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I N D D P T C * L O 65
ASME-PTCIO
ADOPTION NOTICE
ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters," was adopted on
October 3 , 1994 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD).
Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the
DoD Adopting Activity: Director, US Army Mobility
Technology Center/Belvoir, ATTN: AMSTA-RBES, Fort Belvoir,
VA 22060-5606. DoD activities may obtain copies of this
standard from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700
Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.
The private sector and other Government agencies may
purchase copies from the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
Custodians:
Army - ME
Navy - YD-1
Air Force - 99
Adopting Activity
Army - ME
FSC 4310
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i \
i-
[-
/ -
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7 D 0757b70 b 0 5 4 2 2 2 1 1
~~
ASME
Performance
Test Code on
Lompressors
and Exhausters
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PTC 10-1997
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
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PTC 10-1997 is being issued with an automatic subscription service to the interpretat i o n s t h a t will b e issued to it up to t h e publication of t h e n e x t edition.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced t o assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an
opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review
and comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device,
or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned i n this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone
utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume
any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their
own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or personb) affiliated with industry is not t o
be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordancewith governing
ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual
volunteers.
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
0757b70 Ob05Li24 0 9 4
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
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PTC 10 was last revised in 1965 and it has been reaffirmed many times in the intervening
period. The PTC 10 Committee has been in various states of activity for approximately
the past 20 years. During that time the Code has been completely rewritten to be far more
explanatory in nature.
The performance testing of compressors is complicated by the need in virtually every
case to consider and make correction for the differences between the test and specified
conditions. The techniques used to do so are based upon the rules of fluid-dynamic
similarity. Some familiarity with this fundamental technique will be a significant aid to
the users of PTC IO.
Compressors and exhausters come in all sorts of configurations. A very simple case is
a single section compressor with one impeller, and single inlet and outlet flanges. Many
more complex arrangements exist with multiple inlets, outlets, impellers, sections, intercoolers and side seams. Typical gases handled are air, its constituents, and various
hydrocarbons. Tests are commonly run in the shop or in the field, at speeds equal to or
different from the specified speed, and with the specified or a substitute gas. In order to
handle this vast array of possibilities PTC 10 reduces the problem to the simplest element,
the section, and provides the instructions for combining multiple sections to compute the
overall results.
Uncertainty analysis can play a very important role in compressor testing, from the
design of the test to interpretation of the test results. In all but the very simplest of cases
the development of an analytic formulation, .e., in simple equation form, for overall
uncertainty computation is formidable. The test uncertainty will always be increasingly
more complex to evaluate with the complexity of the compressor configuration, and by
the very nature of the test will be a function of the performance curves.
The modern personal computer is readily capable of completing the calculations required. The Committee developed software and used it to perform both the basic code
calculations and uncertainty analysis computations for a wide range of possible compressor
configurations.
This Code was approved by the PTC 1O Committee on January18,1991. It was approved
and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the Board
on Performance Test Codes on October 14, 1996. It was also approved as an American
National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on April 22, 1997.
iii
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STD-ASME
NOTICE
All Performance Test Codes MUST adhere to the requirements of PTC 1, GENERAL
INSTRUCTIONS. The following information is based on that document and is included
here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this Code. It is expected that the
Code user is fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC I and has read them prior to applying
this Code.
ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest
level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently
available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests.
They specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment operating requirements, calculation
methods, and uncertainty analysis.
When tests are run in accordance with this Code, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the
tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those
results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial
test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the
method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond
the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made.
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Approved by Letter Ballot #95-1 and B E C Administrative Meeting of March 13-14, 1995
IV
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OFFICERS
Gordon J. Gerber, Chair
Richard J. Gross, Vice Chair
jack H. Karian, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
Helmut B. Baranek, Public Service Electric & Gas Company
John J. Dwyer, Consultant
Gordon J. Gerber, Praxair
Richard J. Gross, The University of Akron
Jack H. Karian, ASME
Robert E. Lawrence, Consultant
Jack A. Lock, Lock Engineering
Vincent J. Polignano, IMO Delaval
Frank H. Rassmann, Elliott Company
Norman A. Samurin, Dresser Rand Company
Joseph A. Silvaggio, Jr., Alternate to Polignano, IMO Delaval
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S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1 7 7 7 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05427 A T 3 m
D. R. Keyser, Chair
P. M. Cerhar, Vice Chair
W. O. Hays, Secretary
C O M M I T T E E PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen
R. L. Bannister
B. Bornstein
J. M. Burns
J. R. Friedman
G. J. Gerber
P. M. Cerhart
R. S. Hecklinger
S. B. Scharp
J. Siegmund
J. A. Silvaggio, Jr.
R. E. Sommerlad
W.C. Steele, Ir.
J. C. Westcott
J. C. Yost
R. W.Henry
D. R. Keyser
S. J. Korellis
J. W.Milton
C . H. Mittendorf, Ir.
S. P. Nuspl
R. P. Perkins
A. L. Plumley
vi
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Committee Roster ................................................
Board Roster ....................................................
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figures
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.1O
4.1 1
4.1 2
5.1
.........................
iii
V
vi
1
3
11
23
39
55
14
16
18
19
20
21
22
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
29
32
33
33
35
49
Tables
3.1
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12
3.2
3.3
3.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
b7b W
......................................
............................................
. . .. .. . . .
... . . . . . . . . . .. .. .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .
.. .. . . . .. ...
12
13
14
40
41
48
50
Nonmandatory Appendices
A
B
C
C.l
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6
C.7
C.8
D
E
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C
H
. . ..... .. . .. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . .
..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ... . . . . .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
. . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . .. ........ .. .....
........
.. . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..
.. . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
. .. . .
.
. . . . .... ........ . . . . . . .
.. .. . . . . . .....
viii
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59
61
63
65
85
109
119
123
139
151
159
165
167
183
185
187
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL
=
ASME PTC 10-1997
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
SECTION 1
1.1
- OBJECT AND
OBJECT
1.2
SCOPE
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1.3
1.2.2 Compressor Arrangements. This Code i s designed to allow the testing of single or multiple casing
axial or centrifugal compressors or combinations
thereof, with one or more stages of compression
per casing. Procedures are also included for exter1
SCOPE
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
= 0759b70
ObO5Lf3L 2 2 q D
1.4
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
TYPES OF TESTS
1.5
PERFORMANCE RELATION TO
GUARANTEE
1.7
1.8
1.6
INSTRUCTIONS
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
REFERENCES
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SECTION 2
- DEFINITIONS AND
DESCRIPTION
OF TERMS
2.1
Description
Units
A
a
ft2
b
C
C
C
CP
CV
e
f
gc
H
HR
hr
j
K
k
log
In
MW
Mm
M
m
m
N
n
n
ns
P
P
Pv
Qext
Om
3
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ftlsec
ft
dimensionless
Btu/lbm mole O R
Btu/lbm "R
Btu/lbm "R
Btu/lbm "R
in.
in.
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm ft/lbf sec2
Btu/lbm-mole
Ibm H20/lbm dry air
Btu/lbm
Btu/hr ft2 O R
e
ft Ibf/Btu
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibmllbmo le
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm
rPm
dimensionless
Ib mole
dimensionless
hP
psia
psi
Btu/min
Btu/min
S T D D A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
0,
QSl
R
RA, RB, RC
7t
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Btu/min
Btulmin
ft3/min
ft IbWlbm . O R
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
percentage
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
di mensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Btullbm mole
fi2
Btu/lbm
O R
O R
OF
Btu/lbm
filsec
ftlsec
ft3/lbm
ft Ibf/lbm
Ibm/min
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft Ibfllbm
dimensionless
144 pv = ZRT
rl
P
EL in
PP
PS
Y
c
7
E
R
d
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dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm/ft sec
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft2/sec
Ibm/ft3
dimensionless
lbf-ft
in.
dimensionless
dimensionless
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O R
S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 O b 0 5 4 3 4 T 3 3
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
Subscripts
Ambient
a,b,c,j Component of gas mixture (Appendix B
only)
Average
av
C
Casing
Correction
corr
crit.
Fluids critical point value
d
Compressor discharge conditions
Dry air
da
db
des
dg
g
hb
i
lu
Id
m
P
rotor
s
sh
SP
su
sd
2.2.3 Differential Pressure. The differential pressure is the difference between any two pressures
measured with respect to a common reference (e.g.,
the difference between two absolute pressures).
2.2.4 Static Pressure. The static pressure i s the
pressure measured in such a manner that no effect
is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid.
Dry-buIb
Design
Dry gas
Gas
Heat balance
Compressor inlet conditions
Leakage upstream
Leakage downstream
Gas mixture
Polytropic
Flow location reference
Isentropic
2.2.5 Total (Stagnation) Pressure. The total (stagnation) pressure is an absolute or gage pressure that
would exist when a moving fluid i s brought to rest
and its kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy
rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition
to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of
fluid the static and total pressures are equal.
2.2.6 Velocity (Kinetic) Pressure. The velocity (kinetic) pressure i s the difference between the total
pressure and the static pressure at the same point
in a fluid.
Shaft
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Specified conditions
sidestream upstream
sidestream downstream
SV
Saturated vapor
Test conditions
t
wb
Wet-bulb
1, I n Upstream of fluid meter
2, 2n Downstream or at throat of fluid meter
(Y
Compressor inlet conditions (static,
Appendix A only)
Compressor
discharge conditions (static,
Y
Appendix A only)
static Static
meas. Measured
Superscripts
(
()
2.3
2.2
TEMPERATURES
2.3.1 Absolute Temperature. The absolute temperature is the temperature measured above absolute
zero. It is stated in degrees Rankine or Kelvin. The
Rankine temperature i s the Fahrenheit temperature
plus 459.67 and the Kelvin temperature is the Celsius
temperature plus 273.1 5.
PRESSURES
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2.4.7 Specific Heat at Constant Volume. The specific heat at constant volume, (c,,) = (au/aT), is the
change in internal energy with respect to temperature
at a constant specific volume.
2.3.5 Inlet Total Temperature. The inlet total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists
at the inlet measuring station (see para. 4.7.7). Unless
specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor
inlet temperature used in this Code.
2.4.9
2.3.6 Inlet Static Temperature. The inlet static temperature i s the absolute static temperature that exists
at the inlet measuring station.
i,,
2.4.10 Fluid Mach Number. The Fluid Mach number is the ratio of fluid velocity to acoustic velocity.
2.5
2.4
a2
MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.4.1
2.4.2 Specific Volume. Specific volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of gas. It is a thermodynamic property and is determined at a point once
the total pressure and temperature are known at the
point.
6
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COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
2.6
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2.6.1 Isentropic Compression. Isentropic compression as used in this Code refers to a reversible,
adiabatic compression process.
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1797
2.7.2 Dimensional Constant. The dimensional constant, gc, is required to account for the units of
length, time, and force. It i s equal to 32.174 ft-lbm/
Ibf sec2. The numerical value is unaffected by the
local gravitational acceleration.
2.6.8 Polytropic Efficiency. The polytropic efficiency i s the ratio of the polytropic work to the gas
work.
2.7.3
2.7.5 Equivalence. The specified operating conditions and the test operating conditions, for the purpose of this Code, are said to demonstrate equivalence when, for the same flow coefficient the ratios of
the three dimensionless parameters (specific volume
ratio, Machine Mach number, and Machine Reynolds
number) fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.2.
2.7.6 Raw Data. Raw data is the recorded observation of an instrument taken during the test run.
2.7
MISCELLANEOUS
2.8
INTERPRETATION OF SUBSCRIPTS
a
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S T D - A S M E PTC 10-ENGL
1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob0543B bA9
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
9
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3.2
TYPES OF TESTS
3.1.5 A detailed written statement of the test objectives shall be developed prior to conducting the test.
3.3
LIMITATIONS
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S T D D A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
TABLE 3.1
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR
TYPE 1 TESTS
Variable
inlet pressure
inlet temperature
speed
Molecular weight
Cooling temperature
difference
Coolant flow rate
Capacity
Permissible
Deviation
Units
Symbol
596
8%
Pi
psia
Ji
O R
rPm
Ibm/lbmole
MW
2%
2%
O R
5%
gal/min
ft3/m in
3yo
4%
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Type 1 tests are to be conducted with the specified gas. Deviations are based on the specified values
where pressures and temperatures are expressed in absolute values.
(b) The combined effect of inlet pressure, temperature and molecular weight shall not produce more
than an 8% deviation in the inlet gas density.
(c) The combined effect of the deviations shall not exceed the limited of Table 3.2. Cooling temperature
difference is defined as inlet gas temperature minus inlet cooling water temperature.
TABLE 3.2
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR
TYPE 1 A N D 2 TESTS
Limit of Test Values as Percent of
Design Values
Parameter
Symbol
Milx
Min
105
Rem
105
90
[Note (111
10
200
NOTE:
(i)
Minimum allowable test Machine Reynolds number is 90,000.
12
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104
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TABLE 3.3
LIMITS OF DEPARTURE FROM IDEAL CAS LAWS OF SPECIFIED A N D TEST
GASES
~
~~
Pressure
Maximum
Ratio
Ratio
k rnaxlk min
Min
Max
Min
Max
1.4
1.12
1.10
-0.344
-0.1 75
-0.073
-0.041
-0.031
-0.025
0.279
0.167
1 .O71
1 .O34
0.071
0.050
0.925
0.964
0.982
0.988
0.033
0.028
0.991
0.993
1 .O08
1.006
4
8
16
32
1.o9
1 .O8
1 .O7
1 .O6
1 .o1 7
1 .o1 1
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Where:
X =
T av
- (-)p
v aT
- 1 and Y =
72)
(See Figs. 3.6 and 3.7)
v ap
(b) Maximum and minimum values of k shall apply to both the specified and test gas over the complete
range of conditions.
(c) When these limits are exceeded by either the specified gas or the test gas at any point along the
compression path real gas calculation methods shall be used for that gas. Ideal or real gas method may
be used if these limits are not exceeded.
3.3.2
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3.3.3 Compressors with externally piped intercoolers may be given a Type 1 test or they may be
tested by individual sections using a Type 2 test.
3.3.4 Compressors with inlet or outlet sidestreams
may be tested using the procedures for a Type 1
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TABLE 3.4
Symbol
Units
Fluctuation
2%
psia
"R
psia
inlet pressure
inlet temperature
Discharge pressure
Nozzle differential
pressure
Nozzle temperature
Speed
Torque
Electric motor input
Molecular weight
Cooling water inlet
temperature
Cooling water flow
rate
Line voltage
0.5%
2%
2%
0.5%
psi
OR
0.5%
rPm
MW
T
Ibf * ft
1 Yo
kW
Ibdlbmole
0.25%
OR
1Yo
2%
gal/min
volts
2%
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) A fluctuation is the percent difference between the minimum and maximum test reading divided by
the average of all readings.
(b) Permissible fluctuations apply to Type 1 and Type 2 tests.
NOTES
(1) See para. 5.4.2.3.
(2) See para. 4.1 6 for further restrictions.
Power in
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r--
------boundary
-7
Multiple
entry
streams
I
1-
I
I
- -- - - - -- - - - I
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Multiple
exit
Heat transfer
--
/1
lest
section
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05LiLi3 T q b
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3.5
3.4
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b05444 982
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
I * )
14
id
I
I
I
I
< y
19
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In
I
I
I
I
I
16
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 4 4 5 819
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.6
SAFETY
3.6.2
3.7
PIPING
3.5.6 Extraction Sidestreams. When the intermediate flows are removed (.e., bleed-off) from the
compressor, they will cross a section boundary.
17
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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
0.2
I
I
I
I
l
I
I\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
0.1
0.0
-0.1
n-i
1 7
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-0.2
I
-0.3 I
O
0.2
I
I
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.o
Mmsp
1.2
1.4
1.6
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.8
INSTRUMENTATION
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 3.4
3.10
(i) lubricant temperatures, inlet and outlet of bearings, seals, and speed changing gear, if applicable
(j)coolant and lubricant flows, if applicable
fk/ barometric pressure
(I) gas analysis, if atmospheric air i s not the test gas
(m) time
PRETEST R U N
3.10.1 The compressor shall be operated for sufficient time at the required conditions to demonstrate
acceptable mechanical operation and stable values
of all measurements to be taken during the test,
Preliminary data shall be taken to familiarize test
personnel, to determine if all instruments are functioning properly, and to ascertain if the reading
fluctuations fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.4.
3.11
TEST OPERATION
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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 3.5
3.11.4 When a test is only to verify a single specified condition, the test shall consist of two test points
which bracket the specified capacity within a range
of 96 percent to 104 percent.
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12
10
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 3.6
3.12
INCONSISTENCIES
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Reduced Pressure, Pr
3.13
22
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997 H 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 O b 0 5 4 5 L 0 3 2
ASME PTC 10-1997
SECTION 4
- INSTRUMENTS AND
METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT
taps displaced 45 deg. from them and at least 12
in. downstream.
In special cases when atmospheric conditions satisfy the requirements, the compressor may be run
without an inlet pipe as shown in Fig. 4.2. The
inlet opening shall be protected with a screen and
bellmouth suitably designed to eliminate debris and
minimize entrance losses (see para. 4.4). The total
inlet pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Temperature measuring devices shall be located on the
screen to measure the temperature of the air stream
at the compressor inlet.
For compressors with an axial inlet, the impeller
may, under some conditions, produce a vortex at
the pressure station to cause substantial error in the
measurement of inlet pressure. Users of this Code,
by agreement, may use vanes suitably designed for
low pressure loss to prevent rotation at the pressure
taps. The static pressure stations shall not be less
than four pipe diameters upstream of the compressor
flange as shown in Fig. 4.3.
4.1 METHODS
4.1.1 The choice of methods provided in this Code
will depend on the compressor, the specified gas,
and the type of test selected.
