1 Introduction

A four-stroke engine, also known as four-cycle, is an internal combustion

engine in which the piston completes four separate strokesintake,
compression, power, and exhaust - during two separate revolutions of the
engine's crankshaft. The cycle begins TDC, when the piston is farthest away
from the axis of the crankshaft. A cycle refers to the full travel of the piston from
TDC to BDC.
INTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston
descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the
pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel
engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through
the intake port. The intake valve then close.
COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston
returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into
the combustion chamber of the cylinder head.
POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the engine. While the
piston is close to Top Dead Centre, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline
engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel
engine, which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the
compression stroke. The resulting pressure from the combustion of the
compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead
centre.
EXHAUST stroke: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top
dead centre while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the burnt
products of combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture
out through the exhaust valve(s).
Power output limitations
The maximum amount of power generated by an engine is determined by the
maximum amount of air ingested. The amount of power generated by a piston
engine is related to its size (cylinder volume), whether it is a two-stroke or fourstroke design, volumetric efficiency, losses, air-to-fuel ratio, the calorific value of
the fuel, oxygen content of the air and speed (RPM). The speed is ultimately
limited by material strength and lubrication.

Types of engine

Various types of engine used depending on the number of cylinders:

Flat: The cylinder lies flat. Half of the cylinders are located on one side of the crankshaft and
the other half on other side. This makes a car more stable due to lower centre of gravity.
Inline: Inline have cylinders on top of the crankshaft. They stand in line at a vertical 90
degrees. Inline engines can run smooth and provide a lot of power.
V Type: The cylinders are located on opposite side of the crankshaft and are elevated up a
varying amount of degrees depending on the manufacturer.
W type: W type work well for a large number of cylinders because everything become
more compact and shorter. These are found in few cars.

SINGLE CYLINDER:
A single-cylinder engine is a basic piston engine configuration of an internal combustion
engine. It is often seen on motorcycles, auto rickshaws, motor scooters, mopeds and has
many uses in portable tools and garden machinery. It has been used in automobiles
and tractors.
Single-cylinder engines are simple and compact, and will often deliver the
maximum power possible within a given envelope. Single-cylinder engines are simple and
economical in construction. The vibration they generate is acceptable in many applications,
while less acceptable in others. The bestselling motor vehicle of the world, the Honda Super
Cub, has a very fuel-efficient 49 cc single-cylinder engine and big-diameter 17-inch wheels.

POLLUTION CAUSED BY I.C ENGINE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

All the I.C. engine when they operate pollute the environment through hot combustion gases.
The automotive vehicle and industrial power unit using internal combustion engine are major
contributors to this problem.
The following products are usually considered as pollutants.

a) Carbon monoxide:
Carbon monoxide is generally formed when the mixture is rich in fuel. The amount of
carbon monoxide formed increased as the mixture becomes more and richer in fuel.
b) Nitric Oxide:
The rate of formation of nitric oxide is higher with rich mixture than with lean
mixture. Nitric oxide does not decompose sufficient during expansion.
c) Hydrocarbons:
Complex chain of hydrocarbons result in polymerization and agglomeration during
combustion and some of hydrocarbon escape into exhaust due to imperfect
combustion.
d) Smoke or particulate:
Particulate matter (matters which cause visible smoky exhaust) generally occurs in
liquid or solid form
e) Sulphur Oxide:
The oxides of sulphur are formed during combustion. These oxides are harmful for
the engine itself as well as general industry and life.
Transportation activities are a dominant factor behind the emission of most pollutants
and thus their impacts on the environment. These impacts, like all environmental
impacts, can fall within three categories:

Direct impacts. The immediate consequence of transport activities on

the environment where the cause and effect relationship is generally clear
and well understood.

Indirect impacts. The secondary (or tertiary) effects of transport

activities on environmental systems. They are often of higher
consequence than direct impacts, but the involved relationships are often
misunderstood and difficult to establish.

