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ABSTRACT
2.0
INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid ( a liquid or a gas ) to
pass to a second fluid ( another liquid or gas ) without the two fluids having to mix
together or come into direct contact. They are widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air-conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petroleum refineries
and also sewage treatment. Three heat transfer operations are described in the
heat exchanger :
i.
ii.
iii.
Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube
Conductive heat transfer through the tube wall
Convective heat transfer from the outer wall to the outside fluid
There are many types of heat exchangers such as shell and tube heat
exchanger, spiral heat exchanger, concentric ( double pipe ) heat exchanger and
plate heat exchanger. In this experiment, the concentric ( double pipe ) heat
exchanger is used.
Concentric heat exchanger is the simplest type of heat exchanger with the hot as
well as the cold fluids move in the same or opposite directions in a concentric
tube construction. In a co-current flow arrangement, both hot and cold water
enter at the same end, flow in the same direction and leave at the same end.
While in the counter-current flow arrangement, the cold and hot water enter at
different ends, flow in different directions and leave at different ends. This type of
heat exchanger is cheap for both design and maintenance, making them a good
choice for small industries. But on the other hand, low efficiency of them besides
high space occupied for such exchangers in a large scales, has led modern
industries to use more efficient heat exchanger like shell and tube or others.
3.0
AIMS
1. To study the effect of flow rate on the heat transfer rate.
2. To calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
3. To calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD).
4. To calculate heat transfer coefficient.
5. To perform the temperature profile study.
4.0
THEORY
In the concentric heat exchanger, co-current flow is when both fluids enter the
unit from the same sides and flow through the same directions whereas the
counter-current flow is when both fluids enter the unit from different sides and
flow through the different directions. It is normally stated that the counter-current
flow is more efficient than the co-current flow.
The heat transfer rate for both hot and cold water that flowing in the inner tube
can be determined from :
Q h (W) = H Cp H (T H i n T H o u t )
Where :
H
Cp H
THin
Q c (W) = C Cp C (T C i n T C o u t )
Where :
C
Cp C
TCin
Suppose that Q C is less than the Q H , some heat is lost through the
insulating material to the surrounding air, abide the outer surface of
the concentric tube is insulated. Thus, the efficiency can be
obtained from :
Q cold
Q hot
100%
TH
TC
cold ,
T hot ,out T
( ]
T LM =
cold ,out
U =
Q
A T lm
5.0
2. Tap water
Water pump
Heater
Temperature controller
Volumetric flow rate
Water tank
6.0
METHODOLOGY
6.1
6.2
COUNTER-CURRENT
CONCENTRIC
HEAT
EXCHANGER
EXPERIMENT
1. The valves to counter-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement
is switched.
6.3
6.4
7.0
RESULTS
7.1
FT1
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
(C)
34.0
30.3
29.8
30.0
29.9
(C)
28.0
27.8
28.1
28.6
28.7
(C)
48.7
48.1
48.5
48.3
48.5
(C)
49.5
49.4
49.3
49.0
49.2
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
39
86
58
78
100
95
105
109
204
106
FT1
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
(C)
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.9
29.9
(C)
29.0
28.9
29.0
28.9
28.7
(C)
45.6
47.2
48.1
48.2
48.5
(C)
50.8
49.2
49.5
49.6
49.2
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
203
5
201
11
204
28
201
33
204
106
Temperature Profile
60
50
40
Temperature
30
20
10
0
7.2
FT1
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
(C)
30.2
29.4
29.0
28,8
28.9
(C)
32.0
30.5
29.8
29.6
29.6
(C)
49.0
48.5
48.5
48.5
48.1
(C)
49.6
49.0
49.2
49.2
48.9
FT1
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
(C)
29.1
29.0
29.1
29.0
28.9
(C)
29.4
29.6
29.6
29.7
29.6
(C)
46.9
47.8
48.7
48.0
48.1
(C)
49.6
49.6
49.9
49.1
48.9
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
3
74
5
77
5
76
5
75
5
76
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
5
4
5
13
5
29
5
45
5
76
Example of temperature profile for co-current : At 10(LPM) hot water and 2(LPM)
cold water flow
Temperature Profile
60
50
40
Temperature
30
20
10
8.0
CALCULATIONS
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
10.0
(LPM)
2.0
(C)
34.0
(C)
28.0
(C)
48.7
(C)
49.5
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
39
86
988.18 3 4175
(34.028.0)
=
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
m
= 4125.65 W
II.
