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FORM A
Figure 1: This phylogeny show the evolutionary relationship of several groups of animals. The cartoons
represent living groups of animals. The letters lower on the tree represent ancestral species.
For
1
&
2
indicate
whether
the
statement
is
correct
by
circling
the
letter
next
to
the
TRUE
or
FALSE
statement
with
the
correct
reason.
1.
According
to
Figure
1,
Newts
are
more
closely
related
to
Sunfish
than
to
Chimpanzees.
A)
TRUE,
because
newts
share
a
common
ancestor
with
sunfish.
B)
TRUE,
because
newts
are
closer
to
sunfish
in
the
tree.
C)
TRUE,
because
the
ancestor
of
sunfish
(Q)
is
connected
to
the
ancestor
of
newts
(R)
whereas
the
ancestor
of
chimpanzees
(T)
is
separated
by
one
ancestor
(S).
D)
FALSE,
because
newts
share
a
more
recent
common
ancestor
with
chimpanzees
than
with
sunfish
E)
FALSE,
because
newts
are
much
more
primitive
than
chimpanzees
2.
According
to
Figure
1,
newts
evolved
from
sunfish
A)
TRUE,
because
sunfish
came
first.
B)
FALSE,
because
sunfish
evolved
from
newts.
C)
FALSE,
because
newts
evolved
from
lizards.
D)
FALSE,
because
neither
evolved
from
the
other.
3.
In
figure
1,
Chimpanzees,
bears,
and
ancestral
species
T
are
the
only
members
of
the
mammal
clade.
If
a
trait
is
a
synapomorphy
of
mammals,
then
A)
It
should
be
present
in
the
ancestor
S
B)
It
should
be
present
in
the
ancestor
T
C)
It
should
be
present
in
both
S
&
T
D)
It
should
not
be
present
in
either
S
or
T
4.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
correct
sequence
of
events
in
evolution
of
life
on
earth
(from
most
ancient
to
most
recent)?
I.
origin
of
mammals
II.
origin
of
arthropods
III.
origin
of
life
on
land
IV.
origin
of
photosynthesis
A)
I,
II,
III,
IV
B)
III,
II,
IV,
I
C)
IV,
III,
II,
I
D)
I,
III,
IV,
II
E)
IV,
II,
III,
I
5.
Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
an
example
of
sympatric
speciation?
A)
a
few
individuals
of
a
species
start
a
new
population
on
an
island,
after
2
million
years,
this
new
population
has
become
reproductively
isolated
from
the
mainland
population.
B)
a
species
of
insect
diverges
into
two
species
while
living
in
the
same
area
due
to
a
preference
for
feeding
on
different
substrates.
C)
a
species
of
fish
living
in
a
lake
diverges
into
two
species
because
a
dam
is
build
that
divides
the
lake
into
two
and
keeps
the
two
populations
separated.
D)
a
species
of
plant
diverges
into
two
after
a
meiotic
mutation
leads
to
the
production
of
individuals
with
the
wrong
number
of
chromosomes,
these
individuals
then
form
a
new
breeding
population
.
E)
Both
A
&
C
are
NOT
examples
of
sympatric
speciation.
Years
elapsed
6.
The
figure
above
shows
the
decay
of
C-14
to
N-14.
If
you
have
a
fossil
that
is
10,000
years
old,
approximately
how
much
C-14
should
be
left
compared
to
the
original
amount
the
fossilized
remain
started
with?
A)
Between
100
50%
B)
Between
50-25%
C)
Between
25
12.5%
D)
Between
12.5
7.25%
E)
Less
than
7.25%
7. The group shaded in the tree above is a __________________ group. This group includes
only species B & C.
A)
Monophyletic
B)
Paraphyletic
C)
Polyphyletic
8.
The
basic
diploid
chromosome
number
in
Rye
(Secale
cereal)
is
14.
A
new
species
of
rye
is
found
that
has
28
chromosomes.
This
species
is
said
to
be
_________
A)
haploid
B)
diploid
C)
triploid
D)
tetraploid
E)
octoploid
9.
Which
of
the
following
occurred
during
the
Paleozoic?
A)
Origin
of
life
B)
Origin
of
multicellular
life
C)
Origin
of
photosynthesis
D)
Origin
of
amphibians
E)
Origin
of
mammals
10.
Why
would
natural
selection
favor
lactase
persistence
in
some
populations
but
not
others?
A)
In
some
populations
people
might
be
lactose
intolerant,
so
drinking
milk
would
not
provide
a
selective
advantage.