Cumulative impacts. The additive, multiplicative or synergetic

consequences of transport activities. They take into account of the varied
effects of direct and indirect impacts on an ecosystem, which are often
unpredicted.
FUELS:
Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane,
and natural gas).
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are
any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than
conventional fuels.
alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol,butanol),
chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil
methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, and other biomass sources.

From the last two decade lot of researches are being made to tap down air freely
available in atmosphere at high compression, which can easily be stored in
cylinders with little modified design. . Thus efficiency of IC engine gets improved
and without all running four stroke cycle it runs two stroke cycles. Guy Nigre-a
French scientist developed the engine and claims that it is zero Pollution and
given demonstration in Aug.2004.Similarly, Quasiturbine is also developed to
run on radial cycle where all four strokes take place in one complete 360 degree.
A compressed air quasi turbine car was demonstrated in Oct2004. These
engines are basically running with use of compressed air and gas.
.

2 Literature Review

In the project, running of a single cylinder 4 stroke engine by a compressed gas,

one of the basic requirement was to modify a 4 stroke engine in such a way that
instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with
hot expanding gases; it will use the expansion of compressed air to move the
piston. In it there is no combustion engine therefore no pollution in exhaust.
Whereas in Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal
combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete
combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon
dioxide , water and some soot also called particulate matter . The effects of
inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and
include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There
are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that
include nitrogen oxides and sulphur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons,
depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio. PM, carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as criteria air
pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels at which human health and welfare
are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and butadiene, are regulated
as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as
possible depending on technological and practical considerations. Significant
contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines.
Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce

noise. Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or machinecreated environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or
animal life.

But this all has not stop the Automotive production down the ages
and the requirements of wide range of energy-conversion systems. These include
electric, steam, solar, turbine, rotary, and different types of piston-type internal
combustion engines. The reciprocating-piston internal -combustion system,
operating on a four-stroke cycle, has been the most successful for automobiles,
while diesel engines are widely used for trucks and buses. The gasoline engine
was originally selected for the automobile due to its flexibility over a wide range
of speeds. Also, the power developed for a given weight engine was reasonable;
it could be produced by economical mass-production methods; and it used a
readily available, moderately priced fuel--gasoline. Reliability, compact size, and
range of operation later became important factors.

The engine are classified based on combustion (ignition), fuel used,

cooling, application and construction.
Based on the combustion type: 1. External combustion engines
2. Internal combustion engines.
Based on fuel used : 1. Diesel engines
2. Petrol engines
3. CNG engines and LPG engines.
Based on cooling system : 1. Air cooled engines
2. Liquid cooled engines
Based on applications : 1. Statinary engine
2. Rocket engine
3. Automobile engine
Based on construction : 1. Inline engines
2. Opposed engines
3. Rotary engine
4. V-engines
5. W engines

At present the most used in engine in vehicles are internal

combustion engine the internal combustion engine is an engine in which

the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion

chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the hightemperature and high -pressure gases produced by combustion apply
direct force to some component of the engine. This force is applied typically
to pistons. This force moves the piston over a distance, transforming chemical
energy into useful mechanical energy. he term internal combustion
engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as
the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants,
such as the six-stroke piston engine . A second class of internal combustion
engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket
engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as
previously described. The internal combustion engine is quite different
from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which
the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or
contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot
water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler.

As their name implies, four-stroke internal combustion engines have four

basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine are as follows:
(1) Intake stroke (2) Compression stroke (3) Power stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke
1.Intake stroke: The first stroke of the internal combustion engine is also known
as the suction stroke because the piston moves to the maximum volume position
(downward direction in the cylinder). The inlet valve opens as a result of the cam
lobe pressing down on the valve stem, and the vaporized fuel mixture enters the
combustion chamber. The inlet valve closes at the end of this stroke.

2. Compression stroke: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston starts
its movement to the minimum volume position (upward direction in the cylinder)
and compresses the fuel mixture. During the compression process, pressure,
temperature and the density of the fuel mixture increases.

