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N00/430/H(3)
Option H Optics
H1. A student is given two converging lenses, A and B, and a tube in order to make a telescope.
(a)
Describe a simple method by which she can determine the focal length of each lens.
[2]
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(Question H1 continued)
(b)
10 cm
50 cm
Draw a diagram to show how the lenses should be arranged in the tube in order to make a
telescope. Your diagram should include:
(i) labels for each lens;
(ii) the focal points for each lens;
(iii) the position of the eye when the telescope is in use.
[4]
(c)
On your diagram, mark the location of the intermediate image formed in the tube.
[1]
(d)
[1]
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(e)
[1]
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H2. Optical fibres allow light to be transmitted along their length with almost no loss, even if the fibre
is bent.
(a)
With the aid of the diagram below, explain how light can be transmitted along an optical
fibre even when bent.
[2]
End A
End B
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(b)
Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why this method will not work if the curve is too extreme.
[3]
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(Question H2 continued)
(c)
[1]
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N00/430/H(3)
H3. In an experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a single slit of width
1600 nm. Fringes are viewed on a screen as shown in the diagram below.
laser
single
slit
screen
(a)
Calculate the first two angles at which the light intensity is at a minimum.
[2]
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(b)
Use the axes below to sketch a graph of how the intensity of the light varies as a function of
angle up to = 30! .
[3]
Intensity
30 25 20 15 10
10
15
20
25
30 angle,
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N00/430/H(3)
(Question H3 continued)
The slit is now replaced by two slits separated by 3200 nm (centre to centre). Each slit is identical
in width to the single slit (1600 nm).
(c)
Calculate all the angles up to 30! at which interference maxima will occur.
[2]
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(d)
Use your answers to sketch a graph, on the axes below, of how the intensity of the light varies
as a function of angle up to = 30! .
[3]
Intensity
30 25 20 15 10
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15
20
25
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N00/430/H(3)
The lens surfaces are ground to have a radii of curvature 7.5 cm and 12.5 cm as marked.
(a)
[1]
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(b)
Would this type of lens be used by people who suffer from short sightedness or long
sightedness? Explain your answer.
[2]
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(c)
Given that the lens is made out of glass with a refractive index of 1.51, calculate its focal
length.
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M01/430/H(3)
OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about the refraction of light.
The diagrams below show two different situations in which a monochromatic ray of light is
incident on the boundary between two surfaces. In Diagram 1 the boundary is between air and
glass and in Diagram 2 the boundary is between water and glass.
glass
normal
water
glass
Diagram 1
air
normal
Diagram 2
[3]
(b)
The refractive index for glass is 1.5 and for water 1.3. Calculate the critical angle for the
glass-water boundary.
[1]
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(Question H1 continued)
(c)
A ray is incident at the glass-water boundary as shown on the diagram below. Sketch the
subsequent path(s) of the ray.
[2]
water
glass
(d)
normal
65
The core of an optical fibre is made of material of refractive index 1.55. Cladding made of
material of refractive index 1.54 surrounds the core.
Show that rays that cross the axis of the core at an angle greater that 8! will not be internally
reflected at the core-cladding boundary.
[2]
cladding n = 1.54
. . core
. . . . n. .=. 1.55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8. . . . . . .
!
cladding n = 1.54
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M01/430/H(3)
0.1 mm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . P
1.0 m
screen
slit
(a)
On the axes below sketch a diagram showing how the intensity of the light varies at different
points along the screen. (Note that this is a sketch graph; no values are required).
[3]
intensity
P
(b)
[3]
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M01/430/H(3)
The diagram below shows a convex lens, the position of the principal foci (focal points), F,
of the lens, and an object which is to be viewed by the lens.
object
axis
(i)
Redraw the object at an appropriate location on the principal axis such that the lens will
form a magnified, virtual image of the object.
[1]
(ii)
Construct a ray diagram that enables the position of the image to be located.
[2]
(iii) Mark on the diagram a position where the eye could be placed in order to view the image.
(b)
[1]
The lens above is to be used as the eyepiece of a compound microscope. The diagram below
shows the objective lens, its two principal foci (focal points), Fo , and the object that is to be
viewed.
object F
o
Fo
axis
objective lens
Mark the following on the axis:
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(i)
[1]
(ii)
[1]
[1]
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M01/430/H(3)
why she is unable to distinguish the two stars with her naked eye.
[3]
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(ii)
[2]
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(b)
The system that Abigail is observing is 4.2 1016 m from the Earth and the two stars are
separated by a distance of 2.6 1011 m. Assuming that the average wavelength of the light
emitted by the stars is 500 nm, estimate the minimum diameter of the objective lens of a
telescope that will just enable the two stars to be distinguished.
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N01/430/H(3)
OPTION H OPTICS
H1. A student uses a single converging lens of focal length 12 cm to produce a magnified virtual image.
(a)
Show the approximate arrangement of object, lens and eye in order to produce this type of
image. Add rays to the diagram, and label the
(i)
object.
(ii)
image.
[4]
(iii) eye.
(b)
Lens
[1]
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(ii)
[2]
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(Question H1 continued)
(c)
If the lens was slowly moved away from the object, would the magnification increase or
decrease initially? Explain.
[2]
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(d)
Where would the image be formed if the object were placed at the focal length? Explain.
[2]
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H2. Caroline is looking into a pond as shown below. A tree is located on the far side of the pond.
When she looks in one particular direction, she can see the bottom of the pond as well as the
reflection of the top of a tree on the far side of the pond.
(a)
Add rays to the diagram to show how light arrives at her eyes from
(i)
(ii)
[2]
She notices that the bottom of the pond becomes clearer when she puts on Polaroid sunglasses.
(b)
Explain why.
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N01/430/H(3)
H3. Light can behave both as a particle and as a wave. Outline an experiment that demonstrates
(a)
[2]
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(b)
[2]
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H4. A telescope is used to produce a photographic image of a star in the night sky. Light from a single
star enters the lens aperture and is focussed by the lens on to the film as shown below.
film
30 cm
The light from the star is brought to a focus by the circular lens.
(a)
Sketch and describe the appearance of the image of the star on the film as a result of
diffraction at the lens aperture. Assume that the star is effectively a point source of light.
[3]
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(Question H4 continued)
(b)
If the wavelength of light received from the star is 450 nm, calculate the angle at which the
first minimum of the diffraction pattern is found.
[2]
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(c)
[2]
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(d)
The telescope is used to view a binary star (i.e. two separate stars that orbit each other). The
two stars are just resolved as separate images by the telescope.
(i)
[1]
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(ii)
If the stars are 1020 m from the Earth, what is the separation of the stars?
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N02/430/H(3)+
OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about an astronomical telescope.
(a)
Light from a star is incident on a bi-convex lens, AB. The diagram below shows three rays of
light from the star incident on the lens. The image of the star is formed at the point marked *.
A
Light from
star
*
B
(i)
Explain why the light rays from the star are essentially parallel.
[1]
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(ii)
Complete the ray diagram by showing the path of the three rays after they have passed
through the lens.
(iii) Mark on the axis XY the position of the principal focus F of the lens.
[1]
[1]
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N02/430/H(3)+
(Question H1 continued)
(b)
The lens, AB, in part (a) is used as the objective lens of an astronomical telescope. The
diagram below shows the relative positions of the objective and eyepiece lens, CD, and the
position of the * image formed by the objective lens when the telescope is used to view the
star.
A
Light from
star
*
B
Objective lens
(i)
If the final image of the star is formed at infinity, mark on the axis XY the positions of
the principal focus FE of the eyepiece lens and the principal focus FO of the objective
lens.
[1]
Complete the ray diagram to determine the direction in which the final image is
formed.
[3]
(iii) Show on the above diagram where the eye should be placed in order to view the final
image.
[1]
(ii)
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Eyepiece lens
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N02/430/H(3)+
The diagram below shows some of the slits of a diffraction grating upon which a parallel beam of
monochromatic light is incident at 90D to the grating. The light diffracted by the slits at an angle is
also shown.
(a)
After passing through the slits the light is brought to a focus on a screen.
(i)
Mark on the diagram the path difference between any two adjacent rays.
[1]
(ii)
Hence show that light diffracted at will form a principal maximum if the condition
dsin = n is satisfied where d is the separation between the slits.
[2]
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(Question H2 continued)
(b)
The wavelength of the incident light is 500 nm and the diffraction grating has 800 slits per mm.
(i)
[3]
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(ii)
Determine the number of principal maxima that will be produced on the screen on
either side of the central maximum when parallel light is incident on the grating as
shown in the diagram opposite.
[3]
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(iii) Using the axes below sketch a diagram to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen. (Note that this is a sketch graph; there is no need to add values to the axes).
[3]
Intensity
Distance
along screen
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Diagram 1 shows light from a distant object incident on the pupil of one eye of a short-sighted
person.
Eye lens
0.02 m
0.02 m
Retina
Diagram 1
A
Diagram 2
(a)
On diagram 1 show the approximate point P where the rays will be brought to a focus.
