EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM

Arab traders honesty

Kiring Noor, the first Indian national to embrace Islam

Sarqafi, Governor of Oman under Hazrat Umer (634 644), invaded

sea ports near Bombay without his permission

SINDH DAR UL ISLAM

Gifts and women from Ceylon

Pirates attack

Al Malik bin Abdul Malik as a Ummayyad Caliph

Hijaj Bin Yousaf

Muhammad Bin Qasim Syrian soldiers Entered from Makran

Raja Dahir killed near Mehran (Indus) in June 712

Rani Bai, Rajas wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and
defeated. She burnt herself

MBQ REFORMS

12 Dirham tax

No social caste system

Established Sadru Imam Al ajal for Islamic laws interpretation

Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715

SPREAD OF ISALM IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA

MBQ 712

Mehmud Gahznavi 2nd expediter 17 attacks between 1000 to 1026

Ghaznavid period ended in 1185 with death of Khusru Malik

Ghuri period (1185 1192) expanded to Bengal and Bihar

Dehli Sultanate (1192 1526) Muslim sufis

Mughal era (1526 1857) Muslims sufis

Muslim sufis

Shaikh Ismail in Ghaznavi period

o
Ali Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh
Fareed Dud Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani,
Hazrat Shahi Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty

IMPACT OF ISLAM

Cultural Influence

Caste system

Urdu and Hindi came into being

Islamic way of construction

Religious Influence

Shankarachariya (Organizer of modern Hinduism) influenced by Islam

o
Ramananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders
influenced by Islam

HINDU REACTION

I.

Bagti Movement

Started in 14th century

Objective to check the popularity of Islam

No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and
Kahba

Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

II.

Din-E-Ilahi (1582)

Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs

Marriages with Hindu girls

Elevation of Hindu to imp positions

Under Din e Elahi

Worship of sun

Jizya and pilgrimage tax abolished

Akbar as shadow of god on earth

Cow slaughter and Azan prohibited

No child named as Muhammad

Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e Elahi

Muslims lost their hegemony

HAZRAT MUJADID ALAF SANI (June 1564 Dec 1626)

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi

Father name Sheikh Abdul Ahad

Went to Delhi at age of 36

Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah

Social Conditions during his time

Populace belief in Karamat

Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran

Akbars anti Islamic look

Hindu cultural domination

Bakhti Movement

Wahdat al Wajood theory

Mujadids efforts
1.

Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi

2.

Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood

a.

Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood

3.

Refusal to prostate society purification

a.

Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years

4.

Preaching in fort of Gawaliar

5.

Preparation of Disciples

6.

Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani

a.

Letters to important nobles and leaders

b.

Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan

7.

Books

a.

Isbat ul Nabuwwat

b.

Risla e Nabuwwat

i.

Need & importance of Prophethood

c.

Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai

d.

Toheed e Shaheedi

i.

Islamic philosophy

8.

Two nation theory

a.

First stone of two nation theory first founder of Pakistan

9.

Influence over Jehangir Khutba; Cow Slaughter;

Shaikh imprisoned

Asaf Jah, Jehangeers PM Shaikh summoned No prostration jailed

After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him

10000 rupees

He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts

IH Qureshi :
When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis
or not, it is in the rejection of monism that Sheikhs claim for being
the Mujadad of his age.

Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M IkramHAZRAT :

Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and
vigorous in action. I associated him for few days and found
marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which
will illuminate the world.

Q NO 1:

SHAH WALI ULLAH MOHADITH DELVI

(1703 DELHI - 1762)

Father of Modern Muslim India

Real name Qutabuddin

Born at Delhi son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) scholar

of Fiqa and Islamic jurisprudence

Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat completed study

in 15 year of age

Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732

He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years

Aim Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly

Conditions

Incapable successor of Aurangzeb

Un-Islamic trends,

Muslim life honour property not secured,

Shia-Suni conflicts,

Marhats and Sikhs challengers

SHAHS EFFORTS
1.

Religious work

a.

b.
Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and
persian

c.
Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic
trends

d.

Trained students in different Islamic knowledge

e.

Recommended application of Ijtehad

f.

Initiated Tatbiq liberal element

g.

Balance b/w four schools

h.
Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni Khilafat-alKhulafa

2.

Translation of Holy Quran in Persian 1738

Political work

a.

b.
Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs
won over
Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula

c.
Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of
Panipat in 1761

3.

Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire

Social work

a.

Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent

b.

Concept of reorientation of Muslim society

i.

Basic social justice

ii.

Removing social inequalities

iii.

c.

Concept of economy

i.

Production of wealth

ii.

Consumption of wealth

iii.

Distribution of wealth

iv.

Exchange of wealth

4.

Literary work

a.

Izalat-al-Akifa

b.

Khalifa-al-Khulafa

c.

Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf

d.

Master piece of literature 1738

e.

Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah

f.

Quranic translation in Persian

g.

Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer

h.

Hujjat-ul-Balagha about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

Quoted by SM Ikram
I was informed through Ilham that I would
have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come when every
injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the
world in a rational manner.

Q NO 2:

SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI

(1786 1831)

Inheretor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz

Birth at Rai Barally in 1786

Father Shah Illam Ullah

Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz

1810 joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar

1818 wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem

Condition

Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims

NWFP by Sikhs

Objective

Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through

armed struggle Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles

Jehad Movement

HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826

Battles

1.

OKARA 1826

2.

HAZRO 1827

3.

Yar Muhammad Conspiracy

4.

He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000

Tried to poision Syed Ahmad

Killed by Mujahideen in 1829

BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR

5.

Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad

HAZARA II 1830

Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested

Declaration of Khilafat (1830)

1.

Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh

1.

BALAKOT BATTLE 1831

Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed

Causes of Failure
1.
Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjits army training &
modern war strategy
2.

Outdated weapons of Mujahideen

3.

Financial sources of Ranjit Singh

4.

Misudnderstaning created by Ranjit Singh

5.
Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered
Mujahideen
6.

No support for poors Zakat collection

7.

Islamic laws during war compulsory girls & widow marriage

8.

Severe punishment

9.

Pathans were against Wahabisim

Dr. Sachin Sen

The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor
for later Muslim national movements of the subcontinent.
__________________

Q NO 3:
FARAIZI MOVEMENT
Wide scale ignorance of Muslims resulted in Hindu emergence in 19th
century.
1.

Haji Shariat Ullah (1781 - 1840)

Left for Arabia in 1799 influenced by MBA Wahab started Faraizi

Movement stress on Faraiz - when back denied concept of Peer-Mureed
opposed Zamindar levied taxes Harassed by them left Najabari Death in
Faridpur

2.

Dudu Mian

(Mohsan Ud Din Ahmad) divided Bangal into circles and appointed Khalifa
opposed tax of Durga and land Khas Mehal occupied on his direction
established his own state harassed by Zamindars thorough false charges
died in Sep 1824

3.

TITU MIR (1782-1831)

Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) born in Bengal Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by
Syed Ahmed Barelvi. On arrival back, he started preaching He made a fort
in Narkalberia, asked followers not to give beard tax (Kishan Rai) Kishan
attacked but defeated 183 British army attacked Narkalberia and killed Titu
Mir.

Organization:
1.

Security of Peassantory Lathibardar Political branch

2.

Social Justice Punchayat Religious branch

Doctrine: 4 steps
1.

Tauba

2.

Fraiz

3.

Tuheed

4.

Dar-ul-Arab

Khalafat System:
1.

Ustaad

2.

Uprasta Advisor to Ustaad

3.

Superintendent Khalifa 10 G K

4.

Gaon Khalifa 500 families

__________________

Q NO 4:

ALIGARH MOVEMENT
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British
chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British
uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and
merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as
their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the
rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to
ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation
of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British
crown.
After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British,
implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy
banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English
not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This
spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything
modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities
available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long,
would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his
attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of

India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate

themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew
that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity
for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his
movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the
Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 27 Mar

1898)

PM)

Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather Ex Mughal

Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine

Joined govt in 1839 after fathers death in a clerical job 1841

promoted as Sub-Judge 1846 transferred to Delhi Chief judge in 1846
was offered an estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he
rejected 1877 member of imperial council 1886 University of
Edinburgh LL.D degree 1888 Knighthood

Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement

Objective:
1.

Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus

2.

Cooperation with the British government

1.

Schools

2.

Muradabad (1859)

Ghazipur (1863)

Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)

(to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)

1866 Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments

of goodwill &
friendship)

Muhammadan Educational Conference

Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern

education
techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul
Malik, Maulana Shibli and
Maulana Hali as members
3.

Muhammadan Educational Conference

Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern

education
techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul
Malik, Maulana Shibli and
Maulana Hali as members
1869 went to England, studied education system of Oxford &
Cambridge
4.

Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)

5.

to impart modern knowledge to Muslims

Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College

On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24th

May, 1874,
MAO High school established 1877 got status of
college western,
eastern and Islamic education 1920 status
of University

Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement

1.

Muslims should avoid active politics

2.

wrote "Loyal Muhammadans of India "

2.

Sir Syed wrote Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind "

Causes of WOI 1857

1.

Non representation of Indian in legislative councils

2.

Conversion of Indian into Christianity

3.

Mismanagement of Indian army

4.

Ill advised measure of govt

Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861

3.
1866 Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh to express
grievances of
Indians to govt.
4.
Indian Patriotic Association 1888 forum for those who did not join
Congress
5.
Muhammadan Political Association 1903 Against Hindu Revivalist
movements
a.

Arya Smaj Hindustan 1977

b.

B G Tilak Cow Slaughter

c.

Shudhi -

d.

Shangtahn -

Religious Services of Aligarh Movement

1.
Wrote Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle in response
to William Muires objectionable remarks in Life of Muhammad
2.
Philosophical commentary Tabaeen-al-Kalam on bible point out
similarities
3.
Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed having positive
attitude
towards religion

Social services of Aligarh Movement

1.
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq criticized conservative way of life and advised
to adopt new
trend
2.

"Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab " Muslims can eat with Christians

3.

Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu protecting Urdu

4.

Established Orphanage houses

Pioneer of two nation theory

Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity

Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views

Shakespeare dialogue

Features of Aligarh

Western & Eastern Education

Islamic Education

Residential College

European and Indian staff

Non-Muslim students

Loyalist Disposition

Aligarh Movement after Sir Syeds death

1.
1889 Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust &
Syed Mahmud (son) as joint sec.
2.
After Sir Syeds death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak
manager resigned
3.
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to
govt handled the conflict b/t two groups Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of
European staff) & Muhammad Ali Johar Died in 1907
4.
Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse
Nawab resigned in 1912 health
5.
Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of
University 1919- college student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat.

Q NO 5:

TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND (Apr 1866)

Aligarh movement was cooperating with British

Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity


Apr 1866 Madrasah established at Deoband 2nd to Al Azhar
Cairo

Founder Haji M. Abid floated the idea Collection of fund

Managing committee Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman,
Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana M Yaqoob Maulana Shabir A Usmani
taught

Maulana M Qasim first principal worked devotedly Madrasah

came to known as Qasim al Uloom I Deoband

Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullahs father)

and British education system

Produced Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad

Ganghoi, Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan

Political Services of Deoband

Jamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi,

Shabir Ahmad Usmani Muslim league

Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind Madni group lead by Maulana Hussain

Madani, Mufti Kafayat Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad
Congress

Educational Services of Deoband

A great religious Madrasah 2nd to Al Azhar

Principals Maulana M Qasim (1880) Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi

Sheikh ul Hind M. Mehmood Ul Hassan.

