug Fan Section
Function:
Plug fans are backward curved blade fans without housing that are directly coupled
to the motor shaft, that allow precise rpm control. Due to their nature, they create
positive pressure in sections where they are located. Various alternatives within
the same cross section can be selected according to the required flow rate and
pressure values, using the Airweb Air Handling Unit Selection Program.
Structure:
Plug fans are positioned on a single unified base. In section positioning, the intake
and exhaust clearances required for efficient operation of the fan should be allowed
as standard. There are 2 standard doors for accessing intake and exhaust clearances.
Rubber based vibration isolators are used as a standard between the motor base
and casing to dampen vibrations that may occur. Spring isolators can also be used as
an option. A fixed base is used as a standard under the fan base and motor base,
to achieve homogeneous transmission of vibration loads to the floor.
Motor:
F class insulation, 380 V 50 Hz 3 phase, totally enclosed, fan cooled motors (TEFC)
and equipped with short circuit rotor are used as a standard. The motor can be
cooled more easily thanks to its aluminum frame. IE2 efficiency class motor is used
as standard. A frequency inverter must be used in plug fan systems for rpm control.
EC motor applications are optional.
Multiple Fan Application:
Double fan application can be provided if needed. In this application, fans are sized
to supply half of the total air flow required at the same total static pressure value. A
separate frequency inverter is used for each motor.
Operating Conditions:
The standard design is suited for operation at -20 C / +40 C while the special
design is suited for operation at -20 C / +80 C.
Easy Maintenance:
Section designs are made with the minimum service clearances required. Each
section has a service door as standard equipment. As an option, a rail conveyance
system can be applied, which allows easy removal of the motor and fan outside the
section.
Balance Control:
All fans are dynamically and statically balanced according to the ISO 1940-G6.3
norm
Vibration Control:
Rubber based isolators are used as standard equipment in all fan sections, to
dampen vibrations. Spring isolators can also be used as an option. Vibration
measurement checks are done on all fan sections as a standard. Flexible vibration
dampening connecting elements are used as standard equipment in points where
the fan intake nozzle connects to the section.
Positive Pressure Door Application:
Positive or negative pressure occurs within the air handling unit, depending on the
position of the fan. Since in scroll casing fans, blowing occurs at the fan section
outlet, positive pressure occurs in all sections coming after the fan section. And fans
without scroll casing, blowing occurs inside the fan section, positive pressure occurs
in the fan section and all sections coming after the fan section.
19
In sections where positive pressure occurs, the service door is built to open
inwards and the door is positioned to sit on the aluminum frame on the outside to
prevent air leaks. Liquid sealing is applied on the front connections of door locks
and sealing elements are found below the precision screw. Thus the conditioned air
leaking is prevented from the lock system. The effect of positive pressure minimises
the possibility of air leakage.
Furthermore, the guide lever can be easily removed without removing the lock and
upon demand, an additional lever can be mounted to allow service doors to open
from within the air handling unit.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
PLUG FAN
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1224 1224 1377 1377 1377 1377 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142
5.1.3. Centrifugal Fan Section

Function:
Centrifugal fans can be forward curved and backward curved blades and
backward. A belt and pulley system is used as a power transmission element.
Due to their nature, they create negative pressure in sections where they are
located. Various alternatives within the same cross section can be selected
according to the required flow rate and pressure values, using the
Airweb Air Handling Unit Selection Program.
Structure:
Centrifugal fans are positioned on a single unified base. The sections where they
are located are sized so that the intake and exhaust clearances required for efficient
operation of the fan are provided. Each section has a service door as standard.
A specially designed motor tensioning apparatus for adjusting belt tension is
provided as standard. Belt and pulley guard and fan protection door which are
important safety features are offered optionally. Rubber based vibration isolator are
used as a standard between the unified base and casing to dampen vibrations that
may occur. Spring isolators can also be used as an option. A fixed base is used as a
standard with the fan base and motor base, to achieve homogeneous transmission
of vibration loads to the floor.
20
Motor:
F class insulation, 380 V 50 Hz 3 phase, totally enclosed, fan cooled motors (TEFC)
and equipped with short circuit rotor are used as a standard. The motor can be
cooled more easily thanks to its aluminum frame. IE2 efficiency class motor is used as
standard.
Multiple Fan Application:
Double fan application can be provided if needed. In this application, fans are sized
to supply half of the total air flow required at the same total static pressure value.
Operating Conditions:
The standard design is suited for operation at -20 C / +80 C while the special
design is suited for operation at -20 C / +100 C.
Easy Maintenance:
Section designs are made with the minimum service clearances required. Each
section has a service door as a standard. As an option, a rail conveyance system can
be applied which allows easy removal of the motor and fan outside the section.
Balance Control:
All fans are dynamically and statically balanced according to the ISO 1940-G6.3
norm. A specially designed motor tensioning system for adjusting belt tension is
provided as standard.
Vibration Control:
Rubber based isolators are used as standard equipment in all fan sections, to dampen
vibrations. Spring isolators can also be used as an option. Vibration measurement
checks are done on all fan sections as a standard. Flexible vibration dampening
connecting elements are used as standard equipment in points where the fan
exhaust nozzle connects to the section.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1224 1224 1377 1377 1377 1377 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142
21
5.2. Coils
Coils are equipments used in air handling units, for the heating or cooling of air.
Refrigerant and water systems are offered for heating and cooling applications.
Coils are selected by the Airware Air Handling Unit Selection Software from cold
water, hot water and direct expansion types, to provide optimum performance
conditions. In accordance with system requirements, copper tube-aluminium fin
or steel tube-steel fin coils are used in air handling units. Standard tube diameters
used are 1/2 and 5/8. In aluminium finned designs, epoxy coating, providing high
corrosion resistance for special can be applicable as an option.
5.2.1. Coil Geometry
Properties
Model
3833-5/8
3228-1/2
4035-5/8
Distance Between Tubes
38,1 mm
31,75 mm
40 mm
Distance Between Rows
33 mm
28 mm
34,64 mm
Tube Diameter
5/8
1/2
5/8
Tube Alignment
Staggered
Staggered
Staggered
5.2.2. Number of Rows