[1]
(b)
In order to correct short-sightedness in a particular person a contact lens maker has to make a
diverging meniscus lens of focal length 1.00 m. The inner surface A of this lens as shown in
diagram 2 has the same radius of curvature as the eye. The refractive index of the material
used to make the lens is 1.49 and the radius of curvature of the persons eye is 0.02 m.
Determine the radius of curvature of the other surface B of the lens.
[4]
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Light of wavelength from two monochromatic point sources S1 and S2 is incident on a narrow
slit. After passing through the slit the light is incident on a screen. Both the sources and screen are
a long way from the slit. The situation is shown in the diagram below.
S1
Screen
S2
Slit of width d
The diagram below shows part of the intensity distribution of the image produced on the screen by
the source S1 .
Light
intensity
(b)
Using the diagram above sketch the intensity distribution of the image produced on the
screen by the source S2 when the images of each source are just resolved according to the
Rayleigh criterion.
[2]
The two point sources each emit light of wavelength 500 nm and are at distance of 1.0 m
from the slit. The width of the slit is 1.0 mm. Determine the separation of the sources when
their respective images are just resolved.
[3]
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Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction.
(a)
With the aid of a suitable diagram define the term refractive index as applied to an optical
material.
[2]
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The diagram below shows the path followed by a ray of red light that is incident on one face of a
glass prism at an angle to the normal.
Normal
(ii)
(i)
(b)
Incident beam
The red light is now replaced by blue light. On the diagram sketch the corresponding
path followed by a ray of blue light incident at the same angle .
[3]
State and explain whether the refractive index for red light in the glass is greater than,
equal to or less than the refractive index for blue light.
[1]
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M03/430/H(3)+
Y
(a)
[2]
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(b)
On the diagram,
(i)
(ii)
(c)
complete the paths of the four rays in order to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[4]
show where the eye must be placed in order to view the image.
[1]
[2]
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M03/430/H(3)+
(Question H2 continued)
(d)
The focal length of the lens is 50.0 cm. Determine the linear magnification of an object
placed 75.0 cm from the lens.
[3]
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(e)
Half of the lens is now covered such that only rays on one side of the principal axis are
incident on the lens. Describe the effects, if any, that this will have on the linear
magnification and the appearance of the image.
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M03/430/H(3)+
X
P
L1
L2
single slit
screen
The point X on the screen is directly opposite the central point of the slit.
(a)
Explain qualitatively how Huygens principle accounts for the phenomenon of single slit
diffraction.
[2]
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M03/430/H(3)+
(Question H3 continued)
(b)
Using the axes below draw a graph to show how the intensity of the pattern varies with
distance along the screen. The point X on the screen is shown as a reference point. (This is a
sketch graph; you do not need to add any numerical values.)
[3]
intensity
In this experiment the light has a wavelength of 500 nm and the width of the central
maximum of intensity on the screen is 10.0 mm. When light of unknown wavelength is
used, the width of the central maximum of intensity is 13.0 mm. Determine the value of .
[2]
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(Question H3 continued)
The lens L1 is now removed and another point source Q emitting light of the same wavelength as P
(500 nm) is placed 5.0 mm from P and the two sources are arranged as shown below.
P
1.50 m
5.0 mm
Single slit
The distance between the sources and the slit is 1.50 m.
(d)
(i)
State the condition for the image of P and the image of Q formed on the screen to be
just resolved.
[1]
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(ii)
Determine the minimum width b of the slit for the two images to be just resolved.
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N03/430/H(3)
OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about optical dispersion.
The graph below shows the variation with wavelength of the speed v of light in one type of glass.
1.9700
1.9650
1.9600
1.9550
v / 108 m s 1 1.9500
1.9450
1.9400
1.9350
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
/ nm
(a)
Use data from the graph to determine, to the correct number of significant digits, the
refractive index for blue light of wavelength 400 nm in this type of glass (free space speed of
light c = 2.9979 108 m s 1 ).
[2]
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(b)
The refractive index of red light of wavelength 650 nm in this type of glass is about 1.52.
Use this fact and your answer in (a) to explain optical dispersion.
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N03/430/H(3)
Water surface
Bottom of the
swimming pool
(a)
(b)
Small coin
On the diagram above, draw appropriate rays to show the position of the image of the coin as
seen by Jody.
[2]
[1]
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The real depth d and the apparent depth a are related by the expression
refractive index of the water.
d
= n where n is the
a
The refractive index of the water in the swimming pool is 1.3 and the coin is at a depth of 3.0 m.
(c)
Determine the position of the image, relative to the bottom of the pool, as observed by Jody.
[3]
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(a)
principal axis
On the diagram,
(i)
[1]
(ii)
[1]
(iii) show on the diagram where the eye must be placed in order to view this image.
[1]
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N03/430/H(3)
(Question H3 continued)
For a particular lens, the focal length is 10.0 cm and the distance of O from the lens is such that the
image is formed at the near point of the eye. The distance of the lens from the eye is 3.0 cm.
(b)
(i)
[1]
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(ii)
Calculate the distance of the object from the lens if the near point is 25.0 cm from the
eye.
[4]
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(iii) State, and explain, where the object should be placed if the image is to be formed at the
far point.
[2]
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H4. This question is about the formation of coloured fringes when white light is reflected from thin
films.
(a)
Name the wave phenomenon that is responsible for the formation of regions of different
colour when white light is reflected from a thin film of oil floating on water.
[1]
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(b)
A film of oil of refractive index 1.45 floats on a layer of water of refractive index 1.33 and is
illuminated by white light at normal incidence.
Illumination
Air
Oil
Water
When viewed at near normal incidence a particular region of the film looks red, with
an average wavelength of about 650 nm. An equation relating this dominant average
wavelength , to the minimum film thickness of the region t, is = 4nt.
(i)
State what property n measures and explain why it enters into the equation.
[2]
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(ii)
[1]
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N03/430/H(3)
(Question H4 continued)
(iii) Describe the change to the conditions for reflection that would result if the oil film was
spread over a flat sheet of glass of refractive index 1.76, rather than floating on water.
[2]
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State the name of the wave phenomenon that limits the resolution of any optical instrument.
[1]
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(b)
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M04/431/H(3)+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refractive index and critical angle.
The diagram below shows the boundary between glass and air.
glass
(a)
air
On the diagram, draw a ray of light to illustrate what is meant by critical angle. Mark the
critical angle with the letter c.
[3]
A straight optic fibre has length 1.2 km and diameter 1.0 mm. Light is reflected along the fibre as
shown below.
1.2 km
1.0 mm
At each reflection, the angle of incidence is equal in value to the critical angle. The refractive
index of the glass of the fibre is 1.5.
(b)
Deduce that the length of the light path along the optic fibre is about 1.8 km.
[4]
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M04/431/H(3)+
(Question H1 continued)
The speed of light in the fibre is 2.0 108 ms 1 .
(c)
Calculate the time for a pulse of light to travel the length of the fibre when its path is
(i)
[1]
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(ii)
as calculated in (b).
[1]
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M04/431/H(3)+
(a)
[1]
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A diverging lens of focal length 24 cm is now placed 12 cm from the convex lens as shown below.
12 cm
(b)
(i)
Explain why point X acts as a virtual object for the diverging lens.
[1]
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(ii)
[3]
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(This question continues on the following page)
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M04/431/H(3)+
(Question H2 continued)
(c)
A lens combination, such as a diverging and a convex lens, is referred to as a telephoto lens.
Suggest why a telephoto lens is considered to have a longer focal length than that of a single
convex lens.
[2]
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(a)
(b)
In the space below, draw a possible shape of this image, as produced by a lens that causes
spherical aberration.
[2]
[2]
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M04/431/H(3)+
Light from a point source is brought to a focus by a convex lens. The lens does not cause
spherical or chromatic aberration.
(i)
State why the image of the point source will not be a point image.
[1]
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(ii)
[2]
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Two light receptors at the back of the eye are 4.0 m apart. The distance of the receptors from the
convex lens at the front of the eye is 17.0 mm, as shown below.
light receptor
eye lens
4.0 m
17.0 mm
Light of wavelength 550 nm from two point objects enters the eye. The centres of the images of
the two objects are focused on the light receptors.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the angle in radians subtended by the two receptors at the centre of the eye
lens.
[2]
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M04/431/H(3)+
(Question H4 continued)
(ii)
Use the Rayleigh criterion to calculate the diameter of the pupil of the eye so that the
two images are just resolved.
[2]
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M04/432/H(3)+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about a spectrum.
(a)
[2]
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A student used the apparatus illustrated below in order to show the spectrum of white light.
red
red light
screen
prism
white light
(b)
Complete the diagram to show the path of blue light through the prism and to the screen.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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24
M04/432/H(3)+
Laser
B
The semi-circular block is rotated about the point P. The spot of light on the screen is seen to
move downwards. When the spot reaches point B, it disappears.
(a)
Complete the diagram below to show the position of the semi-circular block when the spot is
at point B. The original position of the block is shown as a dotted line.
Laser
[1]
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
(This question continues on the following page)
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M04/432/H(3)+
(Question H2 continued)
The laser is changed for one emitting light of higher frequency. The experiment is then repeated.