3. A Power stroke: When the piston reaches a point just before top dead center,
the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The point at which the fuel ignites varies
by engine; typically it is about 10 degrees before top dead centre. This expansion
of gases caused by ignition of the fuel produces the power that is transmitted to
the crank shaft mechanism.

4. Exhaust stroke: In the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens.
During this stroke, the piston starts its movement in the maximum volume
position. The open exhaust valve allows the exhaust gases to escape the
cylinder. At the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the inlet valve
opens, and the sequence repeats in the next cycle. Four-stroke engines require
two revolutions.

Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either

by spark ignition (gasoline)(SI) or compression ignition(diesel) (CI)

Gasoline Ignition Process

Gasoline engine ignition systems generally rely on a combination of a leadacid
battery and an induction coil to provide a high-voltage electric spark to ignite the
air-fuel mix in the engine's cylinders. This battery is recharged during operation
using an electricity-generating device such as an alternator or generator driven
by the engine. Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and
compress it to not more than 12.8 bar (1.28 MPa), then use a spark plug to ignite
the mixture when it is compressed by the piston head in each cylinder.
Diesel Ignition Process
Diesel engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its
compression process for ignition. The compression level that occurs is usually
twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines take in air only, and shortly
before peak compression, spray a small quantity of diesel fuel into the cylinder
via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite.

But in todays world, there has been a growing emphasis on the

pollution producing features of automotive power systems. This has created new
interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements
that were not economically feasible in prior years. Although a few limitedproduction battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared from time to time,
they have not proved to be competitive owing to costs and operating
characteristics. However, the gasoline engine, with its new emission-control
devices to improve emission performance, has not yet been challenged
significantly. An approach to build an engine running on compressed air is also a
new technology and research on it is still on.

Air is compressed by an air compressor. An air compressor is a device

that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline
engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which, on
command, can be released in quick bursts. There are numerous methods of air
compression, divided into either positive-displacement or negative-displacement
types.

The three basic types of air compressors are

reciprocating

rotary screw

rotary centrifugal

These types are further specified by:

the number of compression stages

cooling method (air, water, oil)

drive method (motor, engine, steam, other)

lubrication (oil, Oil-Free where Oil Free means no lubricating oil contacts
the compressed air)

packaged or custom-built

Reciprocating Air Compressors

Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement machines, meaning that
they increase the pressure of the air by reducing its volume. This means they are
taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a closed space and
elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor
accomplishes this by a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and
displacing element.
Single-stage and two-stage reciprocating compressors are commercially
available.

Single-stage compressors are generally used for pressures in the range

of 4 bar to 6 bar.

Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher pressures in the

range of 6 bar to 17 bar.

The reciprocating air compressor is single acting when the compressing is

accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of
the piston is considered double acting. Load reduction is achieved by unloading
individual cylinders. Typically this is accomplished by throttling the suction
pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air either within or outside the compressor.
Capacity control is achieved by varying speed in engine-driven units through fuel
flow control. Reciprocating air compressors are available either as air-cooled or
water-cooled in lubricated and non-lubricated configurations and provide a wide
range of pressure and capacity selections.
Rotary Screw Compressor
Rotary air compressors are positive displacement compressors. The most
common rotary air compressor is the single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded
screw air compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors within a casing
where the rotors compress the air internally. There are no valves. These units are
basically oil cooled (with air cooled or water cooled oil coolers) where the oil
seals the internal clearances. Since the cooling takes place right inside the
compressor, the working parts never experience extreme operating
temperatures. The rotary compressor, therefore, is a continuous duty, air cooled
or water cooled compressor package. Rotary screw air compressors are easy to
maintain and operate. Capacity control for these compressors is accomplished by
variable speed and variable compressor displacement. For the latter control
technique, a slide valve is positioned in the casing. As the compressor capacity is
reduced, the slide valve opens, bypassing a portion of the compressed air back
to the suction. Advantages of the rotary screw compressor include smooth,
pulse-free air output in a compact size with high output volume over a long
life.The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilizes specially designed air ends to
compress air without oil in the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil
free rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled and
provide the same flexibility as oil flooded rotaries when oil free air is required.
Centrifugal Compressors
The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor which depends on
transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air.Centrifugal compressors
produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by
the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement). In order to do this efficiently,
centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of
compressors. These types of compressors are also designed for higher capacity
because flow through the compressor is continuous. Adjusting the inlet guide
vanes is the most common method to control capacity of a centrifugal
compressor. By closing the guide vanes, volumetric flows and capacity are
reduced. The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free compressor by design. The