4.2
INSTRUMENTATION
4.3
4.3.3 Typical discharge piping required for compressors are outlined in Fig. 4.1. The minimum
straight length of discharge pipe required before and
after the instrumentation is specified. The four static
pressure taps are a minimum of 12 in. downstream
of the discharge opening. The pressure taps are
followed by the four temperature taps displaced 45
deg. from them and at least 8 in. downstream.
An alternate arrangement may be used when a
compressor operating as an exhauster on air has a
discharge velocity pressure less than 5 percent of
the total pressure. In this case the compressor can
be run without a discharge pipe as shown in Fig.
4.4. The discharge temperature of the gas stream is
measured at the compressor discharge.
When the compressor has a volute that produces
unsymmetrical flow at the discharge opening the
static pressure taps shall be a minimum of six
diameters downstream as shown in Fig. 4.5. The
other minimum dimensions are specified in Fig. 4.1.
Straightening vanes designed for low pressure loss,
PIPING
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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_I
Bminimum
12 in. minimum
6 minimum
j- 6 in. minimum
8 in. minimum
12 in. minimum
h
Inlet static
pressure
4 taps spaced
90 deg. apart
Inlet Opening
Preceded By
i'
2D
3D
Discharge temperature
4 measuring taps spaced
90 deg. apart (45 deg.
from static pressure)
Discharge static
pressure
4 measuring
taps spaced
90 deg. apart
Discharge Opening
Followed By
Minimum Dimension
Straight run
Elbow
Reducer
Valve
Flow device
30
30
60
IOD
5D
20
30
ED
Inlet temperature
4 measuring stations
spaced 90 deg. apart
(45 deg. from static
pressure)
Minimum Dimension
A
6
Straight run
Elbow
Reducer
Valve
Flow device
20
30
30
20
30
30
50
5D
80
100
Discharge Configuration
inlet Configuration
FIG. 4.1
Protecting screen
Inlet pressure
by barometer
Inlet temperature
4 measuring stations
spaced 90 deg. apart
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minimum dimensions
1D min
A- &j
Inlet temperature
4 measuring taps spaced
90 deg. apart (45 deg.
from static pressure)
4Dmin.
L Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.3
Discharge temperature
4 measuring locations
spaced 90 deg. apart
FIG. 4.4
OPEN DISCHARGE
cal flow.
4.3.4 Figures 4.6 and 4.7 show a typical arrangement for testing with a general closed loop and
closed loop with sidestreams.
4.4
PROTECTIVE SCREENS
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minimum dimensions
Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.5
arrangement
and straightener
III
Y-
Drain pot
a
Drain tank
FIG. 4.6
Gauge
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D . A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
1997
= 0757b70
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
Flow equalizer
and straightener
I
i
Nozzle
measuring
arrangement
(See PTC 19.5)
=
!M
_I'
Y-
Drain pot
-i!&+
Drain tank
O b 0 5 4 5 5 7bB
Gauge
Inlet
measuring
stations
(See Fig. 4.1)
II
I
7
Compressor
Inlet
measuring
stations
(See Fig. 4.1
--b
source-
il
Valves for
charging and
venting gas
Nozzle
measuring
arrangement
(See PTC 19.5)
'Throttle
valve
Relief
valve
Jj*-*--- -
a---
Flow equalizer
and straightener
LJ
Y-
\ Flow nozzle
Drain pot
Gauge
?
i
l
+
FIG. 4.7
27
Copyright ASME International
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Drain tank
0759b70 O b 0 5 4 5 b b T q
4.5
4.6
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
4.5.2
where
Ah= total area of holes in plate, s q in.
Ap= area of cross section or pipe, sq in.
q = inlet volume flow, cfm
pi= inlet density, Ibm per CU ft
ilp= diameter of pipe, in.
pp= density of gas in pipe upstream of plate,
Ibm per CU ft
Ap= pressure drop across plate, psi
4.6.4 Deadweight gages and testers shall be selected to suit the pressure range. Deadweight gages
cannot measure rapid pressure changes and where
necessary they shall be installed in parallel with a
Bourdon tube gage, transducer, or other instrument.
4.5.3 A combined flow equalizer and flow straightener is used with flow nozzles where required by
PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (d). The flow straightener shall be the multitube type as shown in Fig.
4.8, sketch (b), preceded by a flow equalizer onehalf pipe diameter upstream. Alternatively three flow
equalizers spaced one pipe diameter apart may be
used as shown in Fig. 4.8, sketch (e).
28
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 2 9 9 7
S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 b 0 5 4 5 7 5 3 0
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
I-1-4
b-D-4
L1-I
ibl Multi-Tube Flow Straightener
min.
-I
FIG. 4.8
STRAIGHTENERS AND
EQUALIZERS
29
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D * A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1777 W
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
4.6.6
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.7
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tion, and conduction between the temperature sensitive element and all external thermal bodies (pipe
wall, external portions of thermometer wells and
thermocouple, etc.) shall be negligible in comparison
to the conductance between the sensor and the
medium being measured. insulation of those parts
of thermometer well, thermocouple sheath, etc., that
extend beyond the pipe outside diameter may be
a means of accomplishing this objective if necessary.
In some cases, insulation of the pipe wall near the
thermometer or possibly insulation of the section
of the pipe upstream of the thermometer may be
necessary.
The temperature measuring device shall extend a
sufficient distance into the fluid stream to minimize
unavoidable conduction of heat. They need not be
perpendicular to the wall. Oil or other heat conducting fluid should be used in thermowells to improve
heat transfer.
Precaution shall be taken to avoid insertion of
the temperature measuring device into a stagnant
area when measuring the temperature of a flowing
medium.
4.7.8 Discharge temperature i s the total temperature prevailing at the compressor discharge. When
a compressor is assembled for test with a discharge
pipe, the instruments shall be located as shown in
Figs, 4.1 or 4.5 and spaced 90 deg. apart and
displaced 45 deg. from the pressure taps. Where
the compressor is operated without a discharge pipe,
four instruments shall be anchored to the discharge
opening with a suitable projection into the gas
stream.
When the four raw data observations differ by
more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature,
the cause shall be determined and corrected. Variation of more than 0.5 percent caused by factors
other than instrument error such as design may
require more than four measuring stations.
4.7.5 Resistance temperature detectors or thermistors should be selected for the appropriate range.
Caution should be taken because some of these
devices have a relatively slow response time.
4.7.6 Total temperature i s the sum of static temperature and velocity temperature. Where the Mach
number is lower than 0.11 for gases, or for air
where the velocity is below 125 ft/sec, the velocity
temperature may be negligible. Normally, the actual
31
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Nozzle temperature
m
I
Nozzle pressure
2 taps spaced 90 dag.
Protecting screen
See para. 4.4
FIG. 4.9
SD minimum
4.8
4.8.4 The nozzle may be used with an open discharge: Figs. 4.1 O and 4.1 1 show optional arrangements of the flow nozzle on the outlet end of a
pipe for use where it is convenient to discharge the
gas to atmosphere. For a subcritical flow, the nozzle
differential pressure, A,, will be less than the barometric pressure and it shall be measured from impact
tubes, as shown in Fig. 4.10. Where the available
gas pressures permit, the nozzle may be sized for
operation at critical flow. In this case the differential
pressure will be greater than barometric pressure,
and it shall be measured from static taps located
1D upstream of the nozzle as indicated in Fig. 4.1 1.
In both cases the minimum length of straight pipe
preceding the nozzle shall be 1 O and the pipe
diameter shall be a minimum of 1.66 times the
nozzle throat diameter. Temperature measuring Stations shall be located 6 0 upstream. The flow straightener and/or flow equalizer, as described in para.
4.5, shall be used. Users of these arrangements are
cautioned to observe the distinction between critical
and subcritical flow. It should be noted that the
velocity of approach i s included in measurements
made with impact tubes.
CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS
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Il
Il
Il
II
Il
I I
-__-.---::SE
t
- ====
---Efzz
SPECIAL NOTE: d not more than 0.6D for any nozzle arrangement
spaced
deg-
, - / , - -
FIG. 4.11
4.9
10Dminimum
Nozzle pressure
2 measuring stations
spaced 90 deg.
""i
CAS COMPOSITION
4.9.1 The test gas must be defined. At the minimum, sampling will be taken at the start and end
of each test.
4.9.2
Special precautions shall be taken when testing with the closed loop to eliminate all liquids
from the gas stream and static instrument lines.
When dealing with gas mixtures subject to variation,
samples shall be taken at each test point and be
analyzed by spectrographic, chromatographic, or
chemical methods. The sample shall be taken from
the piping such that there i s no condensation before
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nozzle temperature
2 measuring stations
~-
S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05ibZ 9 T A
torque meters shall be of a type suitable for calibration. The torsion member shall be selected for readability and accuracy at the speed and load prevailing
during test.
4.14
4.10.2 The speed of a compressor driven by synchronous motors may be determined from the number of poles in the motor and the frequency of
the power systems. If gears are used between the
measuring point and the compressor shaft, the speed
ratio shall be computed from a count of the number
of teeth.
4.12
4.15
4.13
34
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
1997
0759b70 ObU5Lib3 8 3 9
m
ASME PTC 10-1 997
k-
Location C
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Location A
Location B
FIG. 4.12
surement of the temperature rise (such as with differential thermocouples). Evidence of nonuniform temperature distribution more than 2 percent of the
temperature rise at either the inlet or the discharge
measurement station, may require one of the following procedures be used at the offending measurement
station:
(7) Apply insulation to the piping upstream of
the temperature measurement station in an effort to
minimize thermal gradient. If successful, the temperature measurement installation need not be changed.
(2) Move the temperature measurement station
away from the compressor and add pipe insulation.
This might be particularly effective when temperature
''
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'STD-ASME
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.16
4.17
HEAT LOSS
METHODS
4.16.1 When it is not possible or practical to
measure shaft power directly or by a compressor
heat balance, and a heat exchanger i s incorporated
in the test arrangement, the heat transferred to the
cooling water may be used to determine the net
compressor shaft power.
4.16.2 Methods to account for the mechanical
losses are discussed in para. 4.1 8. External heat loss
from the casing, piping, and cooler may be evaluated
in accordance with para. 4.17.
36
Copyright ASME International
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MECHANICAL LOSSES
4.1 9
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
37
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.18
STD.ASME
PTC 10-ENGL
1797
0759b70 O b 0 5 4 b b 543
ASME PTC 10-1997
one percent in efficiency and two percent in discharge specific volume. 'The ideal gas equation of
state, 14dPv = RT, and the corresponding &rived
and 5.4 may be
equations in Tables
For gases with variable specific heats, average
properties are calculated at the arithmetic mean
section temperature.
FORMAT
0
0
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0
0
5.2
5.3
39
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0757b70 Ob054b7 4 8 T W
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TABLE 5.1
IDEAL G A S DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter
Eq. No.
Assumption
Flow coefficient
[5.1T-21
-RT;.
[5.1 -31
k-1
[Pinlsp =
IPslsp
[PinIr
= [PJf Rem,
[5.1T-41
where nf =
[1-
(5.1T-51
In
PiTd
k
-k - 1 "'(p,j)?-
Isentropic efficiency
[%If =
hd - hi
pi
[5.lT-61
[qslsp
=
hs1t R
em
,,
l]
f
Polytropic efficiency
hplf
and,
[rlplf
k.1
[S.lT-81
'k- 1
[ 5.1 T-91
n-1
GENERAL NOTE: Appropriate units must be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation of the equations is available
in Appendix E.
40
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TABLE 5.2
REAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter
!
Flow coefficient
Eq. No.
Assumption
[5.2T-l]
4sp
4f
[5.2T-23
Iccinlsp
IPinlt
where insIr=
IT]
15.2T-41
In -
vd t
and
f,
(5.2T-51
( h i - hi) 1
144 (pdvi- pivil
n,
Jr
n, - 1)
n
i n - 1)
where nf =
IT]-
I5.2T-71
In
vd I
Isentropic efficiency
fl44PiVi
[dr=
[D,I,~
[5.2T-81
IvSlfRem,
lP.4 n,
41
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Assumption
Eq. No.
Polytropic efficiency
GENERAL NOTE: Appropriate units must be chosen to render the parametersdimensionless. Further explanationof the equations is available
in Appendix E.
.e.,
(E)
5.3.2 Test Speed Selection. The volume ratio limitation of Table 3.2 may be met by controlling the test
speed. The appropriate test speed i s calculated from
where
[5.3.61
n
i():
and,
k
p
i5.3.71
k"1t =
1r"lsp
n =
[5.3.41
42
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1
Y-m(l + x )
I5.3.81
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
0759b70 Ob05Y70 T 7 Y
1997
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
where
=
Z R ( 1 , x)
CP TP
[5-3.91
Both the test and specified operating condition efficiencies are known only approximately before the
test. Where no better approximation is available,
they may be estimated from the design value,
AF=
1 O 0 (AH - AL)
15.4.1 1
where
Test Speed Validation. When the actual test
conditions differ from the estimated values, the most
appropriate test speed will depart from the previously
calculated test speed. Some deviation i s allowable.
The test speed i s acceptable when the deviation
satisfies the limits of Table 3.2.
5.3.3
YO (Table 3.4)
5.4.2
fluctuation expressed in
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.4
AF=
5.4.3
M =
5.4.4.2 Simplified Method. The difference between total and static temperatures may be evaluated from
Test Pressure
5.4.3.1 Simplified Method. For measurement station Fluid Mach numbers of 0.2 or less the effects
of compressibility are small. A good approximation
of velocity pressure may be obtained by assuming
incompressible flow at the measurement station and
calculating an approximate density from the measured static pressure and measured temperature.
Thus
Va, = ~ / 6 0 p A
[5.4.61
15.4.31
Test Temperature
5.4.4.1 Recovery Factor. The temperature indicated by a sensing element is normally a value
somewhere between the static and total temperature,
depending upon the ability of the sensor to recover
the converted kinetic energy of the gas stream. This
ability is defined in terms of a recovery factor,
r, =
Tmeas
- Tstaiic
[5.4.81
[FI,
[5.4.9]
[ 5.4.51
Tstatic
(144
pi
p)
[TIt
(144 p)
pi =
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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1777
= 0757b70
Ob05472 8 9 7 M
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
v, = -
[5.4.10]
Pg,
Pt
or
[5.4.11]
where
w= mass flow rate
p= total density
This definition is consistent with the use of total
properties in the calculation procedure. It does not
represent the actual local volume flow rate because
it is based upon total rather than static density. All
references to calculated volume flow rate imply this
definition unless otherwise stated.
[5.4.15]
where
w,=
5.4.7.1 Shaf Power Methods. When power input i s measured by instruments such as a torque
meter, dynamometer, or calibrated motor, the shaft
power is calculated using the appropriate formula.
Cas power i s calculated by subtracting the parasitic
losses from the shaft power (see para. 5.4.7.5 for
parasitic losses).
where
Sc= heat transfer surface area of exposed compressor and adjoining pipe for section of
interest
tc= casing surface temperature
ta= ambient temperature
hr= coefficient of heat transfer for area (combined convection and radiation)
Where the casing surface temperature varies
widely, the accuracy of this calculation may be
improved by treating small areas of the surface
= measured value
=
Pshr
- Pparasitic,
%
',
Pg,
[5.4.12]
45
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(5.4.141
Pshr
33000
5.4.6.1 Mass Flow Rate. Test flow rates are expressed as mass rate of flow at the station of interest.
Or1 - [5.4.13]
where
q=-
= [Lutwh - Lnwh +
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
Pg = Psh
- Ppararitic
[5.4.19]
33000
(
- Qr)
yielding
=
Pmech
Pother
15.4.1 71
(a) Mechanical Losses. Mechanical losses are always considered to be parasitic losses. Those losses
due to lubricated gears, bearings, seals, etc., may be
estimated from the lubricating oil temperature rise.
Other mechanical losses from seals, bearing, etc.,
which do not contribute to the lubricating oil temperature rise shall be determined separately. That portion
of the mechanical loss evident in the lubricating oil
temperature rise i s given by:
(c) Determine the discharge stagnation temperature from the calculated discharge stagnation enthalpy
and discharge stagnation pressure, according to the
properties of the gas.
NOTE: An iterative calculation is required for real gases.
5.5
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
The following dimensionless parameters are calculated for the test conditions to provide verification
that the limits of Table 3.2 have been met.
[ 5.4.1 81
5.5.1
where
Mm = U/ai
4-
f5.5.21
di
Yi
==
[5.5.31
Rem = Ublu
[5.5.41
46
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
i5.5.1 I
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pparasitic
5.6.1
15.5.51
d=
Wroior
E)
P i2 r N (
[5.5.7]
5.6
by the following procedures. Certain additional dimensionless parameters are calculated for the test
conditions and extended to specified conditions.
47
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.6.1.1 Description. The single section compressor from inlet to outlet measurement stations experiences no gas cooling other than natural radiation
and convection. No gas flow is added or removed
other than that lost through seal or balance piston
leakage. No condensation occurs.
TABLE 5.3
TOTAL WORK INPUT COEFFICIENT, ALL GASES
Eq. No.
Assumption
(Note (1 )I
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Parameter
[adIf =
(fd
- fpdtie)33000
I,
[5.3T-21
1
n
S
h
1
r
p
Iadlt
GENERAL NOTE Appropriate units must be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanationof the equations is available
in Appendix E.
NOTE
(1 1 This equation applies to a particular model as presented in Appendix E, para. E.3.12. Some of the terms may not apply in a particular
case. Additional terms may apply. The analysis of para. E.3.12 may be followed to develop appropriate equations.
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S T D - A S M E PTC LO-EFIGL
1777
= 0757b70
ObU5q7b Li72
m
ASME PTC 10-1 997
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I m p
[Pinlsp
[ W P
bplsp
Test F
FIG. 5.1
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OF DIMENSION1ESS
PARAMETERS
Eq. No.