While designing in specified coil geometry, care should be taken with the number of
rows of the coil, which has an impact on the design efficiency. If the number of rows is
increased while other factors remain the same capacity increases, surface area increases,
air side pressure drop increases, the demand for water flow and consequently the water
speed increases. The opposite happens if the number of rows is reduced.
As a general rule, capacity obtained from unit surface area drops as the number of
rows increases, rendering the coil less efficient. So, if a 2 row coil is converted to
4 coils, it does not provide twice the capacity. Thus, the lowest possible number of
rows should be used in order to increase efficiency. Fin spacing in coils used in air
handling units are usually between 2.1-3.2 mm.
Number of rows is among the most important factors influencing pressure drop.
This value should also be taken into consideration for coil selection.
5.2.3. Number of Circuits
This is the required number of intakes for the refrigerant to circulate within the coil
at a specific pressure drop and flow range.
If the number of circuits increases while all other factors remain the same,
water flow decreases, capacity decreases, water side pressure drop decreases.
The opposite happens if the number of circuits is reduced.
5.2.4. Structural Properties of Coil
Coil casings are manufactured from galvanized steel sheet as a standard.
A combination of backward curved collars and free support system is used in
supporting frame. Thus the supports are prevented from abrasion and cutting the
tube during thermal expansion or contraction. Intermediate supports are used for
additional strength for long coils. Aluminum, hot dip galvanized steel, stainless steel,
and copper material can also be used in casings if desired.
Aluminum, epoxy coated aluminum and copper fins are manufactured with
automatic blocks which adjust thefin height and fin spacing. Fin surfaces are plain
or corrugated. 1/2 and 5/8 copper tubes are mechanically expanded, providing
tight contact with fin collars. This inflation system forges an excellent mechanical
connection between the fin and tube in all defined operating conditions, facilitating
the utmost level of heat transfer between air and internal refrigerant.
22
5.2.5. Testing of Coils
Unless otherwise specified, all coils can be tested after assembly, by immersion into
a water filled pool under a pressure of 20 kg/cm2. Testing can also be performed
under a pressure of 30 kg/cm2 upon demand.
5.2.6. Cooling Coils
Function:
Used for cooling air.
Model Types:
Two types exist according to the type of refrigerant used for cooling: Water and gas.
Structure:
They are manufactured from copper tube aluminum fins as a standard feature. The
casing is manufactured from galvanized steel sheet. Can also be manufactured from
stainless steel sheet as an option.
Copper Tube:
Tube diameters used are 5/8 and 1/2.
Fin Pitch:
5 pitch types can be applied, which are 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3 and 3.2 mm. Fins are
manufactured from aluminum as standard. Fins can be epoxy coated upon demand
Pipe Connections:
Pipe connections vary according to the characteristics of the coil selected. Pipe
connections are manufactured to extend outside the air handling unit as a standard
feature in water and gas systems. A flanged application is optional in water coils.
Condensation Pan:
Applied as a standard feature in all cooling sections. It is manufactured from
stainless steel. Being double inclined, it allows very fast drainage of the condensated
water. Undersides of condensation pans are insulated with mineral wool.
The standard drain pipe diameter is 1. It does not allow accumulation of water
and ensures quick drainage.
Droplet Eliminator:
Droplet eliminators are applied as a standard feature in all cooling exchangers.
Drop eliminators manufactured from polypropylene which is resistant to
temperatures of up to 130 C. Their casing is manufactured from stainless steel as a
standard feature. Standard rail mechanism allows easy removal and servicing.
Air side pressure drop generation based on the surface speed of drop eliminator
23
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
COOLING COIL
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
765
765
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765 765
5.2.7. The Drainage System

The majority of cooling coils have been placed to allow supply air to pass through
them onto the units. As a result, they are subjected to negative (-) static pressure.
If measures to balance pressure on the condensation drainage line have not been
taken, air that is suddenly and quickly sucked back from drainage tubes will cause
the condensate to accumulate in the drain pan.
The water which collects as the unit continues to operate will be accumulated with
the air current and cause the water filling the drain pan to seep into air intake ducts
and/or water flooding damage in the building.
For this reason, traps must be used for pans to avoid water accumulation in air
handling units.
Example:
Negative Static Pressure = 65 mmWG Height H = 85 mmSS
For safety
= 20 mmSS
Hmin
= Static Pressure + 20 mm
5.2.8. Heating Coils
Function:
Used for heating air.
Model Types:
Two types exist according to the type of refrigerant used for heating: water and gas.
Structure:
They are manufactured from copper tube aluminum fins as a standard feature.
The casing is manufactured from galvanized steel sheet. Can also be manufactured
from stainless steel sheet as an option.
Copper Tube:
Tube diameters used are 5/8 and 1/2.
Pitch:
5 pitch types can be applied, which are 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3 and 3.2 mm. Fins are
manufactured from aluminum as standard. They can be epoxy coated as an option.
Tubing Connections:
Tubing connections vary according to the characteristics of the coil selected. Tubing
connections are manufactured to extend outside the air handling unit as a standard
feature in water and gas systems. A flanged application is optional in water coils.
24
Freeze Protection:
A freeze-free thermostat is supplied as an optional feature for freeze protection
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
HEATING COIL
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
306
306
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459 459
5.2.9. Electrical Heater

