CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SEM 1

Prepared by:Group :8

Tanay Balar (64)

Zankhil Patel (66)
Kanku Pelerin ( 67)
Yash Desai (68)
Dhruv Jani (69)
Abhishek Jariwala (70)
Jainam Shah (71)
Aayush Parikh (72)
Shivam Panchhiwala (73)

Chapter-10.
Transportation Engineering
Introduction
The term transportaion indicates a means or system of
conveyance.Transport or transportation is mocment of people, animals and
goods from one location to another.Mobility is basic human needs. From
the times immemorial, everyone travels either for food or leisure. A closely
associated need is the transport of raw materials to a manufacturing unit or
finished goods for consumption. Transportation fulfills these basic needs of
humanity. From a wider viewpoint, transportation facilities provide the
option for work, shopping, recreation and give access to health, education
and other amenities. The introduction of transport facilities in modern age
has narrowed down the distance of transportation in world devloapment is
multidimensional. Transportation engineering is the science of safe and
efficient movement of people and goods. It is defined as the application of
technological and scientific principles to the planing, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation.
In this chapter, role of Transportation, modes of Transportation , road traffic
and traffic control and mass Transportation system have been discussed.

ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT :

Transportation constributes to economic, industrial, social and cultural

development of any country. Transport has affected economic
development from beginning of human civilization. Transport is a key
infrastructur of a contry. A countrys economic status depends upon
how well served the contry is by its transport system. The rate at which a
countrys economic grows is very closely linked to the rate at which the
transport sector grows.
Transportation is vital for the economic develoapment of any region
since every commodity produced, whether it is food, clothing,
agricultural products, industrial products or medicine, needs
transportation facilities retard the process of socio-economic
development of a nation. The adequacy of transportaton system of a
country indicates its economic and social development.
Transportation plays a major role in the develoapment of the human
civilization for instance one could easily observe the strong correlation
between the evolution of human settlement and proximity of transport
facilities. Also, there is a strong correlation between the quality of
transport facilities and standard of living. Population have always settled
along the river shores, road sides and near railway stations.

More specifically, it has been recognised that the provision of high

quality transport system is a necessary precondition for the full
participation of remote communities in the benefits of national
development. Adequate, reliable and economic transport is essential ,
although not in itself sufficient, for the social and economic
development of rural areas in devloping countries.
The contribution of transport perfomance to regional economic
development has obvious implications for poverty alleviation and
personal welfare. In addtion, however, transport system perfomance
can have a direct and significant impact on a range of the other
dimenstions of development like health and education. Not to provide a
hospital to every village but to make it possible for rural communities to
gain easier access to urban based facilities. Also, reliable efficient and
affordable transport services will play a key role in ensuring equitable
access to educational opportubities for rural people.
Transportation is for advancement of community. It is essential for the
economic prosperity and general development of the country. It is also
essential for strategic movement in emergency for defence of the
country and to maintain better law and order. With improved facilities
for the transportation in rural areas, the urge for the migration to urban
centers decreases, thus helping in balance development of the country
as a whole.

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION :

Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish

substantially different ways to perform transport.
The basic modes of transport are by land , water
and air. There are a number of alternative modes
of transport and transport systems which can be
selected to meet any given demand. Each mode
and system has its own appeal and its own
drawback.
The four major modes of transportation are :
(1) Roadways
(2) Railways
(3) Waterways
(4) Airways

Road transport
Advantages:Road transport offers quick and assured deliveries.
Roads provides good commercial links between cities.
Roads can be constructed at comparatively lower
cost.
Roads transport offers a flexible service, free from
fixed schedules.
Road transport offers door to door service.
Roads helps in the growth of trade and other
economic activities.
For short haults road transport is the only
economical means.

Disadvantage:
One of the serious disadvantage of road transport is its poor record of
safety.
The poor construction and maintenance of roads contribute to overall
increase of the operation cost of vehicles.
Road transport has been one of the major causes for environmental
pollution.
Road transport has low carrying capacity of passengers and goods .
Road transport consumes greater energy.
Road transport has caused problem of parking in cities streets.