15.4T-11
[5.4T-21
(5.4T-31
Capacity
[5.4T-4]
I5.4T-51
[5.4T-61
n-1
I5.4T-71
[5.4T-81
[5.4T-9]
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where (n& =
In -
[5.4T-1O]
I5.4T-11I
In
[5.4T-12]
[Table continued on next page]
50
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Eq. No.
m5P
[-ZR (-VP1
[5.4T-141
X)ISf
Cf
Discharge pressure
[5.4T-15]
Pressure rise
I5.4T-161
Discharge enthalpy
15.4T-171
15.4T-191
[5.4T-201
Assumption 0 =
nhh
5P
Or, a s h
5P
Shaft power
Assumption,
n = nhh
Sf
or,
ash
Sf
51
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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~~
5.6.3
RA = 0.066
0.000125
RB =
log (
5.6.3.1
lo6 x b) RC
]
+ 0.934 [(4.8 xRem
RC =
13.67\
15.6.31
+ -)Rem
0.988
~~~0.243
i5.6.41
where
passage, in.
The polytropic work coefficient should be corrected for Machine Reynolds number in the same
ratio as the efficiency.
+Rem
[5.6.2]
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.6.3.3 Limits of Application. Since the performance variations increase substantially as the Machine
Reynolds number decreases, tests of compressors
designed for operation at low Machine Reynolds
numbers should be tested at conditions close to those
specified. Therefore, the maximum and minimum
permissible ratios between Reml and Rem,
are
shown in Fig. 3.4. Also, see Appendix F and
Table E.2.
5.6.4 Mechanical losses. When the mechanical
losses at specified operating conditions are not
known they may be determined from the following
equation:
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'
The UADD
and URSS
models are the mathematical models which
are used to combine bias and precision errors to a single uncertainty
value. UAODprovides approximately 99 percent coverage while
URSS
provides approximately 95 percent coverage when neither
bias errors nor precisionerrors are negligible compared to the other.
if the bias error is negligible, both UADD
and URSS
provide 95 percent
coverage.
54
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~
~
SECTION 6
6.1
REPORT OF TEST
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and
coolant properties
CONTENTS
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.3
(I)
General Information
6.2.6
suring
(a) Description of all allowed departures from this
Code which have been authorized by agreement
(b) Piping arrangement with sketches and diagrams
(c) Location of all measuring stations with diagrams
and sketches
1 Pressures,
55
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u)
(q) Leakages
(7) Mass flow rate
(2) Enthalpy
56
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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(2) Enthalpy
(3) Average mixed gas state
(4) Energy loss or gain
(s) Rotor mass flow rate
(t) Mechanical loss
(u) Heat transfer loss
(v) Gas power
(w) Shaft power
(XIHead
6.2.9
6.2.1 2
Uncertainty Analysis
57
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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APPENDIX A
USE OF TOTAL PRESSURE A N D TOTAL
A.l The performance characteristics of a compressor which depend upon thermodynamic properties
for their definition are, under the provisions of this
Code, based on stagnation (total) conditions. This
procedure can cause confusion if the principles
involved are not kept clearly in mind. Compressor
petformance may be specified at static pressures
and temperatures or at stagnation pressures and
temperatures, as desired, and the following explanation serves to point out the differences between
the two.
Vi
hi = ha + 2gcI
[A-41
A.2
When the First Law of Thermodynamics, written as the general energy equation, is applied to a
compressor section with the system boundaries defined as the interior wall of the casing and the
transverse planes across the inlet and discharge
flanges in the absence of leakage and sidestreams,
the following expression results:
h,+-+-+
v,2
2gcl
ya
WSh=h , + X + - +YU2gcI I
QI
w
The difference between static and stagnation conditions is shown graphically on a Mollier Diagram,
Fig. A . l .
A.4 As will be noted from Fig. A.1, the process
of compression takes place between states (Y and
y. Some calculations regarding the internal compression process might require the use of static states
intermediate to (Y and y. However, as shown by
Eqs. [A-1I through [A-51, use of the stagnation properties for the external energy balance of the compressor
is an excellent approximation because:
(a) "Charging" the compressor with receipt of gas
at the stagnation enthalpy hi (at stagnation pressure
pi) i s equivalent to charging it with receipt of gas at the
static enthalpy h,a (at static pressure pa) plus kinetic
energy
[A-11
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__
S T D - A S M E PTC 10-ENGL
1777
FIG. A.l
and,
A.6
vy
2gcJ
A.5
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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APPENDIX B
PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
B.4 With properties of the individual gases determined, the equivalent value of the property for the
gas mixture may be calculated by summing the
individual property values on a total basis, .e.,
quantity of the gas times property value. The equations are summarized below.
nmHm= naHa+ n b i i b
Entropy:
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+ ncHc+ e + njHj
18-31
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Enthalpy:
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
62
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
APPENDIX C
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
The sample calculations contained in this Appendix demonstrate the basic calculation principles
of this Code. Each sample highlights one or more facets of the necessary procedures for application
of the Code to real machines. The data presented is typical and does not represent any actual
operating unit. Additionally this data should not be taken as expected for any actual conducted test.
demonstrates a Type 1 test for a centrifugal compressor using an ideal gas. The
conversion of static readings to total conditions and calculation of results by
heat balance and shaft power methods are covered.
Sample C.2 demonstrates a Type 2 test for a centrifugal compressor using an ideal gas.
Application of Reynolds number corrections, heat loss to ambient and variable
speed effects are covered.
Sample C.3 demonstrates the ideal gas application to selection of test speed and test gas and
also covers the methods of power evaluations.
Sample C.4 demonstrates the treatment of bracketed test points.
Sample C.5 demonstrates how to select a test gas for a Type 2 test using ideal and real gas
equations. A flow chart procedure is presented to assist in outlining the required
steps.
Sample C.6 demonstrates a Type 2 test using real gas equations for data reduction.
Sample C.7 demonstrates the treatment of a two section compressor with externally piped
intercooler.
Sample C.8 demonstrates the application of uncertainty analysis to this Code.
Sample C.l
63
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
RH(psat)1003,3'F
(HRj)sp = (0.6220
-(
")
0.6220 Ihm
(0.7825 psia)
Ibm da
(1 4.00
- 0.7826) psia
Ibmole w
(28.97 ibm a)
180.02 ibrn w
Ibrnole da
= 0.05921
Ibmole w
Ibrnole da
Ibm da
) + 0.05921 Ibmole w
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0757b70 Ob05492 b 3 5
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
Ibrn
= 28.36 Ibmole
() Air specific heat at constant pressure is found using dry air and steam properties (Fig. C.l)
(cp)sp
mass da
(Cpda)
mass da
= 0.247
Ibmda"R
1 .O00 Ibrn da
+ 0.03683
Ibrn w
Btu
Ibrn
O R
Wpdsp
+ mass w kp,J
+ mass w
Btu
Ibrn daoR
'
Btu
Ibrn
0.247
O R
(kAp
(0.247
m)Btu
(1.986
0.252
(kd)sp
(0.252
-) Btu
Ibrn
O R
)(
Btu
Ibmole
O R
Btu
Ibrn
O R
- (1.986
Ibmole
O R
) = 1.396
28.36 Ibrn
)(
Btu
Ibmole
Ibmole
) = 1*385
28.36 Ibrn
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
67
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
0757b70 U b 0 5 Y 9 3 571
(1545 ft lbf)
(vstatic ilsp
Ibmole
Ibmole
(14.00;)
(1545 ft lbf)
Ibmole
) (560.0
28.36 ibm
O R
OR)
fi3
= 15.13 -
(144g)
Ibmole
Ibm
) (842.8
28.36 Ibm
O R
(Vsiatic
(45.00
OR)
= 7.086
$) $-)
(144
ft3
-
Ibm
fg)Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
(Vilsp
= 97.40
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(600
(vd)sp
g) g)
(7.086
= 129.4
ft
sec
ft
sec
(h) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.40
(Mi)sp
ft
sec
(1545 ibmo;:
O R
68
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= 0.0832
OR)
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1997
(Md)sp
ft
129.4 sec
1.385 32.1 74
m2) (1545
Ib ) ( lbmole ) (842.8
IbfFec
ibmole
28.36 ibm
= 0.0905
OR)
O R
(i) Total temperatures at inlet and discharge flanges are found using the energy equation and
assuming an adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(97.40
(Ti)sp
= 560.0
O R
+2
7 7 8 . 1 7 - 0 ) (32.174-) ft Ibm
Btu
= 842.8
O R
+2
778.1 7
-")
(0.247
Btu
= 560.8 O R
ibf sec2
(129.4
(TdlSp
k)
k)2
(32.1 74 7)
ft ibm (0.252
i bf sec
Btu
ibm
= 844.1
O R
O R
ci,, Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified Eq. i5.4.41
psp
(Pstatic)sp
(2
(97.40
(pi)sp
= 14.00 psia
(pd)sp
= 45.00 PSia +
V2 g c sp
vstatic
2)
ft Ibm
in2
2 1 5.1 3 -cd(32.174- ibf sec2) 144 ft2)
s)
(1 29.4
2 (7,086
A)
-)
(32.1 74 fi Ibm
(1 44
g)
Ibf sec2
69
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 14.07 psia
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= 45.26 psia
~~
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL I997
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges i s found using the ideal gas law
(14.07
(pi)sp
= (6)sp =
ft Ibf
(1545 Ibmole O R
5)
( g ) s p =
(1 545
Ibm
= 0.06632 -
) (1 lbmole)
(560.8
fi3
OR)
28.36 Ibm
(45.26
(Pd)sp
in2
$)(144$)
) (-1 lbmole)
(844.1
ft Ibf
Ibmole O R
28.36. Ibm
Ibm
= 0.1417ft3
OR)
rad 2
m-\
\- .. rev/
\ lo4 min)
j= 1
j= 1
= 2.983 x
fi2
lo6 -
sec2
min
70
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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= 0.6220
Btu
Ibrn da
0.01881
0.03024
0.3667 psia
Ibrn w
= 0.01661
14.1 O psia 0.3667 psia
Ibrn da
(540.0
O R
(1092.2
Btu
- 38.35) Ibrn w
=)
(& lbmole
Ibrn da 18.02 Ibrn w7 (28.97 Ibmole da
Ibmole w
Ibmole da
+
[mole da (MWdJ
da +
mole
mole w (MW,)
mole w
Ibm da
I,
) + 0.03024 Ibmole w
Ibmole da
1 .O0 Ibmole da
28.65
+ 0.03024 Ibmole w
Ibrn
Ibmole
(cl Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties (see Fig. C.1)
kp),
I,
= 0.244
Ibrn da
O R
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Btu
= 0.248 Ibrn
O R
+ 0.248 -Btu
Ibrn O R
Btu
- 0.246 Ibrn
O R
0.244
O R
=
(0.244
0.248
(kd)t
Btu
OR)
Ibmole
= 1.397
(Glbm)
Btu
Ibrn
O R
) ( 1 Ibmole) = 1.388
)
(0.1986
(o'248 Ibm
Ibmole
28.65 Ibm
Btu
Btu
O R
OR
(e) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(1 545
(vstatic d t
ft Ibf
Ibmole O R
) (-1 Ibmole)
540.0
28.65 Ibm
(14.10%)
(144$)
O R
= 14.34
72
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Ibm
ft3
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(ki)t
Btu
Ibrn
(1 545
(Vstatic d)i
) (1 lbmole)
- 830.0 "R
ft Ibf
lbmole
O R
(47.00
(0
28.65
Ibrn
= 6.613
$) $)
(1 44
ft3
Ibrn
(38,000
(VJt =
~TT 16.87
(
~
(38,000
(vd)t
?)hr
777
(1 4.34
f (3600:)t
-")hr
E)
Ibm
)
(6.61 3
(F
= 97.45
E)
Ibrn
y)
= 127.5
ft
sec
ft
sec
[g) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.45
(Mi),=
J1.397
-)
m
Ibf!ec2
32 174 ft
(1 545
ft
O R
-)
28.65
(540.0
= 0.0852
OR)
Ibm
ft
sec
= 0.0902
-)
) (L
Ib
Ibmole
127.5
(&')i
ft
sec
)(
1 e
(830.0 )
28.65 Ibrn
OR)
O R
(h) Total temperature at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the energy equation for an
adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
73
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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0757b70 Ob05499 T 9 T
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1977
Z)
(97.45
(Ti), = 540.0
"R +
0.244
- = 540.8 "R
f
Btu
i)
(778.1 7 -")
Btu
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(Td)t
= 830.0 "R
2 0.248
-) Btu
(778.1 7
-")
(32.1 74 ft Ibm
Ibf sec2)
(32.1 74
Btu
Ibrn"R
Ibf secz
(i) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified method of Eq. (5.4.41
(97.45
+
2 (14.34
(Pd)r
= 47.00 psia +
&)
1bfsec2 (144%)
2)'
-)
2 6.61 3 Ibm
(32.1 74 ft3
Ibf
* I bsec2
m)(l44$)
74
= 14.17 psia
(32.174 ' I b m )
(1 27.5
&)
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= 47.27 psia
fj) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(14.17$)(144$)
(Pu)sp
(Pd)sp
(&),=
fi Ibf
(1545 lbmole O R
) (I lbmole)(540.8
28.65 Ibm
ft Ibf
(1545 Ibmole O R
= 0.06997
) (1 lbmole) (831.3
28.65 Ibm
ft3
OF)
$)(1 44 $)
(47.26
(&),
Ibm
Ibm
= 0.1518 ft3
OF)
[TZ
[EUr], [TE
5
Dr], =
j= 1
j= 1
ft*
j=1
sp
(I) The shaft power was measured by the shaft power method to be (Psdt= 1097 hp (shaft power
method)
where Eqs. [5.4.17] and [5.4.18] show the parasitic losses to be mechanical losses (represented
by the lubricating oil temperature rise).
Also using Eq. [5.4.13] gives
(38,000
hr
ft Ibf ) (831.1 - 540.8)
Ihm) (0.2459 Ibm
O R
) (60 F)
(42.440 min hp
~~~
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(59.5
%)
(0.462
fi
Btu ) (31 .O
OR)
= 1065 hp + 20.1 hp
= 1085 hp (heat balance method)
75
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O R
(m) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method using ,Eq. [5.4.13]
(P,>i =
(W cp)i (Td
Tilt
QI
The gas power can also be calculated from the shaft power using the shaft power method.
Using Eqs. [5.4.121, l5.4.171, and [5.4.181
=&'O
(Ps/Jt wo c p A To
= 1097 hp 20.1 hp
= 1077 hp (shaft power method)
(n) The capacity is
(38,000
9f =
T) -k)
(60
(0.06997
*)
ft3
= 9051 min
ft3
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- (Pih
x
(php
(Pilsp
100 =
14.07 - 14.17
X 100 = -0.71%
14.07
The test inlet total pressure i s within the Table 3.1 limit of 5%.
(b) Inlet temperature departure
(T;)sp
( Ti)sp
560.8
The test inlet temperature is within the Table 3.1 limit of 8%.
fc) Speed departure
(Ni)sp
( Ni)sp
10,000
The test speed is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%(d) Molecular weight departure
28.36 - 28.65
(MWiIsp - (MW;)i
x 100 =
x 100 = -1.02%
(MW;)sp
28.36
The test molecular weight is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%.
76
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S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 b 0 5 5 0 2 304 9
36,000
---
0.06632
38,000
0.06997
36,000
x 100 = -0.049%
0.06632
The test inlet capacity is within the Table 3.1 limit of 4%.
(0 Density departure
(pi)sp
(pilsp
The test inlet total density is within the Table 3.1 limit of 8%.
The test coolant temperature difference and coolant flow rate were not checked with the
specified values since there is no coolant at the specified condition.
Since all the test parameters listed in Table 3.1 (excluding the coolant parameters) satisfy the
Table 3.1 limits, the test is a Type 1 test.
Computed Test Dimensionless Parameters (similar to para. 6.2.9)
The dimensionless parameters which form the basis for the conversion from test data to specified
operating conditions are calculated in this section.
(a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows:
Average specific heat ratio
kr=
0.246
-=
CP
Btu
Ibm "R
t Ibf
(cp -
-)Ibm "R
Btu
)(
Ibmole)
28.65 Ibm
1
47.26 psia
ln (14.1 7 pia)
In
= 1.555
77
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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= 1.392
p)(5
(-) )
hr
60 min
2.rrrad
4t =
(0.06997
Ibm
rev
-)
= 0.03996
18.4
(12ft)
- o 555
(Is4'
ft Ibf
Ibmole O R )
Ibmole
(s7bm)
[ 47 26 -- 1 1
0.555
(540.8 O R )
(LW)
32.174 ft Ibm
= 0.4734
(d) Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. [5.4.18] and [5.3T-21)
e)
= wotp0ATo =
Btu
m)
(31.O "RI
-)
(38.000
= 20.1 hp
-)
Btu
(42.44 min hr
(60
T)
min hp
T)
(2.983 x l o 6
2)(&=)
= 0.6052
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-1 I)
78
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ft Ib
) (831.3 - 540.8) "R + O1 778.16
Btu
= 0.5996
(Piin), =
Cp
(Td
- Ti)
c u2
= 0.5996
0.151 8
Ibm
ft3
0.6997
Ibrn
fi3
= 2.170
Btu
Btu
Ibrn O R
= 0.250 -
0.250
sp
- ( c p- R)
Btu
Ibrn
O R
(0.250
-)IbmBtu
Btu
- (1.986 Ibmole
O R
) (28.36
1 Ibmole)
Ibrn
O R
= 1.389
Polytropic exponent is found assuming equality of the polytropic efficiency at test and specified
conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-71)
79
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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(-)1.389
2.823
nSP
= 1.823 = 1.549
Discharge pressure ratio i s found using the definition of the polytropic work coefficient and
assuming equality of the polytropic work coefficients at test and specified conditions to give (see
Eq. [5.5T-61)
5)
(2.983 x 1 O6 sec
(-)0.549
1549
2.823
Ibm
(pdlSp= 3.196
(pjisp
= 3.196
(b) Capacity at specified conditions is found using the definition of the flow coefficient and equating
the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. (5.4T-11).