B)
If
a
mutation
enabling
lactase
persistence
occurred
in
a
population
that
did
not
have
access
to
dairy
animals,
it
would
not
be
selected
for
(i.e.,
there
would
be
no
positive
selection).
C)
Any
mutations
altering
the
production
of
lactose
would
be
selected
against
D)
This
mutation
only
occurred
because
of
the
presence
of
dairy
animals
near
the
human
population.
E)
lactase
persistence
is
a
ancestral
trait
that
has
been
lost
in
several
population
of
humans
because
they
no
longer
needed
this
trait.
11.
The
proliferation
of
a
large
number
of
daughter
species
from
a
single
ancestor
is
known
as
A)
an
adaptive
radiation.
B)
the
Cambrian
explosion.
C)
sympatric
speciation.
D)
disruptive
selection.
E)
cospeciation.
12.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
most
likely
sequence
of
events
in
allopatric
speciation?
A)
Geographic
separation,
reproductive
isolation,
genetic
divergence
B)
Geographic
separation,
genetic
divergence,
reproductive
isolation
C)
Genetic
divergence,
geographic
separation,
reproductive
isolation
D)
Genetic
divergence,
reproductive
isolation,
geographic
separation
E)
Reproductive
isolation,
genetic
divergence,
geographic
separation
13.
Similarity
of
phenotypes
may
bot
always
reflect
evolutionary
relationships
A)
due
to
convergent
evolution.
B)
due
to
homologous
traits.
C)
due
to
both
of
the
above.
14.
Two
species
of
wild
lettuce
grow
in
the
same
areas,
but
one
flowers
in
early
spring
and
the
other
flowers
in
summer.
This
is
an
example
of
a
A)
postzygotic
isolating
mechanism
B)
geographical
isolating
mechanism
C)
behavioral
isolating
mechanism
D)
temporal
isolating
mechanism
E)
Both
A
&
D
15.
Currently,
two
extant
elephant
species
(X
and
Y)
are
placed
in
the
genus
Loxodonta,
and
a
third
species
(Z)
is
placed
in
the
genus
Elephas.
Thus,
which
statement
should
be
true?
A)
Species
X
and
Y
are
not
related
to
species
Z.
B)
Species
X
and
Y
share
a
greater
number
of
homologies
with
each
other
than
either
does
with
species
Z.
C)
Species
X
and
Y
share
a
common
ancestor
that
is
still
extant
(in
other
words,
not
yet
extinct).
D)
Species
X
and
Y
are
the
result
of
artificial
selection
from
an
ancestral
species
Z.
E)
Species
X,
Y,
and
Z
share
a
common
ancestor,
but
nothing
more
can
be
claimed
than
this.
16.
Which
of
the
following
is
true
about
life
in
the
Precambrian?
A)
There
were
only
single-cell
organisms
on
earth
B)
There
was
no
oxygen
on
earth
throughout
the
entire
Precambrian
C)
There
were
no
animals
on
earth
D)
All
life
was
marine
(i.e.,
found
in
the
ocean)
E)
All
living
organisms
on
earth
at
this
time
had
a
nucleus
17.
According
to
the
principle
of
parsimony,
the
best
phylogenetic
hypothesis
is
the
one
that
requires
the
A)
fewest
homologies.
B)
most
evolutionary
steps.
C)
fewest
evolutionary
steps.
D)
most
clades.
E)
fewest
clades.
18.
The
antifreeze
proteins
found
in
fish
that
live
in
very
cold
waters
has
evolved
independently
in
the
Arctic
and
in
the
Antarctic,
and
not
because
of
shared
ancestry.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
said
about
its
evolution?
A)
The
antifreeze
proteins
in
Arctic
and
Antarctic
fish
are
homologous
traits.
B)
The
antifreeze
proteins
in
Arctic
and
Antarctic
fish
are
analogous
traits.
C)
The
Arctic
and
Antarctic
fish
form
a
clade.
D)
Both
a
and
c
E)
None
of
the
above
19.
According
to
the
diagram
below,
which
of
the
three
phylogenetic
trees
of
the
Drosophila
species
is
different
from
the
other
two?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Tree
1
Tree
2
Tree
3
All
of
the
trees
are
the
same
20.
Which
of
the
following
statements
about
oxygen
and
ancient
Earth
is
true?
A)
The
atmosphere
of
early
Earth
contained
almost
as
much
free
oxygen
as
present-day
Earth,
but
most
of
this
oxygen
was
lost
in
the
Cambrian.
B)
Early
bacteria
generated
free
oxygen
as
a
product
of
photosynthesis.
C)
The
oxygen-generating
cyanobacteria
have
gone
extinct.