Deoband and Aligarh

Policy towards British

Political role of Muslims

Emphasizing area of education

Rapprochement with Aligarh

Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband Sahibzada Aftab A Khan

attended the meeting Swap of education religious and western

Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)
__________________

Q NO 6:

NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW
(1894)

Aligarh acquisition of western education

Deoband religious education

Need for balanced school

Committee was formed in 1892 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894

functioned in 1898

Founder Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul

Haq chalked
out a liberal program

Objective

Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of

Muslims,
Work to remove secretarial differences

British govt opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a

political
institute)

Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Nohmani

Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq opposing Sir Syed while his

father

influenced by Sir Syed

Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883 Impressed Sir Syed Asset

to Aligarh some serious differences Man of arrogance and sensitive
resigned in 1904

Associated with Nadva used his expreince to bring reform gave

training in writing (Syed Suleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)

Established academyDar-ul-Musanifin

Differences arouse resigned

__________________

Q NO 7
ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM LAHORE (Sep
1884)

Sikh raj in Punjab Muslims backwardness

250 Muslims established for educational guidance influenced by

Aligarh

Founder Khalifa Hameed-ud-Din first president Dr. M Nazir & Munshi

Abdur Rehim

Muthi bar atta scheme for funding

Objective

politically Establishing educational institute

Counter Christian missionaries

Orphanage houses

Stable Muslim society

Preserve Muslim culture

Organize Muslims

Educational Services

Established several primary schools on Aligarh pattern 15 schools by

1894

Madrasa tul Muslimin (Islamia High School Sheranwala Gate) in 1889

Islamia College for women Lahore in 1938

Islamia College Railway road, Islamia College civil lines, Islamia College
cant, Hamayat I Islam Law College & Center for adult education Lahore

Political Services
Students of Islamia College Railqway road body guard of the Quaid role in
1940 resolution MSF led by Hamid NizamiSINDH MADRASAH, KARACHI
(1886)

Syed Hasan Afandi (President of Centeral Mohamadan Association of

Karachi influenced by Sir Syed) established Hassan died in 1896 Wali
Muhammad took over

1n 1943 Board of the Madrasah decided to rename as Sindh Muslim

College

Quaid got education from this institute .

Q NO 8
ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAR

Edward College (1888) was a Christian missionary need for institute

for Muslims Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Dar-Ul-Uloom-Islamia in
1902

Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Funding committee in 1912 Darul-Uloom raised to Islamia College Peshawar

Qaid got education from this institute Sahibzada called Sir Syed of
NWFP

Islamia College has major contribution in 1947 referendum

Q NO 9:

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWONATION THEORY

The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim
community of South Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting all
attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia believe that
Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also two social orders that
have given birth to two distinct cultures with no similarities.
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an
evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; with Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening; Allama Iqbal
provided the philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a
political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing
Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the
realization of Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus
that they demanded separate electorates. When they realized that their
future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by Hindu majority was not safe; they
put forward their demand for a separate state.
As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni
observed that Hindus differed from the Muslims in all matters and habits. He
further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindus considered
Muslims "Mlachha", or impure. And they forbid having any connection with
them, be it intermarriage or any other bond of relationship. They even avoid
sitting, eating and drinking with them, because they feel "polluted".
The Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history
of South Asia is largely a history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus
and Muslims of the region. Both communities have been living together in the
same area since the early 8th century, since the advent of Islam in India. Yet,
the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one
could find the Muslims and Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield.
Starting with the war between Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712,
armed conflicts between Hindus and Muslims run in thousands. Clashes
between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj,

Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point.
When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through
force, they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars
diversion.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?

A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a

preferred political order, either existing or proposed and offers a strategy
(Institution, processes, program) for its attainment.

An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the

present and a vision of the future

Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It

is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people.

It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that

gives order and meaning to life and human action.

HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES

When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected.

An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being
mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by
fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the prevailing
ideology no longer satisfies them

STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTION

Consciousness

Analysis of current situation

Creating new thinking

Legitimate De-legitimate

Role of Leadership

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY

It is a motivating force

It provides a common plate form.

BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Based on ideals of Islam

Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a

philosophical
explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political
reality; and the Constituent
Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives
Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal
sanction.

It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are
different from
the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.
However when they realized
that their future in a Democratic India
dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a
separate state.

Hindu British were exploiting Muslims in India. So Muslims adopted this

ideology to save their identity and culture from total elimination.

TWO NATION THOERY

Two-nation concept was based on Nationhood which was there long

before Pak Ideology. Muslim Traders Attackers Rulers (Qutb Ud Din Abik,
Ghaznavi) Sufis (Al
Hajveri, Sheikh Ahmad Serhandi)

Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own
culture,
civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life.

Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they
continue to develop
different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits,
music, architecture and script, all are poles apart.

The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or
linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the
same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in
majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could
order their lives in accordance with the
teachings of Holy Quran and
Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).

The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus.

This was one

Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard
their national
and relational identity.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh
movement produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims
rights on the Western
political lines.

Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the
Muslims should
have an opportunity to live according to their faith and
creed established on the Islamic principals. They should have all the
resources at their disposal to enhance
Islamic culture and civilization.

There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a
community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture,
civilization, and future aspirations.
(All India Muslim League)

The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and
advance their
interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in
accordance with their ideals and
philosophy of life without being
overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.

Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a

federal system
of government with powers to the provinces for protection
and advancement of their
heritage, identity and interests. Later, they
demanded a separate state when neither
the British nor the Hindu
majority community was willing to offer those guarantees
and
safeguards

EVOLUTION OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY

British expansion had more deepening impact on Muslims as The

people who were important in history are no longer important KK Aziz

Urdu Hindi controversy under Congress leadership in 1867 in Banars

Revivalist movements against Muslims Bakhti, Deen e Elahi, Shuddi

and Shanghtan
movement

Hindu attitude Partition of Bangal and its repeal

Political experience of Muslims under congress ministries in 1937-39

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN

1.

Enforcement of sovereignty of Allah Almighty

a.
Quaid said We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but
we wanted a
homeland where we could introduce Islamic principals
2.

Establishment of Islamic democracy

a.
Quaid at Sibbi in 1948 It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in
following the
golden rules of conduct as given by our great law giver,
the prophet of Islam. Let us
lay the foundation our democratic system on
Islamic ideals and practices
3.

Revival of Muslim image and Identity

4.

Protection of Muslim culture and civilization

a.

Urdu Hindi controversy

b.

Shuddi and Sanghtan Movements

5.

Two Nation Theory

6.

Establishment of a balanced economic system

a.

All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.

b.

Agriculture and Industry was dominated by Hindus

c.

Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich Zakat, Ushar.

Q NO 10:
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E AZAM
1.
He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader
possessing a
visionary leadership.
2.
Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama
Iqbal
3.
He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National
Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he
also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was member of both
the political parties.
4.

Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule),

complete
freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional
means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.

5.
His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized
when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the
Muslim demands:
o

Separate Electorate

One-third Seats in Central Legislature

protection of minority rights

6.
In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah
retaliated
forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.
7.
1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of
Muslim and a
separate nation. Started mobilizing masses.
8.
1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of
ML in elctions. Quaid said Muslims are third party in India
9
1939 Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a
nation and play
a role as a nation.
10.
March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media
namely
Time and Tide. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are
separate nations? 2.
What should be future of India and how Muslims can
be accommodated well?
11.
He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social
economic justice and
rights of minorities.

12.
Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its
ethical foundation
from Islam where the source of guidance and
inspiration for constitution making and governance is going to be
Islam

13
It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a
minority, and of course
we got used to it for such a long time
that these settled notions sometimes difficult
to remove. The
Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nation by every
definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation.

23rd March 1940.

14
India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of
nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus
and the Muslims belong to two different religion, philosophies. Social
customs and literature. They belong to two different civilizations which are
based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.
Their aspect on life
and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their
inspirations
from different sources of history 23rd March 1940

15.
We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization,
language and literature, art
and architecture, sense of values
and proportions, legal laws and moral codes,
customs and
calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct
outlook
on life and of life By all canons of International law we
are a separate nation. 1942

16.
The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their
homeland 1942

17.
We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of
Islam Feb 1942

18.
Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the
Islamic ideology
as well which has to be preserved. June 1945

19.
I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to
create a mischief and make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will
not be made on the basis
of Shariat. Islamic principals today are as
applicable to life as they were 1300 years
ago. Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un
Nabbi Karachi Bar Association
__________________

Q NO 11:

PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA IQBAL

Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries

His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of

Anjuman Himayat-iIslam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nalai-Yatim.

At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry

contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind.

He wet Europe for higher education in 1905-08. Lived in England and

got Phd from
Munich University. He stayed in Hindenburg where he
wrote poem Daraye Nekar key kenare.

Represented Muslims in second and third round table conferences in

1931 and 1932.

Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for
Lahore
resolution.

I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have

to establish a
separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindu
in the United India.

Religion and politics are not distinct from each other

Allaha Abad Address.

India is a continent of Human beings belonging to

different religions. To base a
constitution on the conception of
homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I,
therefore,
demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best
interest
of the Muslims of India and Islam. The formation of
consolidated North west Indian
state appears to be the final
destiny of the Muslims
I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state as a self government within the
British empire or without. This is the final
destiny of the Muslims
of N.W. India.
I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to the
religious distinction from
the country. But now I believe that the
protection of separate national identity is in the best interest of
Muslims and Hindus. Since the Muslims are a separate nation with
their separate cultural values and religious trends, and they want to
have a
system of their own linking, they should be allowed to
live under such system
__________________

Q NO 12

DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULE

The death of Alamgir in 1707 is generally regarded as the beginning of
the gradual decline, and ultimately fall, of the once extensive, prosperous and
powerful Mughal Empire. Although it took nearly 150 years before the House
of Babur finally disappeared from the scene, the cracks that had appeared at
Alamgir's death widened.
His son Muazzam, who ruled from 1707 to 1712, succeeded Aurangzeb
Alamgir. He took for himself the title of Bahadur Shah. He ruled for five years
and momentarily revived the Mughal Empire. But the Marhatta's power
increased and they became the unchallenged rulers of Deccan. In the
province of Punjab, the Sikhs under Guru Govind Singh became a force to
reckon with. One of the reasons that power centers kept springing up outside
Delhi was the frequent change in the succession of Empires. Nearly 17 kings
were crowned during the period spanning from 1707 to 1857.
The weakened Mughal Empire invited havoc in the form of the Persian king
Nadir Shah, in 1738-39. On his orders a general massacre of the citizens of
Delhi was carried out, resulting in the death of 30,000 people. Another threat
to the Mughal Empire came from the Afghans of Rohilkhand, lying northeast
of Delhi. By the middle of 18th century, the Rohillas became independent of
the Mughal rule. At the same time the Jats also raised their heads against the
central rule.
Taking advantage of this chaotic situation, the East India Company began
strengthening its military capabilities. They conspired with Hindu traders and
moneylenders against Nawab Sirajuddullah of Bengal to take over his
principality. The Battle of Plassey of 1757 is considered a major breakthrough
for the British in the Sub-continent. It paved the way for the company's rule in
Bengal, and hence the whole of India ultimately came under the company's
rule.
In the 19th century, Muslims like Syed Ahmad Brailvi and Shah Ismail carried
out Jihad against the Sikhs, as did Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Deccan
against the British. However, they failed in their efforts to stop the downfall of
the Muslim rule. The final crunch came after the war of 1857 when the
Mughal rule officially came to an end and India came under the direct rule of
the British crown.
The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the time of Aurangzeb
Alamgir, but it collapsed with dramatic suddenness within a few decades
after his death. The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to
a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as a
cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the

people. Although the policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the
major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and competent successors
after him. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of
time. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the
character, motivation and commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had
become ease loving and cowardly. They totally disregarded their state duties
and were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall.
The absence of any definite law of accession was another important factor.
The war of successions not only led to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of
money and prestige of the empire over a period of time, but to its eventual
fall. The degeneration of the rulers had also led to the moral degeneration of
the nobility. Under the early Mughals, the nobles performed useful functions
and distinguished themselves both in war and peace. But the elite under the
later Mughals was more interested in worldly pursuit and self-enhancement.
The nobles who had once been talented men with integrity, honesty, and
loyalty, turned selfish and deceitful. Growth of hostile and rival clique in the
court also undermined the strength of the government. Widespread
corruption in the administration started and taking bribes became common.
One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the
deterioration and demoralization of the army. The military had not only
become inefficient but also lacked in training, discipline and cohesion. The
army was out-dated in regard to equipment. It consisted of contingents
maintained by various nobles, which was the main source of Army's
weakness. As the weakening of the nobles occurred, so did the army. This was
because of the soldiers, instead of identifying and uniting as Mughal Indians,
identified themselves with different ethnic groups like Persian, Afghans and
Central Asians. The Mughals had no navy and only maintained small ships
that were no match for the well-equipped ships of the foreign traders. It was
this weakness that the French and the British used to their advantage, and
were eventually able to establish their control over India.
Another factor contributing to the decline was the financial position of the
Mughals, which had become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions
and luxurious style of living had depleted the once enormous treasury and
had led to financial bankruptcy. During the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal
Empire had expanded to reach its maximum size. This vast area had become
impossible for one ruler to control and govern from one center. It was during
the later Mughals that Deccan, Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa declared their
independence. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated invasions of Ahmad
Shah Abdali, resulted in further weakening of the empire. The already
weakened empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French,
which proved to be the last nail in the already drowning empire's coffin. The
British and French, who had initially come as traders, took full advantage of
the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.