0.03996 10,000
2)
rad 18.4 3
ft3
(2.E)
(Tft)
= 9051 min
80
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 0.4734
32.174 ft
(cl
(E)sp
F) 7)
= 36,020
Ibrn
Ibrn
= 600.3 hr
min
(d) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is (for information only)
(37
n-1
( T ~=) ~
T~~
0.549
= 560.8 O R (3.196)-
= 846.5
O R
SP
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 844.1R, the average specific heat
chosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate.
(0 Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and
the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method and Eq. (5.4T-201 gives
Wsp (nh6)sp
(Pgsh)sp
u2
Ibrn
(
y=)
600.3
sp
33,000
-)
F)
= i021 hp
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Wsp (nh6)sp
(PghJsp
(gc>,
c. u2
-
x)
33,000
-)
1 o6
$)
= 1011 hp
(g) Since the specified speed and the test speed are equal, the mechanical losses are assumed
equal. The shaft power is then
+ Q,AP
=
( p s h ) ~ h= <Pgsh
or
(PS&
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow
area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number i s below 0.2, Eqs. [5.4.21,
[5.4.31, f5.4.41, and [5.4.61 may be used.
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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05507 9 9 b
(Tstaiic d)sp
(Td)sp
(pstatic d)sp
(pd)sp
(Psiatic d)sp
vd
2gc (1 44)
(130.5)'
-)
ft'
sec2
= 845.2
-)
--
= 44.97 Ibf
(0.1 40
F)
(130.5)'
ft2
sec2
ftlbm)
inn)
2 32.174144 Ibf sec2
Ibf
= 44.7 in'
Checking
V=Ibstatic
\(0.140-Ibm) - (1;;2)
I =
II
A/
7r
ft3
ft
130.5 sec
ft2/
$) $)
(Pstatic d)sp
(1 44
(44.7
144 (pstatic d)sp = R (Triatic d)sp
ft Ibf
(1545
ibm "R 28.36 Ibm
-)
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
82
Ibm
= 0.140(Lm)(854.2 "R)
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ft3
OR
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7 U 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 5 0 8 8 2 2
Symbol
Quantity
Units
Test
Value
Test
Corrected
to
specified
Operating
Condition
Expected
at
specified
Operating
Condition
36,000
Ibm/hr
38,000
36,000
2. Pressure rise
*P
psi
33.1
30.9
3. Head (total)
WP
ft . Ibf/lbm
43,900
43,900
44,100
4. Shaft power
(a) Shaft method
(b) Heat method
(Psh)sh
hP
(Psh)hh
hP
1100
1080
1040
1030
1020
1020
5. Polytropic efficiency
VP
0.790
0.790
0.80
6. Flow coefficient
0.0400
0.0400
Mm
Rem
(vi/v&
2.17
2.1 1
1.39
1.39
pp
0.473
0.473
Pmin
0.600
0.600
ash
0.605
0.600
0.605
0.600
14. Capacity
9 = (w/oJ
h3/min
9050
9050
OR
P
T
P
540
14.1
541
14.2
560
14.0
561
14.1
560
14.0
561
14.1
830
47.0
83 1
47.3
845
44.7
847
45.0
843.5
45.0
844.8
45.3
hP
hP
io m
1O20
1060
1010
1O00
1000
nhP
psia
O R
psia
T
P
OR
psia
T
P
OR
psia
(pg)sh
Not applicable
19. Speed
rPm
10,000
10,000
10,000
Qm
hu
20.1
20.1
20.0
( pg)hb
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TABLE C.l.l
CALCULATION SUMMARY
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
400
0.600
700
SOO
900
lo00
1100
1200
1300
0.490
I."
0.480
It,
m.
5 fj
0.470
hc
Qo
0.460
o
0.450
0.440
600
600
700
800
900
lo00
1100
FIG. C.l(b)
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1200
1300
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(
- 1.456) psia
Ibmole w
(28.97 Ibm da)
18.02 Ibm w
Ibmole da
= 0.2408
Ibmole w
Ibmole da
(MWaIsp
+ mole w (MW,)
mole da + mole w
mole da (MWdJ
Ibm da
) + 0.2408 Ibmole w
= 26.04-
Ibm
Ibmole
86
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~~~
= 0759570
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1777
Ob05512 2 5 3 9
(d) Air specific heat at constant pressure is found using dry air and steam properties. The specific
heat at constant pressure for both the dry air (da) and water vapor ( w )are given in Sample Calculation
C.1. (Fig. C.1)
(Cplsp
mass da
Btu
+ 0.1498 Ibrn w O 448
Ibm da O R
*
Ibm w o R
1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.1 498 Ibrn w
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Btu
0.267 Ibrn
O R
Btu
da
OR
Btu
= 0.281 Ibrn O R
(ki>sp
(kd)sp
Btu
0.267Ibrn
- (1.986 Btu
Ibmole
O R
G)
(0.267 Btu
-)
(0.281 Btu
Ibrn O R
) ( Ibmole ) = 1'383
O R
Btu
0.281 Ibrn O R
Btu
(1.986
Ibmole O R
)(
26.4 Ibrn
Ibmole = 1*357
26.84 Ibrn
(0 The inlet flange kinetic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air
at the inlet pressure and temperature
( ~ i ) s p=
4.00 x
ft*
lo4 sec
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0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05513 L 9 T W
(g) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Vstatic i)sp
(1545 ft Ibf)
Ibmole
(600.0 O R )
Ibmole O R 26.84 Ibm
(7.50
$) 44 $)
(1
(vstaiic d)sp
= 31.98
ft3
(1545 ft lbf)
Ibmole
(1 103.0 O R )
Ibmole O R 26.84 Ibm
(48.00
Ibm
$)(1 44 $)
= 9.186
Ibm
ft3
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(h) Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
I w\
(1 7,300
(.V
iL =
-,,.y
-")hr
(
L
k)(31.98
3600 sec
?r
/16.876
-4\
(VAL"
u.>p =
\i7f3uu
12
\2
2)
-C
_-._.
98 9 A
9.1 8C
hr ) (3600
-sec) i
Ibm/ = nn51 ft
sec
-\=
-Tr /10.020
4 ( 12 Y
"".I
88
ft
se
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{i) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
98.94.
(Milsp =
ft
sec
Ibmole
80.61
(Md)sp
=
J1
*357 (32'1 74
1-
O R
) (26.84
lbmole ) (600.0
Ibm
= 0.0798
OR)
ft
sec
lbmole
= 0.0484
O R
)(
6b84
mo'e
Ibm (1103.0
OR)
Ci,, Total temperature at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the energy equation for an
adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(Tilsp= 600.0
O R
2 778.1 7
sec/
E)(32.1 74 7)
ft Ibm (0.267
Btu
"R +
-) Ibf
2 (778.1 7 ft
O R
I bf sec
Btu
(80.61
(Td)sp = 1103.0
= 600.7
k)2
-)
(32.1 74 t
Ibm (0.281
= 1 1 03.46
O R
1bf sec2
Btu
k) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified Eq. [5.4.41
89
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.00 psia +
= 7.53 psia
ft Ibrn
(32.174-)(144$)
);
ft Ibrn
(32.174 ibf-;e;~)(144
2 (9.186
= 48.08 psi I
$)
(I) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges i s found using the ideal gas law
(7.53
fi Ibf
(1545 lbmole O R
$)(1 44 $)
) (' lbmole)
(600.7OR)
26.84 Ibrn
(48.08
(Pd)sp=
(&)sp
h Ibf
(lS4'
Ibmole O R
z)
(1 44
Ibrn
= 0.03136 ft3
$)
) (1 lbmole)
(1103.5
26.84 Ibrn
= 0.1090- Ibrn
ft3
OR)
j=l
= 7.037 x
ft2
lo6 -
sec2
min
90
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Assuming equality of the polytropic efficiencies between the test and specified conditions gives
Since the same gas i s used i n the test and at the specified operating conditions, assume kt = ksp Then,
(pd)(= (pot
(")
Pi SP
14.40 pSa
48.0 psia
7.53 psia
= 90.0 psia
(E)= (3)
c u2 sp
CU2
J""
= 9841 rpm
as the approximate appropriate test speed. Not that no Reynolds number correction (as used later
in converting the test data to the specified operating condition) i s used in this estimation of the
test speed. Also, note that the Code speed rule (para. 5.3.2) reduces to the equality of Machine
Mach numbers between the test and the specified operating conditions for ideal gases with equal
values of the specific heat ratios. See para. 6.2.7.
fa) Test run number 4
fbl Duration of test = 40 minutes
(c) Compressor speed = 9,500 rpm
f d Inlet temperature = Tsiaticdbi = 540.0 O R
91
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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OR
O R
O R
0)
= 0.6220
0.240
0.3667 psia
ibm w
= 0.01661
14.10 psia - 9.3667 psia
Ibm da
Btu
(540.0 - 530.0) R
Ibm da O R
(1095.5
0.01881
= 0.03024
(1092.2
Btu
- 38.35) ibm w
Btu
- 38.35) ibm w
Ibm w ) ( 1 Ibmole
ibm da 18.02 ibm w
(28.97
Ibmoie da
ibmoie w
lbmole da
92
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1977
= n759b70
Ob05528 7 7 1
(MWa)t=
Ibm da ) + 0.03024
-- 1 .O00 Ibmole da (28.97 Ibmole
da
Ibmole w
= 28.65
Ibrn
Ibmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties
mass da
(Cpda)
mass da
= 0.244
Btu
Ibrn da
O R
+ mass c (wp,)
+ mass w
I,
Btu
Ibrn
Ibrn daoR
1 .O00 Ibrn da
= 0.253
Btu
Ibrn
O R
(C,),
Bt
- = 0.244 +2 0.253 -Ibrn
('pi
cpd)r
O R
Btu
- 0.249 Ibrn
93
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O R
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
O R
(d) Air
Btu
Ibrn "R
Btu
0.244 =
(kilt
(0.244
Btu
0.253
(kd)i
&)- (
0.1 986
)(
Ibrnole)
28.65 Ibrn
O R
Btu
Ibrn "R
)(
Btu
Ibmole "R
1 Ibrnole)
28.65 Ibrn
= 1.397
= 1.37
(e) The inlet flange kinematic viscosity i s found from Ref. (D.20) and i s assumed to be that of dry
air at atmospheric pressure and the existing temperature
= 1 .TOx 10-4ft2
sec
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges i s found using the ideal gas law
(vstatic i ) t
(lS4'
ft Ibf
Ibmole "R
(14.10;)
ft Ibf
(vstatic d)i
) (-1 lbmole)
540.0 "R
28.65 Ibrn
(144s)
) (1 lbmole)
- 1042.3
(99.6;)
= 14.34
28.65 Ibrn
O R
(144s)
ft3
Ibrn
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ft3
= 3.919 Ibrn
W vstatic
(36,500
(Vi),=
%)
(1 4.34 E)
hr
Ibrn
= 93.60
4T( 716.876
ft)(3600?)
-)
-)
ft3
hr
(Vdh =
ft
sec
Ibrn
477 (
10.020
12
ft) (3600
r)
= 72.56-
ft
sec
93.60
~
(Milt =
~~
Ib
Ibmole O R
72.56
(&It
ft
sec
ft
sec
) (-
s)
(540.0
28.65
OR)
= 0.0818
Ibm
28.65
) (-
Ibmole O R
-)
(1 042.2
OR)
= 0.0459
Ibrn
(i) Total temperature at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the energy equation for an
adiabatic process
(93.60 &)2
(Ti)( = 540.0
O R
2 (0.244
E)
Btu
-)
- = 540.7
95
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O R
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(h) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
(72.56
(Td)l
1042.2 O R
+ 2 (0.253
A)'
m)
Btu (778.17 -")
- = 1042.6
(32.174 ft Ibrn
Btu
Ibf secz)
O R
(j)Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified method of Eq. [5.4.41
PI = (pstaiic)t +
(-2vsiati~gc
vz
-\f t z
193.60
secl
\
= 14.17 psia
2 14.34-)Ibrn
ft3
(32.174- "Ibm)(144$)
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(pd),
= 99.6 pSa +
2 (3.91 9
2)
= 99.74 psia
(32.1 74 1bfsec2
ft Ibrn) 144 inn)
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges i s found using the ideal gas law
(14.17;)
ft Ibf
(1545 Ibmole O R
(Pd)sp
(&),=
(144g)
= 0.06993 Ibrn
) (1 lbmole) (
- 540.7 )
fi3
28.65
O R
Ibrn
E)
$)
(99.74
(144
ft Ibf
(L
!zE!E)
(1545 Ibmole O R 28.65 Ibrn
(1 042.6
= 0.2555
Ibrn
ft3
OR)
z)'
I6 (20 in)'
+ 4 (18 in)']
= 6.35 x lo6
j=1
ft2
sec2
min
(m)The shaft power was measured by the shaft power method to be ( f s h ) , = 1851 hp (shaft power
method)
96
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S T D e A S M E P T C 30-ENGL 1 7 7 7 II 0 7 5 1 b 7 0 Ob05522 L T 2
The shaft power can also be calculated from the gas power using the heat balance method
and Eq. [5.5.14]
Equations L5.4.171 and [5.4.181 show the parasitic losses to be mechanical losses. Also, using
(36,500
(psh)t
-Ibrn
)hr
-0)
(1042.6 - 540.7)
Ibm
(0.2459
O R
&) F)
(42.44
-Ibrn
)
(60
*)
= (1791.4
(568.5
- 525.0)
6740
O R
+
(42.44
Btu
-
hr
s)T)
(60
O R
+ 2.65 + 67.8) hp
(n) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method as done above to get
(PgIt
(W C p ) i (Td - Tili + Qr
= (1791 4 + 2.65)hp
= 1794 hp (heat balance method)
The gas power can also be calculated from the shaft power using the shaft power method
<pg>r= (psh)r -
W o Cpo
ATO
= (1862 - 67.8) hp
= 1794 hp (shaft power method)
- (pi)(x
(pi)sp
100 =
7.53
- 14.16 X
7.53
100 = -88.0%
which is outside the range of the Table 3.1 limit of 5%; therefore, the test is not a Type 1 test.
Therefore, we must conduct a Type 2 test; however, we will verify that this i s a Type 2 test,
.e., satisfies the Table 3.2 requirements.
97
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
= 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0605523
O34
0.249
Btu
ibm
O R
Btu
)(
Ib mole)
28.65 Ibm
1
= 1.386
(99.74 psia)
14.17 psia
= 1.507
(99.74 pcia) (540.7 "RI
In
(14.17 psia) (1042.6 O R )
n
= 0.828
1.386
2)(L
(-) )
hr
(36,500
s)
2 rrad
ibm )(9,500
(0.06993 F
60min
(20.0
12ft) 3
= 0.03148
98
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
075'1b70
Ob05524 T 7 5
0.507
=)
(540.7 [(-)99.74 1.507 - 1 1
Ibmole
28.65 Ibm
14.17
ft2 ) ( 1 Ibf sec2)
6.35 x lo6--
(-)1507 (1545
) (L
ft Ibf
- 0.507
OR)
O R
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
= 0.4075
() Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. 15.4.181 and [5.3T-23)
(143.1
?)(0.462 f
Btu
i)
(568.5 - 525.0)
min
(Q,,,)t= wocpJT0 =
O R
-)
= 67.8 hp
(42.44 Btu
min hr
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ibf ) (60 F)
(
min hp
(36,500p)
(6.35 x lo6 E)
(LF
=)
0.4901
(1851 hp - 67.8 hp) 33,000
W-
gc
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-l])
(0.249
-)IlbmBtu
(1042.6- 540.7)
O R
O R
-) (-
Btu
36,500hr
= 0.4935
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
b"h =
cp
- Ti) I CU'
- -
E)
(0.249 Btu
gc
99
*)
Btu
(Td
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= 0.4927
(;)r
=
Ibrn
ft3
Ibrn
0.6993
ft3
= 3.65
Btu
'Pd
O R
SP
O R
0.274
Btu
Ibrn
O R
-Ibrn
) "R
Btu
Btu
- (1.986 Ibmole
O R
= 1.370
) (28.36
1 Ib mole)
Ibrn
Polytropic efficiency correction is now used to account for the differences in the Machine
Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds number limits for this correction are found using Eqs. [5.4.41
and 15.6.11 to 15.6.41
(5)
= 2.73 x 105
SP
(9,500
(3r
=
NDib
?)