(c)
State and explain whether the distance AB will be greater or less than 138 cm.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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26
M04/432/H(3)+
eye lens
focal length f O
focal length f E
The focal lengths of the objective lens and of the eye lens are f O and f E respectively. Light from
a distant object is shown focused in the focal plane of the objective lens. The final image is to be
formed at infinity.
(a)
Complete the ray diagram to show the formation of the final image.
[2]
(b)
(i)
[1]
(ii)
Using the completed ray diagram above, derive an expression in terms of f O and f E
for the angular magnification of an astronomical telescope. Assume that the final
image is at infinity.
[4]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(c)
When specifying an astronomical telescope, the diameter of the objective lens is frequently
quoted. Suggest a reason for quoting the diameter.
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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[1]
27
M04/432/H(3)+
metal foil
glass plate
line of contact
Diagram not drawn to scale
Air is trapped between the two plates. The gap between the two plates is viewed normally using
reflected light of wavelength 5.89 107 m.
A series of straight fringes, parallel to the line of contact of the plates is seen.
(a)
State what can be deduced from the fact that the fringes are straight and parallel.
[1]
.........................................................................
(b)
Explain why a dark fringe is observed along the line of contact of the glass plates.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
(c)
The distance between the line of contact of the plates and the edge of the metal foil is 9.0 cm.
The dark fringes are each separated by a distance of 1.4 mm. Calculate the thickness of the
metal foil.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
(This question continues on the following page)
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28
M04/432/H(3)+
(Question H4 continued)
The lenses used in astronomical telescopes are frequently bloomed. This means that a thin film
is deposited on the lens in order to reduce the intensity of unwanted light reflected by the lens.
Destructive interference occurs between the light reflected from the upper and the lower surfaces
of the film. The reflections at both surfaces for one incident ray are shown in the diagram.
air
film
glass
(d)
(i)
State why complete destructive interference of all the reflected light does not occur.
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
With reference to your answer in (i), suggest why the film appears to be coloured.
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
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[2]
24
M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about light and the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a)
[2]
(b)
increasing frequency
In the diagram the region of visible light has been indicated.
Indicate on the diagram above the approximate position occupied by
(i)
[1]
(ii)
[1]
[1]
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(i)
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(ii)
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the position of the image of the object
formed by the lens.
[3]
[1]
Turn over
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H2 continued)
(b)
A convex lens of focal length 6.25 cm is used to view an ant of length 0.80 cm that is
crawling on a table. The lens is held 5.0 cm above the table.
(i)
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(ii)
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[2]
27
H3.
M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
1.30 cm
23.0 cm
Lens A
f =1.20 cm
Lens B
f =11.0 cm
[1]
This image forms an object for lens B. Calculate the object distance for lens B.
......................................................................
(b)
[2]
Calculate the distance from lens B of the image as produced by the lens B.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(c)
[2]
Turn over
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Q
ZW
slit
screen
The line XY, normal to the plane of the slit, is drawn from the centre of the slit to the screen and
the points P and Q are the first points of minimum intensity as measured from point Y.
The diagram also shows two rays of light incident on the screen at point P. Ray ZP leaves one
edge of the slit and ray XP leaves the centre of the slit.
The angle is small.
(a)
On the diagram, label the half angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction
pattern.
[1]
(b)
State and explain an expression, in terms of for the path difference ZW between the rays
ZP and XP.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H4 continued)
(c)
Hence deduce that the half angular width is given by the expression
.
b
......................................................................
=
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(d)
In a particular demonstration of single slit diffraction, = 450 nm, b = 0.15 mm and the
screen is a long way from the slits.
Calculate the angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction pattern on the
screen.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H4 continued)
Using light of the same wavelength as above (450 nm), an arrangement is set up to demonstrate
diffraction by a double slit. Each slit has the same width as that above (0.15 mm) and the slit
separation is d. The graph below shows the variation with the angle of diffraction of the
intensity I of the diffraction pattern on the screen.
I / arbitary units
10
.0 310
rad3
5 =3./0=310
10
From the graph it can be seen that a maximum is missing at the angle = 3.0 103 rad.
(e)
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction and critical angle.
The diagram below shows a stick that is partially immersed in water.
observer
stick
water surface
(a)
(b)
draw rays to locate the position of the image of the end P of the stick.
[2]
(ii)
[1]
On the diagram below, draw the path of a ray of light that comes from end P of the stick
and is incident on the water surface at the critical angle. On your diagram, label with a
letter C, the critical angle for this ray of light.
[2]
stick
water surface
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
(Question H1 continued)
(c)
A fish is swimming at a depth of 2.0 m below the water surface. Determine the radius
of the circular field of view that the fish has of the world above the water surface.
(Refractive index of water = 1.3)
[4]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
[2]
The diagram below shows two rays of light from a distant star incident on the objective lens
of an astronomical telescope. The paths of the rays are also shown after they pass through the
objective lens and are incident on the eyepiece lens of the telescope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
light from
a distant star
FO
(c)
[1]
(ii)
the position of the image of the star formed by the objective lens (label this I).
[1]
State where the final image is formed when the telescope is in normal adjustment.
[1]
......................................................................
(d)
Complete the diagram above to show the direction in which the final image of the star is
formed for the telescope in normal adjustment.
[2]
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
(Question H2 continued)
The eye ring of an astronomical telescope is a device that is placed outside the eyepiece lens
of the telescope at the position where the image of the objective lens is formed by the eyepiece
lens. The diameter of the eye ring is the same as the diameter of the image of the objective lens.
This ensures that all the light passing through the telescope passes through the eye ring.
(e)
A particular astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal length 98.0 cm and an
eyepiece lens of focal length 2.00 cm (i.e. f 0 = 98.0cm, f e = 2.00 cm ). Determine the
position of the eye ring.
[4]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
A
B
light sources
slit
screen
Source B is covered.
(a)
Using the axes below, draw a sketch graph to show how the intensity I of the light from A
varies with distance along the screen. Label the curve you have drawn A.
[2]
Using the same axes as in (a), draw a sketch graph to show how the intensity I of the light
from B varies with distance along the screen. Label this curve B.
[1]
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
(Question H3 continued)
The bright star Sirius A is accompanied by a much fainter star, Sirius B. The mean distance
of the stars from Earth is 8.11016 m. Under ideal atmospheric conditions, a telescope with an
objective lens of diameter 25 cm can just resolve the stars as two separate images.
(c)
Assuming that the average wavelength emitted by the stars is 500 nm, estimate the
apparent, linear separation of the two stars.
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+
H4. Monochromatic parallel light is incident on two slits of equal width and close together. After
passing through the slits, the light is brought to a focus on a screen. The diagram below shows
the intensity distribution of the light on the screen.
I
A
(a)
Light from the same source is incident on many slits of the same width as the widths of
the slits above. Draw on the above diagram, a possible new intensity distribution of the
light on the screen between the points A and B on the screen.
[2]
Determine the angle between the central maximum and first order principal maximum
formed by the grating.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[2]
26
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about electromagnetic waves.
(a)
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(b)
Suggest why it is better to specify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of
a frequency range rather than a wavelength range.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[2]
26
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about electromagnetic waves.
(a)
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(b)
Suggest why it is better to specify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of
a frequency range rather than a wavelength range.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[2]
27
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
glass block
8.0 cm
object
(a)
[2]
On the diagram, draw two rays to show the apparent position of the object.
The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.48 and the thickness of the block is 8.0 cm.
(b)
[3]
(c)
Suggest why your answer in (b) is correct only when the object is viewed from vertically
above it.
[1]
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
glass block
8.0 cm
object
(a)
[2]
On the diagram, draw two rays to show the apparent position of the object.
The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.48 and the thickness of the block is 8.0 cm.
(b)
[3]
(c)
Suggest why your answer in (b) is correct only when the object is viewed from vertically
above it.
[1]
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
scale: 1 cm represents 5 cm
(a)
Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 5 cm, draw the rays on the diagram above, after passing
through the lens.
[1]
A thin diverging (concave) lens of focal length 30 cm is placed 10 cm from the converging lens
on the opposite side to the light incident on the converging lens (to the right of the converging
lens). The principal axes of the two lenses coincide.
(b)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw the position of the diverging lens as a straight-line.
Label this line with the letter D.
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the position where the rays cross the principal axis after passing through
the diverging lens. On the diagram above, mark this position with the letter I.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(iii) On the diagram above, draw the rays of light emerging from the diverging lens to
the point where they cross the principal axis at I.
[1]
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
scale: 1 cm represents 5 cm
(a)
Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 5 cm, draw the rays on the diagram above, after passing
through the lens.
[1]
A thin diverging (concave) lens of focal length 30 cm is placed 10 cm from the converging lens
on the opposite side to the light incident on the converging lens (to the right of the converging
lens). The principal axes of the two lenses coincide.
(b)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw the position of the diverging lens as a straight-line.
Label this line with the letter D.
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the position where the rays cross the principal axis after passing through
the diverging lens. On the diagram above, mark this position with the letter I.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(iii) On the diagram above, draw the rays of light emerging from the diverging lens to
the point where they cross the principal axis at I.
