4.3.

# Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

6.3. KINERJA PENGGALIAN

Tunnel Boring Machines

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)

The use of tunnel boring machines for

underground construction has been increasing
steadily for the last 30 years. However the
efficient and economic use of these high
capital cost machines, necessitates an intensive
side and laboratory studies. The proper and
correct machine performance prediction
basically depends on the quality and quantity
of the geological and geotechnical data
collected before making the final decision.
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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Cutters Used for Mechanical Excavators

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Performance prediction using Full scale

linear cutting tests

Hypothetical relationship between specific energy and spacing/depth ratio

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

A typical example Tuzla-Dragos Tunnel in

Istanbul

The profiles of
constant cross
section (CCS) disc
cutters

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Machine performance prediction for

Tuzla-Dragos Tunnel

Optimum specific energy value from Figure, is SE=2.1 kWh/m3 and s/d = 8-10
As a result of cutting tests it was found that FT = 8.4 kN/mm, FR = 0.64 kN/mm
From machine specification cutter spacing is s=7.5cm
For s/d= 8; d=7.5/8=1cm
For s/d=10; d=7.5/10=0.8cm
For d=8mm, total machine thrust is 36.8.8.34=2400 kN
For d=10mm, total machine thrust is 36.10.8.34=3000 kN
Total machine thrust must change between 2400 kN and 3000kN

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

PERFORMANCE PREDICITION USING THE

METHOD DEVELOPED IN THE CSM USA

The CSM model for TBM performance prediction was developed by

the Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI) over a time period extending
over 25 years. The development efforts on the CSM model began
with a theoretical analysis of cutter penetration into the rock without
any adjacent cuts or free-faces.
CSM model, rock compressive and tensile strengths were used as
input to characterize the rock boreability by disc roller cutters.
The compressive strength was used to describe the rock crushing
beneath the cutter tip while the tensile strength accounted for the
chip formation between adjacent cuts. Hence, using these two
rock properties, a correlation was developed between cutters
thrust force and the depth of penetration achieved as a function of
cutter edge geometry and the cutter diameter.

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Performance predicition using the method

developed in the csm usa

The CSM model predicts the penetration rate without any

consideration given to the influence of existing
joints/fissures in the rock. To account for these effects, the
model makes use of the correlation factors developed for
joint effects by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
(NTNU). Depending on joint/fissure spacing and angle that
these weakness planes make with the tunnel axis (i.e. the
alpha angle), NTNU has derived a set of relationships
between TBM penetration rate and the fracturing factor.
The CSM model results are then adjusted accordingly to
account for the joint/fissure effects using the relationships
similar to those developed by NTNU.

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

Performance Predicition Using The Method

Developed In The Norwegian Univesity Of Science
& Technology (Ntnu Model)
The prediction model is based on job site studies and statistics from
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job sites with 230 km of tunnels. Data have been carefully mapped
systematized and normalized. The methodology is well explained in
ITA recommendations and guidelines for tunnel boring machines
working group no 4. Specific tests such as drilling rate index,
Siever J-value SJ, angle between tunnel axis and plane of
weakness,
fracturing factor and several correction indexes are need for
performance estimation.
Mckelvey and co-workers in their comparative studies included that
generally predicted penetration rates from NTNU model were
significantly more comparative than the achieved penetration values.

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

A Typical Overall performance of TBMs

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Prediksi Kinerja TBM

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

M. Sapignia et all - International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 771788

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Prediksi Kinerja TBM

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

M. Sapignia et all - International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 771788

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Prediksi Kinerja TBM

4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

M. Sapignia et all - International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 771788

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Farmer & Glossop, 1980

Fc .RPM .D 2

V 29.4
t

V = Volume of rock excavated in unit time, m3/h

RPM = Rotary speed, rev/min
D = Diameter of tunnel boring machine, m
t = Tensile strength. kN/m2
Fc = Average cutter force, kN

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Cassinelli et al., 1982

V 0.0059RSR 1.59
V = TBM penetration rate (m/h)
RSR = Rock support rating

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Lislerud et al., 1983

RPM .60
I i.
1000

I = Net advance rate, m/h

RPM = Rotary speed, rev/min
i = Equal to ib.Ks.Kd, mm/rev
ib : basic penetration rate
Ks : Correction factor for joint class and angle
Kd : Correction factor for cutter diameter

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Bamford, 1984

P 0.535S 8.49 0.00344T 0.000823N 0.0137 p

P
S
T
N
p

= Penetration rate, m/h

= Schmidt hammer hardness
= Machine propel thrust force, tonne
= NCB cone indenter index, N/mm
= Angle of shearing resistance, degrees

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Sanio, 1985

Po Is50a

P90 Is50b

Po
P90
Is50a
Is50b

= Penetration thrust perpendicular to bedding or schistosity

= Penetration thrust parallel to bedding or schistosity
= Point load index perpendicular to bedding or schistosity
= Point load index parallel to bedding or schistosity

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Hughes, 1986

6P1.2 N .n
V 1.2 0.6
c r

V
P
N
n
c
r

= rate of advance, m/h

= Thrust per disk periphery, kN
= Speed of cutting head, rev/s
= Average number of disk per kerf
= UCS, MPa
= Average radius of disks, m

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Hughes, 1986

PW 28.45D 9.07 D

PW = Power, kW
D = TBM diameter, m

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Farmer & Glossop, 1980

3940Fc
P
c
P
Fc
c

= Penetration per revolution, mm/rev

= Average cutter force, kN
= UCS, kN/m2

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4.3. # Pemboran Penggalian SK Departemen Teknik Pertmbangan ITB

TBM - Farmer & Glossop, 1980

624FL
PR
t
PR = Penetration per revolution, mm/rev
FL = Average cutter force, kN
t = Tensile strength, kN/m2

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