(2
~ 2(=;e;)
) (E)
20 rad
1.5 ft
min
= 6.10 x
sec
min
1O0
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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105
~-
0757b70 ObU552b 8 4 8
or
Remt < 4.775 Remsp = 4.775 (2.73 x
Remt > 0.2094 Rem,
Since the test Machine Reynolds number (6.10 x lo5)falls in the above range, the following
Reynolds number correction may be used. The corrected polytropic efficiency for the specified
operating condition is related to the test polytropic efficiency by
RAsp RBsp
- (7)/Jsp = 11 - (i7p)rl -RAt RBI
1
where
RCsp= 0.988
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
RA,=
0.066
+ 0.934
46 x 10
Rem
1,
R C ~
4 (I.5 in) x i os
2.73 x 105
4 6 lo5
~
Rem
On4718
= 1.0354
Il
RC~
4 (I .5 in) x 1 o5
6.10 x 105
0~13881
= .O99940
Remsp
RBsp =
0.000125 + Remt
RBI =
log
13.67
+-
Remt)
13.67
6.10x l5)
= 0.9961
13.67
log 0.00012 +
6.10 x 105)
1 o1
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Then,
-(
~ =) 11~
1 .O354 ) (0.9967)
- = 0.1785
-p0.828)(0.99940 0.9961
and
(vsp)sp
= 0.822
1.37
0.37
or
3.054
nsp = -- 1.49
2.054
The polytropic work coefficient ratio for the specified operating condition is
0.822
0.828
Discharge pressure ratio is found using the definition of the polytropic work coefficient to give
[(E)
(7.037x
= r.4044
filz)
3.042
Ibf secz)
= 6.400
) (L%)
(600.70R)
(1545 Ibmole R 28.36 Ibm
fi Ib
(b) Capacity at specified conditions i s found using the definition of the flow coefficient and equating
the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-11)
= 0.03148 10,000
z)
fi)
rad 20
(277~)
102
fi3
= 9157-
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min
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(pplsp
= 17,230-Ibm
hr
(2) =
vd sp
[(:)ni
1
-
= 6.4007.49 = 3.48
*P
(E)7]
n-1
(TdlSp
= [Ti
0.49
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 1103.5"R, the average specific
heat chosen for the calculations i s assumed appropriate.
ffl Gas power i s found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and
the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method, Eq. [5.4T-201, and Table 5.3 gives
ft Ibf
Using the heat balance method, Eq. [5.4T-201, and Table 5.3 gives
33,000
(1 7,230
"")
min
Ibf sec2)
ft2 ) ( 1
-sec2 32.174 ft Ibm
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0 7 5 b 7 0 Ob05529 557
@) The shaft power i s found by assuming the mechanical losses are proportional to a power of
N
(2)
= 67.8 hp
2.5
(0m)sp
(Qm)r
10,000
rev
-
2.5
= 77.1 hp
9,500 min
The shaft power i s found using Eqs. [5.4.141, [5.4.171, and [5.4.181
or
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow
area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number i s below 0.2, Eqs. 15.4.21,
15.4.33, 5.4.41, and 15.4.61 may be used.
With a guessed velocity of 80.2 fthec, obtained by trial and error,
(802)2
= 1106.-
2 778.17-
Ibf
= 48.2 -
sec2
ft2
-)
(0.1 O9
F)
ft*
sec2
(80.2)2
104
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 1105.5
ft Ibrn)
2 32,174144
Ibf sec2
Btu
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Ibf
O R
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0605530 2 7 7
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Checking
ft
sec
= 80.2 -
(144
-)
(1545 ft Ibf
Ibrn O R
$)(48.2 $)
('-28.36
""-")
Ibrn
= 0.109 -
(1105.5 O R )
Ibrn
ft3
x 100 =
3.65
x 100 = 1.049%
3.48
The test specific volume flow ratio is just within the Table 3.2 range of 95% to 105%.
The difference is due largely to the assumption of equal gas properties between test and
specified conditions made when determining the test speed. A retest at an adjusted speed would
reduce this deviation.
(b) Capacity - speed (flow coefficient) ratio (see Eqs. [5.2T-1 I and [5.4T-43
F)
(36,500 hr
-)
-x 100 =
E)
min
ft3
F)
(1 7,300 hr
(0.03 1 36 T
Ibrn )
(1 0,000
fi
x 100 = 99.6%
=)
min
105
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1 min
= 0.710
Mm, =
(9,500
Mmt
z)
2)($ TE)(A
ft) (2
1
moe
(-26.84
2)
1 bm (540.7
= 0.708
OR)
The test Machine Mach number is within the Fig. 3.4 range of 0.625(0.710
(0.710 + 0.105).
(d) Machine Reynolds number ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
- 0.085)to 0.815
sec
?)
($
(9,500 min (
2
7
r
E
)
ft)
(g
fi)
= 6.10 x 105
Remt =
Remt
6.10 x 105
x 100 =
x 100 = 223.4%
Remsp
2.73 x 105
The test Machine Reynolds number is above the Table 3.2 lower limit of 90,000 and the
Machine Reynolds number is between the Fig. 3.6 limits of 0.17 and 6.5.
Since all the Table 3.2 requirements are satisfied, the test is a Type 2 test.
106
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 2.73 x 105
Rem, =
0759b70 Ob05532 O q L H
TABLE C.2.1
CALCULATION SUMMARY
Quantity
Symbol
Units
Test
Value
Test
Corrected
to
Specified
Operating
Condition
Expected
at
Specified
Operating
Condition
Ibmhr
36,500
17,230
17,300
2. Pressure rise
AP
psi
85.6
40.7
40.6
3. Head (total)
WP
ft . Ibf/lbm
80,400
88,450
88,200
1851
i862
1010
1016
1025
1025
4. Shaft power
(a) Shaft method
(b) Heat method
5. Polytropic efficiency
VP
0.828
0.822
0.82
6. Flow coefficient
0.031 5
0.031 5
0.031 6
Mm
0.724
0.703
0.703
Rem
610,000
273,000
273,000
(Vi/vd
3.48
3.48
3.48
1.39
1.37
1.37
PP
0.408
0.44
Pmin
0.493
0.493
0.490
0.494
0.490
0.494
8700
9160
9190
540
14.1
541
14.2
660
7.50
601
7.53
600
7.50
601
7.53
1042
99.6
1043
99.7
1106
48.1
1106
48.2
1103
48.0
1103
48. i
1794
1794
933
939
2.65
19. speed
9,500
10,000
67.8
77.1
q = (w/oJ
Whin
OR
psia
OR
psia
"R
psia
O R
psia
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
107
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10,000
1o9
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
TABLE C.3.1
PRETEST CALCULATION SUMMARY
Methane
CaS
Pd
Pi
90.
30.
psia
psia
Ti
"R
570.
t-lbf/lbmOR
96.31
1.28
O.O 78693
0.769 x
16000.
800.
0.532
3.411 x lo5
0.76
k
P
P
Ibm/t3
Ibmh . sec
rPm
Wsec
Mm
Rem
TP
Air
51.597
14.7
520.
53.53
1.396
0.0761
1.27 x 10-5
12704.
635
0.5675
1.583 x lo5
0.76
(excludes Reynolds
Number correction)
pd/pi
n
qi/qd
3.51
1.6
2.1 9
3.0
1.4
2.19
0.00343
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
with
1
and
--n
n-1
k
'Ip-
k - 1'
and Remcor,= 1
Precise values of pressure ratio, efficiency, and polytropic exponent for both specified and test
conditions are of course unknown before test. However, the appropriate test speed may be
estimated by making the following assumptions:
(al The pressure ratio and efficiency at specified operating conditions are equal to the design
values.
(b) The efficiency at test conditions is also equal to the design value. While the Reynolds number
effect might be taken into account here, it is small and the current calculation is only an estimate.
It is ignored simply for computational ease.
The first assumption allows calculation of the specified condition polytropic exponent. The
second allows calculation of the test polytropic exponent. With these a test pressure ratio estimate
and a required test speed estimate may be calculated. This speed may be used to calculate
Machine Mach and Reynolds numbers.
The gas data used and results of the computations indicated above are summarized in Table
C.3.1. The values in this table may be used to determine if it is possible to accomplish the
proposed test within the allowable deviations in similarity parameters.
Mach Number Check: The test Mach number is = 6.6 percent greater than the design Mach
number. This is an unavoidable consequence of gas selection with
110
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0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05535 8 5 0
3000
= 0.03427
(y)3
12
2~(16000)
9;,= 9i
'P
(9
NS
= 3000
12704
(-)16000
ft3
-
= 2383 min
RH;= 50%
50.4 Ibf/in2
Td=832 "R
20 hp (from lubricating oil temperature rise and flow rate)
5574.5 Btu/hr (calculated casing heat loss)
Psh= 339. hp (shaft power, perhaps from a torquemeter)
N= 12690 rpm
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
The next step is to compute the following dimensionless parameters from the test data.
Specific Volume Ratio:
pd=
om=
or=
(3;
1
rv, =
= 2.14286
Flow Coefficient:
111
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The desired test inlet flow may be calculated from test and specified operating condition flow
coefficient equality, which yields
(-)n -n1
ppt
RTi
xu2
[(3v- 1 1 = 0.62702
Polytropic Efficiency:
gc
Mmt =
U
-
lo5
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
= 0757b70
Ob05537 b 2 3
N = 12690 rev/min
D = 11.459 in.
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
Ti = 520
k = 1.396
Btu
Ibm
O R
113
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ft Ibf
lo4 Ibm
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CU2
O R
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14.7
p i = - =Pi
R Ti
53.53
Ibf
(5)
144
):(
ft Ibf
(-)Ibm
Ibm
= 0.076047 ft3
520 O R
O R
2.9595
Wi
q,=-=
(E)
60 (E)
sec
min
ft3
Ibm
min
0.076047 (IR;)
Pi
(20hp) 33000
o
m
.... =
f-\ft
778.1 6
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2sN D
u = -- (2s-)Rad
60 24
rev
= 2335-
(12690;)
min
(-)min Ibfhp
Ibf
Btu
= 848.2 min
(--)601 min
sec
( r Ibm
) sec
11.459
(?in.)
(--)121 fin.t
= 634.5
-)secft
i .27x 10-5
P
y = - =
Ibm
= 1.67 x
0.076047 (F)
b = 0.5 in,
1 f t
(--)
12 in.
ft2
sec
= 0.0417 t
The preliminary assumption is made that these coefficients with appropriate Reynolds number
correction, also apply at specified conditions. The limits for allowable test Machine Reynolds
number are given by
114
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~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7
= U759b70
O b 0 5 5 3 7 4Tb
or
6.41 x l o 4 5 Rem, 5 1.81 x l o 6
The test Machine Reynolds number does fall within these limits and the efficiency correction
may be used. Thus
1 -
VPsp
= (1
- VPt)
RAsp RBsp
0.97798 (0.99648)
- ( i - 0.744)
= 0.2476
1 .O1 184 (0.99718)
where
RAI = 0.066
RB,
+ 0.934
(4.8 x 1 O6 b) RCsp
Rem,
6)"'
4
(8.R6
:;
RBt =
= 0.97798
= 1.01184
= 0.99648
= 0.997ia
13.67
with
RC, = 0.988 Remsf-0.243= 0.044696
RCt= 0.988 Remsp-0.243= 0.053862
b= 0.5 in.
Remsf= 3.411 x lo5
Remt= 1.593 x lo5
E = 0.000120 in.
so,
'PSP
0.752
-= = 1.0118
0.744
'
Pt
The Reynolds number correction is applied to both the polytropic efficiency and the polytropic
work coefficient.
115
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
In summary, the preliminary assumption i s that the following dimensionless coefficient set
applies at specified operating conditions.
drp
= 4, = 0.3363
p*p
fi P*P
qpt Remcorr=
= [0.6344
1.11006 x lo5
((3.4395)
) + 11
96.31 (570)
3.4395
= 2.9750
where
n
1.28
0.7524 = 3.4395
116
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S T D O A S M E P T C 20-ENGL 2 7 7 7
0759b70 Ob05542 0 5 4
/Idsp
(y
pi
Ibf
in2
SP
n-1
-
(3,
Tdsp=
($sp
0.4099
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.4099
O3
rad
11.459 3
ft3
gi = [ 4 5 p 2 ~ N ( ~ ) = 0.03363 2 T16000 rev , 2 ft) = 2944 min
SP
rev
min
wj = pigi =
F
I
ft3
117
Ibm
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STDmASME P T C 10-ENGL
1977
The power requirement at the specified operating conditions is determined from the total work
input coefficient.
pshsp =
+-
33000
33000
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ibm
sec
sec
min
= 3.862-60-0.849
1.11006~10'-
ft Ibf
Ibm
min
hp
( G f t + i b i ) = 697.3 hp
where,
Om,
-=--
33000
(
33000 Nt
Om,]
Nsp)2'5
= 20 hp
16000 2.5
-
(1 2690)
= 35.7 hp
In this example both the shaft method and heat balance method give exactly the same power
requirement. This may not always be true because of differences in the independent measurements
which are used. This example was specifically constructed using values such that the powers
would match.
118
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7 I 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob055Li3 9 2 7
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
ft3
3000 d =
min
= 0.03427
These values are used to calculate the compressor performance in dimensional terms as follows:
Flow rate: 3000 ft3/min as above
Discharge pressure:
1.11006 x l o 5
(3.430)96.31(570) +
'IS,
3.4304
= 2.9497
119
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
which falls about midway between the data points in Fig. C.4.1. The data points are valid
bracketing points in that they are well within 4 percent of the flow coefficient of interest (Table
3.2). In the absence of additional data points, the values of the dimensionless coefficients at the
flow coefficient of interest are determined by linear interpolation. Linear interpolation gives
TABLE C.4.1
Test Data
Unib
Irpml
[ibm/sec]
N
Wi
Pi
Ipsial
RHj
[%I
PR1
Ti
ipsial
Pd
Td
IORI
Om
lhpl
psh
lhpl
QI
iBtuhr1
[fi-lbf/lbm"R]
12690.
2.9595
14.7
520.
50.
50.4
832.
20.
339.
5574.5
53.53
1.396
12690.
3.0799
14.7
520.
50.
49.4
828.
20.
330.39
5495.
53.53
1.396
Calculation Summary:
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4
Ph
PP
'IP
nhb
ah
Mm
Rem
q&d
open%!
Conditions
Specified
Operating
conditions
Test
Operating
Conditions
specified
Operating
Conditions
0.034
0.843
0.627
0.744
0.849
0.84900
0.5675
1.583 x Id
2.1429
0.034
0.843
0.634
0.752
0.849
0.84900
0.5320
3.411 x 105
2.1668
0.035
0.832
0.61 5
0.739
0.838
0.794
0.5674
1.583 x 1O5
2.1105
0.035
0.832
0.623
0.748
0.838
0.794
0.5320
3.41 1 x 1O5
2.1351
Test
where
n-l= t s p (E)
= 0.750
(z
= )
1.28
3.4304
n = 1.41145
and,
pd
120
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S T D * A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1 9 9 7 M 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05545 7 T T M
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. C.4.1
Power requirement:
Heat balance method:
Pshhb
winhbxu2
=--+-
Qml
33000 g,
33000
where
Wf
121
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Design
Calcu late
16000
Methane
16000
Methane
570.
570.
30.
30.
3000.
90.
0.76
690.
2.19
3000.
88.49
0.750
705.79
2.152
Comparison of the design and actual results indicates that the compressor falls short of meeting
its design pressure goal at design flow. The implication of this fact to the parties involved are
beyond the scope of this Code, as they would be also had the compressor exceeded its design
goals. However, typical industrial reaction in lieu of mutual acceptance as tested i s hardware
modification or specified condition speed adjustment, In the event of hardware modification the
test must be repeated. For small speed adjustments the test results may remain valid. This is
determined by conversion of the test results to the new specified condition speed and verifying
that the limits in departure between test and specified conditions are not exceeded.
122
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Notice that the shaft power and heat balance methods yield two different results in contrast
to Sample Calculation C.3. This is due to the contradictory measurements for the second data
point, reflected in the two different values for total work input coefficient. One of the values is
clearly in error, indicating an error in measurement. With mutual agreement by parties to the
test, the options may include:
(a) retest, eliminating the error;
(b) neglecting the error should the difference in results be deemed negligible;
(c) assuming one or the other measurement correct and ignoring the other;
(d) comparison with other data points if available.
In this case the error would appear quite large. Since only two data points are available it
might well be prudent to retest for verification. As the methods agree for the first point, the
second data point is questionable.
Further, since the test shaft power is smaller for the second data point despite a larger mass
flow rate, the shaft power measurement i s especially suspect.
Assume that further investigation leads to disqualification of the shaft power measurement for
the second data point. The final results from the bracketing data points may be summarized as
STDmASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
1 9 9 7 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 06055i7 5 7 2 D
l It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerant 22. The use here is only to
demonstrate the calculation method.
123
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
= 0759b70 Ob05548
~~
409
TABLE C.5.1
SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS AND PREDICTED CONDITIONS
Pressure, psia
Temperature, O R
Specific volume ft3/lbm
Z
Viscosity centipoise
Specific heat Btu/lbm-"R
Specific heat ratio
Sonic velocity hhec
Enthalpy Btu/lbm
Entropy Btu/lbm-"R
Inlet
Discharge
200
575
0.7578
0.8768
0.01021
0.4894
1.1 28
830.
164.9
1.577
650
704.8
0.2602
0.7981
0.01 373
0.6266
1 .O98
820.
209.8
1.592
1St
36
2.5
0.000125
2nd
36
2.0
3rd
36
1.75
4th
36
1.5
5th
36
1.25
for R134a. The test specific volume ratio compared to specified indicated that the R134a gas
conditions are very close (within the accuracy of estimated gas properties) to that of the specified.
Further check on the assumed efficiency also indicated it was within 4 percent of specified.
The polytropic head was computed along with Reynolds number correction factor and a new
speed was also computed. Further check of this speed against the critical speed of the unit
indicated a margin of 8.6 percent, which should be within a reasonable range for unit operation;
therefore, R134a could be used.
Table C.5.6 has the basic R22 check data. The test specific volume ratio is considerably off
from that specified. The test speed i s 2556 rpm which is too close to the first critcal speed.
This problem demonstrated the extent of calculation necessary to come up with the test speed
for a given unit. The final test power may be increased by changing the inlet pressure and then
re-computing all the values. Effectively the temperature ratio should remain constant and test
speed may vary slightly with increase of inlet pressure.
The test speed computed is only an estimate. Once the unit is on test, the 9/N should be set
and the specific volume ratio, rv, checked from test data. If the volume ratio is not correct, the
test speed should be adjusted and the q/N reset.