[1]
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question H3 continued)
(c)
Extend the rays drawn in (b) (iii) until they meet the incident parallel rays. Estimate the
effective focal length of the lens combination.
[2]
......................................................................
(d)
Suggest how the effective focal length of the lens combination may be made longer.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
8805-6503
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question H3 continued)
(c)
Extend the rays drawn in (b) (iii) until they meet the incident parallel rays. Estimate the
effective focal length of the lens combination.
[2]
......................................................................
(d)
Suggest how the effective focal length of the lens combination may be made longer.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
State the Rayleigh criterion for the images of two point sources to be just resolved.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
A man is walking along a straight path at night towards two light sources as shown below.
light
sources
path
man
not drawn to scale
When the man is 150 m from the sources, the images of the two sources are just resolved by his
eye. The wavelength of the light from each source is 590 nm and the diameter of the aperture
of his eye is 5.0 mm.
(b)
8805-6503
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[3]
30
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
State the Rayleigh criterion for the images of two point sources to be just resolved.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
A man is walking along a straight path at night towards two light sources as shown below.
light
sources
path
man
not drawn to scale
When the man is 150 m from the sources, the images of the two sources are just resolved by his
eye. The wavelength of the light from each source is 590 nm and the diameter of the aperture
of his eye is 5.0 mm.
(b)
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[3]
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N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
monochromatic
light
B
film
State the phase change that occurs when light is reflected from
(i)
[1]
surface A.
.................................................................
(ii)
[1]
surface B.
.................................................................
The light incident on the plastic has a wavelength of 620 nm. The refractive index of the plastic
is 1.4.
(b)
Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for the light reflected from surface A and
surface B to undergo destructive interference.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
31
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
monochromatic
light
B
film
State the phase change that occurs when light is reflected from
(i)
[1]
surface A.
.................................................................
(ii)
[1]
surface B.
.................................................................
The light incident on the plastic has a wavelength of 620 nm. The refractive index of the plastic
is 1.4.
(b)
Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for the light reflected from surface A and
surface B to undergo destructive interference.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
20
M06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about image formation by lenses.
The diagram below shows the positions of two convex lenses L1 and L2 used in an optical
instrument. F1 and F2 are the principal foci of L1 and L2 respectively. The object O is viewed
through the two lenses.
L1
L2
F1
F1
I1
F2
The diagram also shows two rays from the object O to the position of the image I1 produced in
the lens L1.
(a)
(i)
Mark the position of the other principal focus of lens L2. Label this position F2.
(ii) The image I1 acts as an object for the lens L2. Draw two construction rays to locate
the position of the image I2 formed by lens L2. Label this image I2.
[1]
[3]
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M06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H1 continued)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
[1]
(d) State
(i)
the change, if any, in the positions of the lenses so that the final image in (a) (ii) is
formed at infinity.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
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22
M06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(a)
Light travels from one optical medium to another. State the conditions necessary for total
internal reflection to occur at the boundary between the two media.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
(b) Light is incident on a small scratch in the surface of an optical fibre of refractive index 1.5.
The angle between a ray of incident light and the surface of the scratch is 68 as shown
below.
optic fibre
refractive index 1.5
68
(i)
Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray at the surface of the scratch.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram, draw a sketch of the path of the ray as it emerges from the surface
of the scratch.
[2]
[1]
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M06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H2 continued)
(c)
By reference to (b) (ii), suggest and explain one reason why, in practice, optical fibres
have an outer covering.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) State and explain two reasons why lasers are used as light sources for optical fibres.
1.
[4]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
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M06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
A double slit is illuminated normally with coherent light. The interference pattern is observed
on a screen. The apparatus is shown below.
not to scale
coherent light
screen
The width of both slits in the double slit arrangement is increased without altering the
separation s.
(a)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[3]
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A thin film of colourless oil floats on water. Light is reflected from the upper and the lower
surfaces of the film as shown below.
observer
ray A
ray B
air
d
oil
water
The refractive index for light in the oil is greater than the refractive index for light in the air.
The refractive index for light in the oil is less than the refractive index for light in the water.
(a)
State, in terms of , a value for the thickness d that causes rays A and B to interfere
destructively when viewed as shown. Assume that the incident light is approximately
normal to the film. Explain your answer.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) White light is now incident on the oil film. Explain why, for one thickness d of the oil
film, the film appears to have a purple (magenta) colour.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2206-6509
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N06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about dispersion and refractive index.
(a)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A narrow beam of light is incident from glass on a boundary between glass and air as
shown below.
glass
air
(i)
On the diagram above, draw labelled rays to show the path of the red and blue light
in air.
[2]
(ii) The refractive index of glass for the red light is 1.52. Calculate the maximum angle
of incidence on the glass air boundary for the red light to pass into the air.
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Explain whether the blue light would pass into the air for the angle calculated in (ii).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
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(a)
Angular magnification M of a lens or system of lenses may be defined using the expression
M=
i
.
o
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The diagram below represents the objective lens and the eyepiece lens of an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment (final image formed at infinity). The point FO is in the
focal plane of the objective lens.
Two parallel rays from a distant point source are shown incident on the objective lens.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
FO
(i)
[3]
(iii) draw the position of the eye (label this with the letter E).
[1]
[1]
draw the positions of the principal foci of the eyepiece lens (label these points FE).
[1]
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N06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question H2 continued)
(c)
A telescope is used to view a distant flat, square shaped object on which a cross has been
drawn. The outline of the object is shown below.
Describe the appearance of the image of the object, including the cross, due to the lens
having
(i)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
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Turn over
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N06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Monochromatic light from two identical point sources is incident on a narrow slit as shown
below (not to scale). After passing through the slit, the light is brought to a focus on a screen.
point sources
slit
screen
The images of the two sources on the screen are just resolved according to the Rayleigh
criterion.
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(Question H3 continued)
The diagram below shows the intensity distribution on the screen of the light from one of the
point sources.
(a)
On the diagram above, draw the intensity distribution on the screen of the light due to the
second source.
(b) The planet Pluto is 4.51012m from Earth and the diameter of Pluto is 2.3106m. The
average wavelength of the light received by the Earth from Pluto is 500nm.
Deduce, whether the human eye should be able to see Pluto as a disc or only as a point
source of light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
[3]
Turn over
8806-6503
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32
N06/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
In an experiment to measure the thickness d of a piece of adhesive tape, the tape is used to
separate two flat plates of glass as shown below. This forms a wedge shaped air film.
microscope
half-silvered mirror
glass plate
d
adhesive tape
5.0102m
glass plate
A beam of monochromatic light is incident on the wedge film. The light that is reflected at right
angles to the wedge, is viewed using the microscope. A system of parallel fringes of equal
spacing is observed in the field of view of the microscope.
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The spacing between the fringes is 1.2104m. The distance from where the two plates
of glass touch and the edge of the adhesive tape is 5.0102m. The wavelength of the
light is 480nm. Estimate the thickness d of the adhesive tape.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8806-6503
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M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction and dispersion.
(a)
[1]
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A thin beam of white light is incident on one surface of a glass prism as shown below.
On the diagram above, draw lines to show the approximate paths of the red and of the
blue light as it passes through the prism and back into the air.
[3]
State and explain, with reference to your diagram, whether the refractive index of glass
for blue light is greater or less than that for red light.
[3]
(c)
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(Question H1 continued)
(d) A second similar prism is placed close to the first prism in (b) as shown below.
Suggest the appearance and the direction of the light that emerges from the
second prism.
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[2]
Turn over
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M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
O
F
(a)
[3]
[2]
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M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question H2 continued)
(c)
The diagram below shows the relative positions of the objective lens and eyepiece lens
used in a compound microscope in normal adjustment.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
(i)
the principal foci of the objective lens (label these with the letter A),
(ii) the image formed by the objective lens (label this with the letter B),
(iii) the principal foci of the eyepiece lens (label these with the letter C),
(iv) the position of the final image (label this with the letter D).
(d) Suggest why, for large magnifications, a compound microscope is used, rather than a
single lens.
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[4]
[2]
Turn over
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grating
6.0 105 lines per metre
first order
light wavelength
zero order
590nm
first order
(a)
Determine the total number of orders of diffracted light, including the zero order, that can
be observed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The incident light is replaced by a beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 590nm
and 589nm.
State two observable differences between a first order spectrum and a second order
spectrum of the diffracted light.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.
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M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
A thin film of oil is floating on some water. White light is reflected from the oil film. A series
of coloured fringes is seen.
(a)
State the name of the wave phenomenon that gives rise to the formation of the
coloured fringes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Describe why the oil film appears to change colour when viewed from different
angles of incidence.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2207-6509
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[1]
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M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refractive index.
(a)
A small object rests at the bottom of a swimming pool of depth d. Viewed from directly
above, the object appears to be 5.0m below the surface of the water.
eye
not to scale
small object
(i)
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the image of the object as seen from
above.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[2]
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(Question H1 continued)
(b) A diver views the surface of the water from point O as shown in the diagram below.
eye
O
object
not to scale
(i)
On the diagram above, draw two rays to locate the image of the object as seen by
the diver at O.