Railway transport

Advantages:The railways can meet seasonal fluctuation in

seasonal traffic.
Railway journey is cheap especially for long
distance.
Railways can handle heavier loads at high speed.
Transporting food and clothes in times of
emergencies such as floods and famines , etc.
Provides cheap , convenient and safe mode of
transport.
Mobilizing troops and war equipments in times of
war and emergencies.

Disadvantages:Railway require constant maintenance as the wheel of railway vehicles

are rigidly fixed at fixed distance and may cause serious accident.
Initial construction cost of tracks , trains , stations , etc is high.
Tracks are reserved only for the movement of trains.
Operational controls are essential in the form of signal and interlocking.
Railways are suitable for specific service only.

Traffic
Survey

Introduction

It is quite important to study the various

vehicular characteristic which affect the
design and traffic performance , because it is
possible to design, a road for any vehicle but
not for an indefinite vehicle.

Traffic studies are carried out to analyse the

traffic characteristics to decide geometric
features and traffic control for safe and
efficient movements.

Traffic volume study

Traffic volume is the number of vehicles

crossing a section of road per unit at any
selected period.
A complete traffic volume study may include
classified volume study by recording the
volume of various type s and classes of traffic.
Different vehicle classes are converted to one
common standard vehicle unit PCU
Passenger Car Unit.

Spot Speed Survey

Spot speed is the instantaneous speed of a

vehicle at a specified section or location.
Enoscope is the name of equipment use for
this survey. The collected data are analysed
and S-curve is plotted.
We can obtain medium speed , geometric
design speed , 85th percentile speed , 15th
percentile speed , modal speed , space
mean speed , time mean speed etc. from
collected data.

Speed and Delay study

Speed

and delay studies give the running speeds,

Overall speeds, Fluctuations in speeds and the
delay between two stations of a road spaced far
apart.
They also give the information such as the amount,
location, duration, frequency and causes of the
delay in the traffic stream.
Various methods to carry out speed and delay
survey are:
1. Floating car method
2. License plate record method
3. By interview
4. By photography and videography

4] Origin & Destination (O D) Survey

The O and D studies of vehicular traffic determines their number, their origins and
destination in each zone under study. The data of number of passengers in each
vehicle, purpose of trip, intermediate stops made and reasons, actual direction of
travel, selection of routes and length of trip etc. are also collected.
Methods of O and D survey are(1) Road side interview method
(2) License plate method
(3) Return postcard method
(4) Tag on card method
(5) Home interview method

5] Traffic flow characteristics and studies

The measures of traffic flow are volume, density and speed.
Density is the number of vehicles occupying a unit length of lane of roadway at a
given instant.(Vehicle per km)
Traffic capacity is the ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic volume.
Traffic flow characteristics study includes transverse and longitudinal distribution
of vehicles in traffic stream. The study is useful as following,
(1) This is useful in geometric design features.
(2) To decide traffic regulatory measures like one way movement.
(3) It is used in design of traffic control measures and devices.
(4) It is used for accident rate analysis and to determine measures to reduce it.
(5) To decide speed trends and traffic patterns.
(6) To decide the priority for improvement and expansion.
(7) It is used for planning and control of existing facilities and routes.

(8) It is used for planning and designing the new facilities.

(9) It is used for planning of pedestrian facilities like
sidewalks, cross walks,
subways and pedestrian signals.
(10) It is used for planning of signal timings and cycle
length.
(11) It is used to structure design of pavement.
(12) To compute roadway capacity.
(13) To plan mass transit facilities.

Traffic planing
and analysis
Planning of traffic on major highways, mass transmit facilities and terminal
facilities are carried out as per existing datacollection and need of people. The
information collected are analysed with respect to past trends and future
expectations.
Traffic is composed by pedestrians and various types of vehicles.Drivers of
vehicles and pedestrians are affected by physical and pshychological factors.
Vehicles have various static and dynemic characteristics.Traffic planning deals
with estimation of pesent traffic,future trffic and need of trffic.Geometric design
of transporatain facilities are based upon trffic survey.Various traffic signs and
pavement markings are used to guide,warn and regulate traffic. For
convinient,efficient and economical transportation traffic planinng is important.
Planning and nalysis is carried out in 4 stages:
(1)Trip generation (2)Trip distrubution (3)Model split (4)Traffic assingment

Geometric
design
All the elements such as pavement cross section
, riding surface details , sight distance
requirement , horizontal and vertical alignment ,
manoeuvre areas and intersection and parking
facilities are to be suitably designed for better
performance.