124
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 O b 0 5 5 4 7 345
TABLE C.5.2
GENERAL FLOW CHART FOR TEST GAS SELECTION
b
ch
Y
P. f
Compute X and Y for Real Gas
Requirements (Table 3.3)
Compute Test
Polytropic Exponent
Compute Corrected
Test Speed
Verify Test
Temperature Pressure
Lower Than Max. Design
- No
125
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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TABLE C.5.3
TEST GAS INLET CONDITIONS
pi, psia
Ti, O R
vi, t3/lbm
4
p, centipoise
c, Btu/lbm-"R
k
ai, t/sec
TO O R
po psia
MW
hb
N2
CO2
R134a
RZZ
20
560
10.73
1 .o0
0.017
0.2499
1.396
1 178.
227.4
493.
28.01
20
560
6.778
0.993
0.015
0.21 03
1.273
894.
547.7
1069.9
44.01
20
560
2.871 6
0.975
0.01 o9
0.2098
1 .O98
538.8
673.8
590.3
102.
122.3
20
560
3.4122
0.982
0.01 1
0.161
1.166
598.5
204.8
721.9
86.48
121.2
Btu/lbm
si
Xi
Yi
0.07
1 .O27
0.02
1 .O3
GENERAL NOTE It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerant 22.
The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
TABLE C.5.4
FIRST PASS FOR GAS SELECTION
specified
CO2
NZ
RZZ
5.358
2.912
1 340
4.309
2.91 2
1.495
3.296
2.91 2
1.157
3.551
0.781
0.781
0.01
1 .o1
Real
1.366
34860
0.781
0.08
1 .O3
0.781
0.02
1 .O3
3.25
2.91 2
1.226
1 .O273
0.781
0.509/1.O56
1.1 50b.287
Real
Ideal
1.1027
2731 0.0
2.266 x lo7
0.681
565.5
1.574
71 422
107.2
1030.
[Note (111
86.2
836.6
[Note (1 11
5822
4067
[Note (i11
[Note (i11
3600
R134a
2.91 2
1.261
Real
Real
1.116
1 o499
3.473 x 106
0.65
350
65.9
648
1.185
13750
0.983
2232
70.0
706
2554
[Note (311
NOTES
(1 1 Test values exceed the mechanical design limit for the tested unit.
(2) No Reynolds number correction or verification of volume ratio, efficiency, or real gas correction.
(3)Test speed too close to rotor critical speed.
126
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ca
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
0759b70 O b 0 5 5 5 1 T T 3
TABLE C.5.5
Specified
CaS
1.004
2.912
0.781
27310
3600
Mm
0.681
22734
hP
31790
R134a
1.o1
0.1 53
0.1
2.92
0.779
10605
1.O03
2247
0.655
14190
2039
Supplement C.5.A
Predicted Conditions Specified Gas
Pressure Ratio rp = pd/pi = 650/200 = 3.25
Volume Ratio r, = Vi/Vd = 0.7578/0.2602 = 2.912
kmaxkmin
9/N
= 830.2 ftfsec.
127
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Tip Speed
)
fi
- ~ ( 3 6(3600)
= 565.5 --````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sec
720
Mm = U/ai
= 565.5f830.2= 0.681
Rem = Uibi/pv
,u
2.5
(565.5)(E)
Rem =
6.86 x
= 2.266 x
(0.7678)
lo7
= 0.0
f = 1.0
Rem,,
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= 1 .O
=-
(1.396
0.781
- 1)
1.396
= 0.3632
nt = 1.574
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-= 5.358
1.574
= 3.25
1.1027
n-1
1545
R Tit
vI . - - - =
Pif
(G)
(560)
144 (20)
= 10.725
129
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Wp =
n
=pi
n-1
n - 1) 144
vi(rp
1.5704
wp
- 1) 144
= 1.5704 - 1 (20) 10.725 (5.358*3632
= 71422 ft-lbf/lbm
Test Speed
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 5822 rpm
Nt = 3600
NOTE Test temperature exceeds mechanical design limit. Test speed exceeds mechanical design limit.
Test Gas
Co;!
Initial Estimate:
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n=
1
~ - m ( +l X I
(-
0.993 (1 545)
+ 0.01)
n=
1.01
nt
1.3655
-
rf = (rJm
= (4.304)0.2749= 1.494
Td, =
ri
O R
1545
"'t
131
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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wp, =
Wpt=
n-1
-
pi v i ( . " - 1) 144
n-1
(1.3655
1*3655 ) 20 (6.778) (4.304.2677- 1 ) 144
-1
= 34860 ft-IbWlbm
Test Speed
= 3600
-- 4067 rpm
qpt = tpsp,
Remcorr= 1.0, f = 1 .O
Reduced Temperature =
Ri
= Tiflcrit
= 5601673.8 = 0.8311
= 201590.3 = 0.0339
X = 0.07
Y = 1.027
132
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(-
1
778.1 7 (0.2098) (1 02) 0.781
0.975 (1545)
+ 0.07)
= 0.12215
n =
Y-m(l + X )
1
1 .O27 - 0.1 221 5 (1
+ 0.07)
= 1.1157
fp,
pd
1.1157
-
3.25.02 = 3.2955
= r p pi
rt =
pi
= (3.2955)0.225 = 1.1568
560 = 647.8
O R
(1 87.8
OF)
133
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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z T~~
=Pi, -
vit
1545
0.9753 (102) (560)
= 2.8716
144 (20)
.. .
n- 1
n
wp= n - 1 pi
vi
(rp
lS7
20 (2.8716) 3.29!jS(*)
wp= (1.1157 - 1
- 1 ) 144
- 1)
Nt = 3600
J""
= 2232 rprn
Vd
t3
- 0.951 (1 545) 647.8 = 0.9832 fIb
144 p M W - 144 (65.911 102
ZRT
r, = 2.871610.9832 = 2.921
Compute Polytropic Work (Real Gas) Factor
Isentropic
P= 65.91
T'= 168.7
psia
OF
(628.7 OR)
V = 0.9205 ft3/lbm
fi-lbf
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 2777
0757b70 O b 0 5 5 5 7 29Li
INS=)
ns
( p d vd
n,- 1
- pi
Vi)
144
10241
f=
1.O482
1.0482 - 1
= 1.01
= 3.473 x 106
Rem,
Allowable Ratio
RemJRem,
2 0.1
RA = 0.66
lo6 bIRC
+ 0.934 (4.8 xRem
13.67/Rem)
135
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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(4.8 x
RA,=
0.66 + 0.934
RB,=
1.0
RC,=
lo6 x 12
= 1.548
2.266 x lo7
0.988
[3.473x 1O6lo."3
al
= 0.02543
0.02~43
(4.8 x
RAi= 0.66 t 0.934
lo6 x
= 1.565
3.473 x 106
RBI= 1.0
(i
- qJl=(1 - .781),
1O
(-)1565
(-)
1.548 1.0
= 0.224
qPi= 0.7786
0.781/0.7786 = 1 .O03
Rem,,=
WP=
(z
p ()
r p 7 - 1) 144
n
n-1
0.1 157
1.1157
NI
= 3600
= 2247 rpm
136
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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NOTE Test speed within 8-1/2 percent of 1st rotor Critical Speed
= -0.026
TP,= TPsp
Rem,,,,=
1.O
f= 1.0
Use real gas calculation
Use inlet conditions for initial estimate
Compute Polytropic Exponent
X = 0.02
Y = 1.03
m=
n = 1/[Y
- m (1 + XII
t ~ = 1/[1.03
C,
= 0.161
MW = 86.48
(-
0.982 (1 545)
2
+ 0.02) = 0.1821
778.17 (0.161)86.48 0.781
- 0.1821 (1
+ 0.0211
n= 1.1 845
Compute Test Pressure Ratio
Pi
1.1845
3.251.1027
= 3.546
137
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Z = 0.982
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rtt
Compute Test
= rpT = 3.546L0~'82''
= 1.259
Head
Z Ti, =Pit -
WP, =
(7)
n P,
1545
(-)86.48
0.982
(560)
= 3.4113
144 (20)
n-1
-
" - 1) 144
1.1845
-1
= 13750 ft-lbf/lbm
Compute Test Speed
= 3600
J
"
"
= 2554 rpm
138
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1997
= 0759b70
Ob85563 715
REDUCTION
A mixed hydrocarbon compressor which was set up in the Sample Calculation C.5 was tested
on refrigerant 134a using a Type 2 test.
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table C.6.1 outlines the conditions for which this compressor was designed. It tabulates the
inlet and discharge conditions, as well as the isentropic discharge conditions.
Table C.6.2 shows the gas composition and critical properties for this hydrocarbon mixture.
The molecular weight and the calculated gas constant are shown in this table.
Table C.6.3 shows the derived design functions, specifically pressure ratio, temperature ratio,
volume ratio, as well as polytropic exponent, volume flow, head, efficiency, and power. The
test is supposed to verify these values. The calculation of these values is shown in Sample
Calculation C.5.
The unit was tested on refrigerant 134a.l The test data are shown in Table C.6.4. It was at a
test speed of 2245 rpm. The inlet pressure was held at 20 psia at an inlet temperature of 1 0 0 O F .
Discharge conditions achieved were 67.5 p i a and 187.4"F. The data shown is the average of
the actual test data readings. It is assumed that all scatter was within the allowable test requirements
for these data point positions.
The derived test functions, pressure ratio, temperature ratio, volume flow ratio, etc., are shown
in Table C.6.5. This is the reduced data from the test point of Table C.6.4. The calculations are
shown in Supplement C.6.A for obtaining each of the individual items.
TABLE C.6.1
SPECIFIC DESIGN CONDITIONS
Pressure, psia
Temperature
Specific volume, 3/lbm
CompressibiIity factor
Viscosity, centipoise
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR
Specific heat ratio
Sonic velocity, ft/sec
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm-"R
P
T
V
Z
P
CP
k
a
h
S
Inlet
Discharge
isentropic
200.
115
0.7578
0.8768
0.01021
0.4894
1.1 283
830
164.9
1.577
650
244.8
0.2602
0.7981
0.01 373
0.6266
1 .O975
820
209.84
1.592
650
227.7
0.2465
0.7749
199.05
1.577
It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerants. The use here is only to demonstrate
the calculation method.
139
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TABLE C.6.2
GAS COMPOSITION A N D PROPERTIES
Composition:
Methane
Ethane
Propane
N-Butane
20%
25%
50%
5%
Critical properties:
Pc
TC
vc
Molecular weight
Gas constant R
646.4 psia
577.2 "R
0.7943 fi3/lbm
35.67
43.31 ft-lbf/lbm O R
TABLE C.6.3
DERIVED DESIGN FUNCTIONS
~~~
~~~
Pressure ratio
Temperature ratio
Volume ratio
hax/kmin
9,ICFM
9/N,ICFM/rpm
Reduced temp min/max
Reduced pressure min/max
Schultz factors
Xmdxrnax
Ymin/Ymx
3.25
1.226
2.91 2
1 .O281
22734
6.315
0.996/1.221
0.30911.O06
0.509/1 .O56
1.1 50/1.287
565.5
0.681
2.266 x 10'
1.1027
1.o495
1.o04
26570
27310
0.781
31 790
Table C.6.6 compares the test data and the test data converted to specified operating conditions
with the predicted performance at the specified operating conditions. Supplement C.6.B demonstrates the calculations for the conversion. The calculation of discharge conditions, pressure,
temperature, and volume is shown in Supplement C.6.C, which also illustrates the use of an
iterative procedure.
As can be seen the inlet capacity for the converted test conditions was within 1 percent of
the original specified design point and the head was within 2 percent. The converted specific
volume ratio was within the specified 4 percent allowed.
Supplement C.6.A
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S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1777
0757b713 Ob055b5 5 7 8
TABLE C.6.4
TEST DATA
Mass flow
SPd
4,923 - Ibm/min
2,245 - rpm
Pressure, psia
Temperature
Specific volume, t3/lbm
CompressibiIity factor
Viscosity, centipoise
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR
Specific heat ratio
Sonic velocity, ft/sec
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm-OR
P
T
V
Z
CL
=P
k
a
h
5
Inlet
Discharge
Isentropic
20
1O0
2.871 6
0.975
0.01 o9
0.2098
1.O98
538.8
122.3
0.2639
67.5
187.4
0.9639
0.955
67.5
167.49
0.9234
0.944
140.04
0.2731
135.80
0.2639
590.3 psia
TC
213.8
OF
Pressure ratio
Temperature ratio
Volume ratio
q ICFM
qhi ICFM/rpm
1st stage tip speed (fVsec)
Machine Mach no.
Machine Reynolds no.
Isentropic exponent
Polytropic work factor
Polytropic exponent
Polytropic head (ft-lbf/lbm)
Polytropic efficiency
Unit gas power (hp)
Pressure
Ratio
3.375
1.1 56
2.980
14143
6.3
352.6
0.654
3.49 x 106
1.O71 8
1.o01 7
1.1139
10735.2
0.778
2059
'P
'1
'V
U
Mm
Rem
ns
f
n
WP
VP
Pe.
rp = p&i
67.5
20
= 3.375
Temperature Ratio
rt = i d f i ; =
(460
+ 187.4)
(460 + 100)
647.4
=-
560
= 1.156
141
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TABLE C.6.5
DERIVED TEST FUNCTIONS
TABLE C.6.6
DATA SUMMARY
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
N
9
9m
WP
7lP
ps
Pi
rPm
ICFM
ft-lbf/lbm
hP
psia
Pd
psia
ti
OF
b
Vi
vd
OF
ftVbm
V/lbm
Vr
hi
Btu/lbrn
hd
Btu/lbrn
Test Data
Predicted Performance
At Specified
Operating Conditions
2245
14137
6.297
10736
0.778
2059
20
67.5
1O0
187.4
2.8716
0.9635
2.98
122.3
140.04
3600
22670
6.297
27690
0.780
32180
200
660.8
115
246.7
0.7578
0.2562
2.958
164.9
210.5
3600
22734
6.31 5
27310
0.781
31790
200
650
115
244.8
0.7578
0.2602
2.91 2
164.9
209.84
vi
ZjR Ti
=
144pi
1545
0.975 (102) (560)
144 (20)
r, =
Vj/Vd
= 2.8716
2.8716
0.96347
= 2.9805
Inlet Capacity
Capacity/Speed Ratio
q/N =
141 37
2245
= 6.297
142
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TD N
v
=
U=
36.0 x 2245
720
720
= 352.6 ft/sec
Mm = U/a =
352.6
538.8
= 0.654
Rem = Ub/pv
352.6 (2.5/12)(1488.2)
0.01 O9 (2.871 6)
Isentropic Exponent
= In (pdpi)/ln (vi/vd)
n,
f=
(1 38.50
1 .O7212
0.072 1 2
In (67.5/20)
In (2.871 6/0.9234)
1.07212
- hi
-( p d vd - pi vi)
n, - 1
hd
nS
- 122.3) 778.1 7
(67.5 (0.9234)
Polytropic Exponent
3.493 x 106
- 2 0 (2.8716)]144
= In (fPMn(rv)=
=
= 1.002
ln (3.3750)
In (2.9805)
1.1138
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S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997
Polytropic Head
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob055bB 2 T 7 9
n
wp = (7)
(PdVd - pivil
1.1138
= laoo2
= 10736 ft-lbf/lbm
= 0.7777
Gas Power
pg=--
0.778 (33000)
TIP
= 2059 hp
Supplement C.6.B
Calculation: Conversion From Test to Specified Performance
Inlet Capacity
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= 14135
(-)3600
2245
= 22670 ICFM
RC, =
0.988
Remp243
- (3.49 0.988
106~243
= 0.0254
144
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S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1997
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob055b9 133 D
RemI
= 1.0
13.67
RBI =
2.5
4.8 x
= 0.66 + 0.934
0.0254
12]
3.493 x 106
= 1.565
0.988
0.988
= 0.01612
(Rem,p)0.243(2.266 x 1 07)0.245
(4.8 x lo6 x
Remsp
b)"sp
("'1
4.8 x 106 x -
= 0.66 + 0.934
2.266 x lo7
RE?, =
o.o1612
= 1.548
1.0
1.548 1 .O
= (1 - 0.7777)--
- qp,
1.565 1.0
- VPSP = 0.2199
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
RC, =
lo6 x -
VPSP
= 0.780
= 1.003
Rem,,,,
Polytropic Head
(2)
2
Wpsp= Wpi
= 110736
Remcorr
3600
(-)2245
ft-lbf
Power
= 14137
Pg =
w~s
wp
s ~
rl SP
3600
1
(-)2245
(-)0.7578
= 29915
Supplement C.6.C
The conversion from test conditions to computed specified conditions involves an iteration to
obtain the discharge pressure from the known head and discharge enthalpy. The iteration procedure
and calculation involves assuming a discharge pressure at the known discharge enthalpy and
finding the corresponding temperature and specific volume. The polytropic exponent and polytropic
head is then calculated for the assumed discharge pressure. This polytropic head is then compared
to the actual and, if not the same, then a new discharge pressure is assumed. The new assumed
pressure is evaluation for properties at the known discharge enthalpy, and a new discharge
volume is evaluated and polytropic exponent are computed. This iteration procedure is continued
until the conditions match the required head.
146
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S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL 1 9 9 7
Figures C.6 .1 and C.6.2 are a plot of discharge conditions at a constant enthalpy of 210.5
Btu/lbm. The final point at 27,605 ft-lb/lbm is 659 psia, 246.5"F. This method can either be
computerized or done graphically as shown in this example.
Calculation Procedure:
Known
Wp= 27,690 ft-lbf/lbm
pi= 200 psia
hi= 164.9 Btu/lbm
vi-. 0.7578 ft3/lbm
147
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630
650
660
670
680
Pressure, psia
148
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690
qp= 0.780
f= 1.004
Step 7 - Calculate discharge enthalpy.
Btu
27690
= 210.5 0.78 (778.17)
Ibm
= 165.9 +
Step 2
- Assume
a discharge pressure.