[3]
(ii) Explain why the surface of the water needs to be undisturbed for the image to be
seen.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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An object P is placed close to a converging lens as shown in the diagram below. The principal
foci F of the lens are marked.
lens
(a)
(b) The near point of an observers eye is 25.0cm from the eye. The lens in the diagram is
positioned 4.0cm from the lens in the observers eye so as to form an image of the object
P at the near point. The focal length of the lens is 8.0cm.
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the position of the image formed by the lens.
Label this image with the letter I.
(i)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[3]
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[3]
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(Question H2 continued)
(c)
(i)
Chromatic aberration: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spherical aberration:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Blue light of wavelength 450nm from a star passes through a telescope with a circular aperture
of 0.25m and forms an image on a photographic plate 0.75m from the focussing lens.
(a)
(i)
In the space provided below, draw a labelled sketch to show the diffraction fringe
pattern produced on the photographic plate.
(ii) Calculate the diameter of the central maximum on the photographic plate.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[2]
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(Question H3 continued)
The maximum separation of the stars is d and they are both 1.51017m from the
telescope.
(i)
Determine the separation d of the stars such that the images of the stars are just
resolved in light of wavelength 450nm.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Over a period of time the separation of the stars varies from
d
to 2d.
2
Describe and explain the changes to the image produced by the telescope during
this time. You should include diagrams to illustrate your answer.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction.
(a)
[1]
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
[2]
[3]
With reference to your answer in (b), describe what is meant by optical dispersion.
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[2]
..................................................................
..................................................................
2.
..................................................................
..................................................................
(b)
In the diagram below, the line labelled HF represents a person standing in front of a
vertical mirror labelled M. The position of the persons eye is labelled E.
M
F
On the diagram above draw
(i)
[2]
(ii)
a ray from the foot F, and a ray from the top of the head H, to show the refl ection
of these rays into the eye E.
[2]
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(Question H2 continued)
(c)
The height of the person is 1.50 m and her eye is 1.35m above the floor. The length and
height of the mirror above the floor are adjusted so that she can just see the whole of her
image in the mirror.
(i)
[1]
[1]
(ii) the height of the lower edge of the mirror above the floor.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The person now stands further away from the mirror. State the effect, if any, that this
has to your answers in (c)(i) and (ii).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
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The diagram below shows two lenses of a compound microscope. L1 is the objective lens and
L2 is the eyepiece lens.
L1
I2
L2
I1
I1 is the image of the object O formed by the objective lens L1. The final image formed is
in the plane shown by the dotted line labelled I2.
(a)
On the diagram above, construct a ray or rays to determine the position of the principal
focus of the eyepiece. Label this position with the letter F.
[2]
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(Question H3 continued)
(b) By using the grid, take measurements to determine the linear magnification of
(i)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
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(c)
Use your answer to (b) to determine the total linear magnification of the microscope.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
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D
slit
screen
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(Question H4 continued)
The sketch graph below shows that the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on
the screen.
intensity
(a)
= 0
[3]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The angle = 0 is the angular half-width of the central maximum of the intensity
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
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(Question H4 continued)
(c)
The single slit is replaced by two rectangular slits of width b. The distance between the
centre of the slits is equal to 2b.
On the axes below, draw a sketch of the of the intensity distribution on the screen.
(The intensity distribution of a single slit is shown by the dotted line.)
intensity
=0
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H5. A wedge shaped film of air is made by separating two thin, flat glass plates by a spacer.
eye
monochromatic
light source
P
spacer
It is arranged for light from a monochromatic source to be incident on the plates by reflection
from another glass plate P. The light reflected from the wedge is viewed from above as shown
in the diagram. A system of equally spaced, parallel fringes is observed. (The diagram is not
to scale.)
(a)
State what happens to the phase of the light waves reflected from the upper surface of the
plate labelled A in the diagram.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The wavelength of the light is 560nm. Calculate by how much the width of the wedge
changes between one bright fringe and the next bright fringe.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction.
(a)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The diagram below shows the path of a ray of red light incident on a 45 prism.
C
45
glass
prism
red light
air
normal
A
90
(i)
45
B
(ii) Determine the minimum refractive index of the glass of the prism for total internal
reflection of the ray at face BC.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
(c)
The red light is replaced by blue light. Explain why the path of blue light is the same as
that of the red light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(a)
[2]
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(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15 cm. The object
is moved 5.0 cm closer to the lens. Determine the displacement of the image.
[4]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2208-6509
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30
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
The diagram shows two converging lenses adjusted to form an astronomical telescope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
The objective lens has a focal length fo and the eyepiece lens has a focal length fe. The objective
lens forms an image of a distant object at I. The final image is formed at infinity.
(a)
State, in terms of fo and fe, the separation of the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) On the diagram, draw rays to show the formation of the image produced by the
eyepiece lens.
[4]
(c)
(i)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State, in terms of fo and fe, , the angular magnification of the telescope.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
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[1]
31
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
incident light
1.2 104 m
screen
Diagram
not to scale
The graph shows the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on the screen.
relative
intensity
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
6
(a)
/ 103 rad
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Monochromatic light is incident on two parallel slits. After passing through the slits, the
light is incident on a screen. The separation of the slits is approximately twice the slit
width. On the axes above draw a graph to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen.
[2]
Turn over
2208-6509
3132
32
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
The diagram shows monochromatic light in air, that is incident on a thin film of silicon oxide of
thickness d.
normal
A B
incident ray
air
d
silicon oxide
air
The light is incident at an angle to the normal to the surface. Light is reflected along
directions A and B.
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The wavelength of the light in the silicon oxide film is 452 nm. The light is incident
normally on the surface so that = 0. Calculate the minimum thickness of the film such
that light along A and B undergoes destructive interference.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
The light incident on the film is replaced by white light. State and explain the appearance
of the film in this case.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
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[1]
[4]
[2]
26
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
Option H Optics
H1. The table below relates to the electromagnetic spectrum. Complete the table by stating
the name of the region of the spectrum and the name of a possible source of the radiation
associated with the given frequency.
Name of associated region
Frequency / Hz
Possible source
gamma radiation
1018
radioactive decay
1013
106
2208-6515
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[4]
27
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on the boundary between
two media. The dotted line is the normal to the boundary.
normal
medium 1
boundary
medium 2
The refractive index of medium 1 is n1 and that of medium 2 is n2 and n1>n2. The ray
is incident at an angle to the normal that is less than the critical angle.
(i)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram above, draw lines to show the paths of the ray after it is incident
on the boundary.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2208-6515
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M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
A converging lens L has principal foci at F. An object O is placed in front of the lens
as shown below.
(i)
principal
axis
[2]
Principal axis:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principal foci:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram above, construct rays to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(This question continues on the following page)
2208-6515
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M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(Question H3 continued)
(b) The image is formed at a distance of 25cm from the lens. The angular magnification
produced is 6.0.
(i)
[3]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the advantage of using the lens with the image formed at the near point of
the eye.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
Turn over
2208-6515
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30
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Light from a helium-neon laser passes through a narrow slit and is incident on
a screen 2.4m distance from the slit. The graph below shows the variation with
intensity I of the light on the screen of distance x along the screen.
[2]
10
(i)
10
x / mm
The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser is 630nm. Use data from the graph
above to determine the width of the slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State two changes to the intensity distribution of the central maximum when the
single slit is replaced by one of greater width.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6515
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[3]
[2]
31
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
Outline the reason why, when white light is reflected from the surface of an oil film, a system
of coloured fringes is observed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6515
3131
[3]
28
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction.
(a)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The diagram below shows the path of a ray of red light incident on a 45 prism.
C
45
glass
prism
red light
air
normal
A
90
(i)
45
B
(ii) Determine the minimum refractive index of the glass of the prism for total internal
reflection of the ray at face BC.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
(c)
The red light is replaced by blue light. Explain why the path of blue light is the same as
that of the red light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
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[3]
[2]
29
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(a)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15 cm. The object
is moved 5.0 cm closer to the lens. Determine the displacement of the image.
[4]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2208-6509
2932
30
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
The diagram shows two converging lenses adjusted to form an astronomical telescope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
The objective lens has a focal length fo and the eyepiece lens has a focal length fe. The objective
lens forms an image of a distant object at I. The final image is formed at infinity.
(a)
State, in terms of fo and fe, the separation of the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) On the diagram, draw rays to show the formation of the image produced by the
eyepiece lens.
[4]
(c)
(i)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State, in terms of fo and fe, , the angular magnification of the telescope.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
3032
[1]
31
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
incident light
1.2 104 m
screen
Diagram
not to scale
The graph shows the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on the screen.
relative
intensity
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
6
(a)
/ 103 rad
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Monochromatic light is incident on two parallel slits. After passing through the slits, the
light is incident on a screen. The separation of the slits is approximately twice the slit
width. On the axes above draw a graph to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen.
[2]
Turn over
2208-6509
3132
32
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
The diagram shows monochromatic light in air, that is incident on a thin film of silicon oxide of
thickness d.
normal
A B
incident ray
air
d
silicon oxide
air
The light is incident at an angle to the normal to the surface. Light is reflected along
directions A and B.