995.67
4183
( 49.548.7)
3
=
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
m
= 111.06 W
Qhot Qcold
= 4125.65 111.06
= 4014.59 W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
111.06
100
4125.65
= 2.7 %
= -17.89 C
3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns method:
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT
Tube 1
Shell 1
Length of tubes m 0.5
Tube ID mm 26.64
Tube OD mm 33.4
Tube surface area m2 0.0525
Shell diameter mm 85
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,
T m=T lm
d i2
4
( 0.02664 )
4
5.574 104 m2
mt
G
=
t
Mass velocity,
At
=
0.1597
0.0005574
= 0.2899 m/s
Reynolds number,
Gt de
286.5 0.02664
0.0005494
Pr=
Cp
k
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.564
0.8 Pr0.33
13892.170.8 3.5640.33
= 0.023
= 72.12
Stanton number, St =
Nu
RePr
72.12
(13892.17)(3.564)
= 0.001457
Heat transfer factor, jh = St
Pr 0.67
3.564
= (0.001457) ( 0.67)
= 0.003414
hi=
= 1742.47 W/m.K
As=
[ Ds2 Do2 ]
= 0.0048 m
Ws
G
=
s
Mass velocity,
As
0.0332
0.0048
= 6.917 kg/m.s
Linear velocity,
us =
Gs
6.917
995.67
= 0.006947 m/s
de=d 2d 1
Equivalent diameter,
= 85.0 33.4
= 51.6 mm
Reynolds number,
G s de
Prandlt number,
Pr=
Cp
k
0.0008007 4183
0.6155
= 5.442
0.8
0.33
Pr
445.80.8 5.4420.33
= 5.295
Stanton number, St =
Nu
RePr
5.295
= (445.8)(5.442)
= 0.002183
Pr 0.67
5.442
= (0.002183) ( 0.67)
= 0.006792
j h Pr 0.33 k
h s=
de
= 64.59 W/ m.K
0.33
0.6155
= 0.04 m
Qhot
A T lm
4125.65
0.04(17.89)
= 5765.3 W/m.K
FT2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
(LPM)
10.0
(LPM)
2.0
(C)
30.2
(C)
32.0
(C)
49.0
(C)
49.6
DPT1
DPT2
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
3
74
988.18
4175
(32.030.2)
3
=
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
m
II.
= 1237.7 W
Heat transfer rate for cold water,
Qcold=mc C p T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
2
995.67 3 4183
( 49.649.0)
=
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
m
= 83.3 W
Qhot Qcold
= 1237.7 83.3
= 1154.4 W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
83.3
100
1237.7
= 6.7%
( ThTc out )
( Thout Tc )
= -18.17 C
3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns
method:
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT
Tube 1
Shell 1
Length of tubes m 0.5
Tube ID mm 26.64
Tube OD mm 33.4
Tube surface area m2 0.0525
Shell diameter mm 85
T m=T lm
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,
Heat transfer coefficient at tube side:
Cross flow area,
d i2
A=
4
2
( 0.02664 )
4
5.574 10 m
mt
G
=
t
Mass velocity,
At
0.1597
0.0005574
286.5 kg /m 2 s
988.18 kg /m 3
= 0.2899 m/s
Reynolds number,
Gt de
286.5 0.02664
0.0005494
Pr=
Cp
k
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.564
0.8
0.33
Pr
Nu
RePr
0.8
13892.17 3.564
0.33
72.12
(13892.17)(3.564)
= 0.001457
Pr 0.67
3.564
(
0.67)
= (0.001457)
= 0.003414
hi=
= 1742.47 W/m.K
As=
[ Ds2 Do2 ]
= 0.0048 m
Ws
G
=
s
Mass velocity,
As
0.0332
0.0048
= 6.917 kg/m.s
Linear velocity,
us =
Gs
6.917
995.67
= 0.006947 m/s
Equivalent diameter,
de=d 2d 1
= 85.0 33.4
= 51.6 mm
Reynolds number,
G s de
Prandlt number,
Pr=
Cp
k
0.0008007 4183
0.6155
= 5.442
0.8
0.33
Pr
= 0.023
445.80.8 5.4420.33
= 5.295
Stanton number, St =
Nu
RePr
5.295
(445.8)(5.442)
= 0.002183
Pr
0.67
5.442
= (0.002183) ( 0.67)
= 0.006792
j h Pr 0.33 k
h s=
de
0.006792 455.8 5.442
0.0516
= 64.59 W/ m.K
= 0.04 m
Qhot
A T lm
1237.7
0.04(18.17)
= 1702.94 W/m.K
0.33
0.6155
9.0
DISCUSSION
the
heat exchanger.