Pout = 660.8 psia
Step 3 - For pd and hd, obtain the discharge volume for the properties.
vd
= 0.2562 ft3/lbm
- Compute the
polytropic head.
fi-lbf
= 27705-
Ibm
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
S T D O A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05579 S T O
Section 2
U = 1200 D = 13.751
U 1065 0 = 12.204
N = 20,000
N = 20,000
--
-:
Aiter
Cooler
Final discharge
conditions
Condensate
Power requirements
Leakage
Condensate
Leakage
* Measurement stations
It is desired to calculate the compressor performance at the specified operating conditions
shown. The compressor has been tested and the test data reduced to the following dimensionless
form. The data was collected with pressure and temperature being measured at the inlet and
outlet of each section. The flow coefficients were calculated based upon test rotor flow rates.
The selection of test method and the means of establishing leakage and condensate flow rates
were subject to prior agreement by parties to the test.
The first step in calculating the specified operating condition point of interest is to establish
the first section performance, starting with the flow coefficient. Taking the saturation pressure of
water vapor at 560"R to be approximately 0.949 Ibf/in2, with the remaining specified operating
conditions at the inlet, we obtain
- 0.560 = 14.131
Ibf/in2
and
HR =
mw = _
Rda _
PW = 53.34 0.569
- 0.0250-Ibm w
mda
Rw
pda
85.76 14.131
151
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Ibm da
S T D O A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
The rotor flow rate is the same as the inlet mass flow rate. The flow coefficient is then
Wrotor
Q=
wiRTi
(F)
= 0.0295
With the flow coefficient established the corresponding polytropic efficiency, polytropic work
coefficient, and total work input coefficient are read from the section 1 dimensionless curves
(see Fig. C.7.1). That is q, = 0.83, ,up = 0.599, and
= 0.722 at q5 = 0.0295. To continue
the calculations the properties of air at the specified operating conditions must be known. For
the purpose of this example we assume that the air-water vapor mixture may be treated as an
Section 2
Section 1
7
I
ci
0.50
0.020
0.025
E
I
L
0.030
0.035
U,
0,040
The Mm, Rem, k, and vj/vdfor the data are assumed to match the specified operating conditions
within Table 3.2 Limits. The Rem match is assumed sufficiently close so as to render the Reynolds
number correction negligible.
FIG. C.7.1
152
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ideal gas with constant specific heat. k = 1.395 is used as being representative of the end result
which might be obtained by considering the properties of the constituent gases over the compression
range. This value will be used for both sections for this example. The average constant pressure
specific heat is
Btu
0.2457 -
Ihm. O R
vP =
k
- -n
n-1-
or,
n =
0.83 gives
= 0.83
1.395
= 2.931
0.395
1.5178.
= [l
(1 200)2
+ (2.931)0.599
54.13 (560) 32.174
2.931
= 2.166
and
ff
The power absorbed in the compressor section is obtained using the total work input coefficient
Cl = 0.722.
The shaft seal which is located downstream of the rotor leaks 0.03 Ibm/sec for these conditions,
so the mass flow rate at the intercooler entry is
- Weak
= 6.50
- 0.03
= 6.47 Ibm/sec
The intercooler i s known to cool the flow to 560"R at the mass flow rate, gas entry state, and
specified operating condition coolant temperature and flow rate. The air stream experiences a
total pressure loss of 0.8 psi across the intercooler. It must now be determined if and how much
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Td =
condensation occurs in the cooler. Since the cooler exit velocity i s assumed, very low stagnation
values are used in the analysis. The saturation pressure of the vapor at 560"R is approximately
0.949 psia. If the exit air is at 100 percent relative humidity, the humidity ratio i s
HRd =
Ibm water
)
= 0.0196
Ibm da
(31 .O4 - 0.949
--'pp* p p'psv
i::;:
where p = 31.84
0.8 = 31.04 psia
Since the saturated humidity ratio is less than the cooler entry humidity ratio, condensation
must occur. The difference between the two is the ratio of condensate to dry air
Condensate/wd, = HRj
- HRd
+ HRj)
wi
Wda
- condensate
= 6.47
- 0.0341
= 6.436 Ibm/sec
The intercooler exit conditions are the second section inlet conditions.
The previous calculation sequence is repeated for the second section, starting with calculation
of the flow coefficient. The gas constant changes slightly due to the water vapor removal.
R = (R,ja + HR Rw)/(l
i=
144pi
144 (31.04)
= 0.0197
(3 (yq3
2000
Reading q p = 0.81, p P = 0.560, and ni = 0.691 from the section 2 dimensionless performance
curves (see Fig. C.7.1) for q5 = 0.0197, and using
154
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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7
= 0757b70
1.395 53.96
Ob05578 L 4 b
0.2449
Btu
Ibm
O R
yields
pk E =
= 0.81 1.395
0.395
yielding
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
rp=
1+
fip
gc
(L)
RTj
n- 1
0.56
1 0652
-
=I1+
12.861
Wrotor
Gas Power =
gc
= 1.801
ZU2
60
gc
3300
The shaft seal downstream of the rotor leaks 0.06 Ibm/sec for these conditions, so the mass
flow rate at the aftercooler entry is
Wcooler entry
The aftercooler is known to cool the flow to 580"R at this mass flow rate, gas state, and
specified operating condition coolant temperature and flow rate. The aftercooler pressure drop
is 1 psi. Assuming a saturation pressure of 1.692 psia and following the intercooler condensation
analysis scheme,
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HR=
-(Rw
Rda
'SV
p -psv
53 34
1.692
) =A(
85.76 54.91 - 1.692
= 0.0198
Ibm w
Ibm da
156
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0759b70 Ob05580 8 T 4
TABLE C.7.1
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Specified Conditions:
inlet mass flow rate
inlet total pressure
inlet total temperature
Inlet relative humidity
Gas constant, dry air
Gas constant, water vapor
1 st Section:
Rotational speed
Tip diameter
2nd Section:
Rotational speed
Tip diameter
Ibmhec
6.500
14.7
560.
60.
53.34
85.76
20000
psia
"R
%
ft-1bf/lbm-"R
ft-lbf/lbm-OR
rPm
13.751
20000
rPm
in.
in.
12.204
1st Section
54.1 3
0.2457
0.0295
0.83
0.599
0.722
0.722
2nd Section
1.51 78
1200
14.7
2.1 66
31.84
560.
729.
381.9
6.5
0.03
6.47
0.0341
0.8
1.537
1065
31 .O4
1.801
55.91
560.
687.9
285.1
6.436
0.06
6.376
O.
1 .o
53.96
0.2449
0.01 97
0.81
0.56
0.691
0.691
Overall results:
Final discharge pressure
Final discharge temperature
Total gas power
Delivered mass flow rate
54.9
580.
667
6.38
psia
OR
horsepower
Ibm/sec
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ft-lbf/l bm-"R
Btu/lbm-"R
ft/SeC
psia
psia
O R
"R
horsepower
Ibm/sec
Ibmkec
Ibm/sec
Ibmkec
psia
S T D * A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1 7 7 7 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Oh05583 730
Csections Wrotor
Pshsp
4.
SP
Pparasiticsp
SP
33000
and,
Since the shaft power is being evaluated for a given flow and speed,
wspand
(gc>
EU2
SP
159
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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The terms
ashSP
and Pparasiticsp
are related to test conditions, from Table 5.3, as
and
Pparasitic=
*P
2
Om = - para. 5.7.4.
33000
33000 Ur
In general the procedure would now be to break down the individual variables in this equation
in terms of independent measurements. For example, if the shaft power were determined from
a torque meter, that power would be expressed as the product of measured torque and measured
speed. Similarly, the rotor mass rate of flow might be expressed in terms of nozzle pressure
drop, pressure, temperature, and gas composition. For brevity, in this example Pdt, Qmlr Ut, and
wf are treated as individually measured elemental quantities.
Steps 2 rhru 4 - Assume that the elemental error sources have been listed, the elemental
errors estimated, and the corresponding bias and precision errors calculated. Many examples of
this procedure may be found in PTC 19.1.
This process depends upon the actual instrumentation system and data collection techniques
used. The results may be expressed as follows. The bias limits and precision indices represent
the combined effects of the independent measurements for each parameter.
Parameter
wt
Shr
Qm,
ut
Nnte
Bw, = 0.01 w,
Swt
= 0.01
Wt
= o.o1 Phr
= 0.01 Om,
SU,= 0.01 Ur
6, = 0.2
Bpfit
W m ,
SU,= 0.01 Ut
' S, only in this section, is the Absolute Precision index of the mean = S / a .
In every case a one percent value has been assigned to each bias limit and precision index
for the measured quantities. This of course does not reflect what might be expected in reality.
These values have been chosen to demonstrate the effect of unit variations.
Step 5 - The individual errors are propagated into the result according to a Taylor series
expansion. To do so it is necessary to determine sensitivity coefficients, the precision index of
the result, and bias limit of the result.
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
#j
are determined
by partial differentiation,
.e.,
[-$($)
w u
2 +(!$)']I
33000
A bias error is assumed in the mechanical loss conversion equation due to an assumed unknown
error in the exponent . It is estimated for this example as 0.2.
The precision index for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product
of sensitivity coefficients and average independent parameter precision indices. Thus
The bias limit for the result i s the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of the
sensitivity coefficients and average independent parameter bias limits. Thus
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S T D * A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1777
0757b70 Ob05584 4 4 T
Uncertainty may be calculated according, by choice, to two models. The models combine the
precision index and bias limits of the result differently.
UA00
psh
BpShsp + t9sSpSh
SP
SP
The value r is called the Students r. It i s assigned depending upon the degrees of freedom of
the sample, which is usually one less than the number of points averaged. See PTC 19.1 for
further explanation. Assuming a large sample, t = 2 may be used.
Results
In order to allow expression of the results of this example numerically, assume
dpsh,
- [-i.20 (i.05) + (1
4QM1 33000
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
&, = -1.20
(1.0512(1
-0.00456
- 0.1) (2)
= -1.1907
w t
= -2.6638
(3)
-
2.5 (0.1) (1
(2)
I
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(2)
t
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1797
0 7 5 b 7 0 Ob05585 3 8 b M
4+wt
5wy
+ (4urBu)* + ( 4 p spi2
SP
= 41.418 x
+ 1.75 x
+ 7.10 x
+ 3.74 x
Discussion
The UADDand URSS
uncertainties may be interpreted as follows. For UADD= 0.097 Pshl, the
measurement Pshr f 0.097 PSht will be expected to contain the true value 99 percent of the time.
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
It is clear that such analysis i s of great value in both planning a test and evaluating test results.
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APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
M.
(D.9)
(D.10)
Huber, M. L., and M. O. McLinden. Thermodynamic Properties of R134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane). July 14-1 7,1992 proceedings,
International
Refrigeration
Conference,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Simon, H., and A. Bulskamper. On the Evaluation of Reynolds Number and Related Surface
Roughness Effects on Centrifugal Compressor
Performance Based on Systematic Experimental Investigations. ASME paper no. 83 GT-118:
Transactions of the journal of Engineering for
Power, presented March 27, 1983.
(0.14)
M. V. Casey. The Effects of Reynolds Number on the Efficiency of Centrifugal Compressor Stages. Transaction of the ASME, April
1985, Vol. 107, p. 541 -548. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power.
(D.15) A. Schaffler. Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Effects of Reynolds Number
and Blade Surface Roughness on Multistage
Axial Flow Compressors. Transactions of the
ASME, January 1980, Vol. 102, p. 5-1 3,journa/ of Engineering for Power.
Herd, T. C., and E. J.Hipp. Accuracy Expectations for Gas Turbine and Centrifugal Compressor Performance Testing. Paper ASME 83GT-128.
(D.16)
R. A. Strub. Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Performance of Centrifugal Compressors. Final Report of the Working Group
of the Process Compressor Subcommittee of
the International Compressed Air and Allied
Machinery Committee (ICAAMC) Zurich,
October 1982.
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(D.12) J.E. Lay. Thermodynamics. Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 2nd printing, 1964.
~~
(D.17)
(D.20)
Transfer. Intext
Educational Publishers, 3rd edition, 1973.
166
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APPENDIX E
RATIONALE FOR CALCULATION METHODS
E.l
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Appendix is to describe the Code problem model, background theory, and
simplifying assumptions.
E.2
PROBLEM MODEL
The ultimate aim of a Code test i s to determine compressor performance for a given set of
conditions. That is, to determine relationships of the form
n-1
hd
.. .
" -1
- hi
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL
0757b70 Ob05587 T Z L
1997
with,
In
Vi
vd
dJ=
Rem= ULIv
Mm= U/a
gas properties
. . . according to
gas types
k= C&
Z= pv/RT
It is presumed in performing a dimensional analysis that all of the variables affecting the
thermodynamic and fluid dynamic performance of the compressor have been included. If so,
different sets of dimensional variables which combine to form identical sets of independent
dimensionless groups (4, Mm, Rem, gas properties) will have associated with them identical
values for r ] , p,, and pi.
This basic model i s generally accepted to adequately describe the main features of compressor
performance. It has the immediate advantage of reducing the number of parameters which must
be considered in developing a test. But of at least equal importance it provides a means of
accounting for unavoidable departures from desired specified operating conditions. For example,
it may be used to establish an appropriate test speed to compensate for the effect of a test inlet
temperature which differs from the specified operating condition temperature.
E.2.3 Allowable Departures. It often remains impractical to satisfy all the independent dimensionless parameter requirements. This situation may be addressed by allowing controlled departures
in certain independent dimensionless groups. The assumption is that the limits placed upon these
departures render the effects upon the dependent parameters either negligible or predictable. The
following approach is taken in this Code.
E.2.3.1
Mach Number. Mach number departures are assumed to be of increasing relative
importance as the Machine Mach number increases, This is reflected in the allowable departures
shown in Table 3.2 or Figs. 3.2 and 3.3. It i s assumed that negligible effect is associated with
departure within these limits.
E.2.3.2
Cas Properties. Allowable departures from the ideal gas laws for both the test and
the specified gases are given in Table 3.3. When these limits are exceeded the gas must be
treated as real.
E.2.3.3
Reynolds Number. The allowable departures in Machine Reynolds number are given
168
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STD-ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
1997
= 0759b70 0 b 0 5 5 9
743
E.2.4 Secondary Flow Streams. The basic compressor performance model assumes single entry
and exit flow streams. In actual practice secondary flow streams may enter or leave a compressor
section. Examples are sidestreams and leakages, These secondary streams give rise to a number
of additional dimensionless groups. Each additional entry flow stream has associated with it a
flow rate and gas state, or three additional independent variables. if we use volume flow rate,
enthalpy, and density to define the streams we may form three additional independent dimensionless
groups by referencing mainstream values,
r1= (q/qx)m
r2= (h/h,)rn
r 3 = (plpxlrn
where x denotes the sidestream value, and rn denotes the reference mainstream value.
The approach taken in this Code is to require that the ratio of sidestream to reference flow
rates remain within the limits of Table 3.5 or leakages per para. 3.3.6. When these limits are
observed it i s assumed that the effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups are negligible.
No specific restriction is placed upon the density or enthalpy ratios. It is assumed that departures
in these ratios will produce negligible effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups. Where
thorough mixing of inlet streams before the compression i s doubtful, this assumption may not
be valid. In such cases the parties to the test may elect by mutual agreement to further restrict
these ratios as well.
Departures in these secondary dimensionless groups do affect results in the dimensional sense.
This is accounted for in the calculation procedure.
E.2.5
Code Model Summary. The Code performance model may be summarized as follows:
qpsp= q p ,Rem,
= FI
ppSp= pptRem,
= FZ ( 4 ,-,
4x Mml r,, dimensionles gas properties)( Rem,
4m
as,,=
F3
( 4 , -,
9. M m , rv, dimensionles gas properties
4m
For a given flow coefficient 9, certain departures are allowed in the remaining independent
dimensionless groups. The volume ratio restriction serves to limit the effects of the combined
departures in the other dimensionless groups. The first three dependent groups have the same
form as those in preceding issues of this Code. The fourth,
i s new to this issue as an explicit
parameter. It i s a power coefficient which takes on different forms for energy balance and shaft
power methods. It is related to the other dependent parameters, but is useful explicitly in a
bookkeeping sense for complicated arrangements.
as,,,
169
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S T D * A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1977
E.3
Appropriate units and dimensional constants are required for the system of units elected for
computations.
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E.3.1 Inlet and Exit Conditions. The structure of the problem model is such that it i s necessary
to carefully define the inlet and exit conditions which are used in calculating the dimensionless
groups. The exit conditions are the stagnation condition at the discharge measurement station.
The inlet condition is the stagnation state assigned to the flow stream entering the impeller, and
is denoted by the subscript i on thermodynamic properties.
For a simple single inlet flow stream this is the stagnation state at the inlet flange. For multiple
inlet streams it is the stagnation state computed from the mixing of the individually determined
streams. A standard calculation scheme is given in subpara. E.5.
E.3.2
P i 2 d(;)
where
wrotor=mass flow rate entering rotor (mass flow rate compressed)
pi= inlet total density
N= rotor rotational speed
Dis the blade tip diameter of the 1st impeller for centrifugal compressors
Dis the diameter at the leading edge of the I s t stage rotor blade for axial compressors.
The mass flow rate entering the rotor i s determined giving due consideration to all section
inlet and outlet flow streams and leakages.
E.3.3 Gas Properties. The physical properties of the gas are expressed in dimensionless form
as the isentropic exponents, compressibility factors, and compressibility functions.
E.3.4 Specific Volume Ratio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet to exit total specific
volumes. The inlet specific volume i s that assigned to the flow entering the rotor. The exit specific
volume is that computed for exit total conditions
where
E.3.5 Ratio of Flow Rates. The ratio of flow rates is the ratio of flow rates at two points in the
flow. It i s given by
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where
w= local mass flow rate
p= local total density
and x and y denote different points in the section.