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The wavelength of the light in the silicon oxide film is 452 nm. The light is incident
normally on the surface so that = 0. Calculate the minimum thickness of the film such
that light along A and B undergoes destructive interference.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
The light incident on the film is replaced by white light. State and explain the appearance
of the film in this case.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
3232
[1]
[4]
[2]
26
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
Option H Optics
H1. The table below relates to the electromagnetic spectrum. Complete the table by stating
the name of the region of the spectrum and the name of a possible source of the radiation
associated with the given frequency.
Name of associated region
Frequency / Hz
Possible source
gamma radiation
1018
radioactive decay
1013
106
2208-6515
2631
[4]
27
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on the boundary between
two media. The dotted line is the normal to the boundary.
normal
medium 1
boundary
medium 2
The refractive index of medium 1 is n1 and that of medium 2 is n2 and n1>n2. The ray
is incident at an angle to the normal that is less than the critical angle.
(i)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram above, draw lines to show the paths of the ray after it is incident
on the boundary.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2208-6515
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28
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
A converging lens L has principal foci at F. An object O is placed in front of the lens
as shown below.
(i)
principal
axis
[2]
Principal axis:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principal foci:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram above, construct rays to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(This question continues on the following page)
2208-6515
2831
29
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(Question H3 continued)
(b) The image is formed at a distance of 25cm from the lens. The angular magnification
produced is 6.0.
(i)
[3]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the advantage of using the lens with the image formed at the near point of
the eye.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
Turn over
2208-6515
2931
30
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Light from a helium-neon laser passes through a narrow slit and is incident on
a screen 2.4m distance from the slit. The graph below shows the variation with
intensity I of the light on the screen of distance x along the screen.
[2]
10
(i)
10
x / mm
The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser is 630nm. Use data from the graph
above to determine the width of the slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State two changes to the intensity distribution of the central maximum when the
single slit is replaced by one of greater width.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6515
3031
[3]
[2]
31
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
Outline the reason why, when white light is reflected from the surface of an oil film, a system
of coloured fringes is observed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6515
3131
[3]
16
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Outline why the sky appears blue during the day and red during a sunset.
Blue sky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Red sky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G2.
[2]
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
(b) A small object is placed in front of a converging lens that will act as a magnifier.
The focal points of the lens are labeled with the letter F.
object
converging lens
[2]
1640
17
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question G2 continued)
(c)
A particular lens has a focal length of 9.0cm and the image is formed at the near point
which is 25cm from the lens.
Assuming that the eye is very close to the lens determine the
(i)
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The angular magnification of the lens increases with decreasing focal length.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2209-6509
1740
18
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Monochromatic, coherent light is incident on two narrow parallel slits whose widths are small
compared to their separation. After passing through the slits the light is brought to a focus on a
screen producing interference fringes. Point X is the midpoint of the slits.
light
slit
X
slit
screen
(a)
(i)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The wavelength of light is 6.80 107 m and the separation of the slits is
1.13 104 m . Show that for the first order maximum = 6.02 103 rad .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[1]
2209-6509
1840
19
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question G3 continued)
(iii) On the axes below draw a graph to show how the intensity of light observed on the
screen varies with angle . (You do not have to put numbers on the vertical axis.)
[3]
Intensity
20 15 10 5
0
0
10
15
20
/ 103 rad
(b) The two slits are replaced by a large number of slits whose widths and separation are the
same as in (a).
State the changes, if any, in the intensity pattern you drew in (a)(iii) with reference to
(i)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
[1]
[1]
Turn over
2209-6509
1940
20
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(a)
Electrons are accelerated from rest by a potential difference. They strike a metal target
and the resulting X-ray spectrum is shown below.
Intensity
(i)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0 / 10-10 m
State and explain what may be deduced about the energy levels of the atoms of the
metal from the fact that this spectrum does not contain any characteristic lines.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
(ii) Outline the mechanism by which the photons of wavelength 2.0 10 m are
produced.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Calculate the potential difference through which the electrons have been
accelerated.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[2]
[2]
2209-6509
2040
21
M09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question G4 continued)
(b) X-rays are incident on a crystal surface making an angle 1 with the surface. The scattered
X-rays make an angle 2 with the surface. In the diagram below the circles, that are
separated by a distance d, represent lattice ions of the crystal.
scattered
X-rays
incident
X-rays
1
d
The path difference between the two scattered rays is d (cos 1 cos 2 ) .
(i)
State and explain the condition for constructive interference between the two
scattered rays shown.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
(ii) The wavelength of the X-rays is 4.20 1010 m . A maximum in the intensity of
the scattered X-rays is first observed at an angle = 34.5 . Determine the separation
[2]
of the atomic planes that give rise to this maximum.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2209-6509
2140
15
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(a)
The transmission from a television station has a frequency of 100MHz. It is known that
the electromagnetic waves associated with this transmission produce a magnetic field.
State one reason why a compass does not respond to this field.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) It is proposed that instead of using radio waves for television transmission gamma-rays
are used.
(i)
[1]
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
8809-6503
1536
16
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(a)
convex lens
principal axis
white light
On the diagram, after refraction in the lens, draw the paths for the rays of red light and
blue light present in the white light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[3]
[1]
8809-6503
1636
17
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question G2 continued)
(d) An object is placed 5.0cm from the lens and is illuminated with red light. The focal
length of the lens for red light is 8.0cm. Calculate the
(i)
[2]
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[1]
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Turn over
8809-6503
1736
18
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(a)
Light from a laser is incident on two identical parallel slits whose width is small
compared to their separation.
double slit
screen
0.50mm
2.0m
(diagram not to scale)
After passing through the slits the light is incident on a screen. The separation of the
slits is 0.50mm and the distance between slits and screen is 2.0m. The wavelength of
the light is 700nm.
(i)
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(iii) Describe the effect that increasing the number of slits would have on the intensity
pattern on the screen.
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[1]
[2]
[2]
8809-6503
1836
19
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question G3 continued)
(b) The slits in (a) are replaced with a diffraction grating that has 3.5105 lines per metre.
Determine the number of positions of maximum intensity that will be observed on
[3]
the screen.
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Turn over
8809-6503
1936
20
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
A transparent thin film is sometimes used to coat spectacle lenses as shown in the diagram
below.
a ir, refractive
index=1.00
coating, refractive
index=1.30
incoming
light
boundary A
boundary B
(a)
(i)
[1]
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[1]
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(b) Light of wavelength 570nm in air is incident on the coating. Determine the smallest
thickness of the coating required so that the reflection is minimized for normal incidence.
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8809-6503
2036
[1]
[2]
21
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(a)
The diagram below is a sketch that shows the X-ray spectra produced by electrons of
energy 25keV and of energy 20keV striking a molybdenum target.
25keV
X-ray intensity
20keV
wavelength
[2]
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(b) Show that the minimum X-ray wavelength produced by the 25keV electrons in (a) is
0.050nm.
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(c)
The wavelengths of the X-rays in (a) are measured by scattering them from the surface
of a crystal that has a cubic lattice structure. The spacing of the lattice ions is 0.28nm.
Calculate the wavelength of the X-rays that produce a first order Bragg angle of 21.
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[2]
[1]
Turn over
8809-6503
2136
11
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(a)
objective lens
eye lens
The focal points of the objective lens are at F. The microscope is in normal adjustment.
Without drawing a ray diagram, label the approximate positions, on the principal axis, of
[1]
(i)
the image produced by the objective lens (label this position X).
(ii) the focal points of the eye lens (label these points E).
[1]
[1]
(b) An object is viewed through a convex lens that has been corrected for spherical aberration.
For a particular object distance, the image of the object is as shown below.
Turn over
2210-6509
1128
12
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question G1 continued)
Another convex lens of the same focal length, but not corrected for spherical aberration,
is now used to view the object. The object distance is unchanged.
In the space below, draw the image as it would be seen through this second lens.
The image as seen through the corrected lens is shown as a broken line.
[2]
(c)
Explain how chromatic aberration arises when an object is viewed through a single lens.
[2]
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(a)
(i)
[1]
red light.
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[1]
(b) With reference to your answers in (a), explain why the setting Sun appears reddish
[3]
in colour.
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2210-6509
1228
13
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
A double slit is arranged so that its plane is normal to a beam of laser light, as shown below.
2.4 m
laser light
wavelength
640 nm
0.85 mm
double
slit
screen
The wavelength of the light is 640nm. The slit separation in the double slit arrangement
is 0.85mm. Coherent light emerges from the slits and an interference pattern is observed on
a screen. The screen is parallel to the plane of the double slits. The distance between the slits
and the screen is 2.4m.
(a)
(i)
[1]
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[3]
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[2]
(b) Calculate the separation of the fringes in the interference pattern on the screen.
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(This question continues on the following page)
Turn over
2210-6509
1328
14
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(Question G3 continued)
(c)
The interference pattern in (b) consists of a series of alternate light and dark fringes.
The intensity of the light from one slit is now reduced. Suggest the effect on the appearance
of the fringes.