oil lubricated running gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and
atmospheric vents.

Positive-displacement air compressors work by forcing air into a

chamber whose volume is reduced to compress the air. Piston-type air
compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air chamber through the
use of the constant motion of pistons. They use unidirectional valves to guide air
into a chamber, where the air is compressed. Rotary screw compressors also use
positive-displacement compression by matching two helical screws that, when
turned, guide air into a chamber, the volume of which is reduced as the screws
turn. Vane compressors use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide
air into a chamber and compress the volume.
Negative-displacement air compressors include centrifugal compressors. These
devices use centrifugal force generated by a spinning impeller to accelerate and
then decelerate captured air, which pressurizes it.

Conventional air compressors are used in several different applications:

To supply high-pressure clean air to fill gas cylinders

To supply moderate-pressure clean air to a submerged surface supplied

diver

To supply moderate-pressure clean air for driving some office and school
building pneumatic HVAC control system valves

To supply a large amount of moderate-pressure air to power pneumatic

tools

For filling tires

To produce large volumes of moderate-pressure air for macroscopic
industrial processes (such as oxidation for petroleum coking or cement plant
bag house purge systems).

Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane
or rotary screw. Centrifugal compressors are common in very large applications.
There are two main types of air compressor's pumps: Oil lubed and oil-less. The
oil-less system has more technical development, but they are more expensive,
louder and last for less time than the oiled lube pumps. However, the air
delivered has better quality.

Compressed air has a low energy density. In 300 bar containers, about 0.1
MJ/L and 0.1 MJ/kg is achievable, comparable to the values of electrochemical
lead-acid batteries. While batteries can somewhat maintain their voltage throughout
their discharge and chemical fuel tanks provide the same power densities from the
first to the last litre, the pressure of compressed air tanks falls as air is drawn off. A
consumer-automobile of conventional size and shape typically consumes 0.3-0.5
kWh (1.1-1.8 MJ) at the drive shaft per mile of use, though unconventional sizes may
perform with significantly less.

Like other non-combustion energy storage technologies, an air vehicle displaces

the emission source from the vehicle's tail pipe to the central electrical
generating plant. Where emissions-free sources are available, net production of
pollutants can be reduced. Emission control measures at a central generating
plant may be more effective and less costly than treating the emissions of widely
dispersed vehicles.Since the compressed air is filtered to protect the compressor
machinery, the air discharged has less suspended dust in it, though there may
be carry-over of lubricants used in the engine.

Compressed-air vehicles are comparable in many ways to electric

vehicles, but use compressed air to store the energy instead of batteries. Their
potential advantages over other vehicles include:

Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be

powered through the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus on
reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of
vehicles on the road.

Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power

off the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution
created during fuel transportation would be eliminated.

Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by

about 20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel
tank, Ignition Systems or silencers.

Air, on its own, is non-flammable.

The engine can be massively reduced in size.

The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength
light weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction teflon or a
combination.

Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution

than batteries.

Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation

problems associated with current battery systems.

The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries
can be recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.

Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower

maintenance cost.

The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than

petrol, diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will
also be relatively cheap.

3 Problem Definition
The objective of the project is the use of compressed air as a source of fuel in IC
engines. For this modifications in the engine are needed. The engine is a
conventional four stroke single cylinder IC engine of the HERO HONDA CD 100.

