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a=
b=
2
3
d=
2
3
2
3
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c=
2
3
Consider
1
3
followed by
4
2
The equivalent is
1
3
5
1
4
2
5
1
Example:
2
3
2
3
1
4
1
4
2 (1)
(3) 4
2 (1)
(3) 4
Example:
2x
2
3
2 x 2
2 x (3)
Page
4
6
Exercise 3
1.
2
3
1
4
4. If u =
3
4
3
9
2
5
5.
2.
1
3
, v=
6
8
and w =
6.
3
10
2
1
2
4
3.
1
2
, find (a) u + v
3
7
7.
5
7
(b) u + v + w
a
b
c
d
8. Find x:
(a) x +
9. u =
1
2
2
3
and v =
3
1
(a) 3u + 3v
10. p =
3
1
and q =
(a) 3(p + q)
5
7
(b) x -
2
3
5
7
, find
(b) 3(u + v)
1
5
(c) 5u - 5v
, find
(b)
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(d) 5(u - v)
1
0
0
1
as j.
Example:
= 2i + 3j
Example:
In numerical form
3
2
In i, j form
4
1
7
3
Exercise 4
1. u =
3
2
and v =
(a) 2u + 5v
2. u =
2
2
,v=
1
3
(a) 2v + u
3. a =
5
2
,b=
(a) 3b - c
4
1
4
3
and w =
2
1
(b) 3v - w
and c =
2
1
(c) 2w - u
(b) b - 2a
(c) 3c - 4b
(a) 2p + q
(b) p - 3q
(c) 3p + 2q
(d) 2(p + q)
(e) -4p - q
(f) 2p - 4q
Position Vectors
This is the vector from the origin to a given point.
Example:
4
3
2
1
O
3
3
4
= 3i + 4j.
Note that the coordinates of A are the components of its position vector.
We can use the position vectors of two points to find the vector joining the two
points.
Example:
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y
A
a
O
x
b
B
a = 6i + j
b = 5i - 4j
a
O
b
B
AB = -a + b = b - a
This rule can be used to find the vector joining any two points if we know the
coordinates of the points and hence their position vectors.
In words, the rule states that the vector from one point to another is the
position vector of the SECOND point minus the position vector of the FIRST
point.
For the above example, AB = b - a
= (6i + j) - (5i - 4j)
= i + 5j or
Example:
1
5
q = -2i - 3j
=q-p
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Exercise 5
1. P is the point (2,3) and Q is the point (7,5). Write down the position vectors
of OP and OQ in component form. Calculate the components of the vector
PQ.
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Answers
Exercise 3
1.
1
1
5.
1
4
9. (a)
2.
6.
3
2
5
3
7.
12
3
10. (a)
3.
12
12
(b)
12
3
(b)
1
3
6
5
4. (a)
a c
b d
8. (a)
(c)
10
15
(c)
11
25
3
4
2
7
(b)
(b)
7
10
(d)
10
15
0
6
Exercise 4
1. (a)
26
11
2. (a)
0
8
3. (a)
14
2
, 26i + 11j
, 8j
4. (a) 5i - j
(b)
1
8
(b)
, i + 8j
, -14i + 2j
(c)
(b)
(b) -i - 18j
0
17
6
5
(c) 8i + j
, -17j
6
0
, 6i
, 6i + 5j
(c)
(d) 6i + 4j
(e) -9i + 7j
Exercise 5
1. OP =
2
3
, OQ =
7
5
, PQ =
5
2
0 4 4
2. 1 , 2 , 3
3. (a)
4
0
4. a = 4i
6 2
, 2 , 1
b = -3i + j
10
7
2 8 6
(b) 2 , 1 , 1
c = -6j
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d = i - 3j
, -10i + 7j
(f) -26j
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Consider a =
3
4
a
4
3
We write the length of a as | a |.