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[2]
(a)
In an X-ray tube having a tungsten target, electrons are accelerated from rest through a
potential difference of 45kV.
Calculate the range of wavelengths that will be observed in the X-ray spectrum produced
by this bombardment.
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2210-6509
1428
[3]
[3]
15
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on a thin film in air.
thin
film
On the diagram, draw the paths of rays that would give rise to interference as seen by
an eye in the region near E.
[2]
(b) White light is incident on a soap bubble. Explain why the soap film appears coloured.
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[2]
Turn over
2210-6509
1528
14
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
[3]
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(b) State two ways in which light emitted by a laser differs from light emitted from an
ordinary filament lamp.
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2210-6515
1439
[2]
15
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
objective lens
eyepiece lens
F
20mm
60mm
F
24mm
The focal length of the objective lens is 20mm and that of the eyepiece lens is 60mm. A small
object is placed at a distance of 24mm from the objective lens. The microscope produces a
final virtual image of the object at a distance of 240mm from the eyepiece lens.
(a)
(i)
Determine, by calculation, the distance from the objective lens of the image
formed by the objective lens.
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[1]
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(iii) Determine the distance of the image formed by the objective lens from the
eyepiece lens.
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[2]
[2]
[2]
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Turn over
2210-6515
1539
16
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
A
B
screen
(i)
On the axes below, sketch the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on
the screen.
[2]
intensity
(ii) The separation of the slits is 0.120mm and the wavelength of the light is
6.80 107m. The distance between the slits and the screen is 1.40m. Calculate the
separation of the bright fringes on the screen.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
1639
17
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G3 continued)
(b) Slit A is covered with a transparent piece of glass. The effect of the glass is to increase
the path length of the light from the slit to the screen by half a wavelength. It may be
assumed that the amount of light absorbed by the glass is negligible. State and explain
the effect(s), if any, of the glass on the
(i)
[2]
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[2]
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Turn over
2210-6515
1739
18
M10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
In an X-ray tube electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference and strike
a metal target.
(a)
[2]
intensity
wavelength
(b) Identify the mechanism by which the different regions of the X-ray spectrum are
produced.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c)
[3]
In a particular X-ray tube the electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential
difference of 24kV. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced is 4.8 1011m.
[3]
Determine a value for the Planck constant.
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(d) X-rays of wavelength 2.25 1010m are directed towards the surface of a crystal. A strong
first order reflected X-ray beam is observed when the X-rays make an angle of 28.1 with
the crystal surface. Determine the separation of the atomic planes in the crystal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2210-6515
1839
[2]
14
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(a)
With reference to the light waves emitted by a laser, state what is meant by the terms
(i)
[1]
monochromatic.
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[1]
(ii) coherent.
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8810-6503
1434
15
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G1 continued)
(b) The diagram (not to scale) shows three of the energy levels of a substance used to produce
laser light.
E0+2.3eV
excited state
E0+1.8eV
metastable state
energy
E0
(i)
ground state
[1]
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(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the transition that results in a
population inversion. Label the arrow P.
[1]
(iii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the transition that results in a pulse
of laser light. Label the arrow L.
[1]
(iv) Deduce that the wavelength of the emitted laser light is 690nm.
[1]
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Turn over
8810-6503
1534
16
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
The diagram (not to scale) shows the arrangement of the two convex lenses in an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
light from
distant star
FE
The telescope is used to observe a distant star. One of the focal points of the eyepiece lens is
labelled FE.
(a)
(i)
(ii) label, with the symbol FO, the position of the focal point of the objective lens that is
in between the two lenses.
[1]
[3]
(b) In a particular astronomical telescope, the eyepiece lens has a power of 40 dioptres and
the objective lens a power of 0.80 dioptres. Determine the angular magnification of the
telescope in normal adjustment.
label, with the symbol FE, the position of the other focal point of the eyepiece lens.
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(c)
Objective lens: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eyepiece lens:
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8810-6503
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[1]
[2]
[2]
17
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(a)
d
incident beam
slits
lens
screen
The distance between the slits is d and the wavelength of the light is .
(i)
On the diagram, construct a line that enables the path difference between the rays
from two adjacent slits to be shown. Label the path distance L.
[1]
(ii) Use your answer to (a)(i) to derive the condition, in terms of d and , for there
to be a maximum of intensity at the point P on the screen.
[2]
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(b) For a particular grating, the distance between adjacent slits is 2.0106m. Determine, for
light of wavelength 520nm, the maximum theoretical order of diffraction.
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[2]
Turn over
8810-6503
1734
18
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(a)
The diagram represents some of the atoms in two layers of a cubic crystal lattice.
Use the diagram to outline how diffraction arises from the scattering of X-rays by
a crystal.
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(b) X-rays of wavelength 87pm are scattered by a crystal whose atoms are arranged in a
cubic lattice. The smallest scattering angle for which a maximum of the scattered X-ray
is observed is 18. Calculate the spacing between adjacent atoms in the crystal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8810-6503
1834
[3]
[2]
19
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
The diagram (not to scale) represents an experimental set-up designed to measure the diameter
of a human hair.
monochromatic light
travelling microscope
microscope slides
glass plate
human hair
A hair is used to separate two microscope slides. A monochromatic beam of light is reflected
onto the two slides by the glass plate. The light is then reflected from the two slides and
transmitted through the glass plate and is viewed by the travelling microscope.
(a)
State why the light reflected from the two microscope slides produces a system of
interference fringes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The condition that a bright fringe is observed in the field of view of the travelling
microscope is given by the relationship
[1]
2t = (m + 12 )
where t is the thickness of the air film formed by the wedge at the point where the
bright fringe is observed, m is an integer and is the wavelength of the incident light.
1
2
[1]
in the relationship.
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(c)
In the diagram, the length of the slides is 5.00cm. The wavelength of the monochromatic
light is 5.92107m. Using the travelling microscope it is observed that 50 fringes
occupy a length of 0.940cm. Show that the diameter of the hair used to separate the
slides is about 80m.
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[3]
Turn over
8810-6503
1934
16
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(a)
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[1]
[2]
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1648
17
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G1 continued)
(c)
A narrow beam, consisting of a mixture of red and blue light, is incident upon a rectangular
glass block. The normal to the incident surface is shown.
incident red
and blue beams
normal
air
glass
On the diagram above, draw labelled lines to show the paths of the red and blue beams,
as they pass through the glass block and out to the air on the other side.
[2]
Turn over
1748
18
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
The diagram below, drawn to scale, shows a small object O placed in front of a thin convex
(converging) lens. The focal points of the lens are shown, labelled F. The lens is represented by
the straight line XY.
O
F
(a)
(i)
[2]
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(ii) On the diagram above, construct the paths of two rays in order to locate the position
of the image formed by the lens. Label the image I.
[3]
[1]
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1848
19
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(b) A converging lens, of focal length 5.0cm, is used as a simple magnifying glass to view
an object of length 0.80cm. The observers eye is very close to the lens. The image is
formed at the near point (25cm).
[2]
(i)
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[2]
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Turn over
1948
20
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
G3. This question is about using a diffraction grating to view the emission spectrum of sodium.
Light from a sodium discharge tube is incident normally upon a diffraction grating having
8.00 105 lines per metre. The spectrum contains a double yellow line of wavelengths 589nm
and 590nm.
(a)
Determine the angular separation of the two lines when viewed in the second order
spectrum.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) State why it is more difficult to observe the double yellow line when viewed in the first
order spectrum.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2048
[4]
[1]
21
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 25kV and strike a molybdenum target.
The resulting X-ray spectrum is shown below.
5
4
3
intensity /
relative units
2
1
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
WAVELENGTH
wavelength //1010 m.
(a)
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(b) On the graph above, sketch the X-ray spectrum that would be produced.
[2]
[3]
Turn over
2148
22
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
One flat, glass slide is placed at an angle on top of a second identical slide. The slides are
in contact along one short edge and are separated at the other edge by a thin piece of paper,
as shown below.
light
glass slide
air
paper
L
(diagram not to scale)
A thin wedge of air of variable thickness, t, is trapped between the two slides. The arrangement
is viewed normally from above, using light of wavelength 590nm. The glass plates are coated,
so that reflection only takes place at the bottom surface of the top plate and the top surface of
the bottom plate.
A series of straight bright and dark fringes, equally separated and parallel to the short edge of the
slides, is seen.
(a)
Deduce that the thickness of the air wedgetthat gives rise to a bright fringe, is given
by 2t = (m + 12 ).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
2248
23
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G5 continued)
(b) The length of the air wedge, L, is 8.2cm. The bright fringes are each separated by a
distance of 1.2mm. Calculate the thickness of the paper.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[3]
Turn over
2348
16
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
1.
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2.
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(b) A single lens is used to form a magnified real image of an object. Explain, with reference
to the dispersion of light, why the image has coloured edges.
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(c)
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1640
[2]
[3]
[2]
17
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
[2]
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(b) A thin converging lens of focal length 4.5cm is to be used as a magnifying glass.
The observer places the lens close to her eye. The least distance of distinct vision
is 24cm.
[1]
(i)
Show that the distance of the object from the lens is 3.8cm.