The increasing level of pollutants in the environment and the inflating prices of
petrol and diesel form the basis of study of various sources of alternative fuels.
The investigation and study of an unconventional source of fuel carried out to
establish its advantages and limitations over gasoline and to determine its
application.

A four stroke single cylinder IC engine HERO HONDA CD 100 is identified. The
modification of four stroke engine is required to get greater power output when
using compressed air. The gear ratio between gears of camshaft and crankshaft
requires change from 2:1 to 1:1. The performance was measured using an air
compressor with air being supplied to the engine from the inlet.

4 Model Construction and Solution

The four-stroke engine used is a Radical Aluminium Combustion Engine

(R.A.C.E.). Since the engine block and the piston are made up of aluminium
alloys; there is less wear and tear on the engine. Furthermore, the clearance
between the piston and the cylinder liner can be kept very close, thus avoiding
damage both to the piston and the cylinder liner.
The Engine that was undertaken to work upon had the following Technical
Specifications:

Technical Specifications
Engine : Four stroke, Air cooled, Single Cylinder
Engine Displacement : 97cc
Max Power : 7.02 HP@8500 rpm
Ignition : Electronic
Dry Weight : 12kgs
Bore : 50mm
Stroke: 50.6mm
Fuel consumption: 87kmpl (Highway data)

The basic process that was followed:

DATA COLLECTION

LITREATURE REVIEW

ROUGH SCHEMATICS

DIFFICULTIES/PROBLEM
S
FACED

SOLUTIONS
PROPOSED

DESIGN ANALYSIS

ENGINE TESTING

The design was Layout for the Engine modification by discussion among the
team members and the assigned mentor and then certain parameters were felt
to be materialised and finally the Engine modification was done to use
compressed air as a fuel.

Modifications Implemented:
Our design is very simple involving no complexities. The project would be using a
4-stroke engine and would supply the compressed air from the input valve as in a
conventional engine.
Compressed air is less dense than the combustible mixture so we would be
supplying a minimum pressure of 1bar to the piston which will help drive the
piston from TDC to BDC and back again TDC through the flywheel inertia and
thus the engine will work and deliver power to a measurable extent.

The 4stroke engine was modified to work under 2cycles of operation instead of
4cycles in order to deliver greater power output while using compressed air as a
fuel.
Thus the following modifications were necessary to be implemented:

1. Gear of Camshaft and Crankshaft were installed of same size, so as to minimise the
4cycles operation to a 2cycle operation.

2. The Camshaft was fabricated with two cams opposite to each other, i.e. The Cam now
has two Rise Period.

Formulas & Calculations:

1. For power calculations: P= 2NT/4500

2. For mean effective pressure: M.E.P = (6x10^4 x B.P)/(L x A x N x K)
Where, B.P= Brake Power
L = Stroke length
A = Bore Diameter
N = Engine RPM
K = No. of Cylinders

3. For air displaced by compressor: Volume of air = (Engine RPM x Engine

displacement)/1728
4. For power consumed by compressor: P = 202xVxln(Delivery P/Inlet P)
Where, V= Vol. Displaced
Delivery P = delivery pressure
Inlet P = inlet pressure

2
Bore diameter x 0.50 = 19.6cm2

Initial pressure taken = 1bar = 1kg/cm2

So, Force on Piston = Pressure x Area

= 1kg/cm2 x 19.6cm2
= 19.6kgf

Force component acting along Connecting rod = 19.6kgf x cos10

= 19.33kgf

Therefore, Torque on Crankshaft = Force x crank radii

= 19.33kgf x 0.025m
= 0.483kg-m

Thus By using the above calculations, pressure which was applied, i.e. up to
6bar, the above parameters are calculated and thus the Maximum Torque
obtained on crankshaft at 6bar pressure = 2.895kg-m.

