Range :bms

Tower
Fm
Tv
Wi-f
Cell

Range
88-108Mhz
180-220Mhz
2.4-2.5Ghz
800-1800Mhz

Antennas on cell tower transmit in the frequency range of :

869-890Mhz(CDMA)
935-960 Mhz(GSM900)
1805-1880Mhz(GSM1800)
2110-2170Mhz(3G)
GSM (Global system for mobile communication) :- 2G
GPRS (General packet radio service)/ EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)) :-2.5G
UMTS (Universal mobile telecommunications system) /WCDMA (Wide code
data multiple access) :-3G
HSPA (High speed data packet access):- 3.5G
LTE (Long term evolution) :-4G
Ground Base Tower (GBT) : tower Avg. height 30-60 meter
Roof Top Tower :Avg. tower height 18-27meter
Roof Top Pole: 3,6,9 meter
Base Transceiver station(BTS): A BTS acts as the interface between MS and
Network by providing radio coverage functions from their antenna .
Base Station Controller(BSC): The BSC is connected on one side to one or
several BTSs and on the other side to the MSC. The main function of the BSC is
allocation and release of radio channels and the handover management.
Mobile Switching Center(MSC) : The MSC performs the switching of calls
between the mobile and other fxed or mobile network users, as well as the
management of mobile services such as registration handovers and call .it also
performs such functions as toll ticketing ,network interfacing .Every MSC is
identifed by a unique ID.

Home Location Register(HLR) : The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database
as it stores permanent data about subscribers
Visitor Location Register(VLR): The VLR contains roaming information. once the
visited system detects the mobile, the VLR of that system enquires the HLR to make
sure you are a valid subscriber.
Authentication Center (AuC): The Authentication center is a database that store
a copy of the secret key stored in each subscribers SIM card, which is used for
authentication and ciphering of the radio channel.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): is a database that store data related to the
mobile equipment .it contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network
,where each mobile station is identifed by Intemational Mobile Equipment
Identity(IMEI)
RxLev : Receiving level in terms of dBM that mobile is receiving from the site.
Range of -0 to -65 excellent -65 to -75 very good -75 to -85 good -85 to -95
poor -95 to to -110dBm.bad
Rx Qual : receiving quality of voice (0 to 3 Excellent 3 to 4 Average 4 to 7
Worst) depend on BER.

SQL : it is the Speech Quality Index which is based on No of Frames Erased

and no of Bits Erased. (25 to 31 Excellent 25 to 14 Good 5 to 14
Average -5 to 5 Worst)
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers (ARFCNs) : is a unique number
given to each radio channel in GSM. The ARFCN can be used to calculate the exact
frequency of the radio channel.
Bit Error Rate : A ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits
transmitted in a given time interval. BER is a measure for the voice quality in
network.
Frame Erasure /Error Rate (FER) : Percentage of frames being dropped .
TA (Timing Advance): The RF communication a propagation delay over the
distance between BTS to MS. In this order synchronize the MS to the BTS.TA 0-65
bits length , delay 0-255ms ,mobile range -35km
Which shows how much meters we r away from BTS. if Ta=0 means 500maway from
BTS.
LA(Local Area) :-La is defne as a group of cells within the network.

DTX(Discontinues Transmission):-Is a mechanism which allows the radio

transmitter to be switched off most of the time.
Cluster :-This is test is mainly use to check the network accessibility and retain
ability. (range 50) .
Scrambling Code :- Each cell in the network is assigned a primary scrambling code
(0-511,512-very carefully)
Handover :-is progress form one cell to another cell.
Hard handover : Hard Handover means connection is broken with Active BTS sell
before new connection with neighbor cell is made.
Soft Handover : means connection with new BTS is frst made before the
connection with the active BTS cell is broken
Intra cell Handover :- A handover within one sector or between different sectors
of the same cell. An intra-cell handover does not require network connections to
altered.
Inter-cell Handover :- A handover between different cells. An inter-cell handover
requires network connections to be altered.
Location area :- To keep paging performance within a safe range, it is necessary to
form cluster and page only the cluster of cells for which the MS is known to be
situated, these cell cluster are called location area.
Location Update:- this procedure allows the network to keep track of the mobile
station to direct the incoming call.
MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset ) : the offset from the initial point in an
array of frequency.
Which shows from where the hopping will starts.
Hopping Sequence Number (HNS) :will shows the different algorithms used in
frequency hopping.
MA (Mobile Allocation): all frequency available for frequency hopping in the cell
Cell GPRS support :Tells sector is having GPRS or Not.
Band: Tells in which Freq .band is operating EX : 900,900E,1800.
BCCH ARFCN : which BCCH is the mobile station getting served.
TCH ARFCH : which Traffic Freq. call is going on .

Hopping Channel : it shows that current sector is having hopping feature or not
.values are Yes or No .
Hopping Frequencies : it displays no. of Freq. on which mobile is allowed to
hop.viz .MA list for hopping of that sector.

What are the prominent results behind CALL GROP

Low single strength(bad rx level)

Missing neighbor(handover not defne)
Bad rx quality
Interference
BTS related hardware
Hardware problem
Radio link timer out(when become zero)

Handover failure reasons

Low signal strength or bad quality on target cell

Hardware problems in target cell
Interference in target cell

What is a dongle ?
It is license key for the network radio parameters. it is used with TEMS ,PROBE
AND NEMO.