Function:
Used for heating air.
Model Types:
Can be selected with 1-6 rows and 1-3 stages. Higher row numbers are offered as
an option.
Structure:
Its casing is manufactured from stainless steel as a standard feature.
Non-combustible guards are used for all cabling.
Heating Elements:
Straight rod or coiled resistances are used.
Protection:
An automatic reset temperature sensor is supplied ready to connect power panel as
a standard. The safety thermostat with manual reset, pressure differential sensor for
detection of air flow and door protection switch are offered as optional features.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
ELECTRICAL HEATER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
459
459
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459
459 459
25
5.3. Heat Recovery Systems
Heat recovery systems used in air conditioning systems preheat (or precool) the
fresh air taken from outdoor conditions using exhaust air, bringing the enthalpy and
temperature of fresh air to interior space conditions. However, in these systems, if
energy is taken from another system, heat recovery does not occur. According to
VDI 2071, the transfer of mass is not heat recovery. Thus, heat recovery can not be
achieved by mixing air.
5.3.1. Basic Principle of Heat Recovery
Sensible heat is transfer is made primarily in heat recovery units. Latent heat can be
transferred depending on the structure of the heat recovery unit. Heat recovery
units can be divided in 2 general categories:
Recuperative Systems
Regenerative Systems
Recuperative Systems:
It is a method of heat transfer that occurs at the moment of heat expulsion,
without the use of an intermediate fluid. Due to the absence of an intermediate
fluid, it is more efficient than other systems.
Regenerative Systems:
It is the method of heat transfer where the heat is first transferred to the
intermediate fluid, and then to the environment that is the recipient of heat.
Additional energy is required in some systems to facilitate the circulation of the
intermediate fluid.
5.3.2. Rotary Heat Recovery
It is a form of heat recovery operating in the regenerative style. The rotor consists
of a circular aluminum mass containing pores to allow the passage of air. Heat
recovery is achieved with the turning of the rotor. The heat and temperature of the
exhaust air is transferred to the rotor blades with the turning motion of the heat
exchanger rotor. The transferred moisture and heat energy is passed on to fresh air
by the continued rotation. In addition to heat transfer conducted during the winter,
it is also possible to save energy and carry out dehumidification with the same
unit in the summer. The heat wheel is usually commanded by speed control. Heat
recovery ratio usually varies between 70-85% in rotary heat recovery systems.
Function:
It is a form of heat recovery operating in the regenerative style.
Models:
1. Condensation Rotor: It is a heat wheel that is only capable of carrying out the
transfer of sensible heat, to be used in standard comfort ventilation applications.
It also conducts transfer of humidity if one of the air currents is as cold as the dew
point. The fill consists one row of plain and one row of shaped standard aluminum
layers.
2. De-Humidifying Rotor: It is suited to standard comfort ventilation applications.
It also conducts transfer of humidity if one of the air currents is as cold as the dew
point (winter). The fill consists one row of plain and one row of shaped standard
aluminum layers. Surfaces have been specially treated, raising their capacity for
de-humidification.
3. Enthalpy Rotor: The enthalpy rotor wheel also conducts a high amount of
latent heat transfer in addition to (standard) sensible heat recovery. The moisture
26
transfer capabilities of these enthalpy transfer wheels which have been coated with
adsorptive surfaces have been increased. The capacity is fixed and high throughout
the year. The heat wheel fill is manufactured by winding one row of plain and
one row of shaped standard aluminum bands. Surfaces have been covered with a
special adsorbent, offering superior adsorption.
Easy Maintenance:
There is a service door in the side of the motor, for easy servicing of the rotor.
Purge Chamber:
In heat wheels, the purge chamber and air is important in two aspects. While the
contaminated return air that would otherwise be carried into the air is expelled, the
fill which has been contaminated by the return air is also cleaned.
The purge chamber and purged air is the most significant element and concept for
heat wheels. It is an effective application, carried out over a chamber developed
for preventing the contaminated air carried from the return air to the fresh air. It is
based on the principle where the contaminated air that passes to the outdoor air
with the heat exchanger filling is purged off the filling and transferred to the exhaust
air side.
Speed Control:
1. Constant speed: The gear motor offers constant rpm at the highest rotating
speed. These triphase induction motors have F class insulation. They are equipped
with lifetime self lubricated endless screw gear box.
2. Variable Speed: It has the function of adjusting the required speed of rotation of
the rotor. In this way, heat recovery can be achieved to the desired extent. Variable
speed varies control unit input signals between 0-100 Hz and supplies an output
frequency.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
ROTARY HEAT RECOVERY
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918
918
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918 918
27
5.3.3. Plate Type Heat Recovery
Its a form of heat recovery operating in the regenerative style. The system
operates on the counter-flow principle. Fresh air and exhaust air pass through two
separate layers. Plates are designed to facilitate maximum heat transfer. A bypass
damper can be added to the heat recovery section, to control air flow, enable
free-cooling and prevent freezing.
Function:
It enables highly efficient heat recovery in the recuperative style.
Application:
Plate type heat recovery is used in applications where the mixing of indoor and
outdoor air is not desired.
Models:
1. Cross Flow - Heat recovery up to 65%
2. Counter Flow - Heat recovery up to 90%
Free-Cooling Bypass Damper Application:
In plate type heat recovery systems, fresh air may need to be transferred to the
indoor space without being subjected to heat recovery, in order to take advantage
from the energy of outdoor air, particularly in mid season. Thus, we condition
the indoor space with the low temperature of the fresh air, without carrying out
additional cooling. A bypass damper can be used in plate type heat recovery
systems, to facilitate this process.
Section Structure:
There is a stainless steel condensation pan on the exhaust side and a stainless steel
drainage pipe of this pan is hermetically extended outside the unit. It is important
for efficient system operation to mount a filter outside the filter on the intake side
and before the heat recovery coil on the exhaust side.
28
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
PLATE TYPE HEAT RECOVERY
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1683 1683 1683 1683 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601 2601
5.3.4. Runaround Heat Recovery