CAUSES OF THE FALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

1.

2.

3.

Weak Successors of Aurangzeb

a.

All merry making and unable, except Bahadar Shah

b.

Left work to their Wazirs

Vastness of the Empire

a.

Aurangzeb empire practically impossible

b.

Afghanistan to Asaam, Kashmir to Maysor

c.

Lack of effective means of communication

Absence of a Definite Law of Succession

a.

Akbar was only unopposed among 20 rulers

b.
"The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was
prepared to try
his fortune against his brothers." Erskine
4.

Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperors

a.

5.

Degeneration of Nobility
a.

6.

7.

Fond of wine and women

Degeneration into sects and costs Iranian, Toranian and Indian

Deterioration of Army
a.

Abundance of wealth and comfort

b.

Loss of confidence

c.

Demoralization

Corrupt Administration
a.

Ministers, nobels and officers accepted bribes

8.
Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and
Turkistan
a.
9.

This provided a change for Army to be lazy

Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali

a.

Nadir Shah 1739 (looted for 57 days)

b.
10.

Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccan

a.
conquest
11.

13.

15.

British and Portuguese had strong naval power

Intellectual Bankruptcy
a.

17th & 18th century European saw industrial revolution

b.

Mughals did not pay attention

Plight of the Common People and Peasants

a.

14.

Golkonda and Bijapur served as a check to Maraths before

Absence of Naval Power

a.

12.

Ahmad Shah Abdali 1754 67 (5 times)

Bad economic conditions led to discontentment

Rise of Marathas
a.

Emergence of Maraths in 17th century

b.

18th century they extended their influence to Delhi

Rise of Sikhs

a.
During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 13) and Farrukhsiyar
(1713 19)
16.

Rise of Hindus of Rajputana

a.

17.

Rajput of Mewar and Marwar distressed by Aurangzeb

Outdated war equipment and tactics

a.

Failed to keep pace with modern developments

b.

Lack of modern weapons led the failure of battle of Plassy and

Buxer
18.

Advent of English East India Company

a.

Got trade access in Aurangzebs reign

i.

Portuguese - suppressed by Aurangzeb

ii.

British

__________________

Q NO 13
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that
remained free was Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the
Second Sikh War in 1848, the British gained control over the Indus. The Koh-iNoor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress now became a part
of the crown jewels at Westminster.
The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British
army had recruited local Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued
cartridges greased with fat from tabooed animals. The soldiers refused to use
these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut, soldiers in the
British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This
mutiny spread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers
were able to push back the British forces. The British army was driven out of
Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of the city. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the
last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. In Bahadur
Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all
he was. Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way
even a remnant of the glory of his forefathers. He proclaimed himself the
Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens and other dignitaries
took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin and
appointed his sons to key posts.
The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of
Independence. The Indian army captured the important towns of Haryana,
Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces at Meerut and Ambala
put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for several
months. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior
weapons and better strategy. The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate
resources and their planning proved to be extremely brittle. The royal forces
were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughal
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding.
The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed
the city. They took revenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent
people indiscriminately. A wide scale massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was
carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The Mughal emperor
was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The
emperor's sons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded
and their heads were presented to the aging emperor in prison. Bahadur

Shah was imprisoned in Rangoon, Myanmar, where he breathed his last.

After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed
sovereignty over the lands of the British East India Company. The British
control over the Sub-continent grew in the next 50 years and culminated in
the British Raj. Queen Victoria's Indian realm continued to expand, until
Hunza, the remote kingdom bordering China, fell into British hands in 1891,
bringing the expansion to its zenith.
The British delineated the frontier separating British India from Afghanistan in
1893. The resulting Durand Line cut straight through the tribal area of the
Pathans. The British left the tribal areas to govern themselves under the
supervision of British political agents.
The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800 years Muslims
had ruled. However, their attitude towards the Muslims was that of antipathy.
According to Hunter, a prominent historian, "The Muslims of India are, and
have been for many years, a source of chronic danger to the British power in
India". The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a
result, property belonging to Muslims was confiscated and they were denied
employment opportunities everywhere in the army, revenue department, and
judiciary.
The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory policy
against the Muslims, even in filling minor jobs. Advertisements inviting
applications for government jobs specifically mentioned that Muslims would
not be appointed. Hunter admits that the exclusion of the Muslims was so
complete that in the government offices of Calcutta they could not accept a
post higher than that of a porter, messenger, filler of inkpots and mender of
pens.
By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British smashed the
political and social position of the Muslims. In the province of Bombay, the
government appointed "Inam Commission" to inquire into the land grants of
the Muslim times. The Commission took away 20,000 estates from the
Muslims and thus ruined many families and institutions of the community.
The Company's commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from internal and
foreign trade. When the Europeans came to the Sub-continent, the Muslim
merchants lost much of their commerce with foreign countries. But they
maintained their hold on internal trade and their commercial activities
extended to the Persian Gulf and the coastal territories of the Arabian Sea.
During the Company's rule, the Muslim traders were pushed out of this area
as well by the competition of the Company's traders who enjoyed many
special concessions.
The newly introduced English system of education had many drawbacks for
the Muslims, mainly because it made no provisions for religious education. As

a result, they stayed away from it. Thus, within a few years of loss of political
power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, were dispossessed of
their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured
community turned into a backward and poor people. In their place Britisheducated Hindus began to occupy positions in governments offices formerly
held by the Muslims.

Q NO 14:

Goal of ML

To protect religious and cultural identity of the Muslims of India

The founding session chaired by Nawab Waqar ul Malik

Seconded by Maulana Zaffar Ali Khan and Hakeem Ajmal Khan

Change in Strategy 1913

Causes
1.

Annulment of Bengal partition

2.

Balkan war (Italy-Turkey)

3.

Libya Italy war

4.

Demolition of a Mosque at Khanpur

5.

Realization by both parties to achieve their same goal

6.

Role of Quaid

Updated Strategy
1.

Self-government under the crown

2.

Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same

Q NO 15:

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Background:
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class,
English-educated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on
Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its
climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.
Introduction:

Religio-political movement

Extra territorial attachments based on Islam

First movement which involved common man

Showed Islam is mobilization force

Goals:
1.

Ottuman empire should be kept intact

2.

Territorial solidarity

3.

Control of holy places

Muslim Media:
1.

Zamindar by Zafar Ali Khan

2.

Comrade & Hamdard Maulana M Ali Johar

3.

Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Urging Force
1.

Concept of Muslim Ummah

2.

Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat

Why Cooperation?
1.

To be one force against British

2.

Rowlett Act 1919

3.

Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919

Triggering factors
1.

Rowlett Act April 1919

a.

Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terrorists

b.

Features

c.

2.

i.

Accused have to prove himself not guilty

ii.

No legal assistance to accused

iii.

No right to appeal

iv.

Prosecution can produce witness of a dead person

Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

a.

Gandhi entrance in Punjab banned

b.

Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar

c.

Gen. Dyre ordered fire killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutes

d.

Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrat

e.

Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr

Events:
1.

Khilafat Day Oct 27, 1919

2.
Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari
July 1919
a.

I. Khilafat Conference Delhi Gandi & Nehru participated Nov

1919
i.

No participation in victory celebrations

ii.

Boycott of British goods

iii.

Non cooperationALLAMA IQBALS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

ALLAHABAD.

AT

Important points:
1.

Decline of Muslim Ummah in general and Muslims of India in particular

2.

Islam is a complete code of life. And Muslims are a nation.

3.

There is no harmony between Muslims and Hindus in India.

4.
A separate homeland for the Muslims of India comprising of Punjab,
sindh,
Balochistan and NWFP.
a.
He Said I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier
Provinces, Sindh
and Balochistan into a single State. SelfGovernment within the British
Empireor without the British
Empire. The formation of the consolidated
North-West Indian
Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the
Muslims, at
least of the North-West India.
b.

Two Nation Theory

5.
Suggestions for the constitution. (He was against the central legislative
assembly and
wanted assembly of representative of federal
States).
6.

Muslim Representation in the British Indian Assembly shall be 1/3rd.

Hindu Reaction:

An editorial in daily Partab, Lahore wrote about Allama Muhammad

Iqbal that he is a dangerous Muslim of North Western India.

In Daily Inqalab, Lahore a Hindu Columnist wrote Iqbal Wanted to

snatch the country of Hindus from them and to give it to the Muslims.

Muslims supported his ideas. News papers like Daily Hindu and Daily hamdam
supported him and propagated his message and ideas through the
Subcontinent.

Iqbal earned the title of Dreamer of Pakistan for Himself.

Q NO 16:

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES [1930-33]

Introduction:
Lord Irwin invited the leaders of political parties of India.
Objective: To formulate future constitution of India in the light of suggestions
given by the Indian Leaders.
Civil Disobedience Movement (April 1930):

It was launched by Gandhi because at that point he demanded

implementation of Nehru report in Toto.

The civil disobedience movement was declared illegal and Gandhi was
arrested.

First Round Table Conference:

(12 November 1930 to 19th January 1931)
Muslim Leaders: following Muslim leaders participated.

Quaid-e-Azam.

Sir Agha Khan

Muhammad Ali Jauhur.

Maulvi Fazl Haq.

Sir Muhammad Shafi

Important decision made in conference:

1.
Approval of federal system for India (Executive will be responsible to
legislature).
2.
Fully representative government, responsible to provincial and federal
legislature will be made. (Note: In Nehru report Hindu Wanted Strong Central
Govt. while Muslims demanded for loose federation in Jinnahs 14 Points).
3.

The princely states will also be supported.

4.
Saprus proposal of dominion status and abolition of diarchy in the
provinces.
Deadlock: Deadlock occurred on the distribution of subjects in the federal
system

Gandhi Irwin Pact:

From 17-19 February 1931 talks were held between Gandhi and Irwin.

An agreement was signed on 5th March 1931 between Gandhi and

Irwin.
Why these Talks were held and Agreement was signed?

Because of the failure of civil disobedience movement.

Governments desire for congress participation in round table as

congress was absent in first round table conference.
Salient features of Gandhi Irwin Pact:
1.

The congress will call of civil disobedience.

2.

The congress will attend second round table conference.

3.
The government will withdraw all cases against congress and release
prisoners.
The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the
congress to round table conference. It was triumph of the congress and
Indian Nationalism.

Second Round Table Conference

( 7 September 1931to 1st December 1931)

Gandhi was the sole representative of All India National Congress


Allama Iqbal participated in 2nd round table conference because of the
death of
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhur.

Allama Iqbal in his speech said in 2nd round table conference.