Introduction To Mass Transportation System :

Mass transportion or Public transportion deals with
study of transportion system that meets the travel
need of several people by sharing a vehicle.
Public transtort is the predominent mode of
motorised local travel in cities.
Generally this focuses on the urban travel bus and
rail transit.Public transport still remains the primary
mode of transport for most of the population, and
Indias public transport systmes are among the most
heavily used in the world.

Public transport
Various modes of mass transportation
or public transport are :
a) Travelling by Bus
b) Travelling by taxi
c) Travelling by auto-rickshaw
d) Traveliing bny metro trains
e) Bus Rapid Transist System (BRTS)

Travelling by Bus
Each

city has e a local bus network. Though fares

are cheap buses can get very crowded during
peak hours and this is not the fastest mode if
transportation.
Bus passes are also available. There is separate
seating for women at the front of the bus. This bus
service serve as a cheap and convenient mode of
transport for all classes of society
Services are mostly run by municipal corporation
owned transport corporation.

Travelling by Taxi
Mumbai,

Delhi and kolkata have oldfashioned black, yellow or black and

yellow taxis, which run on a meter and
can be flagged down in the street.
Depanding on the city\state, taxis can
either be hailed or hired from taxistand.
In cities such as Ahemadbad,
Bengaluru , Hederabad, taxis need to
be hired over phone, whereas in cities
like kolkata and mumbai, taxis can be
haled on the street

 There

are many private taxis for the

companies in every city running out of
roadside office.They can rent the taxis for
the day or for longer trips out of down.
Rates are generally fixed by the hour or on
the killometres or by the day.
A similler system exists for autorickshaws,
known as share autos.

Travelling by auto-rickshaw
An

auto-rickshaw is a three wheeler vehicle

for hire that has no doors and is generally
characterized by a small cabin for the driver
in the front and seat for passenger in the
rear.
The color of the auto rickshaw is also
determined by the fuel that is powred by,
for example Ahmadabad and Delhi have
autos indicating the use of compressed
Natural Gas (CNG).

recent law prohibits auto-rickshaw drivers

from charging more than the specified fare,
or charging night-fare before midnight, and
also prohibits for driver form refusing to go to
a particular location.
Airports and railway stations at many cities
as Chennai, bengaluru, and Mysore provide
a facility of prepared auto booths, where
the passenger pays a fiexed fare as set by
the authorized for various locations.

Travelling by Merto-tarins

Delhi

and kolkata have an extensive metro system,

which is the quickest way to get around, especially
during peak hours.
The new bangalore metro opened in 2011 and has
only 6 stations along a 7 km stretch, but the next
phase are due for completion in 2013, 2014 and
2017.
The Delhi metro in New Delhi is the second
conventions metro and began oprations in 2002.
Currently, rapid transit systems have been deployed
in these cities and more are under construction or in
planning in several major cities of India
Cities that have a metro systems :
Kolkata Metro

 Mumbais

suburban railway system is the

citys lifetime, transporting over 7 milion
passenger a day, and providing the fastest
way to travel in this tarfific choked city.
These trains are very crowded during peak
times and can ba a challenge to navigate.
Chennai also has a suburban train system
and a metro line is currently in
construction.Goverment of Gujarat is also
palaning metro tarin service between
Ahemdabad to gandhinagar cities.

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)

New

initiatives like Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems

and air conditioned buses have been taken by the
various state government to improve the bus public
transport systems in cities
The idea of a BRT concept in India- based on the
succesful system in Curitibam, Brazil was first
introduction in the year 2000 in the form a feasibility
study for Bangalore carried out by swedish
consultant but was not implemented at the time.