Function:
Application:
Heat is transferred via air passing over two interconnected coils. One of the coils
is at the side of outdoor air and the other at the side of exhaust air and these are
connected with piping. The fluid facilitating heat transfer circulates within these
tubes. Water is usually used as fluid. Antifreeze is added if necessary. The fluid
facilitating heat transfer circulates within the system with the aid of a pump. The
flow in this system is regulated with valves. If the air exhaust from the system falls
below the dew point, condensation occurs. This leads to an additional latent heat
transfer. There is risk of frosting in the system. The enclosed circulation system
allows the process to occur even when the outdoor air and exhaust air are at long
distances to each other. Air flows do not have to come together, but additional
energy to facilitate the circuit is needed. This is the electrical power required to
operate the pump that facilitates the circuit. The amount of recovered heat can be
easily regulated by controlling the flow of water. It can be turned off independent
of the air handling unit if necessary.
Condensation Pan:
There is a stainless steel condensation pan on the exhaust side and a stainless steel
drainage pipe of this pan is hermetically extended outside the unit.
29
5.3.5. Heat Pipe Heat Recovery
Function:
Application:
In this system, refrigerant is used to transfer heat and the unit operates on the
principle of the refrigerant vaporizing upon meeting the system return air and rising
within the tube and then transferring its heat to cold air and condensing back into
liquid. The system can operate in the -30C and 55C temperature range without
any problems. The heatpipe can be used horizontally side by side or vertically stacked.
Horizontal types can be designed to conduct heat recovery also in summer conditions
when required. A drop eliminator is mounted on the exhaust side if indeed.
Condensation Pan:
There is a stainless steel condensation pan and the drainage pipe (stainless steel) of
this pan is hermetically extended outside the unit. Mounting a filter before the heat
recovery coil is recommended to prevent contamination.
30
5.4. Filters
The function of filter sections is to prevent the accumulation of dust on the internal
surfaces of coils and panels, extending the efficient lifetime of the air handling
unit. In addition, the basic purpose in some applications is to purify the unwanted
particles at supplied air. Models with permeability ranging between classes G3-F9
are used in air handling units. Depending on the place and purpose of application,
they can be classified as pre-filtration, sensitive filtration and absolute filtration.
Filter types include panel filters, bag filters, carbon filters and rigid filters.
Panel, bag and carbon filters are manufactured as a standard of high quality
galvanized steel while rigid filters have a plastic frame.
Filter Casings:
LG uses two types of filter casing depending on the area of application.
Standard Casing:
It is designed to hermetically place bag filters, rigid filters and active carbon filters
within the system. They are manufactured from galvanized or stainless steel. There
are three fastening depths (25 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm). Filters are fastened with the
EPDM seal placed between the filter and casing and spring clips which allow the
fastening of the seal. Special casing design enables the use of both a panel and
bag filter within the same casing.
Quick Assembly Casing:

They are designed for purposes similar to standard casings; filters are fastened to
the casing with steel reinforced profile seals and connection is made using a special
tightening system.
31
We can classify filters according to their particle permeability as follows.
FILTER CLASSIFICATIONS
Particle Size
Examples of Particle
Filter Class
G1
G2
Panel dust filter for

particles larger than
10 m
Insects, textile fibers and hair, sand, fly

ash, pollen, spores, cement dust
G3
G4
G5
F5
Pollens, cement dust, particles that cause
dust precipitation, bacteria and microbes
on host particles
Fine dust filter for
particles 1-10 m
F5
F6
F7
F7
Oil smoke, tobacco smoke, metal oxide

smoke
F8
F9
Sample Applications
Simple applications (eg. for insect protection in
compact devices)
Preliminary and peripheral air filter for civil
protection facilities; air outlets for spray paint
cabinets and kitchen outlets, etc; contamination
protection for air conditioning units and compact
devices (e.g. window type air conditioners, fans);
pre-filter for F9-F8 class filters
Outdoor air filters for sites that have low demand
(e.g. factory sheds, storage facilities, indoor parking
lots)
Preliminary and peripheral air filtering in
ventilation stations; after filter in sales facilities,
shopping malls, offices and certain production
facilities; pre-filter for F9 - H11 class filters
After filters in air conditioning systems for offices,
production facilities, control centers, hospitals,
data processing centers; pre-filter for H11 - H13
class filters
H10
H11
Microbes, bacteria, viruses, tobacco
smoke, metal oxide smoke
H12
H11
Suspended material
filter for particles
smaller than 1 m
Oil vapor formation, soot and

radioactive materials
After filter for such environments as laboratories,

pharmaceutical production facilities
H12
H13
After filter for clean rooms of 100000 or 10000

classes
After filter for clean rooms of 10000 or 100
classes, outlet air filter in core technology facilities
H14
Aerosols
H15
After filter for clean rooms of 10 or 1 classes
H16
Separation of
materials that are
harmful if inhaled
Kitchen outlet filters, hazardous

materials suspended in the air, smog,
combustion gas, solvent vapor, food
smell, stench
Active carbon filter
Outlet air filters that are bound by the

environment protection clauses, all environments
that contain hazardous gases
Final Pressure Drop for Filters According to EN 13053

Filter Class
32
Final Pressure Drop
G1-G4
150 Pa
F5-F7
250 Pa
F8-F9
350 Pa
5.4.1. Panel Filter
Function: Used for pre-filtration and main filtration.
Filter Class: G3-G4 (EN 779).
Filter Material: Synthetic polyester.
Filter Surface Area: Offers a wide surface area due to its pleated form.
Manufactured in G3 and G4 classes, these filters are produced from high quality
galvanized steel, PVC or fibreglass material. The decisive point in the design of
these filters which have a gravimetric efficiency of 85 - 95%, is creating a corrugated
structure and hence a larger filtering surface. Panel filters which can withstand
temperatures of up to 180C are used in air handling units for pre-filtration to
lengthen the useful life of higher particle efficiency filters. Their being washable is
a significant advantage which lowers their operational and maintenance costs and
which make them popular.
Shown below is the flow rate-pressure drop chart for the standard dimension
filter module.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
PANEL FILTER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
612
612
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612
612 612
33
5.4.2. Bag Filter
Function: Used for main filtration
Filter Class: F5-F6-F7-F8-F9 (EN 779).
Filter Material: Syntetic fiber.
Filter Surface Area: Offers a wide surface area due to its bag form.
Length of Filter Bags: 600 mm - 300 mm.
Filter Frame Thickness: 25 mm (standard).
Insulation: Filters are fastened to the casing with reinforced, cellular, profile seals
(F9 leakage class according to EN 1886).
Filter Casing: Standard casing and quick assembly casing can be used in bag filters.
Placement of F9 Filter: The F9 class filter must always be placed in the positive
pressure side.
Manufactured in various classes from F5 to F9, bag filters are produced with
galvanized frames as a standard. The filtering element is produced from synthetic
fibre material. Its extended surface design leads to low flow rates, thus facilitating
low pressure loss, high dust capturing capacity, long use and low energy costs.
Shown below is the flow rate-pressure drop chart for the standard dimension filter
module.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
BAG FILTER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224
34
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
5.4.3. Low Depth Filters
Function: Used for main filtration.
Filter Class: F6-F7-F9 (EN 779).
Filter Material: Fibreglass.
Filter Surface Area: Takes up less space than a bag filter due to its compacted form.
Length of Filter Bags: 100 mm - 292 mm.
Filter Frame: 25 mm plastic.
Insulation: Filters are fastened to the casing with reinforced, cellular, profile seals
(F9 leakage class according to EN 1886).
Filter Casing: Low depth filters can be used with standard and quick
assembly casing.
Manufactured in various classes from F6 to F9, low depth filters are produced
with plastic frames as a standard. The filtering element is produced from fibreglass
material. Particularly bag filters known as rigid type filters, with a plastic frame design
are quite popular since they can be used in both downstream and upstream.
Shown below is the flow rate-pressure drop chart for the standard dimension filter
module.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
LOW DEPTH FILTER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
765
765
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765
765 765
35
5.4.4. Carbon Filter
Function: Used for main filtration.
Filter Material: Carbon (AG type).
Filter Surface Area: Has a cartridge form.
Length of Filter Cartridge: 400 mm.
Manufactured as cylindrical cartridges, active carbon filters are used in the filtration
of harmful and malodorous gases. These filters are preferred in air conditioning
systems in cases where the return air as well as fresh air needs to be purified
of these harmful and malodorous gases.
Shown below is the flow rate-pressure drop chart for the standard dimension
filter module.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
ACTIVE CARBON FILTER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377
36
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
5.4.5. Rigid Filter
Function: It is preferred since it is light and easy to mount.
Filter Material: High efficiency bag filter manufactured of fibreglass, with plastic casing.
Filter Surface Area: 7-11-14 m2
Efficiency: % 65-85-95
5.5. Humidification Systems

Function:
The humidification unit is used to control the relative humidity of the ambient air
by increasing the absolute humidity of air in the air handling unit.
Model Types:
3 types of humidifiers can be used in LG air handling units according to the
application type.
Steam Humidifier
Atomizer Humidifier
Adiabatic Humidifier
Casing Structure:
Stainless steel is used as interior sheet material in humidification sections. 300 mm
heightbase frames are used as a standard in air handling units including an Atomizer
and Evaporative humidification section.
The selection of the humidifier is determined by the parameters listed below:
a) Humidity ratio to be added
b) Supply of conditioned water or steam that can be used
c) Control tolerance of the room that will have its humidity controlled
5.5.1. Steam Humidifier
Steam cylinder, immersed electrodes, stainless steam distributors and electronic control
module are standard equipment. Water inlet-outlet connections are made to the steam
unit. The steam that is produced in the steam cylinder is released to the air through
the distributor. The number of distributors and the steam cylinders vary according to
humidifying requirements. Steam humidifiers are fed either by supplying the steam that was
produced in an on-site boiler directly to an air handling unit, or as in common practice, by
spraying the steam that is obtained by heating the water in a plastic cylinder with immersed
37
electrodes as anode-cathode resistance to the air current through steam distribution
collectors placed in the air handling unit. First of the designs uses existing steam supply and
the steam supply and condense drainage are controlled by the on-site control system. In
the alternative design, steam cylinder and all controls are built-in as a package. Humidifiers
of this type have a capacity range that can be used in spaces requiring varying capacities.
Immersed electrode steam humidifiers contain the following components:
Steam cylinder, electrodes, stainless steel steam distributors, condense drainage, water
level control, components measuring and controlling electrical conductivity.
Much quicker boiling is ensured in the immersed electrode steam humidifiers as
compared to systems with electrical resistance.
Saturated Steam Temperature (C)
100
110
120
130
140
150
Enthalpy of Water Vapour (kj/kg)

2675,44
2690,93
2705,83
2720,05
2733,51
2746,13
Sample Calculation:
Air that has mass flow rate is 100 kg/min, dry bulb temperature is 20C and wet
thermometer temperature is 8C is humidified with saturated steam at 110C.
What should be the steam flow for the dew point temperature to be 13C?
Since two separate terms of point 2 (h and T) were determined, the point can be
determined on the psychrometric chart.
38
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
STEAM HUMIDIFIER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071
5.5.2. Spray Humidifier

Spray water washer humidifiers comprise a single row of spray humidifiers located
within a standard waterproof casing.
The saturation efficiency ranges between 70-95%. Drop eliminators are
manufactured from polypropylene material or optionally from stainless steel.
The entire section is built to be waterproof, water tightness is achieved using special
seals. The check valve, water filter and float valve are standard parts of the system.
The pump is mounted outside the unit, but pipe connections are not made.
Pipe connections should be made in the field. The Standard pump is supplied by
220 - 380 V / 3 phase / 50 Hz electrical power. The water tank can be
manufactured from stainless steel and is protected with bituminous paint.
The inner distribution pipes and spray nozzles are made of PVC material and
easy to dismount and service. Inner cones of spray nozzles are stainless steel. In
outdoor mounted units, an electrical resistance can be added in the water tank as
an option, to prevent freezing.
39
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 90
918
FL50 x 80
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 60
918
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 50
918
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 40
918
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
FL40 x 70
FL30 x 30
612
772
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 30
612
FL40 x 50
FL 20 x 20
B
B
FL40 x 40
Size
FL50 x 100
SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1377 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 2295 2295 1989 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295
5.5.3. Evaporative Humidifier

The adiabatic humidifier section comprises a water tank, a honeycomb water
diffusion collector with a thickness of 200 mm, the pipe distribution system,
circulation pump, water filter, check valve, float valve, fill and drainage connections,
service door and sight glass.
Standard
Honeycomb Thickness: 100 mm.
Percentage of Humidity: Up to 60%.
Humidity Production: 6 g/h or water evaporates for 1 kg of dry air.
Optional
Honeycomb Thickness: 200 mm.
Percentage of Humidity: Up to 85%.
Humidity Production: 8 g/h or water evaporates for 1 kg of dry air.
The porous and durable fibrous honeycomb that is manufactured using a special
process is wet and the water is evaporated from the honeycomb surface and
mixed into the air. This design ensures optimum water distribution and minimum
water consumption by creating a perfect contact between air and water.
The assembly and disassembly of the collector and diffuser elements can be made
easily. The humidifier unit and other components can be easily removed from
the side panel. The thick galvanized steel construction makes the unit strong and
durable. Complete insulation prevents condensation and hence rusting in the
panels exterior surface.
The entire section is built to be waterproof, water tightness is achieved using
silicone. Circulation pumps are mounted and connected within the unit. The
standard pump is 220 V or 380 V/50 Hz.
40
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
EVAPORATIVE DEHUMIDIFIER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918
918
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918 918
41
5.6. Mixing Chambers
Function: The basic purpose of mixing chambers is to minimise energy
consumption by taking advantage of the heating/cooling capacity of the return air.
Models:
1. Double damper mixing chamber
2. Triple damper mixing chamber
5.6.1. Double Damper Mixing Chamber
The two way mixing chamber is used in cases where fresh air is mixed with return
air. The basic purpose here is to minimise energy consumption by taking advantage
of the heating/cooling capacity of the return air.
In this system, fresh air is only needed to achieve the air exchange value that is
needed for comfort.
Damper clearances can be checked manually or with a damper actuator, however
the basic issue that should be considered is maintaining the air mixing ratio required
for the system. Hence, dampers are designed to allow synchronous control.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
DOUBLE DAMPER MIXING CHAMBER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
612
42
612
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
612
612
612
612
765
765
765
765
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918
918 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224
5.6.2. Triple Damper Mixing Chamber
The triple damper mixing chamber is designed for purposes similar to the double
damper mixing chamber. However, this system includes a fan for return air and
while the desired portion of return air is given back to the system, the rest can be
expelled as exhaust.
Dampers used in both mixing chambers have counter blades and can be controlled
separately. While sizing fresh air intake dampers in mixing chambers, dimensions
are selected to allow operation with 100% fresh air as required by the free-cooling
system that can be used during seasonal transitions.
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 100
FL50 x 90
FL50 x 80
FL30 x 60
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 50
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 40
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 30
FL40 x 70
FL20 x 30
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 20
FL40 x 50
Size
FL40 x 40
TRIPLE DAMPER MIXING CHAMBER
612
612
918
918
918
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
772
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
918
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1224 1377 1377 1377 1377 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 2295 1989 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295
5.7. Attenuator Section

Function:
Attenuators are components that reduce noise levels to desired values
by attenuating sound within air handling units or ducts.
Structure:
The attenuation function is carried out by the glass wool sound absorbing element
of A2 fire classification. Coulisse widths of attenuating elements are 200 mm as
standard.
Attenuator Properties:
Though attenuators perform their basic function of noise dampening, they cause
pressure drops due to air flow within air handling units or air ducts. Therefore,
frontal surfaces of silencers - placed at regular intervals within the attenuators
section that are perpendicular to air flow should be designed to facilitate minimum
pressure drop, thus eliminating unnecessary pressure losses. Therefore frontal
surfaces of silencers come in straight, triangular and rounded forms.
43
Studies have concluded that the intake and discharge frontal surfaces of silencers
should be rounded in design. This has been observed to reduce pressure drops
within the attenuator section by 26%.
Furthermore, experimental studies have shown that the maximum sound
attenuation also occurs in attenuators with rounded intake and discharge frontal
surfaces. Therefore, attenuators with rounded intake and discharge surfaces are
preferred in air handling units.
For the attenuator is occur as required, the attenuatoris designed to have air
velocity no higher than 8 m/s. In addition, it is a common practice in air handling
units to place a blank section after the fan section to enable efficient operation of
attenuators placed after the fan section.
Attenuators and acoustic coulisses should be designed to be replaceable. Sound
absorbing elements should be withstand abrasion and the effects of cleaning.
To prevent glass fibres from being absorbed within the air handling unit, lateral
sections of absorbing elements should be covered with glass tissue with a fire class
of A2. The use of perforated galvanized steel plate is recommended in very dusty
or humid environments.
Attenuator Section Pressure Drop Analysis
Attenuator
Straight Frontal Surfaces
Triangular Frontal Surfaces
Rounded Frontal Surfaces
Total Pressure Drop Which Occurs

in the Attenuator Section (Pa)
70
66
52
Relative Pressure Drop According to

Straight Type Attenuator (%)
26
Shape of Frontal Surface
FL100 x 110
FL100 x 100
FL90 x 130
FL90 x 120
FL90 x 110
FL90 x 100
FL80 x 130
FL80 x 120
FL80 x 110
FL80 x 100
FL70 x 110
FL70 x 100
FL60 x 120
FL60 x 110
FL60 x 100
FL90 x 90
FL80 x 90
FL80 x 80
FL70 x 90
FL70 x 80
FL70 x 70
FL60 x 90
FL60 x 80
FL60 x 70
FL60 x 60
FL50 x 90
918
FL50 x 80
918 1224 1224 1224 1224 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 2142 2142 2142 2142 2142 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2508 2814 2814 2814 2814 2814 3120 3120
FL50 x 70
FL30 x 60
918
FL50 x 60
FL30 x 50
918
FL50 x 50
FL30 x 40
918
772 1078 1078 1078 1078 1384 1384 1384 1384 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1690 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 2302 2302 2302 2302 2302 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2668 2974 2974 2974 2974 2974 3280 3280
FL40 x 70
FL30 x 30
612
772
FL40 x 60
FL20 x 30
612
FL40 x 50
FL 20 x 20
B
B
FL40 x 40
Size
FL50 x 100
ATTENUATOR
612
722 1028 1028 1334 1640 1946 1334 1640 1946 2252 1640 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 1946 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 2252 2618 2924 3230 3536 2618 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 2924 3230 3536 3842 4148 3230 3536
1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071 1071
44
918 1224 1530 1836 1224 1530 1836 2142 1530 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 1836 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 2142 2508 2814 3120 3426 2508 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 2814 3120 3426 3732 4038 3120 3426
5.8. Damper
Dampers are equipment that enable adjustment of flow by changing the cross
section of air passage with blades rotating on horizontal shafts.
They are used in air mixing and heat recovery units, to make precise flow rate
adjustment in a cost effective manner. They are manufactured of aluminium as
standard. The air flow is adjusted precisely thanks to blades that perform counter
motion. Blades are designed to offer minimum resistance to air flow and are
connected to the casing with hidden gear bearings and bushings. The hidden gear
design protects moving parts from dust and contaminants, rendering the unit
durable.
The blades are also equipped with special hermetic seals. Air mixing applications
have a mechanism lever as standard equipment. Furthermore, an aluminium cast
clamp lever is used for adjusting the dampers position. In addition, in air handling
units connected to an automatic control system, positioning of damper blades
control can be carried out by a actuator controlled by the automation system.
Dampers are designed to operate at differential pressure of 2000 Pa for blade
lengths of up to 1 m. While operating temperatures can vary between -20 C and
120C, the maximum permissible air flow rate is 7 m/s.
45
6. Automatic Control Systems
SysTechnic
Today computers assume most of the work that people do and perform them
almost perfectly. Systems and installations regarding Heating, Cooling, Ventilation,
Air Conditioning, Power and Water Distribution, Lighting, Safety, Fire Protection
that meet the requirements in the buildings, the environments that we work
and live in have been increased and become complex. Consequently this made
utilizing computers for reliable building operation compulsory; hence the Building
Automation Systems have been introduced to our lives. Those systems ensure
an optimal operation in the building through software that are developed in a way
that makes them adaptable to the technical and administrative requirements of the
planners.
Operating Principle
It is based on information exchange of the computer and the field personnel. Digital
or analog data retrieved from the field elements such as sensing elements (sensors)
that were built in the installations and the systems throughout the building, valve
and damper motors, on/off control devices and electric motor control panels
are evaluated by the microprocessors. Having been evaluated as the software
prescribed, these information allows controlling field control elements such as
damper, valve motor and devices such as pump and fan.
Field computers (microprocessors) that are placed where systems are densely
placed transmit any kind of information and control signal received from and sent
to the field. A central computer evaluates the building-wide situation and transmits
the results to the user simultaneously through a monitor and a printer.
1. Damper Motor
2. Fresh Air Temperature Sensor
3. Air Pressure Differential Switch
4. Air Pressure Differential Switch
5. High Temperature Thermostat
9. Supply Air Temperature Thermostat
10. Connection Terminal Box
11. Air Flow Switch
12. Air Flow Switch
13. Air Pressure Differential Sensor
14. Smoke Detector
Advantages of Building Management Systems

Since problems in the installations and systems are promptly spotted and resolved,
device life is extended, and any dissatisfaction that might arise from malfunctions is
swiftly eliminated.
Among other benefits are;
Provides Information
All types of information that can be produced during the operation periods of all
controlled systems can be monitored with the help of the Building Automation
System.
On / Off data (Pump, fan, etc.)
Operating times
Values of physical magnitude such as temperature / humidity / pressure /
differential pressure
Malfunction and alarm situations
46
These data can be read simultaneously or periodically or optionally from the screen
and stored in the memory of the computer.
These data can also be retrieved from the printer in the form of instantaneous
alarm, alarm report and status report.
System diagrams can be monitored in color on screen with their respective active
data and the alarms that are generated in the field can be transmitted in visual form
with a coloured warning on the screen as seen in the example below.
Scheduled Operation
The systems will be run and stopped according to a specific time table (daily,
weekly, holiday). Energy consumption will be reduced since the systems can be run
and stopped when required.
Since uncontrolled operations can be monitored and stored in the memory of
the computer, it will help identify when and by whom the operation is performed
without the knowledge of the automation system.
Reduces Energy Costs
Energy costs such as fuel and electricity are minimized through the following
automatic control software:
Actual/set value controls (PID)
Outdoor temperature compensation control
Quick heating
Night-time ventilation
Optimal start up - stopping
Reduces Mistakes
Central control of systems will simplify operation, minimising mistakes arising from
negligence.
Reduces Staff
Since operation, stopping, supervision and control of the devices is performed
automatically, the number of personnel will be reduced.
Uninterrupted Service through Protective Maintenance
Periodic maintenance schedules can be prepared by accumulating the operating
hours of the devices.
Efficiency and life cycle of the devices and the systems will be increased by
performing periodic maintenance works (lubrication, cleaning, changing filters, etc.).
Deficiencies will be remedied through keeping the statistics of malfunctions.
Protective maintenance schedule can be determined by interpreting periodic
maintenance and malfunction statistics together, therefore uninterrupted
service can be provided through the precautions that will be taken. Number of
maintenance personnel will also be reduced.
Extends the Life of the Device
Minimizing the mistakes of the enterprise, removing possible mistakes by identifying
them as soon as possible will increase the long term availability of the system
(system life).
Since the malfunctions will be noticed promptly and can be responded, the
efficiency of repair and maintenance personnel will be increased and number
of personnel will be reduced. Additionally, malfunctions can be stopped before
skipping to other devices.
47
Ensures the Same Operating Hours in Devices with Redundancy

Same amount of operation time can be ensured through sequential operation in
devices with redundancy (pump, boiler, etc.).
Quick Monitoring
Temperature and humidity values which you wish to achieve through redundant
air handling units in your system will be constantly monitored, allowing the new
desired set values to be assigned quickly.
Sequential Activation
During the reloading process in the event that the power outage and resumption
of power is occurred, high power devices in the system can be start up following a
specific sequence in order for the power system not to be overloaded due to the
heavy current they draw.
General System Diagram
Payback Period (Depreciation)

Studies conducted show that the building automation system pays for itself in
2.5 years through energy, maintenance and personnel savings. This economy does
not require any alteration in the conditions of comfort that should be provided
for people.
Areas of Use
Business Centers
Banks
Hotels
Hospitals
Factories (Pharmaceutical, Textile, Food, Tobacco, etc.)
48
Automatic Control;
LG control systems, in line with the requirements of people and products, provide
complete software, hardware, engineering and solution services including turnkey
installation of the air conditioning systems, cabling, production and assembly of
MCC + DDC panels and programming in hospitals, shopping centers, factories,
energy facilities and all spaces where people live.
Given todays conditions, a building automation system is a must in modern facilities
to create a safe and comfortable environment using less labour and less energy.
Temperature, pressure, flow, humidity and air quality controls are performed easily
through automation systems. This also allows the creation of desired production
and comfort conditions. LG automatic control systems include software and
hardware solutions for automation of the ventilation systems that are applied in
new and modern as well as current buildings.
The purpose of the automatic control system is automating the monitoring,
operation and control processes regarding the ventilation devices in the building for
energy savings.
It also becomes easy for the system to integrate with the current BMS systems
through open protocols such KNX, Lon, Bacnet, Modbus. Given todays conditions,
an automatic control system is a must in buildings and production areas to create a
safe and comfortable environment using less labour and less energy.
As LG, we offer our Flexline series air handling units with high technology and
automatic control system solutions. We provide wide range of solutions in the
systems we install from the most extreme field equipments to software.
Smart and Economic;
Air flows, temperatures, energy improvements and operating periods can be
controlled in an automatic control system. This is offered as a standard in all
packaged air handling units, and as an option in Flexline series air handling units.
In practical terms, all the functions we can think of for air control units are available
in the system and waiting to be activated. Additionally, they have various energy
saving functions. These functions are quick cooling, density corrected air flow and
climate related air flow. All settings and readings can be monitored and changed by
entering user ID and password on user friendly LCD terminals when required.
The control system is in conformity with all the communication standards (TCP/IP,
EIA 485 and EIA 232). Communication modules can be used to communicate with
KNX, Lon, Bacnet and Modbus.
Control devices of the Flexline series air handling units have built-in web
communication function to connect with the network. All you need is an ordinary
computer with a network connection.
Electronic and mechanic components of Flexline operate compatibly since the
control equipment is integrated and its software is tailor-made. This feature also
allows you to be one step ahead of control systems that were manufactured by
using standard components.
LG automatic control systems have substantially lower costs when compared to
the conventional control components and planning, preparation, programming,
structuring and assembly of the control systems.
49
7. AHU Testing and Performance

Measurement (AMCA) Chamber
In order to be able to measure the performances of air handling units when they are still
at the manufacturing area and manufacture them according to the international standards,
LG has put the Air Handling Unit Testing and Performance Measurement AMCA
Chamber into service in 2000.
Having been using for product development studies in the scope of R&D and periodically
testing (1/250 AHU) of the manufactured products, this test room is one of the most
important tools in ensuring the products reflect high quality and technology. Investors
can also see the products they purchase before they ship out of the factory and while
ensuring the required values.
The measurements that are performed in the test room according to the
AMCA / ASHRAE standards are combined in three groups:
a) Measurements Performed in the Air Handling Unit:
Inlet and outlet air temperature and humidity values
Internal static pressure drops on a section basis
Internal static pressure drops on an air handling unit basis
Current and power of the fan motors
Voltage and frequency of the mains supply
RPM values of the fans
b) Measurements Performed in the Test Tunnel:

Test Pressure
Nozzle initial pressure
Nozzle initial temperature
Nozzle pressure differential
c) Atmospheric Measurements
Dry Bulb Temperature
Atmospheric Humidity Value
Atmospheric Pressure Value
50
Notes
51
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Flexline

Air Handling Units

1.2. EUROVENT Certificate.......................................................................................................

1.3. Customs Union Conformity Certificate....................................................................

1.4. TSEK Certificate........................................................................................................................

1.5. ISO 9001 Certificate................................................................................................................

1.6. OHSAS 18001 Certificate.....................................................................................................

2. FLEXLINE STEEL FRAME AIR HANDLING UNITS..................................................

2.1. The Frame.....................................................................................................................................

2.2. Panel Structure..........................................................................................................................

2.2.1. Panel Insulation Material............................................................................................

2.2.2. Interior and Exterior Surface Materials..........................................................

2.2.3. Material for Panels and Corner Profiles...........................................................

2.3. No Thermal Bridging..............................................................................................................

2.4. Design Features and Advantages.....................................................................................

2.4.1. Test Results According to EN 1886...................................................................

2.4.2. Modular Design..............................................................................................................

2.4.3. Energy Efficiency............................................................................................................

2.4.4. Quick Selection Chart................................................................................................

3. FRAME DRILL TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................... 10

3.1.1. Base Assembly................................................................................................................ 11

3.1.2. Frame Assembly............................................................................................................. 12

3.1.3. Panel Structure............................................................................................................... 12

4. AHU PERFORMANCE STANDARDS................................................................................ 13

4.1.1. Mechanical Strength of Casing............................................................................. 13

4.1.2. Casing Air Leakage...................................................................................................... 13

4.1.3. Filter Bypass Leakage................................................................................................... 14

4.1.4. Thermal Transmittance.............................................................................................. 14

4.1.5. Thermal Bridging Factor........................................................................................... 14

4.1.6. Acoustic Insulation of Casing................................................................................. 15

5.1.1. Fan Laws............................................................................................................................. 17

5.1.2. Plug Fan Section............................................................................................................. 19

5.1.3. Centrifugal Fan Section............................................................................................. 20

5.2.1. Coil Geometry................................................................................................................ 22

5.2.2. Number of Rows.......................................................................................................... 22

5.2.3. Number of Circuits...................................................................................................... 22

5.2.4. Structural Properties of Coils............................................................................... 22

5.2.5. Testing of Coils.............................................................................................................. 23

5.2.6. Cooling Coil..................................................................................................................... 23

5.2.7. The Drainage System................................................................................................. 24

5.2.8. Heating Coil...................................................................................................................... 24

5.2.9. Electrical Heater............................................................................................................. 25

5.3. Heat Recovery Systems....................................................................................................... 26

5.3.1. Basic Principle of Heat Recovery....................................................................... 26

5.3.2. Rotary Type Heat Recovery................................................................................. 26

5.3.3. Plate Type Heat Recovery...................................................................................... 28

5.3.4. Runaround Heat Recovery.................................................................................... 29

5.3.5. Heat Pipe Heat Recovery........................................................................................ 30

5.4.1. Panel Filter......................................................................................................................... 33

5.4.2. Bag Filter............................................................................................................................. 34

5.4.3. Low Depth Filter........................................................................................................... 35

5.4.4. Carbon Filter.................................................................................................................... 36

5.4.5. Rigid Filter.......................................................................................................................... 37

5.5 Humidification Systems........................................................................................................ 37

5.5.1. Steam Humidifier.......................................................................................................... 37

5.5.2. Spray Humidifier............................................................................................................ 39

5.5.3. Evaporative Humidifier............................................................................................... 40

5.6 Mixing Chambers..................................................................................................................... 42

5.6.1. Double Damper Mixing Chamber..................................................................... 42

5.6.2. Triple Damper Mixing Chamber......................................................................... 43

5.7 Attenuator Section.................................................................................................................. 43

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