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SKPP 1313
CHAPTER 4:
DRILLING OPERATIONS
Assoc. Prof. Issham Ismail
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engineering
Universiti Technologi Malaysia
COURSE CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Oil Rigs
Rotary Drilling
Well Control
Drilling Procedure
Directional Drilling
Drilling Problems
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Marine Rigs
Land Rigs
Heavy Land Rig
Light Land Rig
Platform
Drilling Barge
Submersible
(6)
(7)
Dig cellar
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(1, 2) conventional fixed platforms; (3) compliant tower; (4, 5) vertically moored
tension leg and mini-tension leg platform; (6) Spar ; (7,8) Semi-submersibles ; (9)
Floating production, storage, and offloading facility; (10) sub-sea completion and
tie-back to host facility.
CHAPTER 4: DRILLING OPERATIONS
(12)
(13)
(14)
Semi Submersible
(15)
Semi Submersible
(16)
Semi Submersible
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(2) Platform
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
Steel-Caisson Platform
(29)
Compliant Platform
(30)
Compliant Platform
(3) Jack up
(32)
Jack up
(33)
Jack up - Transportation
(34)
(35)
Drill Ship
(36)
(5) FPSO
(37)
FPSO
(38)
(39)
Rotary Drilling
(40)
Rotary Drilling
(41)
Rotary Drilling
(42)
Rotary Drilling
(43)
Rotary Drilling
(44)
Rotary Drilling
Prime movers
Hoisting equipment
Rotating equipment
Circulating equipment
(45)
Prime Movers
Some rotary rigs may use electricity directly from power lines.
Most rotary rigs these days require 1,000 to 3,000
horsepower, while shallow drilling rigs may require as little as
500 horsepower.
(46)
Hoisting Equipments
(47)
Hoisting Equipments
(48)
Hoisting Equipments
(49)
Hoisting Equipments
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
When engaged, the drum turns and either reels in the drill
line to raise the traveling block, or lets out the drill line to
lower it. Because the drillstem is attached to the block, it is
raised or lowered.
(55)
(56)
Rotating Equipments
(57)
Rotating Equipments
(58)
Rotating Equipments
(59)
Rotating Equipments
Rotating system; the figures at bottom
left indicate the comparative sizes of
the drill pipe and drill collar.
Topdrive
CHAPTER 4: DRILLING OPERATIONS
(60)
(61)
(62)
The kelly bushing fits into a part of rotary table called master
bushing. Powered gears in the rotary table rotate the master
bushing, and thus the kelly bushing.
The kelly bushing will rotate the kelly and everything below it
to rotate.
(63)
(64)
(65)
Most common types are roller cone bits and diamond bits.
The bit size: range from 3 inches (9.5 cm) to 26 inches (66
cm) in diameters. The most commonly used sizes are 17,
12, 77/8, and 6 inches (44, 31, 20, and 16 cm).
(66)
Most roller cone bits are jet bits: drilling fluid exits from the
bit through nozzles between the cone, thus create high
velocity jets of mud. This will help lift cuttings away from the
bit.
(67)
(68)
Diamond Bit
PDC Bit
(69)
Circulating System
(70)
Circulating System
Mixing takes place at the mud mixing hopper, from which the
fluid is forced through pumps up to the swivel and down all
the way through the drill pipe, emerging through the drill bit
itself.
(71)
Circulating System
(72)
Circulating System
(73)
Drilling Fluid
Major direct function of drilling fluid:
(74)
Drilling Fluid
One critical function of drilling fluid:
(75)
Well Control
(76)
Well Control
Only 62 crewmen
survived.
(77)
Well Control
(78)
Drilling Prosedure
(79)
Drilling Prosedure
(80)
Functions of Casing
To keep the hole open and to provide a support for weak, or
fractured formations.
To isolate porous media with different fluid/pressure regimes
from contaminating the pay zone.
To prevent contamination of near-surface fresh water zones.
To provide a passage for hydrocarbon fluids; most production
operations are carried out through tubings inside the casing.
To provide a suitable connection for the wellhead connection.
To provide a hole of known diameter and depth to facilitate the
running of testing and completion equipment.
(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)
Liner Casing
(85)
Casing Accessories
(86)
Casing Accessories
(87)
(88)
The plug will stop in the float collar. Continued pump pressure
will breaks a seal in the plug and allows the slurry to pass
through it. The slurry flows out through the float collar and
guide shoe and starts up the annulus until the annulus is
filled.
The crew releases a top plug and pumps a liquid, called
displacement fluid (normally salt water) behind the top plug.
When the top plug comes to rest on the bottom plug, the
crew shut down the pumps and allows the slurry to harden.
(89)
(90)
Directional Drilling
(91)
Directional Drilling
(92)
Directional Drilling
(93)
Directional Drilling
(94)
Directional Drilling
(95)
Directional Drilling
(96)
Drilling Problems
Stuck pipe - When part of the drill pipe or collars are stuck in
the hole
Differential/wall sticking - A pressure differential around the
circumference of drill collars or pipe
Mechanical sticking when drill through several layers of
formation of different hardness, junk dropped from surface,
or the drill string is run too fast until it hits a bridge, a tight
spot or the hole bottom.
Key seating - A phenomenon happens at the dogleg where a
new hole is created by drill string until the drill pipe is stuck
to the wall.
(97)
Fishing
(98)
Drilling Problems
(99)
Drilling Problems
(100)
Drilling Problems
(101)
Kick?
(102)