We can use Pythagoras's Theorem to find the length of a.
| a | = (32 + 42) = 5
In general, if p =
a
b
Exercise 1
1. Write down the lengths of the following, leaving in square roots where
necessary.
(a)
2
1
(e)
3
2
(b)
1
8
(f)
4
3
(c)
4
7
(d)
12
5
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Answers
Exercise 1
1. (a) 5
(b) 65
2. (a) F
(b) T
3. (a) 41
(b) 10
(c) 65
(d) 13
(c) 41
(d) 58
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ac = | ac |
TUTORIAL
Q1. Determine by calculation the magnitude and direction of the force F in
each of the following, and hence express in polar form:
a)
b)
c)
d)
8 35o
b)
21 83o
c)
6.5 54o
d)
15.8 65o
e)
12.4 42o
f)
16 28o
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ANSWERS
Q1.
a) 10 53.1o
b) 7.6 23.2o
c) 10.6 37o
a) (6.55, 4.59)
b) (2.56, 20.84)
c) (3.82, 5.26)
d) (6.68, 14.3)
e) (9.21, 8.30)
f) (14.13, 7.51)
d) 14.6 32.7o
Q2.
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DotProduct
Thesearevectors:
Theycanbemultipliedusingthe"DotProduct"
Calculating
YoucancalculatetheDotProductoftwovectorsthisway:
ab=|a||b|cos()
Where:
|a|isthemagnitude(length)ofvectora
|b|isthemagnitude(length)ofvectorb
istheanglebetweenaandb
Sowemultiplythelengthofatimesthelengthofb,thenmultiplybythecosineof
theanglebetweenaandb
ORyoucancalculateitthisway:
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ab=axbx+ayby
Sowemultiplythex's,multiplythey's,thenadd.
Bothmethodswork!
Example:Calculatethedotproductofvectorsaandb:
ab=|a||b|cos()
ab=1013cos(59.5)
ab=10130.5075...
ab=65.98...=66(rounded)
ab=axbx+ayby
ab=65+812
ab=30+96
ab=66
Bothmethodscameupwiththesameresult(afterrounding)
Alsonotethatweusedminus6forax(itisheadinginthenegativexdirection)
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RightAngles
Whentwovectorsareatrightanglestoeachotherthedotproductiszero.
Example:calculatetheDotProductfor:
ab=|a||b|cos()
ab=|a||b|cos(90)
ab=|a||b|0
ab=0
ab=axbx+ayby
ab=1212+169
ab=144+144
ab=0
Thiscanbeahandywaytofindoutiftwovectorsareatrightangles.
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ThreeorMoreDimensions
Thisallworksfinein3(ormore)dimensions,too.
Example:Findtheanglebetweenthefollowingvectors:
Wehave3dimensions,sodon'tforgetthezcomponents:
ab=axbx+ayby+azbz
ab=94+28+710
ab=36+16+70
ab=122
Nowfortheotherformula:
ab=|a||b|cos()
Butwhatis|a|?Itisthemagnitude,orlength,ofthevectora.Wecanuse
Pythagoras:
|a|=(42+82+102)
|a|=(16+64+100)
|a|=180
Likewisefor|b|:
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|b|=(92+22+72)
|b|=(81+4+49)
|b|=134
Andweknowfromthecalculationabovethatab=122,so:
ab=|a||b|cos()
122=180134cos()
cos()=122/(180134)
cos()=0.7855...
=cos1(0.7855...)=38.2...
TheDotProductgivesascalar(ordinarynumber)answer,andissometimescalled
thescalarproduct.
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EXERCISE
Calculate the CROSS PRODUCT magnitude for the following vectors:
1.
2.
[ |a b|=11.7 ]
[ |a b|=0.0212
|a|=4 , |b|=1 , =5
|a|=4 , |b|=1 , =90
|a|=2.34 , |b|=9.34 , =13.3
[ |a b|=0.349 ]
[ |a b|=4 ]
[ |a b|=5.03 ]
]
3.
4.
5.
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