Two committees were formed i.e.

1.

Conference on federal structure.

2.

Conference on Minorities.

Gandhis showed stubborn attitude to secure India as one nation.

Gandhi claimed
that he represented all India and dismissed all other
Indian delegates as non- representatives.

Hindu Muslim relations embittered.

Communal problems Remained Unsolved

Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in second Round table conference

and decided to remain aloof from the Indian politics and to practice
as a professional lawyer in England.

Communal Awards, August16, 1932.

Because of the deadlock over communal issues British government

announced communal awards.
Communal representation of Muslims:
o
Jinnahs demand for 1/3rd of the British seats in central
legislature was
accepted.
o

Sindh was awarded the status of separate province.

o
Principle of Wieghtage was applied (Muslim lost majority in
Punjab, Sikh got
advantage in Punjab, Europeans got
advantage in Bengal because of principle
of Wieghtage).

Communal Scheme for Non Muslim:

o
depressed
as result
o

Award declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindus

classes were given a number of special seats. And
Separate electorates for scheduled class Hindus were approved.

Hindu Reaction:
Gandhi took fast until death on account of accepting scheduled class Hindus
as separate nation and giving them right of separate electorate. Dr.
Ambedkar, leader of untouchable made an agreement to withdraw from the
right of separate electorate under Poona Pact. Gandhi ended his fast.

Third Round Table Conference/ Joint

Select committee
(17th November to 25th December 1932)

Quaid-e-Azam did not participate.

Sir Agha khan participated.

In third round table conference reports of various communities were

scrutinized.

It was decided to setup a federal legislature in India consisting of

elected
representatives of the British India and of the representatives of
the state to be
nominated by respective ruler.

The report of three round table conferences was published in a white paper in
1933 and later on it was discussed in the British parliament. As a resulted a
bill was drafted which was approved and became Indian Act of 1935.

CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCES

Elections 1937
Muslim League manifesto (i) 1935 Act is unworkable; (ii) ML
would get maximum benefit out of it. The manifesto was same but two
things; Urdu Language and separate electorates.
The manifestos show that there was not unbridgeable gape. Yet, there was
no such a will.
The League manifesto was clearly an offer for cooperation. Had the congress
accepted the offer, the whole constitutional scene would have been
different. IH Qureshi

Provincial elections:

Congress 706 out of 1771 seats (26/58 Muslim seats, so only 5% of

Muslims)

Muslim League 102 out of 482 Muslim seats (26% Muslim votes)

CONGRESS RULE
Congress refused to formed ministries till July 1937 on the basis of GGs
discretionary powers in Muslims favor.
The period of less than two and a half years, from July 1939 to October 1939,
when congress ministries ruled eight of the eleven Indian provinces was
extremely crucial in the history of Hindu Muslim relations.

A.

Refusal to Form Coalition Government

The Election results had strengthened this hope, for congress had not
bothered to contest more than a small number fraction of Muslim seats and
not won even a
majority of that. Therefore, everyone looked forward to
the formation of congress
league coalition in all Hindu Majority
provinces. The refusal of the Congress to
cooperate belied all such hopes.

In July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP,

Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In
the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the
governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the
U.P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support:
1.

Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board

2.

AIML members not to function as a separate group

3.

AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress.

Definitely the above-mentioned terms were a device to subvert the

existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible
on this issue.
Nehru told Chaudhary Khaliq uz Zaman in May 1937, :
The Hindu
Muslim question is confined to a few Muslim intellectuals, landlords and
capitalists who were cooking up a problem which did not in fact exist in
the mind of the masses.

IH Qureshi:

Nehrus mistake lay in his attempt at killing Muslim

nationalism with ridicule. Later events were to show the folly of his
attitude, for it created nothing but bitterness and bad blood.

B.

The Muslim Mass Contact Movement:

Along with its refusal to share power with the Muslim League the
Congress pursued anti-Muslim League policy in another direction as
well. Its power among masses should be weakened and finally broken.
Thus began the ambitious but short lived campaign.
This philosophy was followed by Nehrus statement that, power was
now crystallized in only two opposing ranks Congress for Indian
nationalism and British for imperialism. Other parties do not count.

Comment:
Maulvi Abdul Hakeem, Punjab Moderate Muslims Association, warned
Muslims against this and called it conversion of Muslims.

C.

Dictatorship of the Congress

The outstanding constitutional feature of the congress provincial
government of the 1937-39 was that they did not conform to the kind
of parliamentary govt envisaged in the Act. The congress provinces
were not autonomous.
Congress ministers were not allowed to act independently
Sir Banirjee says, Gandhi was a dictator by proxy, he did not rule
directly but he was accepted as religious obligation.

D. Policies of the Congress Governments: (July 1937Nov. 1939)

First all Congress governments in the provinces launched
anti-Muslim drive basicaly to exclude the ML and other Muslim
organizations from the government making process. The Congress
leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses.
They started Muslim Mass Contact movement to defame the ML in
their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that
promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture.
They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the
institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most
importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to
convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature.
Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history
became their moral creed. They folowed the policy of discrimination in
services or new recruitment for jobs.
In the UP, the provincial government had directed the local
administration to consult the local congress leaders.
The Congress ministries adopted overal negative and cruel atitude,
especialy towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compeled
the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life.

Muslim Response:
The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu
people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They
publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of

Muslims on these matters required keen probe to colect the original

facts of the Hindu atrocities.

1.

The Pirpur Report:

On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eightmember commitee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad
Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It
tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven
provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim
organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League
people.

2.

The Sharif Report, March 1939

The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the

injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly
colected the facts, concentrating on il treatment of the government
with the Muslims in Bihar.

3.

The Fazl-ul- Haq Report: (December 1939)

A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings

Under the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e.g.
forbidding of Azan, atacks in mosques, noisy processions of the Hindu
scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet
responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims.
All the reports described the Congress government as an atempt to
create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and
their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims interests.

Muslim League Activism:

The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the
Muslims to counter them adequately. It reorganized the Muslim
community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at
Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq
participated in the session while Sikander Hayat and Saadulah
announced their support to the ML.
The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Congress policies.
They protested against the reduction of status of Urdu and other
Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims,

of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious
thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements.
They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need
of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League.
The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the
Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November
1939. The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December
22, 1939.

Reorganization of Muslim League:

The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed
their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the
consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational
weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of
the Congress ministries.

Intellectual Commentary on Congress

Rule and its impact
1. Short term effect of these policies:
1.
It weakened the capacity of responsible government. In
democracy it is public opinion which rules but in congress ministries it
was vice versa.
2.
Provincial autonomy was nullified by the rule of the High
command
3.
Totalitarian policies of congress made it impossible to negotiate.
Totalitarianism produced arrogance which is opposed to give and take
spirit.

2. Long term effects:

1.

More awareness to minorities

The rise of congress, to power made the Muslims feel for the first time

what it was to be in a minority. They had become acutely aware of the

rising tide of Hindu rule, and that produced a consolidation of political
opinion and organization in India. Lothian in Asiatic Review
The Congress was the Indian counterpart of Nazi party in Germany.
Bonarjee, A Christian

2.

Constitutional safeguards: a non-entity

The congress rule taught the minorities that administrative or even

constitutional safeguards are no effective protection against an
attitude of mind in the numerically dominant party which treats all
other sections of opinion as politically-defeated antagonists. I H
Qureshi

3.

Strengthened Muslim Leagues power among masses

The more aggressive became the tone of congress the greater grew
the confidence of Muslim League. ML countered every argument of the
congress;

To the congress argument of communalism narrating the

hardships under congress secular rule

Congresss pledge to protect minorities ML pointed to futility of

constitutional safeguards

Democracy and freedom greater Muslim apprehension about

Hindu domination
4.

Paved the way towards separation

Slowly but relentlessly the congress was forcing the Muslim of India
into separation. IH Qureshi
5.

Communal Tensions

I foresaw that the result of the present congress party policy will be
class bitterness, communal war and strengthening of the imperialistic
hold as a consequence. Quaid

Q NO 17:

INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE

CREATION OF PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:
Nehru told General Sir Frank Messervy in 1945,
his deliberate plan would be to allow Jinnah to have his Pakistan, end
gradually makes things so impossible economically and otherwise for
Pakistan that they have to come on their banded knees and asked to be
allowed back to India.

1.

RADCLIFF AWARD (AUGUST 16, 1947):

Background

Representatives of Punjab Boundary Commission

Pakistan

India

1.Justice Din Muhammad

1. Justice Maher Chand Muhajan

2.Justice Muhammad Munir

2.Justice Tej Singh

Representatives Bengal Boundary Commission

Pakistan

India

1.Justice Abu Saleh1. Justice C. C. Biswas

2.Muhammad Ikram

2.Justice B.K Mukarjee

3.Justice S.A Rehman

Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed as the chairman of both the boundary
commissions. Both India and Pakistan were agreed to accept the decision of
Radcliff in case of deadlock. As expected the representatives of India and
Pakistan were unable to reach on an agreement and Radcliff announced his
own decisions on 16th August 1947.
Analysis of the Boundary Award
The award was partial, unjust and unfair to Pakistan
Radcliff Award Handed over Some of the Muslim Majority Areas that were

Contiguous to the Boundary of Pakistan to India: These areas included.

o

Sub-district of Ajnala in Amritsar district

Sub-district of Nakadar and Jullundur in Jullundur district

Sub-district of Ferozepur and Zira in Ferozepur district

Sub-district of Batala and Gurdaspur in Gurdaspur district

Radcliff award, allotted sixty-two percent of the area of undivided Punjab to

India, with fifty-five percent of the population.

Radcliff Award Paved the Way for the Accession of Kashmir

with India: Gurdaspur was a district contiguous to Pakistan. Out of its four
Sub-District Gurdaspur, Batala and shakergarh were the Muslim majority and
Pathankot was a non-Muslim majority sub-district. At the time of partition the
only rail and road communication between India and Kashmir was possible
through the district of Gurdaspur, if Radcliff had only awarded the Hindu
majority sub-district of Pathankot to India still it would not have had access to
the state of Kashmir; by assigning two Muslim majority sub-district of Baal
and Gurdaspur Radcliff provided India a link with Kashmir. In 1948 India
entered its forces in Kashmir through Gurdaspur and annexed the state to
India.

The Decision of the Punjab Boundary Commission Caused the Canal

Water Dispute between India and Pakistan: Three rivers namely Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab enter in Punjab from Kashmir whereas two rivers Ravi and
Sutlej enter from Indian held Punjab. Radcliff drew the boundary line in such a
way that it cut across the river and canals; making India and Pakistan upper
and lower beneficiaries. Radcliff also handed over the Ferozepur (Sutlij) and
Madupur (Ravi) head works to India.By giving the control over the river Ravi
and Sutlej to India, Radcliff put the economical life of Pakistan in danger. It
was not merely a theoretical possibility; it was proved by Indic by cutting off
the water supply on 31st March 1948.

City of Calcutta Handed Over to India: Firstly large population of

Calcutta consisted of schedule east Hindus that were with Muslim League.
Secondly East Pakistan was separate from West Pakistan by more than one
thousand miles and for the communication point of view the port of Calcutta
was very important for Pakistan. Thirdly East Bengal produced the bulk of raw
jute but mostly the jute factories were situated in Calcutta.

Boundary Award and Mountbatten's influence? On August 8,

Mountbatten's private secretary sent a letter with a preliminary description of
the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins, the governor of Punjab. This draft
showed the Ferozepur area and its headworks going to Pakistan. When the

final award was released, Ferozepur was assigned to India. Infuriated

Pakistanis were sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliff to
change his line

Announcement of the Award was Delayed: The Award was to be

announced on August 12, 1947 but it was mysteriously delayed till August 16,
1947.

Repercussion!

India and Pakistan had no boundaries for the first two days of their
existence.

In some places both -Indian and Pakistani flags were raised.

In some border regions whose destiny was uncertain Indian and

Pakistani citizens were in the dilemma of not knowing which country they
were in even on August 15.

In some cases officials sent to work in territories that later became port
of India or Pakistani. Many administrators joined the last-minute flow of
refugees themselves,
disrupting administrative system by leaving their
posts empty.

Why?

To avoid spoiling the joyous celebration of independence by

announcing news that
would undoubtedly distress' both India and
Pakistan.

To overlook the British responsibility for the disorder that inevitably

would follow
the announcement.

2.

ACCESSION OF THE PRINCELY STATES:

Kashmir :
Area of 84,471 square miles, 77% muslims, 4 million population in
1944. The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with
Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim. The population
inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to join India. The
Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became
widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On

October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their
struggle for independence and India promised to finally settle the matter with
reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.

Hyderabad :
Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state covering 82000
sq miles of area, 260 million Revenue. Surrounded by Indian Territory. The
state was situated in the south of India. Their rulers were Muslim who were
called Nizam. Nizam wanted to maintain independent status for his state but
as being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose.
Due to the important position of the state, Mountbatten the first governor
general of India put pressure on Nizam to accede with India but Nizam
refused to do so. On September 13, 1948 just two days after the death of
Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly.
Pakistan submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India
which is still pending.

Junagadh:
Junagadh was a small Hindu majority state covering 3337 sq miles of
the area. It situated 300 miles down to the coast of Karachi Indian coast of
Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the state. After independence the request
for the accession with Pakistan by its rulers was accepted by the Quaid-eAzam. Indian government reacted sharply and an economic blockade of the
state of Junagardh was imposed that resulted in food shortage. By the end of
October 1947 the rulers of the state of Junagadh were forced to leave the
state. On 9th November 1947 the Indian army occupied the state. Pakistan
took that matter in UNO where it is still pending.

REFUGEES AND ACCOMMODATION

PROBLEM:
3.

Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs
were unhappy over the loss of their religious places. Sikhs and Hindu armed
with deadly weapons slaughter the man woman and even the small children.
Condition in East Punjab was worse than anywhere else where rulers of the
states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure played the most inhuman
role in that human tragedy.
Due to the communal violence millions of Indian Muslims leaving there

property started migrating towards Pakistan. Apart from communal violence

another reason for the migration of Muslims was their desire to live in a newly
established Islamic state.
The arrival of refugees created problem for both the countries but the issue
was more serious in the nascent state of Pakistan that was already facing no
of problems. It was estimated that only West Pakistani received 5.5 million
refugees and one sixth of the entire population of West Pakistan consisted of
refugees. It caused economic and administrative problems, as Pakistan did
not have sufficient resources to provide food, shelter and medical aid to the
growing no of refugees.
Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahore to give special attention to
this problem. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was also created in which rich people
were asked to donate. Temporary relief camps were also established.

4.

CANAL WATER DISPUTE:

It had its origin in Radcliff Award which drew the boundary India and
Pakistan in way that it cut across the rivers and canal making India the upper
beneficiary and Pakistan the lower beneficiary, It also handed over the control
over two important head works over river Ravi (Madhupure Head works) and
Sutlej (Ferozpure Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of
water in March 1948.
Dispute was finally settled when an agreement called Indus Basin treaty. The
treaty was signed between Ayub Khan the president of Pakistan and Nehru
the Indian Prime Minister on September 19, 1962. According to that
agreement India was allocated the use of two Eastern Rivers namely Ravi and
Sutlej whereas three western Rivers Indus, Jehlum and Canab were given to
Pakistan. To overcome the shortage of water World Bank, India and other
friendly countries provided Pakistan financial assistance to construct two
dams, five barrages and seven link canals.

5.

DIVISION OF ASSETS:

Military Assets:
It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would also be
divided in ratio 65 to 35 in India's favour it was with reference of the
communal balance present in the British Indian Army. Field Martial Auchinleck
was appointed as incharge of the distribution of military assets. Whatever
Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken
weapons, unserviceable artillery and aircraft. There were 16 ordnance
factories and all were located in India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees

towards its share in the ordnance factories. Later an ordnance factory was
established in Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's fourteen,
eight artillery divisions to India's forty and eight infantry divisions to India's
twenty one. Pakistan also received Staff College in Quetta and Service Corps
College at Kakul, which latter became the Pakistan military Academy.

Division of financial assets:

At the time of division there was cash balance of 4 billion rupees in the
reserve Bank of India Pakistan was to get 750 million however after the
protest of Pakistan, India agreed to pay 200 million rupees. As the war
between India and Pakistan had started on the issue of Kashmir India again
stopped the rest of the amount by saying that Pakistan could use it to buy
arms. After the protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike by
Gandhi, Nehru was forced to pay another 500 million rupees. However the
remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.

6.

ISSUE OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE:

Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan language controversy

was started between East and West Pakistan when the members of the
Constituent Assembly belonged to East Pakistan demanded that instead of
Urdu, Bengali should be made national language of Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan
then the Prime Minister of Pakistan refused to accept the demand, which
created resentment among East Pakistan. Refusal of the demand ultimately
transformed into a political movement. In March 1948 while addressing at
Dhaka, Quaid-e-Azam declared, Urdu and Urdu alone would be the national
language of Pakistan". Advice of Quaid-e-Azam temporarily took the heart out
of language movement but the issue was not settled. It exploded latter after
the death of Quaid-e-Azam.

7.

ISSUE OF PAKHTOONISTAN:

At the time of partition N.W.F.P was controlled by the "red shirts" the
ally of Congress. The Khan Brothers, Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan,
were their leaders. Despite the 1947 referendum in which the people of the
region voted to join Pakistan, the leaders of the" red shirts" demanded union
with Afghanistan or complete regional autonomy. The Afghan Government
also supported the issue by saying that the "Pakhtoons" or pathans living in
both Afghanistan and Pakistan belong to the same race and the "Pakhtoons"
of Pakistan wanted to be the part of the union with Afghanistan called
"Pakhtoonistan".

8.
9.

CONSTITUTION MAKING

DEATH OF QUAID-E-AZAM:

Despite of all the problems, Pakistan continued to march under the

dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. Nobody can deny that in the early year
predominant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam was a source of strength for
Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam died on 11th September 1948. After the death of
Quaid-e-Azam though there were great leaders too, but unfortunately none of
them was of the caliber of Quaid-e-Azam.
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAM
Jinnah played an important role in establishing the new country in the
world community. He lived only for a year after the creation of Pakistan but
even then he did what an ordinary man can not achieve in whole life. In
August 1947 few people expected Pakistan to survive as an independent
nation and many Indian Politicians actually worked to make that survival even
more difficult. Yet Thanks to his unflagging efforts Pakistan not only survived,
but prospered.
JINNAH AS A LEADER:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Held the post of Governor
General. This Was intended to be a ceremonial position with few duties. The
Governor-General was to be a figurehead acting as an inspiration to nation.
The Quaid-e-Azam, however, took the role of chief executive in the new
government. He chaired cabinet meetings and was the president of the
constituent assembly. Jinnah struggled hard for establishing Pakistan on
sound footing in all respect. He proved to the world that he is a real leader
who has shown guidance to million Muslims of subcontinent.
BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NATION:
The Quaid immediately set about dealing with those problems that
Pakistan Faced after partition.
1.
He stressed the need for everyone in Pakistan to work together to creat
the nation. He said people should not think of themselves as fpr example,
Punjabi, or Bengali. Instead they should think, feel and act as Pakistanis and
be proud of it. He toured all the areas of Pakistan to get across the message
that Everyone of us should think feel and act as a Pakistani and we should
be proud of being Pakistani alone.

2.
Quaid-e-Azam was as opposed to religious intolerance as he was to
provincialism and racialism. Even after the movement of refugees Pakistan
had millions of non Muslims and India had millions of Muslims. The Quaid

called himself the PROTECTOR GENERAL of religious minorities and his

advice was often sought by the non-Muslims. He was determined that
Pakistan should be seen as a land of tolerance and said that Islamic ideas
about justice and equality demanded that any non Muslims who chose to
remain in Pakistan should be treated fairly, not prosecuted.
3.
To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a relief fund to rehabilitate
them as quickly as possible. The people were quick to response with donation
in cash and kind.
4.
To emphasize rule of Pakistan in the world community, the Quaid
secured the membership of the country into the United Nations organization
(UNO) in September 1947. This helped it gain recognition and support among
the other nation of the world.
BUILDING A GOVERNMENT:
The Quaid-e-Azam knew that there was a great deal of work to be done
in establishing a governmental and administrative framework for Pakistan. No
Problem Could be solved Unless the country had an administration that could
take decisions about the problem and make sure that those decisions were
carried out.
1. Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister, and a cabinet was formed. A
Constituent Assembly was set up. One of its tasks was to begin framing
constitution for the new Pakistan.
2. Karachi became the capital of Pakistan and the central secretariat was set
up to run the country. Those people with government experience who chose
to move from India to Pakistan were brought to Karachi on special trains and
airplanes.
3. The civil services were recognized. In order to run the administration
smoothly the civil service rules were drafted.
4. The Quaid was determined that government officials should have the right
attitude to their work. He informed them that they had to remember that
they were the servants of the people, not the rulers of the country. It was
therefore essential that they worked with national spirit. This was particularly
important because the officials found that they had no office equipment, no
furniture, and very little stationery. For many years the Pakistani civil service
worked under extremely difficult conditions.
Building an Economy:
1. As Pakistan was denied its full share of the wealth of the old british
India and their was much work to do in converting Pakistan from an almost
completely agricultural country to one with the degree of industrial
development. An important step on this path came 1st July 1948 when the

Quaid established the State bank of Pakistan, to help develop the economy.
2. In 1948 Jinnahs Industrial policy statement made it clear that he,
and the government, saw that it was important to set up industries in
Pakistan, as quickly as possible.
3. The Quaid also reached a compromise with India in the Canal Water
Dispute which ensured that Pakistans agriculture would not be denied
precious water supplies. He also helped persuade the Indian government to
hand over the agreed share of financial asserts from pre-partition India.
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SECURITY:
Although Pakistan had been given poor military equipment and it
lacked senior cadre officer for the army, the Quaid worked to ensure that the
new country was able to defend itself.
1.
The Pakistan Army needed more officer and the gaps were filled by
offering temporary commissions and using British officers. He was
determined that the army should know that its role was to be the servant of
people and warned it that you do not make national policy. The Quaid did
not want to see Pakistan become a military dictatorship.
2.
Although Pakistans Army was ill equipped, the Quaid was not afraid to
use it, and the army saw its first action in Kashmir. Despite being
outnumbered and having inferior arms and ammunition, it stood up well and
held its own in fighting.

CONCLUSION:
The Quaid died on 11 September 1948. Despite his failing health he
had worked tirelessly to establish his new country. By the time of his death a
new government and administration had been taken to unite the diverse
people into single Pakistani nation and the steps made in developing
Pakistans economy. Equally significant was that by the end of 1948 the first
fighting had taken place against troops from Pakistans great rival, India. As
the English newspaper, the times wrote shortly after his death: No
succeeding Governor General can quite fill his place as FATHER OF NATION
such was the greatness of Quaid.

HAD THERE BEEN NO QUAID, THERE WOULD HAVE BRRN NO PAKISTAN:

__________________

Q NO 18
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and
exercise of political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power,
relationship among various institutions within the government and society. It
has precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like ordinary laws.
The Government of India Act (1935) was modified and promulgated in the
newly state of Pakistan. The elected members in the 1946 elections made the
first Constituent Assembly that faced grievous circumstances.

Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
1.

Federalism

2.

Representation

3.

Separate or Joint Electorate

4.

The National Language Issue

5.

Parliamentary or Presidential system

6.

The Islamic or Secular State

1.

Federalism

There was consensus on federalism but yet there were many issues to
be setled. The main was that Pakistan consisted of two territorial parts, East
Pakistan (with more population, less territory but administratively one unit)
and West Pakistan (administratively 4 units). Federalism is meant to
accommodate such kind of diversity maintaining the unity of the state or
country.

2.

Division of power:
It was the most difficult question that how the power would be divided

between Centre and the Provinces. The heritage of British rule gave the
tradition of a Strong Centre. But the provinces were demanding more
Autonomy and Provincial Rights.
In the Interim Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of strong
centre continued.

3.

Representation

Representation at the federal level was another conflicting issue

because East Pakistan and West Pakistan were different in population and
size. On the other hand there was diversity in Western part of Pakistan. The
provinces of West Pakistan were also different in population and size. Al of
them were sensitive to their representation and provincial autonomy.
To have a Standard Formula for the representation of units and population the
Constituent Assembly (CA) formed a Basic Principle Commitee (BPC) on
March 12, 1949. The primary task of this commitee was to frame a set of
basic principles for the future constitution of Pakistan.
a.

First BPC Report:

This commitee presented its first report on 28th September

1950. According to this report two houses of the parliament were
proposed. The lower house was to be elected on the basis of
POPULATION and the upper house was to be elected on the basis of
equal representation for al the provinces of Pakistan namely East
Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan. Equal powers were
proposed for the both Houses. No mention of National Language was
made. East Bengal opposed this report and Liaqat Ali Khan withdrew it.

b.

Second BPC Report:

BPC presented its final report on 22nd December 1952. According to

this report two Houses of the Parliament wil enjoy the equal status and
powers. It proposed equal representation to East and West wing.
This report also faced reaction in both the wings of Pakistan. The
principle of parity was not appreciated in both East Pakistan and
Punjab.

c.

Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula:

Muhammad Ali Bogra immediately after assuming the office of the

Prime Minister presented a formula to resolve the deadlock in

constitution making. According to this formula Pakistan would have a
bicameral legislature. In upper house there would be EQUAL
representation to each of five units. In lower house population wil be
represented. In this way more representation was given to East
Pakistan.

Both wings would have equal strength in joint sessions of the two
houses.

:: Reaction to Bogra Formula

It was welcomed in both parts of the country. The principle of parity
and representation of the population was appreciated. It also solved
the problem of national language by suggesting Urdu and Bengali both
as national language.

:: One Unit of West Pakistan October 1955

One Unit of West Pakistan was established on 14th October 1955. The
provinces of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan would be
amalgamated in one unit to establish parity between the two parts of
the country.

4.

Separate or Joint Electorate

Separate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by

the British Government. But the minorities did not favour this after
independence. Religious elements supported this as a part of heritage.
East: decided for Joint Electorate.
West: Separate electorate.
1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for al Pakistan by the National Assembly.

5.

The National Language Issue

Pre-independence: Muslim elite al over India adopted Urdu. In 1948

Jinnah declared that Urdu would be the national language but provinces could
use their languages.

Opposition against Urdu was there in East Bengal. This became more
pronounced after the death of Jinnah as controversies erupted on constitution
making. Language Movement started in East Pakistan February, 1952. There
was a complaint about anti Bengali language atitude of the federal
government. Two-language formula was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu
was adopted as national language along with the support for development of
regional languages.

6.

Parliamentary or Presidential

There was a consensus for parliamentary system. But there was a

limited demand for presidential system. Supporters of Presidential system
became dominant after the 1958 military takeover. The 1962 Constitution
was a Presidential constitution.

7.

The Islamic or Secular State

From the very beginning of Pakistan Movement there was an

agreement that the state wil have close relationship with Islam. Muslims
defined their national identity with reference to Islam and its heritage. Some
opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly,
and a few secularists.
There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state wil identify itself with Islam.
The Constituent Assembly took time to define the precise relationship
between the state and Islam.

CONSTITUTION MAKING (1 947-56)

Constitution is a basic document in the handling of domestic affairs. It
sets out the framework for governance and exercise of power. It gives guiding
lines of relationships among the federating units. Law making is always within
its limits.
The modified Government of India Act (1935) became the Interim
Constitution of Pakistan in 1947. The Constituent Assembly (CA) was given
the task of framing the Constitution. The first meeting of the CA was held on
August 11, 1947 at Karachi. In the lecture 17 we have discussed the
constitutional issues that the CA had to deal with, mainly 6 major issues. Now
we wil discuss the stages of constitution making.
The process began with the passing of the Objectives Resolution (Lecture 16)

in which the Islamic and democratic values were adopted as grounds for the
future constitution. The Basic Principles Commitee (BPC) consisting of 24
members was made to work for the constitutional powers. The various subcommitees on Federal and provincial powers, Franchise, Judiciary, and
Fundamental Rights started working. Board of Talimat-i-Islamia was also set
up to seek advice on the religious maters.

First BPC Report, 1950

1:
The Objectives Resolution to be included in the Constitution as the
directive principles.
2:

Legislature: Two houses of the parliament.

Upper: (House of Units) Equal representation for the units

Lower: (House of People) On the basis of Population. Both the Houses would
enjoy the equal powers.
3:
The Head of State elected by joint session would be for five years (Two
terms only). President had discretionary and emergency, appointment and
other powers. President was not answerable to anyone, might be a Muslim or
non-Muslim, would be assisted by the Prime Minister (PM) and Cabinet that
would be answerable to the CA. Parliament may impeach him by 2/3 majority.
He was given the power to abrogate the constitution.
4:

Cabinet responsible to both the Houses.

5:

No mention of national language

Criticism:
This report was severely criticized throughout the country. It could not
satisfy both the wings, East and West. The religious group objected that the
report contained nothing about Islamisation. On the question of
representation, the East Pakistan (EP) protested that their majority had been
denied by the Report. They remarked that they were thrown into a permanent
minority. The population of EP was slightly larger than that of the West
Pakistan (WP) but it was treated as the smal provinces because both the
Houses were given equal powers. So the domination of WP was intolerable for
the East wing.
The language issue proved subversive to the national solidarity. The Eastern
Pakistanis condemned the proposal that made Urdu as official language.

Second BPC Report, 1952

1.

Head of State would be Muslim and no change in powers.

2.

Equal representation to East and West wings:

a.

UH (Upper House) 60, 60 LH 200, 200

3.
More powers were given to Lower House. Cabinet was made
responsible to Lower House.
4.
It was promised that law making would be in accordance with ISLAM.
No law would be made in violation of Islamic principles.
5.

Advisory Board of five Islamic scholars was founded.

6.

Silent on national language.

Criticism:
The politicians particularly from the Punjab deplored the Report
because formation of the UH on the basis of representation was not
acceptable. It was declared against the principle of federation. The WP
favoured equality only for Upper House. The political crisis removed Prime
Minister Nazimuddin and atention diverted from the core issue.

Third Report: Muhammad Ali Formula October 1953

The proposals were revised in the light of the criticism and decided:

Upper House: Equal representation to al five units

Lower House: More representation to Eastern part

While in joint session, both wings had equal representation:

....................East Pak West Pak

Upper House

10

40

Lower House

165

135

----------------------------Joint Session 175

175

Decision by majority but it must include 30 percent members from

each zone.

Criticism:
It suggested some difficult process but mostly it was widely
acceptable. Two languages, Urdu and Bengali, were approved as official
languages that injured the national unity as Quaid-i-Azam had wished Urdu as
national language.
This is important that after the Formula, the work began on constitution
drafting because the deadlock was over.

CA Dissolution
In October 1954, GG (Governor General) dissolved the CA that was
chalenged in the Sindh court by Maulvi Tamizuddin. The court declared the
dissolution ilegal but the Federal Court upheld the GG action but asked for
seting up an elected CA.

2nd Constituent Assembly, June-July 1955

Ghulam Muhammad caled a Convention on May 10, 1955. Al its
members were to be elected indirectly (by the provincial assemblies). In this
way, the 2nd CA came into existence.

One Unit Scheme, October 1955

The presence of different provinces in the WP had complicated the
issue of the WP representation in the CA. It was handled by uniting al the WP
units into ONE (One Unit, October 30, 1955). Now both the parts had become
two units and could be addressed equaly.

Constitution-making
One Unit scheme helped the task of constitution making to accomplish
successfuly. The previous commitees report helped the new Assembly that
completed its work and presented in the 2nd CA on January 9, 1956. It, with
certain amendments, was approved on January 29, 1956 and enforced on
March 23. With this Pakistan had become an Islamic Republic.

Q NO 19:

TRAGEDY OF EAST PAKISTAN

Learning from experience is a faculty almost never practiced.

Introduction:
Remembrance of national tragedies is as important as
celebrating victories. In short but tremulous history of our beloved homeland,
we have often found ourselves pitched against mighty challenges in both
scope and scale, sometimes by chance and sometimes by design. We
managed to negotiate many of them fairly, if not with perfection like
achievement of Nuclear capability as a minimum deterrent despite inordinate
global pressure and offsetting Brass tacks crisis (1986-87). Butone such
instance has become a perpetual source of torment and shame for us
Dismemberment of Pakistan. The purpose of writing this article is to review
the catechism of this tragedy and to evaluate our post debacle national
performance to understand whether or not we have learnt any lessons from it
and to trace its relevance with our contemporary socio-politics.Separation of
East Pakistan was a tremendous loss and unbearable tragedy. Cocktail of
various factors generated, directed and expedited the flow of unfortunate
events towards this debacle. It was the outcome of perpetual deficit of good
governance which created an unbridgeable hiatus between the two wings of
Pakistan. The bruised sentiments of National unity and the constant conflict
between them dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder that was
blatantly and shamefully fuelled by India, which tragically resulted in the
brutal and violent amputation of Pakistans Eastern Wing.

It is a rebuke to our political sagacity that we failed to mature the dream of

our founding fathers right from the first step i.e. we miserably failed in
framing a unanimously agreed upon constitution. Whereas in India, passed by
the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, the constitution came into
effect on January 26, 1950.
Political factors
i. Delay in Framing Constitution:
It is a rebuke to our political sagacity that we failed to mature the dream of

our founding fathers right from the first step i.e. we miserably failed in
framing a unanimously agreed upon constitution. Whereas in India, passed by
the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, the constitution came into
effect on January 26, 1950.
The delay in producing a constitutional framework made the reconciliation of
these two dialectically different inheritances a far more difficult and almost
hopeless task.
-Lawrence Ziring

ii. Flawed One Unit system:

Though in theory one Unit system was in vogue but practically West Pakistan
enjoyed the superiority because had it not been the case, Awami league
would have been allowed by the west Pakistans administrative elite to form
the government after its blazing victory in 1970s elections.

iii. Dysfunctional Democracy:

Our history of dysfunctional democracy has caused us great grief, most
hauntingly in the separation of East Pakistan in 1971
-President Musharraf
In the Line of Fire
iv. The war of 1965 and flawed military strategy:
Ayub Khan had developed the fatal theory that the defence of East Pakistan
lay in the West. Therefore the East Pakistanis were left undefended and
completely abandoned to their fate. This policy only added to the feeling of
isolation and alienation in East Pakistan.

v. Role of Mujeeb Ur Rehman:

Mujeeb, in the words of Yahya khan, was an unreliable and immature
person who thrived on publicity and mass hysteria, could only gesticulate
and shout and was incapable of analyzing and thinking. His uncompromising
insistence on his infamous 6-points agenda and equally rigid response of Mr.
Bhutto made reconciliation, virtually, an impossible task.
Awami league demanded nothing less than the break-up of Pakistan.
-Lawrence Ziring

vi. Role of Ayub Khan:

Three of the Prime Ministers hailing from East Pakistan Khawaja
Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali Bogra and Suhrawardy were manoeuvred out
of office by the west Pakistani elite. Ayub Khans martial law proved to be the
proverbial last straw.

vii. Hostility of India and Mukti Bahni:

It was a regional sectarian force, created and trained by BSF, to challenge
the authority of Pakistan Army. It escalated the violence into a full-fledged
civil war.
viii. Imposition of Marital law:
Ayub khans decision to hand over the power to the then army chief Gen.
Yahya instead of politicians, as a quid to escape a public trial further
worsened the already tensed environment.
ix. Negative attitude of leaders of East Pakistan: Taj-ud-din Ahmad, General
Secretary Awami League said in 1970 that
A class of exploiters belonging to western region had sucked east
Pakistan for the last 23 years. History of Pakistan is the history of
conspiracy and a history of continued oppression.

2.

Economic FactorS

i. Economic inequality of both the wings:

It was widely and pervasively shared thought though not without some
substance that more funds were allocated to West Pakistan and the
development of the other half was altogether neglected.
ii. Larger share of West Pakistanis in administration and Army:
The medium built Bengalis found it quite difficult to finesse their way
to Army as compared to the strong built Punjabis and Pathans. Though there
was no discrimination in recruitment process but unfortunately it was
interpreted with the mindset of narrow nationalism.

3.

Geographical factors

i. Geographical discontinuity:.
The integration of the nation, split at its birth into two segments
separated from one another by a thousand miles of India territory, was a

daunting exercise.
-Lawrence Ziring

ii. Flood of 1970:

Government acted quite late to carry out the relief operation during
the heavy flood of 1970 that caused havoc in East Pakistan and the sheer
enormity of the disaster attracted worldwide attention. Sheikh Mujeeb cashed
the opportunity and ignited the sentiments of sedition of general populace by
labelling it as a deliberate delay on the part of West Pakistan because it was
least concerned by the sufferings and plight of the East.
When the Pakistan government finally acted, its assistance was
only a fraction of that provided by international agencies
-Lawrence Ziring

4. Social Factors
i. Language and emotive issues:
This was the first schism in the Centre-East Pakistan relationship and
developed immediately after the Quaid declared in a speech in Dhaka on
March 24, 1948, that Urdu alone would be the official language of Pakistan.
This took an ugly turn when 3 students of Dhaka University were killed by the
riot police when they were protesting against the announcement.

ii. No attempt for cultural unity of both the wings:

No attempts were made to develop common cultural ties and
solidarity between both the blocs. Bengalis resented that even though they
were learning the Urdu language yet there was no desire amongst the
Western half to learn Bangla language.

5. Administrative Factors
i. Issue of the Capital:
East Pakistan, that was culturally homogenised, politically sensitive and

socially united, wanted to have Dhaka as the capital of Pakistan but instead
of negotiating a mutually agreed upon solution to this problem, unilaterally,
Karachi was declared capital of Pakistan, a decision that was greatly resented
by East Pakistan.

ii. Military Operation:

Instead of following a proper course to develop political reconciliation
through negotiations with the spirit of mutual accommodation, the
Government resorted to the easy-looking but fateful option of launching
military operation Search Light. Atrocities were committed in the name of
national interest further polarising the eastern wing.

Pakistans failure to strengthen her political institutions and her

political frailty were an invitation to disaster. If the politicians
blundered..the military harmed the country no less with its
repeated intervention in civil affairs. Both are at fault, and both
accuse each other for causing greater disservice to the state.
- Gen. K. M. Arif (Khakhi Shadows)

iii. Role of State Controlled Media:

The state controlled media was feeding the Pakistanis with the news of
imaginary victories and resultantly when the reality surfaced, the people of
Pakistan were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude of defeat.

6. Military Surrender:
After a lacklustre military performance, on 16 December 1971, LieutenantGeneral A. A. K. Niazi, supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East
Pakistan, surrendered to the Allied Forces (Mitro Bahini) represented by
Lieutenant General Arora of Indian Army at the surrender.

7. Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report:

A half-hearted attempt was made to surface the facts that caused the
debacle but unfortunately that report was not published by Mr. Bhutto
ostensibly to save the army from further demoralisation. The crux of this
report is:
i. It accused the army of carrying out wanton arson killings in the countryside

in the name of quelling rebellion.

ii. Moreover, the orders emanated from the GHQ were studiously ambiguous.
iii. It asserts that the political turmoil and the power struggle between Bhutto
and Mujeeb along with the flawed military strategy and poor leadership
hastened the dismemberment of Pakistan.

While many others share the blame for this monumental tragedy,
neither President Yahya Khan nor the military can escape
responsibility.
- Khaki Shadows (Gen. K. M. Arif)

The separation of East Pakistan was a great setback to Pakistan. By

1970, sentiments for national unity had weakened in East Pakistan to the
extent that constant conflict between the two Wings dramatically erupted
into mass civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and violent
amputation of Pakistan's Eastern Wing.
The physical separation of a thousand miles between the two wings without a
common border, and being surrounded by Indian territory and influences, led
to constant political, economic and social conflicts between the two wings;
embittering relations bringing the country on the verge of collapse.
As a result of the separation of its Eastern Wing, Pakistan's international
credit was depleted and the military, being its most powerful institution,
suffered a lot. To some, the very concept of Pakistan as the homeland for the
Muslims in Southeast Asia no longer appeared valid.
Trouble started right at the inception of Pakistan in 1947. Almost
immediately, East Pakistan claimed that as their population (55 percent as
compared to 45 percent in the West) was greater, they were in a majority.
Democratically, the Federal Capital, therefore, should have been in Dhaka
and not in Karachi.
Since Karachi was the seat of the National Government; ministers,
government officials and industrialists exerted immense influence on national
and regional affairs, which brought them many benefits. But the East
Pakistanis were unable to extract the same kind of advantages, as they were
a thousand miles away from the Capital. Moreover, the Capital initially
attracted wealthy industrialists, businessmen, administrators, doctors and
other professionals who had fled from India.

The location of the Capital, it was said, created great economic imbalance,
uneven distribution of national wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the
people of West Pakistan, because they were able to sway decisions in their
own favor.
Secondly, Bengalis resented the vast sums of foreign exchange earned from
the sale of jute from East, which were being spent on defense. They
questioned how the expenditure for the Kashmir cause would be justified,
when it could otherwise have been productively used to build dams and
barriers to control floods, eradicate poverty and illiteracy, and supply food
and shelter for the ever-growing population in East Pakistan.
Thirdly, the people of the East believed that it was sheer regional prejudice
that all white-collar jobs were taken by West Pakistanis.
Many mistakes were made early in the short history of Pakistan. There lived
in East Pakistan about 15 million Hindus who, with the help of their fellow
West Bengali Indians from across the border, were able to exploit East-West
differences that emerged as a result of these mistakes. Grievances were
exaggerated to foster anti-West Pakistani feelings that eventually created
Bengali Nationalism and separatist tendencies. Bengali political leaders went
around depicting the Central Government and West Pakistan as hostile
exploiters. However, no effective efforts were made by the Government to
check these anti-national trends.
Awami League, formed in 1951, was headed by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman. He
had always been an ardent Bengali nationalist. He began to attract popular
support from Bengalis in East Pakistan. He put forward his Six Points that
demanded more autonomy for the Provinces in general, and East Pakistan in
particular. He was arrested in April 1966, and soon released, only to be
rearrested and imprisoned in June the same year. He languished in prison
until February 1969.
Being deeply aware of the explosive political situation in the country, the
then Chief Martial Law Administrator, Yahya Khan, set in motion moves to
transfer power to the elected representatives of the people, and announced
that the general elections would be held on October 5, 1970.
In all his election speeches, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman reiterated his demand
for implementation of his Six Points and provincial autonomy plans.
The 1970 elections were postponed from October to December due to heavy
floods that caused immense destruction and havoc in East Pakistan. The
sheer enormity of the disaster attracted worldwide attention. This gave
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman a golden opportunity to have an international
audience for his anti-West Pakistan feelings, which he accused of brutal
callousness. The Awami League gained much sympathy and benefit out of
this suffering, and Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman and his people were portrayed on

the international scene as victims of West Pakistan's indifference.

In the general elections held in December 1970, the Awami League achieved
an overwhelming victory. They captured 167 seats, the highest number in
East Pakistan and overall. In the West, the Pakistan Peoples Party had won 85
seats. The way was now open to draw up a new Constitution.
The Awami League, now overwhelmingly victors, stood firm on its Six Points
plan and refused to compromise on that issue. The Peoples Party in the West
maintained that the Six Points Program did not really permit a genuine
federation. It was in fact a unique constitutional proposal that proposed a
federation that had power only over defense and foreign policy.
Efforts were made to start a constitutional dialogue and narrow the
differences between the two Wings, but all in vain. Mujib-ur-Rahman's
adamant stand in support of his Six Points, and his proposal that East
Pakistan should have a sovereign status independent of Pakistan, further
aggravated the situation.
Mujib-ur-Rahman launched a non-cooperation movement. The civil
administration was totally paralyzed. All government and educational
institutions were closed. People were asked not to pay any taxes. The
transport system came to a standstill. Factories and shops were shut. All
government activities between both the Wings ceased. The Awami League
setup a parallel government. Gangs of local Awami League freedom fighters,
known as Mukti Bahini, led violent demonstrations and howled racial and antiWest Pakistan slogans, inciting the people to more violence.
Amidst these disturbances, Genaral Yahya decided to convene the National
Assembly in March 1971. But Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman unexpectedly put
forward other demands such as the immediate lifting of Martial Law and
power transfer to the elected representatives of the people, prior to the
National Assembly session.
Unfortunately, on March 23, the Republic Day of Pakistan, the Awami League
declared "Resistance Day" and Bangladesh flags flew all over the Province.
There was a great massacre. East Pakistan had reached a point of no return.
To quash the armed rebellion of Awami League militants, the Pakistan Army
struck its first blow on March 27, 1971. Yahya Khan chose to use force to
bring law and order in the country.
In the meantime, India exploited Pakistan's dilemma to the full. It sought to
wring full propaganda and strategic value for itself out of the Bengali
suffering and misery. India launched an attack on East Pakistan on November
22, 1971. The use of modern Soviet missiles, geographical separation by a
thousand miles lying across the hostile Indian territory, and the collusion of
Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, made Pakistan's military defeat in the East
almost certain.

On December 10, 1971, the first feeler for surrender in East Pakistan was
conveyed to the United Nations. On December 17, 1971, a formal surrender
was submitted and accepted. Forty five thousand troops and an almost equal
number of civilians of West Pakistan were taken as prisoners of war.

Six points of Mujeeb-ur-Rehman

First enunciated on February 12, 1966, the six points are as below:
1. The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in the true
sense on the basis of the Lahore Resolution and for a parliamentary form
of government based on the supremacy of a directly elected legislature on
the basis of universal adult franchise.
2. The Federal Government shall deal with only two subjects; Defense
and Foreign Affairs. All residuary subjects will be vested in the federating
states.
3. There should be either two separate, freely convertible currencies for the
two Wings, or one currency with two separate reserve banks to prevent interWing flight of capital.
4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the
federating units. The Federal Government will receive a share to meet its
financial obligations.
5. End Economic disparities between the two Wings through a series of
economic, fiscal, and legal reforms.
6. A militia or paramilitary force must be created in East Pakistan, which
at present has no defense of its own.

The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission

Report [1971]
In December 1971, within a week of replacing General Yahya as the
President, Bhutto formed a commission headed by the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court, Justice Hamood-ur-Rahman. The Commission's responsibility
was to ascertain the facts of the 1971 debacle. The commission interviewed
213 persons including General Yahya, Z. A. Bhutto, Chief of Air Force, Chief of
Navy, senior commanders, and various political leaders. It submitted its first
report in July 1972.
Originally there were 12 copies of the Report. These were all destroyed;
expect the one that was handed over to Z. A. Bhutto. Neither Bhutto, nor the
Army which took over in 1977, made the Report public. Though the Report
remained classified, its contents were presumably learned from various
writings and memoirs of the military officers narrating their side of the story
of what the Hamood-ur-Rahman Inquiry Commission had to say. The report

recommended public trials of the concerned officers responsible for the 1971
debacle.
The inquiry was reopened in 1974. The Commission again interviewed 73
bureaucrats and top military officers and submitted its supplementary report
in November 1974. It was this supplementary report that was presumably
published by an Indian magazine in August 2000, and afterwards allowed to
be published in the Pakistani press. Publicizing of the Report by the Indian
media was not a surprise since it had come out at a time when there was
international pressure mounting on India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.
Immense human rights violations were being reported by international
organizations such as Amnesty International and Asia Watch with reference to
the role of Indian Security Forces in the Indian-held Kashmir. The publication
of the Report was seen in Pakistan as an attempt by India to divert the world
attention from its inhumane and unjustified actions in Kashmir.
Volume I of the main report dealt with political background, international
relations, and military aspects of the events of 1971. Volume I of the
supplementary report discussed political events of 1971, military aspect,
surrender in East Pakistan and the moral aspect.
A large number of West Pakistanis and Biharis who were able to escape from
East Pakistan told the Commission awful tales of the atrocities at the hands of
the Awami League militants. It was revealed that many families of West
Pakistani Officers and other ranks serving with East Bengal Units were
subjected to inhuman treatment. Their erstwhile Bengali colleagues had
butchered a large number of West Pakistani Officers.
As the tales of slaughter reached West Pakistani soldiers of other Units, they
reacted violently, and in the process of restoring the authority of the Central
Government, committed severe excesses on the local Bengali population. The
Report's findings accuse the Army of carrying out senseless and wanton
arson, killings in the countryside, killing of intellectuals and professionals and
burying them in mass graves, killing of Bengali Officers and soldiers on the
pretence of quelling their rebellion, killing East Pakistani civilian officers,
businessmen and industrialists, raping a large number of East Pakistani
women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture, and deliberate
killing of members of the Hindu minority.
Having dealt with the claim of General Niazi that he had no legal option but to
surrender, the Commission proceeded to consider whether it was necessary
for General Niazi to surrender, and whether he was justified in surrendering at
that particular juncture, for most of the messages that emanated from the
General Head Quarters were studiously ambiguous and designed. Secondly,
General Farman Ali had suggested to him that instead of ordering surrender
en masse, he should leave it to each Divisional Commander to surrender or
not, according to his own circumstances. It was pointed out in the Report,
that despite the assurances given by the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army and

the terms of surrender, the killing of loyal East Pakistani population, West
Pakistani civilians, and civil armed forces by the Mukti Bahini started in full
swing soon after Army's surrender.
It was maintained in the Report that the defeat suffered by the armed forces
was not a result of military factors alone, but had been brought about as the
cumulative result of political, international, moral and military factors. The
political developments that took place between 1947 and 1971, including the
effects of the two Martial Law periods, hastened the process of political and
emotional isolation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan.
The dismemberment of Pakistan was also accelerated by the role played by
the two major political parties, Awami League and the Pakistan Peoples Party,
in bringing about a situation that resulted in postponement of the National
Assembly session, scheduled to be held at Dhaka on the March 3, 1971. The
events occurring between March 1 and 25, 1971, when the Awami League
had seized power from the Government, resulting in the military action of
March 25, 1971, were deplorable. The Commission also touched upon the
negotiations, which General Yahya Khan was pretending to hold during this
period with Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman on the one hand, and political leaders
from West Pakistan on the other. Although he never formally declared these
negotiations to have failed, yet he secretly left Dhaka on the evening of
March 25, 1971, leaving instructions behind for military action to be initiated
as soon his plane landed at Karachi.
The Commission declared that military action could not have been substitute
for a political settlement, which was feasible once law and order had been
restored within a matter of few weeks after the military action. No serious
effort was made to start a political dialogue with the elected representatives
of the people of East Pakistan. Instead fraudulent and useless measures were
adopted. The use of excessive force during the military action had only
served to alienate the sympathies of the people of East Pakistan. The
arbitrary methods adopted by the Martial Law Administration in dealing with
respectable citizens of East Pakistan and their sudden disappearances made
the situation worse. The attitude of the Army authorities towards the Hindu
minority also resulted in a large-scale exodus to India.
Although General Yahya Khan was not totally unaware of the avowed
intention of India to dismember Pakistan, he didn't realize the need for early
political settlement with the political leaders of East Pakistan. There was
wastage of considerable time during which the Indians mounted their training
program for the Mukti Bahini and freely started guerillas raids into the
Pakistan territory. Pakistan Army was almost unable to prevent infiltration of
Mukti Bahini and Indian agents all along the borders of East Pakistan. In the
presence of these two factors, the Pakistan Army was obviously fighting a
losing battle from the very start.
There had been a large exodus of people from East Pakistan to India, as a

result of the military action. The results of Indian efforts to propagate this
refugee problem on an international level cannot be undermined. The Indian
propaganda was so forceful that all endeavors made by the military regime in
Pakistan to defuse the situation proved to be futile and left the world
unimpressed. The mutual assistance treaty signed between India and the U.
S. S. R. in August 1971 further aggravated the situation.
No rational explanation was available as to why General Yahya did not take
the dispute to the Security Council immediately after the Indian invasion of
East Pakistan on November 21, 1971. Nor was it possible to explain his
refusal to accept the first Russian resolution, if indeed the situation in East
Pakistan had become so critical that surrender was inevitable. The Army High
Command did not carry out any in-depth study of the effect of these new
factors, nor did it pay any attention to the growing disparity in war
preparedness and capability between the armed forces of Pakistan and India
as a result of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of August 1971.
The traditional concept of defense adopted by the Pakistan Army that the
defense of East Pakistan lays in West Pakistan was never implemented in a
determined and effective manner. The concept remained valid, and if ever
there was need to invoke this concept, it was on November 21, 1971, when
Indian troops crossed the East Pakistan borders in naked aggression.
Unfortunately, the delay in opening the Western front and the half-hearted
and hesitant manner in which it was ultimately opened only helped in
precipitating the catastrophe in East Pakistan. Besides, the detailed narrative
of events, as given in the supplementary report, clearly shows that the
planning was hopelessly defective. There was neither any plan at all for the
defense of Dhaka, nor any concerted effort to stem the enemy onslaught with
a Division or a Brigade battle at any stage. It was only when the General
found himself gradually being surrounded by the enemy which had
successfully reached Faridpur, Khulna, Daudkandi and Chandpur (the shortest
route to Dhaka), that he began to make frantic efforts to get the troops back
for the defense of Dhaka.
The Report maintained that there was no actual order to surrender. In view of
the desperate picture painted by the Commander Eastern Command, higher
authorities gave him permission to surrender if he, in his judgment, thought it
necessary. General Niazi could have opted not to surrender if he thought that
he had the capability of defending Dhaka. On his own estimate, he had
26,400 men to hold out for another two weeks. The enemy would have taken
a week to build up its forces and another week to reduce the fortress of
Dhaka. But evidence showed that he had already lost the will to fight after
December 7, 1971, when his major fortresses at Jessore and Brahmanbari
had fallen. Detailed accounts of witnesses given to the Commission indicate
that Lt-General Niazi had suffered a complete moral collapse during the
closing phases of the war.
It had been concluded that apart from the political, international and military

factors, an important cause for defeat of the Pakistan Army was the lack of
moral character and courage in the senior Army Commanders. The process of
moral degeneration among the senior ranks of the armed forces was set in
motion by their involvement in Martial Law duties in 1958. These tendencies
were intensified when General Yahya Khan imposed Martial Law in the
country once again in March 1969. A large number of senior army officers had
not only indulged in large-scale acquisition of lands and houses and other
commercial activities, but had also adopted highly immoral and lewd ways of
life, which seriously affected their professional capabilities and their qualities
of leadership. It appears that they had lost the will to fight and the ability to
take vital and critical decisions required for the successful prosecution of the
war. These remarks particularly applied to General Yahya Khan, his close
associates, General Abdul Hamid Khan, Major General Khuda Dad Khan and
Lt-General A. A. K. Niazi, apart from certain other officers. The Commission
recommended that these grave allegations be dealt with seriously.
The surrender in East Pakistan had been a tragic blow to the nation and had
caused, not only dismemberment of Pakistan, but also shattered the image of
Pakistan Army as an efficient and excellent fighting force. In the end it was
hoped in the Report that the Nation would learn the necessary lessons from
these tragic events, and that effective and early action will be taken in the
light of the conclusions reached.
The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report is a valuable document. It was
prepared with the explicit purpose of not repeating the various mistakes
committed by the Army, General Yahya Khan and Z. A. Bhutto, which resulted
in the separation of East Pakistan. Writings and memoirs disclose that apart
from its inquiry into the 1971 crisis, it also makes thoughtful
recommendations about the defense of the country as a whole.

Critical Analysis:
What would have happened had there been good governance and political
stability; had there been a logical and a mature approach of our brain dead
politicians and ear jammed bureaucracy towards simmering domestic issues;
had Mr. Bhutto, instead of insisting on power sharing, decided to sit in the
parliament as the opposition leader? - is a realm of speculation. But there is
an intellectual consensus that had it been so, the situation would not have
come to such a shameful denouement. Today East Pakistan debacle still offer
us many lessons to learn such as:
i. Federalism can only work if each of the units is a willing and an equal
partner.
ii. Resource distribution formula must be transparent and mutually agreed
upon. It cannot be and must not be tilted by force in favour of any single unit.
iii. Political stability and good governance is the only way to survive as a

nation state and to rise among the comity of nations with dignity and respect.
iv. Finally yet importantly, Military option must be carefully planned and
executed and must be backed by a profound political vision.

Q NO 20
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF
PAKISTAN.
Geo strategic means the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of
its geographical location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of
geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages
it derives from its location.

Stephen Cohn describes this importance :

While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has been its
greatest benefit. It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the
north-east.
Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, a way from
resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is
facing energy crisis and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation, and
a front line state against terrorism.

Geographical Importance:
Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia; Iran and Afghanistan are
energy abundant while India and China are lacking of.
China finds way to Indian ocean and Arabian Sea through Korakaram. China
with its fastest economic growth rate of 10%; is developing its southern
provinces because its own port is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gawader
is 2500 km away.
Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran
(4500 km) or Turkey (5000 km).
land locked Afganistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways
through Pakistan..

Economic Blocs: SAARC, ASEAN, ECO. A link between them. Gawader port
with its deep waters attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East
Asian Countries

Gas pipelines:
1.
IPI: Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern
countries. Pakistan would get 400 million dollar annually if IPI gets success.
2.
Qatar Pakistan and Turkmenistan Pipeline project: highlights the
position.
3.

TAPI:

Mountain Ranges: Himalayas, Hindu Kush in the North are plentiful in

providing water and natural resources.

Political importance:
US interests in the regions to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran,
terrorist Afghanistan, and to benefit from the market of India. Security and
Business are two main US interests in the region while Pakistan is playing a
front line role against terrorism.
Today the political scenario of the region is tinged with pre emption policy
and US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, Irans nuclear program, Indias
geopolitical muscles(new strategic deal with US) to gain the hegemony and to
counter the The Rise of China which has earned all the qualities to change
unipolar world into Bipolar world. In all these issues, Pakistan is directly or
indirectly involved, especially after Al Qaeda operations.
The American think tanks have repeatedly accepted that war against terror
could never be won without the help of Pakistan. Pakistan has rigorously
fought, and ongoing military operation in Wazirstan is also targeting the
suspected Taliban in the bordering area.

Main threats to Pakistan:

1.
Balochistan and Wazirstan conflicts are posing threats to any economic
project like IPI gas pipeline.
2.

Negative role of India, US, Iran in this conflict ridden area.

3.

Kashmir is flash point, accelerating nuclear race in the South Asia.

4.
Instable governments in Pakistan have contributed in weakening the
strong position.