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ASSIGNMENT 4 - ANSWERS
1.
a)
N
i j ij +2 i i 02 k
i=1, j i
i=1
( )
i=1
i1 (I )
k , we
have:
N
=2 j ij +2 i 02 k (II )
i
j i
And
=2
k
j 1 ( III )
j=1
To minimise the variance of the error of the estimate, we set each of the partial
derivatives to zero, and solve the equations:
N
j ij + i 0 k=0(IV )
j i
Or
N
j ij+k =i 0 (V )
j i
And
N
j=1(VI )
j=1
We then solve these equations (N+1 equations in N+1 unknowns) to find the
With N=3, we have:
2 12+ 3 13 +k = 10(VII )
1 12+ 3 23 +k = 20( VIII)
1 13+ 2 23 +k = 30( IX )
1 + 2+ 3=1( X)
i ' s .
12 3
( XVII )
n
12 3
( XVIII )
n
k :
24 3 +n 3=n
n 3 4 3=n2
(n4) 3 =n2
3 =
n2
(XX)
n4
n2 n2
+
=1
n4 n4
1 n+2
n2
( n4
)=1
1 n ( n4 )+2 n4=n4
1 n ( n4 )+ n=0
1 =
1 =
n
n ( n4 )
1
( XXI )
( n4 )
1
( XXII )
( n4 )
1
1
n2
, 2 =
, 3 =
n4
( n4 )
( n4 )
c)
For very small values of n,
that is
3 =
1
2
equal, that is
and
1 = 2 =
1 2= 3=
2 ,
1
4 . For values of n close to 1, the weights tend to be
1
3 .
The reason for these effects is that for low nugget values samples 1 and 2 tend to be
considered as only one, given that the variance at really short distances is neglible.
Since all samples are uncorrelated to the target, because of the large distance
between such samples and the target, and we have virtually two samples, each of
them weights a half, with samples 1 and 2 equally contributing to their combined
weight.
On the other hand, when the nugget effect increases in value we have that the
distances of the samples to the target become less significant. So the weight of each
sample should be approximately the same.
d)
N
i j
i=1
k = i j ij +2 i i 0
2
j ij = i0 k
j i
i j
i=1
k 2 = i ( i 0k )+2 i i 0
N
i j
i=1
k = i i 0+ i k
2
i ' s
is 1
k 2 = i i 0+ k
i j
k =
n2
+1
n4
or
2
k =
2 n6
n4
3
2 ; when n gets close to 1, the
4
3 . So the lower kriging variance is related to a nugget value