D)
All
of
the
above
E)
None
of
the
above
21.
You
are
studying
a
hypothetical
virus
VIR.
This
virus
has
jumped
into
the
human
population
twice,
once
from
gorillas
and
once
from
orangutans.
You
have
categorized
the
virus
in
humans
into
two
types:
VIR-G
(the
one
that
came
from
gorillas),
and
VIR-O
(the
one
that
came
from
orangutans).
In
VIR-O
there
is
a
huge
variety
in
strains
(lots
of
genetic
diversity),
however
in
VIR-G
there
is
very
little
diversity.
This
suggests:
A)
that
VIR-O
entered
the
human
population
more
recently
than
VIR-G
B)
that
VIR-G
entered
the
human
population
more
recently
than
VIR-O
C)
that
both
viruses
entered
the
human
population
around
the
same
time
22.
The
common
ancestor
of
humans
and
the
other
great
apes
walked
on
all
fours,
while
humans
are
bipeds.
Bipedalism
is
thus
the
_______
trait.
A)
ancestral
B)
homologous
C)
paraphyletic
D)
derived
E)
monophyletic
23.
You
are
confronted
with
a
box
of
preserved
grasshoppers
of
various
species
that
are
new
to
science
and
have
not
been
described.
Your
assignment
is
to
separate
them
into
species.
There
is
no
accompanying
information
as
to
where
or
when
they
were
collected.
Which
species
concept
will
you
have
to
use?
A)
biological
B)
evolutionary
C)
ecological
D)
morphological
24.
Which
of
the
following
represents
a
correct
size
ranking
of
taxonomic
categories,
from
the
smallest
to
the
largest?
A)
Family,
genus,
phylum,
species
B)
Species,
genus,
phylum,
family
C)
Species,
genus,
family,
phylum
D)
Genus,
species,
family,
phylum
E)
None
of
the
above
are
in
correct
order
25.
Both
ray-finned
fish,
and
primates
have
a
bony
skeleton.
According
to
the
phylogenetic
tree,
this
is
a
result
of:
A)
homology
B)
shared
common
ancestry
C)
convergent
evolution
D)
an
evolutionary
reversal
E)
Both
A
&
B
26.
An
animal
breeder,
attempting
to
cross
a
llama
with
an
alpaca
for
finer
wool,
found
that
the
hybrid
offspring
rarely
lived
for
more
than
a
few
weeks.
This
outcome
probably
results
from:
A)
genetic
drift
B)
prezygotic
isolation
C)
postzygotic
reproductive
isolation
D)
sympatric
speciation
E)
polyploidy
27.
During
the
Permian
mass
extinction:
A)
oxygen
levels
in
the
deep
oceans
dropped.
B)
global
warming
occurred
as
a
result
of
volcanic
eruptions.
C)
volcanoes
emitted
massive
quantities
of
lava.
D)
All
of
the
answer
options
are
correct.
28.
Gus
and
Ida
are
2
polar
bears
(Ursus
maritimus)
that
live
at
the
Central
Park
Zoo
in
New
York
City.
They
are
1st
generation
zoo
polar
bears.
They
have
lived
at
the
zoo
since
1985.
The
Zoo
decides
to
keep
all
of
Gus
and
Idas
descendants
under
zoo
conditions
for
the
next
30,000
years.
They
breed
only
with
each
other.
You
visit
the
zoo
in
30,000
years
and
see
their
descendants.
Do
you
expect
their
descendants,
which
are
alive
in
30,000
years,
to
be
identical
in
genotype
and
phenotype
to
Gus
and
Ida?
Keep
in
mind,
polar
bears
start
reproducing
when
they
are
between
5
and
10
years
old,
and
adult
females
give
birth
to
2
cubs
every
2-3
years.
A)
Yes,
because
evolution
only
occurs
in
nature.
B)
Yes,
because
they
had
a
small
population
to
begin
with
(only
2
bears)
so
there
was
little
genetic
variation
to
start.
C)
No,
because
mutation
would
occur
occasionally
and
there
are
selective
pressures
that
exist
in
artificial
as
well
as
natural
environments.
D)
No,
because
evolution
only
occurs
in
nature
29.
Which
of
the
following
terms
refers
to
ancestors
that
are
more
closely
related
to
modern
humans
than
to
our
nearest
relatives,
the
chimps?
A.
apes
B.
great
apes
C.
primates
D.
hominins
E.
prosimians
30.
Some
species
of
stick
insects
have
wings,
while
others
are
wingless.
Using
the
phylogenetic
tree
and
the
principle
of
parsimony,
how
many
times
did
wings
most
likely
evolve?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
E)
Both
options
B
&
C
are
equally
likely.