Basically, in this experiment, the hot water will enter from the tube side of the
exchanger from the boiler tank while the cold water will enter from the shell side.
The one that had been varied here is the flow of both water which are by countercurrent or co-current flow. This can be varied by controlling the selected valves.
For the both of counter-current and co-current experiment, firstly the flow rate of
hot water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the cold water is varied which
are 2 LPM, 4 LPM, 6 LPM, 8 LPM and 10 LPM. Secondly, the flow rate of cold
water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the hot water is varied which are 2
LPM, 4 LPM, 6 LPM, 8 LPM and 10 LPM. Then the temperature of inlet and
outlet hot water (TT1 & TT2), temperature of inlet and outlet cold (TT3 & TT4) is
recorded. The pressure drop (DPT1 & DPT2) also is needed to be record to
show there is energy interchanges occur. The atmospheric pressure is
maintained at standard 1 atm. Data is recorded in every 3 minutes interval.
When we varying the flow rate for both hot and cold water, the temperature that
has been recorded do not show any rapid change. Usually it will increase only
0.1 to 1
from
from its before temperature. For example for cold water flow rate
2 LPM to 4 LPM, the difference in temperature is only 0.1 which from 49.5 to
49.8.
For Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD), we can calculate it based on the
difference of inlet and outlet temperature of the both cold and hot water.
Logically, the higher the LMTD, the more heat is being transferred because the
difference between the temperature is higher. Based on our result and
calculation, for fixed hot water flow rate at 10 LPM and cold water flow rate of 2
LPM, for counter-current flow the LMTD is -17.89
the
we
can say that the more heat is being transferred by counter-current flow than by
co-current flow.
Taking all the result from the hot water flow rate of 10 LPM and cold water flow
rate of 2 LPM, as we comparing the heat loss by this two types of flow, we can
see that the heat loss for counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow.
By theory we know that counter-current flow is more effective than the co-current
flow. But by the result that we obtained, we calculate that the efficiency of
counter-current flow is only 2.7% while the co-current flow is 6.7%. This shows
that there are errors in our experiment. However, the overall heat transfer
coefficient of counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow. It shows that
the counter-current flow has a higher effectiveness than the co-current flow.
10.0
CONCLUSION
Based on this experiment, we can conclude that there are many errors that
occurred. The biggest error is when the unit broke down so it totally effect the
result and temperature. Therefore, from our calculation, there are many that
different from the theory. Based on the efficiency that we calculated, the
efficiency for co-current flow is higher than for the counter-current flow. For the
heat loss and overall heat transfer coefficient, for both, counter-current flow has
higher value than co-current flow. For LMTD, there are only a slightly difference
between this two value. All in all, the experiment is successfully conducted but
the result has slightly error.
11.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
12.0
REFERENCES
3. Cengel, Y. A. (2011). Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Mc Graw Hill
Education.
13.0
APPENDIX
>.