5 Validation and Discussion of Results

RESULTS OBTAINED:
After fabrication & Testing of the engine, the following Results were obtained and
respective graphs were drawn out of the tested data which was

1. Graph showing the Pressure supplied Vs. Engine RPM characteristics

Pressure vs R.P.M.
1000
900
800
700
600
R.P.M

500
400
300
200
100
0
0

Pressure (bar)

2. Graph depicting the Pressure supplied and Torque output on the

Crankshaft relation

Pressure vs Torque
3.5
3
2.5
2
Torque on crankshaft (kg-m) 1.5
1
0.5
0
0

Pressure (bar)

3. The gasoline engine torque curve for the RPM under which the engine was
tested can be shown by:

RPM vs Torque for Gasoline Engine

0.25
0.2
0.15
Torque (kgf m)

0.1
0.05
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100
R.P.M.

The engine torque curve for the compressed air engine dominates the torque
curve of gasoline engine at low speeds, i.e. up to 1000RPM, but as the load on
the Engine increases and the RPM gets higher, the Gasoline engine provides
more torque than the engine which uses compressed air as fuel.
Thus for low speed applications, the compressed air engine is suitable and can
work efficiently.

4. The Combination of the first two in a single Graph for easy comparison:

RPM vs Pressure vs Torque

1000

3.5

900

879
2.9

800

749
2.41

700

500

521

400

1.45

369

300

2
1.5

Torque

0.5

0.4

100

RPM

0.97

228

200

2.5

619
1.93

600
RPM

0
0

Pressure (bar)

The Objective was Verified as well as Validated during the testing of the as the
Engine ran successfully on the different Pressure supplied by the Compressor
present in the ADE lab.

Based on the work that has been done on this project, following conclusion
has been drawn:-

The engine used in the project is being subjected to modifications like,

1. Cam-shaft modification- A new cam was fabricated with a profile such that for one
cycle of piston movement inlet and outlet valve opens and closes as required.
2. New set of gears for camshaft and crankshaft-This was done so that cam does not
rotate once in two revolutions of crankshaft.
Besides the advantages discussed earlier the project has the following limitations:
Like the modern car and most household appliances, the principal
disadvantage is the indirect use of energy. Energy is used to compress air,
which - in turn - provides the energy to run the motor. Any conversion of
energy between forms results in loss. For conventional combustion motor cars,
the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable fuel - including drilling,
refinement, labour, storage, eventually transportation to the end-user. For
compressed-air cars, energy is lost when electrical energy is converted to
compressed air.
Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed
in water to cool them down when they are being filled. That would not be
possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the
tanks, or they would have to take less than a full charge, since heat drives up
the pressure

Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the

tanks; the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed
air alone was limited to a range of 7.22 km.

A 2005 study demonstrated that cars running on lithium-ion batteries outperform both compressed-air and fuel cell vehicles more than threefold at
same speeds.

After working on the project for two semesters the following inferences were drawn:
As gasoline and other major fuels used presently in Internal combustion
engines releases unburnt gasses in the environment and are counted in the
major sources of pollution , air propelled engine can be used as cleaner ,
pollution free source of energy or small distance travel.
It can be used as a power source in industries where diesel or gasoline engine
can be costlier issue, or to reduce pollution. On river banks to collect water,
power pneumatic systems, etc.

As it is an air propelled engine, so it needs a constant supply of compressed air

continuously for uninterrupted working.
Again, if used in vehicles for short distance travelling vehicles, it cannot
provide much speed to the vehicle as for that a higher air-pressure would be
needed which would further increase the size of compressed air cylinder and
thus weight of the vehicle.

References
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2. "The Air Car". theaircar.com. http://www.the aircar.com/acf/air-cars/the air car.html.
Retrieved 2008-09-12.
3. V.Ganesan , I.C. Engines(2006), New Delhi, Tata McGraw Hill publishing co.
4. Planet Mechanics - Air Propelled Sandwich Part , National Geographic channel
5. www.theaircar.com/acf/air-cars/energy-storage.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16
6. Videos on Air Propelled Engines ,www.youtube.com
7. www.carazoo.com/autonews/0109200801/Tatas-Air- Car--launch