31.
Oxygen
A)
was
prevalent
in
the
atmosphere
of
Earth
3.8
billion
years
ago.
B)
allowed
for
the
evolution
of
photosynthetic
organisms.
C)
is
toxic
to
all
cells.
D)
made
aerobic
life
possible.
E)
is
made
by
respiration.
32. The diagram on the right represents the ranges of 3
species (A, B, and C), which are separated by a mountain
range and river. Jane B. Geographer has hypothesized that
these three species arose via vicariance. Specifically, she has
proposed that the area was originally occupied by a single
species. Its range was split first by the mountain range. Later,
the river formed, separating populations on the eastern side of
the mountains. If her hypothesis is correct, phylogenetic
analysis should reveal that
A) Species B and C are each other's closest relatives
B) All three species are equally related
C) Species A and C are each other's closest relatives
D) Species B and A are each other's closest relatives.
33.
A
new
species
of
organism
has
evolved
when
A)
the
climate
of
a
population's
area
has
changed
greatly.
B)
a
population
can
no
longer
interbreed
under
natural
conditions
with
other
closely
related
organisms.
C)
variation
has
occurred
within
the
species
due
to
mutations.
D)
a
population
has
been
recently
isolated
from
the
rest
of
the
species
by
a
geographic
barrier.
E)
natural
selection
has
occurred.
34.
If,
due
to
a
massive
flooding
event,
three
populations
become
isolated
from
each
other
preventing
gene
flow,
what
will
likely
happen
to
the
populations
over
time?
A)
They
will
start
to
diverge
genetically
due
to
genetic
drift.
B)
They
will
start
to
diverge
genetically
due
to
minor
differences
in
their
respective
environments.
C)
They
will
each
lose
genetic
variation
due
to
drift.
D)
All
of
the
above.
E)
All
except
(A).
35.
Population
A
&
B
are
geographically
separated.
An
increase
in
gene
flow
between
the
two
populations
will:
A)
likely
speed
up
the
speciation
process
between
the
two
populations.
B)
likely
slow
down
the
speciation
process
between
the
two
populations.
C)
have
no
effect
on
the
speed
of
speciation.
D)
induce
mutations
in
the
population.
E)
lead
to
immediate
reproductive
isolation.
36.
According
to
the
figure
above,
humans
are
members
of
the
monophyletic:
A)
Chimpanzee
group
B)
Apes
group
C)
Primates
group
D)
Both
B
&
C
E)
All
of
the
above
37.
Primates:
A)
are
a
type
of
monkey
B)
are
a
type
of
great
ape
C)
are
mammals
D)
have
nails
instead
of
claws
E)
both
C
&
D
are
correct
38.
Humans
and
chimpanzees
diverged
about
6
million
years
ago.
If
12
nucleotide
substitutions
have
occurred
between
human
and
chimpanzee
lineages
in
a
sequence
of
mitochondrial
DNA,
and
36
have
occurred
between
humans
and
gibbons,
humans
and
gibbons,
according
to
the
molecular
clock,
separated
_______
million
years
ago.
A)
6
B)
12
C)
18
D)
36
39.
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
regarding
hominins?
A)
There
were
never
more
than
one
living
species
on
hominin
on
earth
at
the
same
time.
B)
The
only
hominin
species
to
ever
live
outside
of
Africa
is
Homo
sapiens.
C)
All
lineages
of
ancient
hominins
belong
to
the
genus
Homo.
D)
There
is
only
one
extant
(currently
living)
species
of
hominin.
E)
Chimpanzees
are
hominins.
40.
In
a
phylogenetic
analysis
an
outroup
A)
is
the
common
ancestor
of
our
ingroup.
B)
helps
us
determine
which
character
states
are
ancestral
and
which
are
derived.
C)
helps
us
decide
which
molecular
data
to
use.
D)
is
usually
very
distantly
related
to
our
ingroup
E)
Both
A
&
B
Bonus
questions:
41.
Both
ancestral
birds
and
ancestral
mammals
shared
a
common
ancestor
that
was
terrestrial.
Today,
penguins
(which
are
birds)
and
seals
(which
are
mammals)
have
forelimbs
adapted
for
swimming.
What
term
best
describes
the
relationship
of
the
four
limbs
found
in
both
penguins
and
seals,
and
what
term
best
describes
the
flippers
of
penguins
and
seals?
A)
homologous;
homologous
B)
analogous;
homologous
C)
homologous;
analogous
D)
analogous;
analogous
42.
Read
through
the
following
statements
about
bacteria: