Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Early life
2
William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst in Derbyshire,
and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale.
Fannys father (Florences maternal grandfather) was the
abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith.[7] Nightingale
was educated mainly by her father.[6]
In 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe
where he was introduced to the English born Parisian
hostess Mary Clarke who was known as Clarkey. Florence bonded with this woman. She recorded that
Clarkey was a stimulating hostess who did not care for
her appearance but although her idea might not always
agree with her guests but she was incapable of boring
anyone. Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and
eccentric and she had no respect for upper class British
women who she regarded generally as inconsequential.
She said that if given the choice between being a woman
or a galley slave then she would choose the freedom of
the galleys. She generally rejected female company and
spent her time with male intellectuals. However Clarkey
made an exception in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to
remain close friends for 40 years despite their 27 year
age dierence. Mohl demonstrated that women could be
equals to men and this was an idea that Florence had not
obtained from her mother.[8]
EARLY LIFE
on him.
Nightingale also much later had strong relations with
Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to marry her.
Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and
Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. Her writings on Egypt in particular are testimony to her learning,
literary skill and philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as
far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu
Simbel temples, Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without eort, without suering...
not a feature is correct but the whole eect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have
imagined. It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to
overcome the strongest man.[10]
3
in her life, and issued her ndings anonymously in 1851;
The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her rst published
work;[11] she also received four months of medical training at the institute, which formed the basis for her later
care.
On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen
in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854.[12] Her father had given her an annual
income of 500 (roughly 40,000/US$65,000 in present
terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.
Crimean War
After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities,
A print of the jewel awarded to Nightingale by Queen Victoria, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingfor her services to the soldiers in the war
dom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could
be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. The
Florence Nightingales most famous contribution came result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian facility that, under
during the Crimean War, which became her central focus the management of Dr. Edmund Alexander Parkes, had
when reports got back to Britain about the horric con- a death rate less than 1/10th that of Scutari.[16]
ditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and Stephen Paget in the Dictionary of National Biography
the sta of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, asserted that Nightingale reduced the death rate from
including her aunt Mai Smith,[13] and fteen Catholic 42% to 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene
nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[14] were herself, or by calling for the Sanitary Commission.[17]
sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the During her rst winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died
Ottoman Empire. Nightingale was assisted in Paris by there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such
her friend Mary Mohl.[15] They were deployed about 295 as typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery than from batnautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) across the Black Sea tle wounds. With overcrowding, defective sewers and
from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be
camp was based.
sent out by the British government to Scutari in March
Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye
Barracks in Scutari (modern-day skdar in Istanbul).
Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was
being delivered by overworked medical sta in the face
of ocial indierence. Medicines were in short supply,
hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were
common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment
to process food for the patients.
gale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as often preposterous, arguing they are not supported by the primary sources.[6]
LATER CAREER
3 Later career
2.1
5
said, to kill germs. Nightingales work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. The Union
government approached her for advice in organising eld
medicine. Although her ideas met ocial resistance, they
inspired the volunteer body of the United States Sanitary
Commission.
In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards,
Americas rst trained nurse, and enabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge
to establish high-quality nursing schools. Linda Richards
went on to become a great nursing pioneer in the USA
and Japan.
By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London
(St Marys Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Inrmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Britain (Royal Victoria
Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Inrmary; Cumberland Inrmary and Liverpool Royal Inrmary), as well as
at Sydney Hospital in New South Wales, Australia.
4 Relationships
Although much of Nightingales work improved the lot
of women everywhere, Nightingale was of the opinion
that women craved sympathy and were not as capable
as men.[26] She criticised early womens rights activists
for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at
the same time that lucrative medical positions, under
the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unlled.[27] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to
help her attain her goals, writing, I have never found one
woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my
6
opinions.[28][29] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example a man of action and a man of
business.[30]
6 CONTRIBUTIONS
6 Contributions
6.1 Statistics and sanitary reform
The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margarets Church, East Wellow.
On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair,
London.[34][35] The oer of burial in Westminster Abbey
was declined by her relatives and she is buried in
the graveyard at St. Margaret Church in East Wellow, Hampshire.[36][37] She left a large body of work,
including several hundred notes that were previously
unpublished.[38] A memorial monument to Nightingale
was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of Santa Croce
Church in Florence.[39]
6.3
Theology
sion into the Indian situation. Two years later, she pro- gales writing a major text of English feminism, a link
vided a report to the commission, which completed its between Wollstonecraft and Woolf.[51]
own study in 1863. After 10 years of sanitary reform, in
1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000.[42] 6.3 Theology
The Royal Sanitary Commission of 18689 presented
Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory
sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed
Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties
to pay for connection to mains drainage.[44] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of
1874 and 1875. At the same time she combined with
the retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law to
Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats.[45] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more eective given the state of knowledge at the time. Historians
now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement
played a crucial role in increasing average national life
expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s
during which time medical science made no impact on
the most fatal epidemic diseases.[19][46]
6.2
Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that the pagan and
eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation.
She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against
Christians of dierent denominations, and against those
of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion
helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good
work, and would ensure the nurses in her care attended
religious services. However she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the 19th century
Church of England would sometimes play in worsening
the oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she held that the ideal health
professional should be inspired by a religious as well as
professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiey
in securing their own salvation, and that this motivation
was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best
possible care.[5][29]
instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, awarded every two years to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding
service.
7.2 Hospitals
Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale:
Florence Nightingale Hospital in ili (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeky, and Kzltoprak Florence
Nightingale Hospital in Kadiky, all belonging to the
Turkish Cardiology Foundation.[62]
Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street, Mayfair
7.3
Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derby Royal Inrmary. A public house named after her stands close to the
Derby Royal Inrmary.[64] The Nightingale-Macmillan
continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby Hospital,
formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby.
A remarkable stained glass window was commissioned
for inclusion in the Derbyshire Royal Inrmary chapel in
the late 1950s. When the chapel was later demolished
the window was removed, stored and replaced in the new
replacement chapel. At the closure of the DRI the window was again removed and stored. In October 2010,
6,000 was raised by friends of the window and St Peters Church to reposition the window in St Peters Church,
Derby. The remarkable work features nine panels, of the
original ten, depicting scenes of hospital life, Derby townscapes and Florence Nightingale herself. Some of the
work was damaged and the tenth panel was dismantled
for the glass to be used in repair of the remaining panels.
All the gures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town gures of the early sixties, surround and
praise a central pane of the triumphant Christ. A nurse
who posed for the top right panel in 1959 attended the
rededication service in October 2010.[65]
The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas Hospi- A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean
tal in London reopened in May 2010 in time for the cen- Memorial in the Haydarpaa Cemetery, Istanbul and untenary of Nightingales death. Another museum devoted veiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th an-
10
7.5 Theatre
The rst theatrical representation of Nightingale was
Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in the title role.
It did not portray her as an entirely sympathetic character
and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's
biography of her in Eminent Victorians.[73] It was adapted
as a lm of the same name in 1951.
In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines (ANSAP), entitled
The Voyage of the Lass. The play depicts the story of
love and vocation on the nursing communities icon Florence Nightingale, shown on all Fridays of February 2009
at the AFP Theatre, Camp Crame, Philippines. It tells the
story of Nightingales early life and her struggles during
the Crimean War, showcasing Philippine local registered
nurses from various hospitals of the country.
7.6 Television
Florence Nightingale stained glass window, originally at the Derbyshire Royal Inrmary Chapel and now removed to St Peters
Church, Derby and rededicated 9 October 2010
7.4
Audio
Film
11
7.9
Photography
Nightingale had a principled objection to having photographs taken or her portrait painted. An extremely rare
photograph of her, taken at Embley on a visit to her family home in May 1858, was discovered in 2006 and is now
at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. A black
and white photograph of Florence Nightingale taken in
about 1907 by Lizzie Caswall Smith at Nightingales London home in South Street, Park Lane, was auctioned on
19 November 2008 by Dreweatts auction house in Newbury, Berkshire, England, for 5,500.[76]
Washington National Cathedral celebrates her accomplishments with a double-lancet stained glass window featuring six scenes from her life, designed by artist Joseph
G. Reynolds.
7.10 Biographies
The rst biography of Nightingale was published in England in 1855. In 1911 Edward Cook was authorised by
Nightingales executors to write the ocial life, published
in two volumes in 1913. Lytton Strachey based much of
his chapter on Nightingale in Eminent Victorians on Cook,
and Cecil Woodham-Smith relied heavily on Cooks Life
in her 1950 biography, though she did have access to
new family material preserved at Claydon. In 2008 Mark
Bostridge published a major new life of Nightingale, almost exclusively based on unpublished material from the
Verney Collections at Claydon, and from archival documents from about 200 archives around the world, some
of which had been published by Lynn McDonald in her
projected sixteen-volume edition of the Collected Works
of Florence Nightingale (2001 to date).
7.11 Other
8 Works
Nightingale, Florence (1979). Cassandra. First
published 1852: 1979 reprint by The Feminist
Press. ISBN 0-912670-55-X. Retrieved 6 July
2010.
Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing
is Not. Philadelphia, London, Montreal: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1946 reprint (First published London,
1859: Harrison & Sons). Retrieved 6 July 2010.
KLM KLM MD-11 (registration PH-KCD) named after her
Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass
on 13 August.
The President of India honours nursing professionals with
the National Florence Nightingale Award every year on
the occasion of International Nurses Day on 12 May. The
award, established in 1973, is given in recognition of mer-
12
11
REFERENCES
History of feminism
Licensed practical nurse
List of suragists and suragettes
Mary Seacole
Sidney Browne
Edith Cavell
Joanna Cruickshank
Caroline Keer
Eva Luckes
Maud McCarthy
Sarah Oram
Rosabelle Osborne
Sarah Swift
Constance Watney
10
See also
Cicely Saunders
Betsi Cadwaladr
Dasha from Sevastopol
Crimean War Memorial
Florence Nightingale eect
11 References
[1] Florence Nightingale 2nd rendition, 1890 greetings to
the dear old comrades of Balaclava. Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
[2] Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. London:
Chatto and Windus.
[3] Kristine Swenson (2005). Medical Women and Victorian
Fiction. University of Missouri Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780-8262-6431-2.
[4] Joy Shiller (1 December 2007). The true Florence: Exploring the Italian birthplace of Florence Nightingale.
Retrieved 16 March 2015.
[5] Florence Nightingale and Gerard Vallee (Editor) (2003).
"passim, see esp Introduction. Florence Nightingale on
Mysticism and Eastern Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0889204136.
13
[23] Nightingale, Florence (1974) [First published 1859]. Introduction by Joan Quixley. In ... Notes on Nursing:
What it is and what it is not. Blackie & Son Ltd. ISBN
9780216899742.
[9] Small, Hugh (1998). Florence Nightingale: Avenging Angel. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 119.
[10] Edward Chaney (2006). Egypt in England and America:
The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution. In M. Ascari; A. Corrado. Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines. Amsterdam and New
York: Rodopi. pp. 3974.
[11] Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
[12] History of Harley Street at Harley Street Guide (commercial website)
[13] Gill, Christopher J.; Gill, GC; Gillian C. Gill (June
2005). Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 (12): 1799
1805. doi:10.1086/430380. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID
15909269.
[14] Mary Jo Weaver (1985). New Catholic Women: a Contemporary Challenge to Traditional Religious Authority. San
Francisco: Harper and Row. p. 31. citing Olga Hartley
(1935). Women and the Catholic Church. London: Buns,
Oates & Washbourne. pp. 222223.
[15] Patrick Waddington, Mohl, Mary Elizabeth (1793
1883)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2007
accessed 7 February 2015
[16] Report on Medical Care. British National Archives
(WO 33/1 .119, 124, 1467). 23 February 1855.
[17] Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Nightingale, Florence".
Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement 3.
London: Smith, Elder & Co.
[18] Nightingale, Florence (August 1999). Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care Outcomes. ISBN 0-86688559-5. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[19] Florence Nightingale, Avenging Angel by Hugh Small
(Constable 1998)
[20] Cited in Cook, E. T. The Life of Florence Nightingale.
(1913) Vol 1, p 237.
[21] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (November 1857). Santa
Filomena. The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 2223. Retrieved
13 March 2010.
[22] Nightingale, Florence (1974) [First published 1859].
Preface. In ... Notes on Nursing: What it is and what
it is not. Glasgow and London: Blackie & Son Ltd. ISBN
0-216-89974-5.
[26] In an 1861 letter published in The Life of Florence Nightingale vol. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, pp. 1417 at
Project Gutenberg, Nightingale wrote "Women have no
sympathy. [...] Women crave for being loved, not for loving. They scream out at you for sympathy all day long,
they are incapable of giving any in return, for they cannot
remember your aairs long enough to do so. ... They cannot state a fact accurately to another, nor can that other
attend to it accurately enough for it to become information..
[27] In the same 1861 letter available at Project Gutenberg she
wrote, It makes me mad, the Womens Rights talk about
'the want of a eld' for them when I would gladly give
500 a year for a Woman secretary. And two English
Lady superintendents have told me the same thing. And
we can't get one...
[28] The same 1861 letter published in The Life of Florence
Nightingale vol. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, pp. 1417
at Project Gutenberg
[29] Florence Nightingale and Lynn McDonald (Editor)
(2005). Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
pp. 7, 4849, 414. ISBN 0889204667.
[30] Stark, Myra. Florence Nightingales Cassandra. The
Feminist Press, 1979, p.17.
[31] Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain. Ourladyofmercy.org.uk. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March
2010.
[32] Cannadine, David. Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale:
Selected Letters. The New Republic. 203.7 (13 August
1990): 3842.
[33] Dossey, Barbara Montgomery. Florence Nightingale:
Mystic, Visionary, Reformer. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
[34] Plaque #6 on Open Plaques.
[35] Miss Nightingale Dies, Aged Ninety. The New York
Times. 15 August 1910. Retrieved 21 July 2007. Florence Nightingale, the famous nurse of the Crimean war
and the only woman who ever received the Order of Merit,
died yesterday afternoon at her London home. Although
she had been an invalid for a long time, rarely leaving her
room, where she passed the time in a half-recumbent position and was under the constant care of a physician, her
death was somewhat unexpected. A week ago she was
quite sick, but then improved and on Friday was cheerful.
During that night alarming symptoms developed and she
gradually sank until 2 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when
the end came.
14
[36] http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/joe_grave.jpg
[37] Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow.
Countryjoe.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[38] Kelly, Heather (1998). Florence Nightingales autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. 45844 (England) (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University
[39] Vojnovic, Paola (2013). 'Florence Nightingale: The Lady
of the Lamp' in Santa Croce in Pink: Untold Stories of
Women and their Monuments. Adriano Antonioletti Boratto. p. 27.
[40] Lewi, Paul J. (2006). Speaking of Graphics.
[41] Cohen, I. Bernard (March 1984). Florence Nightingale.
Scientic American 250 (3):
128137.
doi:10.1038/scienticamerican0384-128.
PMID
6367033. (alternative pagination depending on country
of sale: 98107. Bibliography on p.114) online article
see documents link at left
[42] Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.107.
[43] Publication explaining Nightingales use of 'coxcomb'".
[44] McDonald, Lynn. Florence Nightingale on Public Health
Care. p. 550.
[45] Lambert, Royston (1963). Sir John Simon, 18161904.
McGibbon & Kee. pp. 5213.
[46] Szreter, Simon. The Importance of Social Intervention
in Britains Mortality Decline c. 18501914. Soc. Hist.
Med. 1 (1988): 1037.
[47] Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.98
[48] Nightingale, Florence (1994). Michael D. Calabria &
Janet A. Macrae, ed. Suggestions for Thought: Selections
and Commentaries. ISBN 0-8122-1501-X. Retrieved 6
July 2010.
[49] McDonald, Lynn, ed. (2008). Florence Nightingales
Suggestions for Thought. Collected Works of Florence
Nighingale. Volume 11. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-465-2. Retrieved 6 July 2010. Privately printed by Nightingale in
1860.
11
REFERENCES
Derby Guide.
Retrieved 13
[50] Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
[65] BBC News - Nurses attend tribute to Florence Nightingale in Derby. BBC News.
[51] Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. Florence Nightingale. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The
Traditions in English. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.
836837.
[52] Her parents took their daughters to both Church of England and Methodist churches.
[53] Lynn McDonald Florence Nightingale: extending nursing p11 Nightingales rare references to Unitarianism are
mildly negative, and while her religious views were heterodox, she remained in the Church of England throughout
her life. Her biblical annotations, private journal notes
and translations of the mystics give quite a dierent impression of her beliefs, and these do have a bearing on her
15
19
11.1
Sources
12 Further reading
Baly, Monica and E. H. C. G. Matthew. Nightingale, Florence (18201910)", Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004;
online edn, January 2011 accessed 22 February
2013
Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale. The
Woman and Her Legend. Viking (2008); Penguin
(2009). US title Florence Nightingale. The Making
of an Icon. Farrar Straus (2008).
Chaney, Edward (2006). Egypt in England and
America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion,
Royalty and Revolution, in: Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari
and A. Corrado. Rodopi, Amsterdam and New
York, 3974.
Davey, Cyril J. (1958). Lady with a Lamp. Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-2641-3.
Gill, Gillian (2004). Nightingales: The Extraordinary Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence
Nightingale. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-34545187-3
Magnello, M. Eileen. Victorian statistical graphics
and the iconography of Florence Nightingales polar
area graph, BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British
Society for the History of Mathematics (2012) 27#1
pp 1337
Nelson, Sioban and Anne Marie Raerty, eds.
Notes on Nightingale: The Inuence and Legacy of
a Nursing Icon (Cornell University Press; 2010) 184
pages. Essays on Nightingales work in the Crimea
and Britains colonies, her links to the evolving science of statistics, and debates over her legacy and
historical reputation and persona.
Rees, Joan. Women on the Nile: Writings of Harriet
Martineau, Florence Nightingale, and Amelia Edwards. Rubicon Press: 1995, 2008
Rehmeyer, Julia (26 November 2008). Florence
Nightingale: The Passionate Statistician. Science
News. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Richards, Linda (2006). Americas First Trained
Nurse: My Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain
and Japan 18721911. Diggory Press. ISBN 9781-84685-068-4.
16
13
Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Pub. Co., Inc. ISBN
0-8486-4604-5. available online at http://www.
bartleby.com/189/201.html
13
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14.2
Images
File:Florence_Nightingale_Statue,_London_Road,_Derby.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/
Florence_Nightingale_Statue%2C_London_Road%2C_Derby.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Russ
Hamer
File:Florence_Nightingale_by_Augustus_Egg.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Florence_
Nightingale_by_Augustus_Egg.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Maude E. Abbott: Florence Nightingale as seen in her portraits.
With a sketch of her life, and an account of her relations to the origin of the Red Cross Society. (Published 1916) Original artist: Augustus
Egg
File:Florence_Nightingale_by_Goodman,_1858.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Florence_
Nightingale_by_Goodman%2C_1858.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The life of Florence Nightingale (1913) by Edward Cook
Original artist: Goodman
File:Florence_Nightingale_by_Kilburn_c1854.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Florence_
Nightingale_by_Kilburn_c1854.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Florence Nightingale Museum Original artist: Kilburn
File:Florence_Nightingale_monument_London_closeup_607.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/
Florence_Nightingale_monument_London_closeup_607.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Patche99z
14.3
Content license
19
14.3
Content license