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[4]
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Turn over
1740
18
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(c)
Suggest two reasons why, for high magnifications, a combination of lenses is used
rather than a single lens.
1.
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2.
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[2]
Two coherent narrow beams of light pass through two identical evacuated tubes, as shown below.
evacuated tube
lens
c oherent narrow
beams of light
screen
evacuated tube
The two coherent narrow beams are brought to a focus at point P on a screen.
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
1840
19
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G3 continued)
(b) State, with reference to the wavelength, the condition that must be satisfied for a
bright fringe to be formed on the screen at point P.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c)
Air is allowed to enter gradually into one of the evacuated tubes. The brightness of
the light at point P is seen to decrease and then increase again repeatedly.
(i)
State the effect on the wavelength of the light in the evacuated tube as the air
is introduced.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
[1]
[1]
(ii) Suggest why there is a variation in the brightness of the light at point P.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Turn over
1940
20
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
An X-ray tube fitted with a copper target emits radiation with a characteristic wavelength
of 1.54 1010m.
(a)
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(b) The X-ray beam is incident on a sodium chloride crystal. The minimum angle at which
the X-rays of wavelength 1.54 1010m reinforce constructively when scattered from a
plane of atoms in the crystal is 15.9, as shown below.
X-ray beam
[3]
(i)
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[3]
2040
21
M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G4 continued)
(ii) Determine any other values of at which maximum intensity occurs for the
X-ray beam scattered from the crystal.
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(c)
State why it is preferable to measure more than one angle in order to determine the
spacing of the planes of atoms.
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[2]
[2]
Turn over
2140
16
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
[2]
(a)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain why the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
(a)
A convex lens used as a magnifying glass has a focal length of fe. Derive an
expression for the angular magnification when the image is at the near point D.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[3]
1640
17
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(b) The convex lens in (a) is used as the eyepiece of a compound microscope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
object
fo
fo
fe
fe
(i)
(ii) Calculate the distance of the intermediate image from the objective lens.
Draw rays on the diagram to show the formation of the intermediate image.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Turn over
1740
18
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(c)
Lenses used in the compound microscope are subject to spherical aberration and
chromatic aberration.
(i)
spherical aberration.
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[2]
[2]
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1840
19
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
Coherent light is incident at right angles to a double slit. An interference pattern is observed
on a distant screen.
(not to scale)
coherent light
(a)
double slit
screen
The width of both slits is now increased without altering their separation. State and
explain the effect, if any, of this increase on the intensity of the bright fringes and the
appearance of the dark fringes.
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(b) The number of slits is now increased. State and explain the effect, if any, this has on the
appearance of the bright fringes.
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[3]
[2]
Turn over
1940
20
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
The diagram shows two thin glass plates used to form a thin air wedge.
monochromatic light
A beam of monochromatic light is incident on the air wedge. The reflected light is observed
through a microscope and a pattern of equally spaced parallel fringes is observed.
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[3]
(b) State and explain how the fringe separation changes if the angle of the wedge is
increased slightly.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2040
[2]
21
N11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
The diagram shows the X-ray spectrum produced by the collision of electrons with a
molybdenum target.
intensity
wavelength
[3]
(a)
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[2]
Turn over
2140
18
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(a)
(i)
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(ii) Derive an equation for the angular magnification of a magnifying glass with the
image at infinity.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
[3]
1848
19
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G1 continued)
(b) An object is positioned 8.00cm from a magnifying glass of focal length 15.0cm.
[2]
(i)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
(iii) The image is upright and magnified. State a further property of the image.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
1948
20
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(a)
(i)
State two ways that laser light differs from light emitted by an ordinary filament
lamp.
1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
[4]
2048
21
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(b) (i)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
[4]
Turn over
2148
22
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(a)
anode / target
electron beam
cathode
X-ray beam
(i)
(ii) The energy spectrum of the X-rays shows characteristic lines. Explain the origin of
these lines.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
[3]
2248
23
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G3 continued)
(iii) Deduce the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced when a beam of electrons of
energy 25.0keV is incident on the target of the X-ray tube.
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[2]
Turn over
2348
24
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX
(Question G3 continued)
scattered beam
crystal planes
d
(i)
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(ii) X-rays of wavelength 4.00 1011m produce the first maximum with a scattering
angle of 26.4. Calculate the spacing of the crystal planes d.
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2448
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M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
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(b) State two cases in which electrons may produce electromagnetic waves.
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1444
[2]
[2]
15
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
A particular astronomical telescope is being used to observe the Moon. The ray diagram
shows the position P of the intermediate image of the Moon formed by the objective lens.
rays from
the Moon
90cm
objective lens
eyepiece lens
(a)
(i)
(ii) draw rays to determine the location of the final image of the Moon.
label with the letter F the two focal points of the eyepiece lens.
(not to scale)
[1]
[3]
Turn over
1544
16
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(b) The diameter of the Moon subtends an angle of 8.7 103rad at the unaided eye.
(i)
Determine the diameter of the image of the Moon formed by the objective lens.
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(ii) The focal length of the eyepiece is 30cm. Calculate the angle that the final image
of the Moon subtends at the eyepiece.
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1644
[2]
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M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(a)
Light from a monochromatic source is incident at right angles to two slits. After passing
through the slits the light is incident on a distant screen. Point M is the mid-point of
the screen.
Q
monochromatic
light source
slits
screen
(not to scale)
The separation of the slits is large compared to their width. A pattern of light and
dark fringes is observed on the screen.
(i)
State the phenomenon that enables light to reach point M on the screen.
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[1]
(ii) On the axes below, sketch the intensity of light as observed on the screen as a
function of the angle . (You do not have to put any numbers on the axes.)
[3]
intensity
0
M
18
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G3 continued)
(iii) The distance of the screen from the slits is 1.8m and the slit separation is 0.12mm.
The wavelength of the light is 650nm. Point Q on the screen shows the position of
the first dark fringe.
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[2]
(b) Suggest why, even though there are dark fringes in the pattern, no energy is lost.
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1844
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M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
X-rays are incident on a single crystal of quartz. The diagram shows two adjacent atomic
planes and X-rays that are incident at an angle to the crystal planes.
d
d
(a)
An intense scattered beam is observed for certain values of the angle . Explain, with
reference to the diagram, this observation.
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(b) The smallest angle for which an intense scattered beam is observed is = 11.2.
The wavelength of the X-rays is 8.24 1010m.
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[3]
[2]
Turn over
1944
20
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
A piece of glass of refractive index 1.62 is covered with a thin film of magnesium fluoride of
thickness t and refractive index 1.38. The diagram shows a ray of monochromatic light incident
on the film at an angle to the normal.
normal
glass, n = 1.62
X is a ray reflected from the surface of the film and Y is reflected from the surface of the glass.
(a)
Show that when = 0 the condition for destructive interference between rays X and Y is
2t = (m + 12 )
where m is an integer and is the wavelength of light in the magnesium fluoride film.
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[2]
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21
M12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
(Question G5 continued)
(b) Light of wavelength 640nm in air is incident normally on the glass surface.
[1]
(i)
Show that the wavelength of light in the magnesium fluoride film is 464nm.
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(ii) Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for which no light will be reflected
back into the air.
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[2]
Turn over
2144
20
N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(a)
State the condition necessary to observe interference between two light sources.
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(b) The diagram below shows an arrangement for observing a double slit interference pattern.
A parallel beam of coherent light of wavelength 410nm is incident on two parallel
narrow slits separated by 0.30mm. A screen is placed 1.60m beyond the slits.
incident light
0.30mm
[1]
1.60m
double slit
screen
(not to scale)
[2]
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21
N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G1 continued)
(c)
The slits in (b) are replaced by a large number of slits of the same width and separation
as the double slit. Describe the effects that this change will have on the appearance of the
fringes on the screen.
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[3]
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2148
22
N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
G2. This question is about the simple magnifying glass and the compound microscope.
(a)
[1]
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(b) A converging lens is used as a magnifying glass. On the diagram draw rays to construct
the image of the object, o.
[3]
converging lens
2248
23
N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(c)
The lens has a focal length f. When the image is formed at the near point, the distance u
of the object from the lens is given by
u=
fD
D+ f
D
.
f
[2]
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Turn over
2348
24
N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
(Question G2 continued)
(d) A compound microscope consists of an eyepiece lens of focal length 6.0cm and an
objective lens of focal length 2.8cm. An object is placed 3.4cm from the objective lens
and the final image of the object is formed by the microscope at the near point.
Determine the
(i)
angular magnification of the eyepiece. Take the near point distance to be 25cm.
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(ii) distance from the objective lens of the intermediate image formed by this lens.
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2448
[1]
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N12/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX
Explain, with reference to the scattering of light, why the sky appears red at sunset.
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(a)
(i)
State and explain how the continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra are produced.
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[4]
[2]
2648
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(Question G4 continued)
(b) (i)
Some X-rays are produced by an accelerating potential of 25kV. Show that the
minimum wavelength of these X-rays is 5.01011m.
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scattered
X-rays
19
19
d
[2]
[2]
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Turn over
2748