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In this experiment, the aim of this experiment is to separate an ordinary binary mixture
consisting of acetic acid and water using a simple batch distillation technique. Simple batch
distillation is also known as differential distillation refers to a batch distillation in which only
one vaporization stage is involved. This type of distillation is done boiling a liquid mixture in a
steam-jacketed-kettle and the vapor generated is withdrawn and condensed as fast as it
forms so that the vapor and the liquid do not have sufficient time to reach its equilibrium.
A mixture of acetic acid and water was used in this experiment. After the distillate was
collected about two third from the flask, it is then titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. It is
shown that the result of the titration has a slight different from each trial. From the results, we
can calculate the molar composition, composition of distillate and residual liquid, and the
theoretical composition of distillate as well as residual liquid.
Introduction/Theory
An ordinary binary mixture is a mixture which contains only two components (A and B) that
mixes at all proportion to form a homogeneous solution. A denotes a much volatile
component that has lower boiling point or higher vapor pressure while component B is less
volatile. By utilizing their difference in volatility, we can separate these components by
heating the mixture. The vapor generated by the heating generally has a higher content of
component A while component B is normally concentrated in the residual liquid. Hence
separation is called distillation.
In this particular experiment, we will distill a mixture of acetic acid-water using a simple batch
technique whereby the generated vapor is condensed as fast as it forms so that the vapor
will not reach equilibrium with the liquid. The mathematical treatment of this type of distillation
is given in the form of Raleigh equation.
Objective
The aim of this experiment is to separate an ordinary binary mixture consisting of acetic acid
and water by using simple batch distillation technique.
Apparatus
Chemicals
Acetic acid
1.0 M NaOH solution
Phenolphthalein
Diagrams
Figure 3(b) Titration of distillate and liquid residue with NaOH solution
Procedure
A Distillation
i An acetic acid-water solution was prepared in an Erlenmeyer flask.
ii The flask was put on heating mantle. The distillation apparatus was set up as
demonstrated.
iii The tap was gently turned on to let the cooling water into the condenser. The inlet
water was adjusted so that the cooling water enters at a rate sufficiently high
enough to cool and condense the vapor completely.
iv A dry clean beaker was weighed and positioned beneath the distillate outlet spout
v
Data/Result
Mass of beaker: 62.5558g
Mass of distillate: 81.7911g 62.5558g = 19.2353g
Mass of liquid residue: 71.8483g 62.5558g = 9.2925g
Table 3(a): Result of titration of the distillate
Trial
Rough
II
III
20.80
20.60
20.30
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.80
20.60
20.30
20.00
Trial
Rough
II
III
13.10
12.80
12.50
12.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
13.10
12.70
12.50
12.90
Questions/Discussion
L1 =
0.9052 ml
XA =
0.3863
XB
V = 0.5943
ml
L2 =
0.2199 ml
Species
Volume(ml)
Mass(g)
Mole(gmol)
HC2H3O2
20.0000
20.98
20 1.049=20.98 =0.3497
60
H2O
10.0000
10.00
10 1.000=10.00 =0.5555
18
Total
30.0000
20.98
0.9052
Mole fraction
Mole %
0.3497
=0.3863 38.63%
0.9052
0.5555
=0.6137 61.37%
0.9052
1.000
100.00%
MaVa a
=
MbVb b
Ma = ?
Mb = 1.0 M
Va = ?
Vb = 20.30ml = 0.0203 L
MaVa
1
=
(1.0)(0.0203) 1
MaVa=( 1.0 ) (0.0203)
MaVa=0.0203 M 10=0.203 M
Composition of distillate:
Species
Mole
Mass(g)
Mole Fraction
Mole %
Acetic Acid
0.203
0.203 60=12.180
Water
0.391
0.391 18=7.038
Total
0.594
19.218
0.203
=0.342
0.594
0.342 100=34.20
0.391
=0.658
0.594
0.658 100=65.80
1.000
100.00
3. From the titration data, determine the composition of the liquid residue.
MaVa a
=
MbVb b
Ma = ?
Mb = 1.0 M
Va = ?
Vb = 12.70 ml = 0.0127 L
MaVa
1
=
(1.0)(0.0127) 1
MaVa=( 1.0 )( 0.0127 )
MaVa=0.0127 M 10=0.127 M
Species
Mole
Mass(g)
Acetic Acid
0.1270
0.1270
=0.5775
0.1270 60=7.6200
0.2199
0. 5775 100=57.75
Water
0.0929
0.0929
=0. 4225
0.0929 18=1.6722
0.2199
0. 4225 100=42.25
Total
0.2199
9.2922
Mole Fraction
1.000
Mole %
100.00
ln
L1
L2
0.3497
X2
where , ln
1
( y x
)dx
L1
=1.4
L2
To determine the value of x2, we can calculate the value between 0.35 and x2 must be
equal to 1.4.
After trial and error, at x=0.17 the area under the curve is close to 1.4
Thus, x2 = 0.17
From the result, the experimental value obtained are less than theoretical value, it is
caused by error while doing the experiment.
Conclusion
Separating acetic acid and water are possible by using simple batch distillation technique,
therefore, the purpose of this experiment achieved.
References
1. Pearson Longman,(2008),3th edition Chemistry of Basic Units,(p/g:178-185).
2. www.unit-operation-experiment-of-distillation.com// by Potter .L.(2005)/CHEMISTRY.
3. Experiment of simple batch distillation by John Burn(2001) 2nd edition.
4. Unit Operation 2, CMT203 by Azmi Mahmood and Mohamad Nizar Hassan, Module 3