The flow rates so defined have the units of volume flow rate, but do not represent actual
volume rates of flow since they are defined in terms of total densities. It is assumed that there
is a constant relationship between these flow rates and actual volume flow rates between test
and specified operating conditions. This is true when the test and specified operating condition
local Fluid Mach numbers are equal, and the deviations are assumed negligible when the Code
Machine Mach number departure limits are observed.
E.3.6
where
The Machine Mach number so defined i s not an actual Fluid Mach number. It is nearly directly
proportional to actual Fluid Mach numbers when the Code departure limits are observed. The
Code departure limits shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 for centrifugal and axial compressors are also
given in equation form in Table E.l.
E.3.7
Rem = Ub/v
For centrifugal compressors, 6 is the exit width of the first stage impeller in the section of
interest. For axial compressors, b is the chord length at the tip of the first stage rotor blade in
the section of interest. The viscosity u is taken for inlet (stagnation) conditions. The Code departure
limits shown in Fig. 3.4 for centrifugal compressors are given in equation form in Table E.2.
E.3.8
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
= 0759b70
Ob05593 4 5 2
TABLE E.l
MACHINE MACH NO. LIMITS
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
Specified Mach No.
Range
Lower Limit
0-0.214
0.215-0.86
0.86 S Mm,
Upper Limit
-Mmsp
(0.266 Mmy, - 0.271)
-0.042
+ 0.286)
+ 0.286)
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Specified Mach No.
Range
Lower Limit
0-0.1 5
0.1 6-0.6
0.6 5 Mmv
-Mm,
(0.266Mm,
Upper Limit
- 0.1 9)
-0.03
+ 0.20)
+ 0.20)
TABLE E.2
REYNOLDS NUMBER APPLICATION LIMITS FOR CENTRIFUGAL
COMPRESSORS'
UPPER LIMIT
Remt/Rem, 5 1.O
x = (Rem,/107)o.3
Application Range
Equation
9 x 1 0 4 c R e m v c l x107
1 x l o 7 < Rem,
RemJRem,,
RemJRem,
=
= 100
Remt/Remv e 1.O,
x = (Remv/107)n.3
Application Range
9 x lo4 c Remv c 1 x
1 x l o 6 c Rem,
Equation
lo6
RemJRemv = (0.oiP
Remt/Rem, = 0.1
NOTE:
(1) See Fig. 3.3.
172
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
LOWER LIMIT
where
W= isentropic work per unit mass
Z U 2 = sum of rotor tip speeds
The isentropic work for the purposes of this Code is the work done in an isentropic process
between the inlet stagnation state and the discharge stagnation state. The isentropic work per
pound mass for an ideal gas is given by
The isentropic work for a real gas may also be calculated from the following:
n,- 1
-
w, = n,-ns 1 f 1 4 4 p i v i [ ( E ) "'
b)
-11
In P d
n, =
Pi
In
vd
Vi
Substituting this n, for k in equation (a) would produce a small error unless the isentropic
exponent were constant and equal to n, along the compression path. The polytropic work factor
f compensates for the difference between nSand the actual isentropic exponent. It is computed from
E.3.9
PP =
gc
where
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Equation (a) differs from equation (b) by substituting n, for k and introducing f. For a real gas
the isentropic volume exponent is not the same as k. On test, n, can be calculated from
~~
~~~~
wp= n 144 pi
n-1
vi [(?)Y
- 11
or
n =
1
Y-m(1 + X )
and
m=-
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
It is assumed here that a variation in n affects W, just as the varying n, affects W,. The
polytropic work factor f i s assumed to have the same value as computed in para. E.3.8.
E.3.10
Efficiencies. Efficiencies are in general defined as the ratio of ideal to actual work required
in a given compression process. The standard ideal work chosen for this Code is the work
required in a polytropic compression process occurring between the total pressure at the inlet
reference stagnation state and the total pressure at the discharge stagnation state. The actual work
is taken as the change in total enthalpy between these states. It represents the actual work in
the process only in the absence of heat transfer and secondary flow effects. The discharge gas
state calculated for specified operating conditions using this efficiency definition therefore assumes
the same relative heat transfer and secondary flow effects as those prevailing at test.
The polytropic efficiency is then
WP
- hi)
(hd
rls
ws
(hd - hi) I
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E.3.11 Work input Coefficient. The work input coefficient is defined in terms of the stagnation
enthalpy rise. it is a dimensionless representation of the actual gas work not including the effects
of heat transfer and secondary flow. The work input coefficient is given by
The ideal work coefficients are related to the foregoing efficiencies through the work input
coefficient
E.3.12 Total Work Input Coefficient. Relative differences in heat transfer and leakage or sidestream
flow rates often will occur between test and specified operating conditions. it i s assumed that
these relative differences are sufficiently small so as to produce negligible changes in the polytropic
work coefficient and efficiency. The leakage and sidestream flow rate differences, however, can
produce relative differences in actual power requirement. The following model is presented to
establish a method to account for these effects as they relate to power consumption. The method
i s based on relating the total work input to rotor mass flow rate.
The problem model and nomenclature are shown in Fig. E.l. The dimensionless total work
input coefficient i s determined as follows.
The first law of thermodynamics for a control volume surrounding the rotor (in Fig. E.l) is
Pgrotor
[Wrotor hRZ
I
33000
The first law of thermodynamics for a control volume surrounding the section (in Fig. E.l) i s
The only work done on the gas is that done by the rotor, so
I
-- PgrOtor = [Wrotor h~~ - wrotor h1+ Qrotorl 33000
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~~
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL
measurement
1997
0759b70 Ob05597 U T A W
Section
discharge
measurement
station
P
Figure Nomenclature
wi= mass flow rate at the inlet measurement station.
hi= enthalpy per unit mass at the inlet measurement station.
Wd=
wlu= leakage mass flow rate for gas escaping before the rotor, .e., upstream of the rotor.
hlu= enthalpy per unit mass for escaping gas. When the gas does not escape, but inlet leakage
occurs, hlu is the enthalpy of the gas outside the seal.
W/d= leakage mass flow rate for gas escaping after the rotor, Le., downstream of the rotor.
hid= enthalpy per unit mass of the escaping gas. For inward leakage, it is the enthalpy of
the gas outside the seal.
wsu= mass flow rate for sidestream flow entering after the measurement station but before
the rotor.
h,,= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass.
wsd= mass flow rate for sidestream flow exiting after the rotor but before the discharge
measurement station.
hd= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass.
Qrotw= net mass flow rate through rotor.
hR,= enthalpy per unit mass at rotor inlet.
h R Z = enthalpy per unit mass at rotor exit.
Qraor= heat loss rate from rotor.
Q= heat loss rate from section.
P= work input rate excluding mechanical loss.
FIG. E.l
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~~
This equation represents the total work input to the gas in dimensionless form. It is called the
total work input coefficient and i s given the symbol il, .e.,
a=
33000 Ps
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
wrotor
CU2
gc
This coefficient bears a close relationship to the Woin input coefficient, pin, but accounts
additionally for the energy lost through heat transfer and secondary flow effects. Like the work
input coefficient it i s assumed to be invariant between test and specified operating conditions at
the same flow coefficient. Its purpose i s to aid in properly accounting for heat transfer and
secondary flow effects in power calculations.
For heat balance method tests,
ash =
Psh
- Ppararitic
33000
where Pparasitic
represents all power in the shaft power measurement which does not represent
work input to the gas in the compressor section of interest, for example, mechanical losses and
power input to other sections.
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
E.4
SPEED SELECTION
The process of structuring the Code performance model includes adding the volume ratio to
the independent parameter list to serve as a limiting parameter for the effects of other dimensionless
parameter departures.
The volume ratio at test may be controlled at a given flow coefficient and inlet conditions by
controlling the compressor speed and flow rate. The appropriate speed may be determined by
combining the specific volume ratio requirement
or
1
[(y]],
[(3]
=
SP
or
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1 2
where
n - 1.
..
wpt=
[(fi)&(;)YfZiR
11
and
n- 1
-
Wpsp=[(*)fziRTi(;)
-Ilsp
These relationships may be used to estimate the appropriate test speed. It is an estimate in
the sense that the appropriate test speed depends upon a prior knowledge of the test efficiency
and gas properties.
The anticipated test efficiency i s estimated from the design value when available. The anticipated
polytropic exponent may then be estimated for ideal gases from
178
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"I
I
IC
+X-axis
FIG. E.2
E.5
For compressor sections with multiple inlets it i s necessary to establish the mixed inlet conditions.
Ideally this would be the mixed stagnation state. It is conceivable that this state might be measured
by obtaining internal pressure and temperature measurements where the compressor geometry
allows. However, in practice these are very difficult measurements to obtain. In some cases an
actual full mixed state may not even occur.
The following development provides a standard method for calculation of the mixed conditions.
A number of simplifying assumptions are made. The computed reference conditions are only an
approximation to the stagnation state after mixing. The intent i s simply to model the main features
of the mixing process. It is presumed that the same model when applied to the test and specified
operating conditions will produce consistent results. Other mixing models may be appropriate
for particular compressor geometries. These may also be used with mutual consent by the parties
to the test.
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E.5.1 Inlet Stagnation Enthalpy. The inlet stagnation enthalpy i s deduced from the average total
enthalpy of the mixed streams. In the absence of work and heat transfer in the mixing section,
where the subscripts a and b designate the individual stream values before mixing.
E.5.2 Inlet Stagnation Pressure. The inlet pressure may be calculated by applying the linear
momentum principle to a simplified mixing section model. The geometry under consideration is
given in Fig. E.2.
The following simplifying assumptions are made.
(a) The flow is one dimensional. Conditions at stations a, b, and c are described by constant
average values for the cross section. The flows are thus treated as being fully mixed.
b) The flow velocity at stations a and c is assumed to be parallel to the x axis.
(cl The flow velocity at station b i s assumed to enter at an angle with respect to the x axis.
(dl The static pressure at station b is assumed equal to the static pressure at station a.
(e) The wall shear stress i s ignored.
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S T D - A S M E P T C BO-ENGL
1997
m 0759b70
ObOSbUL 359
Introducing the continuity of mass equation yields the mixed inlet static pressure
The inlet stagnation pressure i s obtained by adding the dynamic head deduced from the average
Fluid Mach number at c.
The actual form of the equations to be solved depends upon the choice of gas. The following
set amenable to iterative solution may be written for ideal gases.
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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(9'
Mc - (1 +) :
_
Ac pc
Ma
--
A, pa
[l
(9)
M:] k-l
[1 + (y)
M j ] k-l
k-
1+-Mz
k
k-1
[ l + c M ]
where
A=
144 pa
This formulation will yield similar results to the compressible solution for low Fluid Mach
numbers and nearly equal mixing stream densities.
Figure E.3 shows some typical results based upon the preceding equations.
181
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.97
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
W b h
0.98
20
40
60
80
ab
1.07
1.06
1.05
/1/////1//1/////////////////I/////
2?zzhzl
Ab is implied
x
1.O4
1.O3
1.o1
1.o0
0.99
wblwa
FIG. E.3
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- 0.2
APPENDIX F
REYNOLDS NUMBER CORRECTION
(This Appendix is not a part of ACME PTC 10-1997.)
183
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0 7 5 7 b 7 0 CIb05bU5 T T 4 H
APPENDIX C
REFINED METHODS FOR CALCULATING
TOTAL CONDITIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of ACME PTC 10-1997.)
Guidelines are presented for calculating total pressure and total temperature with accuracies that exceed those determined by the simpler methods of
paras. 5.4.3 and 5.4.4.
The details of thermodynamic property evaluations
are not a part of this Code. The calculations outlined
below for both ideal gases and real gases must be
supplemented by the data and procedures needed
to provide the required properties.
Compressible flow and uniform velocity are assumed for the measurement station in question.
Static absolute pressure, psiatic, and measured absolute temperature, Tmeas, are the only local measurements. The mass flow rate, w, and pipe flow area,
A, are known and thermodynamic properties are
calculable as needed. The remaining key assumption
is the recovery factor, rf, which is defined in para.
5.4.4 in terms of temperature.
- Compute velocity
V = (w/60)/pA
Step 4
M=dzmE
Step 5 - Compute total temperature
Step 6
G.l
IDEAL GASES
1+
priatic
[1 + ( k - 1) M2]&
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(k - 1) MZ
p =
c,,
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G.2
k in the
above
Pstatic (ntatic,
triatic)
Step 3
- Compute velocity
Step 4
REAL GASES
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Step 6
p = pkv)
hmeas
h i c +static,
hrtatic)
hstatic
hrtatic
Step 7 1
tip, h)
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S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL 1 7 9 7
0759b70 ObD5b07 8 7 7 H
APPENDIX H
SI UNITS
U.S. Customary
Symbol
Description
Units
Conversion
X Factor =
SI Units
ft2
0.0929
m2
ft/sec
dimensionless
Btu/lbmole O F
Btu/lbm O F
Btu/lbm O F
0.3048
0.3048
1
1
41 83
41 83
m/s
m
dimensionless
N-mkgmole K
N-m/kg. K
Btu/lbm
41 83
N.m/kg,K
in.
in.
dimensionless
dimensionless
0.0254
0.0254
1
1
m
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft/sec2
1
0.3048
dimensionless
m/s2
0.031 08
1-
2324
1
2324
0.04896
N m/kg mole
kg w/kg da
f
g
gc
Dimensional constant
32.1 74
H
HR
Molal enthalpy
Humidity ratio
Enthalpy
Coefficient of heat transfer
per unit area (for
combined convection
and radiation)
Btu/l bmole
Ibm w/lbm da
Btu/l bm
Btu/hr ft2 O F
Mechanical equivalent of
heat
ft * Ibf
778.1 7 Btu
Flow coefficent
Ratio of specific heats,
dimensionless
dimensionless
1
1
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
C
C
CP
cv
D
d
e
Fa
h
h,
1
K
ft
OF
ft Ibm
Ibf + sec2
N m/kg K
a
.
N - S
m kg
mkg
N m/s m2 K
not used
Cp/C
log
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Description
Symbol
Naperian (natural)
logarithm
Molecular weight
MW
Machine Mach number
Mm
Fluid Mach number
M
Polytropic exponent for a
m
path on the p - T
diagram
m
Mass (Appendix 6 only)
N
Rotative speed
Polytropic exponent for a
n
path on the p - v
diagram
Number of moles
n
(Appendix B only)
isentropic
exponent for an
n,
isentropic path on a
p - v diagram
P
Power
Pressure
P
Velocity pressure
Pv
Total mechanical losses
Om
(equivalent)
Casing heat transfer
Or
External seal loss
Qsl
equ va lent
Capacity
9
Volume flow rate
9
R
Gas constant
RA, RB, RC Machine Reynolds number
correction constants
Re
Fluid Reynolds number
Rem
Machine Reynolds number
RH
Relative humidity
r
Pressure ratio across fluid
meter
Recovery
factor
u
Pressure
ratio
'P
Flow rate ratio
rq
Temperature ratio
rt
Specific volume ratio
rv
Molal entropy
S
Heat transfer area of
SC
exposed compressor
casing and adjoining
in
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
s
T
t
Pipe
Entropy
Temperature
Tempera ture
U.S. Customary
Units
Conversion
X Factor =
SI Units
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm/lbmole
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
kg/kgmole
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm
0.4536
0.01 667
1
1
kg
Hz
dimensionless
Ibmole
0.4536
kgmole
dimensioness
dimensionless
hP
0.746
6895
6895
0.01 757
kW
N/m2(Pa)
N/m2(Pa)
kW
Btu/mi n
Btu/min
0.01757
0.01 757
kW
kW
ft3/m in
ft3/min
ft Ibf/lbm O R
dimensionless
0.000471 9
0.0004719
5.381
1
m3/s
m3/s
N.m/kg.K
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Btu/lbmole "R
ft2
1
1
1
'pm
dimensionless
psi
psi
Btu/min
BTU/lbm
"R
"F
OR
1
1
1
1
1
41 83
0.09294
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
N mkgmole K
mz
41 83
N.m/kg.K
0.5556
K
0.5556
K
PF + 459.67)
188
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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
U 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05b09 bliT U
U.S. Customary
Symbol
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
a
77
P
Pin
PP
PS
Y
E
Y
e
fl
&
Description
Blade tip speed
Internal energy
Fluid velocity
Specific volume
Work
Mass flow rate
Compressibility function
Mole fraction
Compressibility function
Elevation
Compressibility factor as
used in ideal gas law,
pv = ZRT
Diameter ratio of fluid
meter
Partial derivative
Efficiency
Absolute viscosity
Work input coefficient
Polytropic work coefficient
Isentropic work coefficient
Kinematic viscosity
Density
Summation
Torque
Surface roughness
Total work input
coefficient
Flow coefficient
Conversion
X Factor =
Units
ftlsec
Btullbm
filsec
ft3/lbm
fillbf/l bm
Ibm/min
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
0.3048
2 324
0.3048
0.06243
2.989
0.00756
1
m/s
N-m/kg
m/s
m3/kg
N m/kg
kgls
fi
0.3048
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibmlft sec
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft21sec
Ibm/ft3
dimensionless
ft * Ibf
in
dimensionless
1
1
0.09294
16.02
1.356
0.0254
1
dimensionless
dimensionless
kg/m s
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m2/s
kg/m3
dimensionless
N.m
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
1
1
1
1.488
1
189
--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SI Units
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--````,`,,`,`,`,````,`,,`,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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There are four options for making inquiries* or placing orders. Simply mail, phone, fax, or E-mail us and an Information
Central representative will handle your request.
Mail
ASME
22 Law Drive, Box 2900
Fairfield, New Jersey
07007-2900
Fax-24 hours
973-882-17 17
973-882-5155
E-Mail-24 hours
Infocentral
@asme.org
Information Central staff are not permitted to answer inquiries about the technical content of this code or standard.
Information as to whether or not technical inquiries are issued to this code or standard is shown on the copyright
page. All technical inquiries must be submitted in writing to the staff secretary. Additional procedures for inquiries
may be listed within.
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