Professional Training and Consultation

API 570 Preparatory

3rd 8th September 2005, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabai

Page 1 of 3

DAILY POINTS TO RECALL (DAY 4)

1.

2.

3.

a.

Remaining life = t actual t required

corrosion rate

b.

L. T. Corrosion rate =

t initial t actual_____________
years between t initial & t actual

c.

S. T. Corrosion rate =

t previous t actual______________
years between t previous and t actual

If corrosion rate is not available for new service, it shall be

determined within 3 months of service and shall be confirmed by
subsequent measurements.
MAWP of piping system is worked out on basis of:
MAWP =

2 SEt
.
D

t = t actual 2 x corrosion loss up to next insp.

For unknown material, assume lowest grade and lowest joint

efficiency permitted by the Construction Code.
4.

Authorization for repair may be given by Inspector, however

authorization for alteration shall be given only after consultation with
and approval by piping engineer. After completion, all repairs and
alteration work shall be checked and approved by Inspector.

5.

A temporary repair may be made by fillet welding a plate patch if

SMYS of pipe does not exceed 40,000 psi.

6.

Insert patches may be used for repairs if:

a. Full penetration groove welds are provided
b. For class 1 and 2 piping the welds are 100% radiographed or UT
checked and
c. Patches have rounded corners 1 min. radius

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Professional Training and Consultation

API 570 Preparatory
3rd 8th September 2005, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabai

Page 2 of 3

DAILY POINTS TO RECALL (DAY 4)

7.

Any welding done on-stream shall be done in accordance with hot

tapping checklist as per API 2201.

8.

Pre-heating (and maintaining) to minimum 300F can be substituted

as alternative to PWHT for P-1 and some P-3 steels (except Mn-Mo
steels). The weld shall be covered with insulation to slow cooling
rate.

9.

For other steels, PWHT has to be performed as per construction code.

10. Pressure tests are normally required after alterations and major
repairs. However, NDE maybe utilized if Pressure Test is not practical,
if accepted by piping Engineer.
11. The above grade survey of buried piping shall be conducted at an
interval of approximately 6 months.
12. For piping buried in lengths greater that 100 feet and not cathodically
protected (CP), the soil resistivity shall be checked at 5 year interval.
13. For poorly coated pipes or pipes with improper cathodic protection,
close-interval potential survey shall be made every 5 years.
14. Thickness measurement of buried pipes without CP shall be done at
interval of 5, 10, and 15 years if soil resistivity is less than 2000,
2000 to 10,000 and more than 10,000 ohm-cm respectively.
Thickness measurement is performed by intelligent pigging or by
excavation and UT check.
15. Leak testing at minimum pressure = 1.1 x M.O.P. shall be done at
half the above intervals for non-C.P. pipes and same intervals for C.P.
pipes. Pressure shall not drop more than 5% in 4 hours period
(Pressure-Decay Test).

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Professional Training and Consultation

API 570 Preparatory
3rd 8th September 2005, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabai

Page 3 of 3

DAILY POINTS TO RECALL (DAY 4)

16.

Repairs using clamps for buried pipes, the location and date of
clamp shall be shown on the marker (flag) and also on the
inspection report. Clamp shall be replaced by permanent repair at
first available opportunity.

17.

All fatigue failure take place due to initiation of surface crack and
propagation of crack due to stress fluctuation. There are 3-types
of fatigue failures.
If surface cracks are due to stress concentration, weld
undercuts, notches etc and stress fluctuation due to mechanical
reasons (unbalanced shafts, alternate tension-compression etc.)
then it is Mechanical Fatigue. If stress fluctuation is due to
temperature swing, it is Thermal Fatigue. If stress fluctuation is
due to vibrations, water hammer etc., it is Vibration Fatigue.

18.

Corrosion Erosion is due to combined action of corrosion and

erosion. It can be reduced by controlling corrosion (by coating or
using corrosion resistant materials) and by controlling erosion
(by controlling flow velocity, providing harder surface).

19.

Caustic embrittlement occurs due to combined action of high

caustic strength and higher temperature. It can be controlled by
carrying out PWHT and upgrading materials by Nickel alloys.

20.

Sulphidation occurs due to sulpher or H 2S content in the fluid

handled. It can be reduced by using Chromium containing steels
as construction materials.

21.

High temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) is due to migration of

Hydrogen atoms in the carbon steels which combines with
carbon in carbons steel at high temperature to form Methane gas
(CH4) which collects at grain boundaries causing internal cracks.
It can be reduced by selecting the construction materials
according to Nelsen Curves. (The material should be above the
point of temperature and Hydrogen pressure).

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