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Water Treatment
WaterTreatment
EENV4331
Lecture5:Filtration
Dr.Fahid Rabah
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.1 Definition of Sedimentation:
Filtration is a solid liquid separation process in which the
liquid passes through a porous medium to remove as
much fine suspended solids as possible
5.2 Locations of filtration tanks in water treatment:
Filtration tanks are used in all types of water treatment
plants except for disinfection treatment plants. See
Figures 5.1 through 5.4 illustrating the location of filtration
tanks.
River
River
Water
Screen
PreSedimentation
Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Flocculation
Storage
Sedimentation
Distribution
Figure5.1:FiltrationTreatmentPlant (River
Water)
3
Screen
Surface
water
Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Flocculation
Storage
S di
Sedimentation
t ti
Distribution
Figure5.2:FiltrationTreatmentPlant
Ground
Water
RapidMixing
Filtration
Flocculation
Disinfection
Sedimentation
Storage
Recarbonation
Distribution
Figure5.3:SofteningTreatmentPlantSinglestage
softening
Ground
Water
well
Aeration
Disinfection
Filtration
Storage
Distribution
Figure5.4:AerationTreatmentPlant
( iron and manganese removalplant)
(ironandmanganese
removal plant)
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 3 Need for filtration:
5.3
Settlingisnotsufficienttoremoveallparticlesand
flocsfromwater.
FiltrationNeededforfineparticlesnotremovedby
sedimentation.
di
t ti
FilterscanalsocaptureGiardia cysts, viruses,and
asbestos fibers
asbestosfibers
Typicaloverflowqualitiesfromsedimentationtanks
rangefrom1to10NTU.
Filtration,usuallyrapidsandfiltration,isthen
employedforfurtherpolishing,i.e.togetthe
turbidity to lower than 0 5 NTU (as required by
turbiditytolowerthan0.5NTU(asrequiredby
legislation).
Rapid sand filtration after prior sedimentation is the
Rapidsandfiltrationafterpriorsedimentationisthe
mostcommonconfigurationworldwide
7
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.4 Types of filters used in water treatment:
Granular material filters are the most used types of filters
in water treatment. Usuallyy sand, anthracite, and Garnet.
There are three types of granular filters:
1. Single medium filters :
one type of media is used: either sand or anthracite
2.
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.5 Geometryy and components
p
of Rapid
p Sand Filter:
Figure5.5:Rapidsandfiltercomponents
10
Figure5.6a:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p
p
withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
11
Figure5.6b:
Fi
5 6b
Rapidsandfiltercomponents: withgraveland
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
12
Figure5.7:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p
p
withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
13
Figure5.8:
Fi
58
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withductsunder drainsystem
14
Figure5.9:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withnozzleunder drainsystem
15
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Figure5.10:
Figure
5.10 :
Rapidsandfilterperforated
slabandnozzleunderdrain
system
16
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Figure5.11:
Nozzle used in Rapid sand filter
NozzleusedinRapidsandfilter
underdrainsystem
17
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.6 Operation of Rapid Sand Filter:
There are two modes of operation of Rapid sand filter
18
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 7 Filtration mode:
5.7Filtrationmode:
Waterflowsdownwardthroughabed
ofsandandgravel
Particlesarecapturedonandbetween
Particles are captured on and between
sandgrains
Filteredwateriscollectedintheunder
drain, sent to disinfection
drain,senttodisinfection
19
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 8 Backwash mode:
5.8Backwashmode:
Sandisbackwashedwhen
Sand is backwashed when
Itbecomesclogged,or
Turbidityoffilteredwatergetstoohigh
During
Duringbackwash,waterispumped
backwash, water is pumped
upwardsthroughthesandbed
20
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Sandbecomesfluidized,andparticles
areflushedfromthesand
Dirtybackwashwaterispumpedintoa
settling pond and either
settlingpond,andeither
Recycledbackintoplant,or
Disposed
Di
d
Backwashingcanconsume1%to5%ofa
plantsproduction
21
Figure5.12:Rapidsandfilterduring
filtration
22
Figure5.13:Rapidsandfilterduringbackwashing
23
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.9Filtermediaproperties
Figure5.14:filtermediagraindistribution
24
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Thesefiltersusesandandcrushedanthracitecoalona
h
fl
d d
h d
h
l
gradedgravelbase.
Medialayersarearrangedinacoursetofinegradationinthe
directionofflow,whichallowsgreaterdepthofpenetrationof
floc particles.
p
Multimediafiltersareselectedwithspecificgravitiessothat
moderate intermixing between media layers occurs during
moderateintermixingbetweenmedialayersoccursduring
backwashing.
25
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.10Filtermediaproperties
Thefiltermediaischaracterizedbytwomain
parameters: the effective size and the uniformity
parameters:theeffectivesizeandtheuniformity
coefficient.
Effectivesizeofthefiltermedia
Theeffectivesizeofthemediaisthediameter
Th
ff ti
i
f th
di i th di
t
that10%ofthefiltermediaislessthanitsizeand
isdenotedasd10.
Uniformitycoefficientofthefiltermedia
d 60
U
d10
U=Uniformitycoefficient
d60 =sievesizethatpasses60%byweight
d10 =sievesizethatpasses10%byweight
d60 andd10 arefoundbysieveanalysisofthe
mediatobeusedinthefilter.
Anotherimportantsievesizeisd90 thatisused
tocalculatethebackwashrate.
26
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Figure5.15:
Rapidsandmedialayers
27
Figure5.16:
Rapidsand
media layers
medialayers
28
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.1
Table5.1
29
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5 2
Table5.2
30
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.3
Table5.3
31
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Figure5.17:
Headlossandeffluentturbidityincreasewithtimeduringfiltration
y
g
32
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsand
filter during filtration cycle
filterduringfiltrationcycle
33
Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsandfilter
g
p
34
Headlossinacleanfilter
CarmenKozeny equation:
h k (1 ) V
v
3
L
g
A
2
V
6
A
d
Q
v
As
Where,
k=dimensionlesscoefficient,5forsand,6foranthracite;
v filtration rate m3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
v=filtrationratem
d or filtration velocity m/d
A=thegrainsurfacearea;
As=surfaceareaofthesandfilter;
V= the grain volume;
V=thegrainvolume;
=filterporosity;around0.40forsandfilter
=shapefactor;1forsphericalparticles,0.70forsand;
=dynamic viscosity; N s/m2
=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m
=waterdensity;kg/m3
h=headlossincleanfilter,m
35
Example5.1:
Adualmediafilteriscomposedof0.30manthracite(meanparticlesize
0.20mm)thatisplacedovera0.60mlayerofsand(meanparticlesize0.70mm)
withafiltrationrateof9.78m/h.Assumethegrainsphericity
/
=0.75and
porosity()=0.40forboth.Estimatetheheadlossinthecleanfilterat150C.
A H dl
A.Headlossintheanthracitelayer:
i th
th it l
0.00113 * (1 0.40) 2
6
h 0.30 * 6 *
* 0.00272 0.0508m
3
9.81*1000 * 0.40 0.75 * 0.002
2
B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
0.00113* (1 0.40) 2
6
h 0.60 * 5 *
* 0.00272 0.6918 m
3
9.81*1000* 0.40 0.75* 0.007
2
B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
y
36
Headlossduringfiltration
(None clean filter)
(Nonecleanfilter)
hl t
va bV filterd
Where,
Where
v=filtrationratem3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
a,b=coefficientsdependingonthefiltermediaproperties;
Vfiltered
filtered volume per unit area of filter since last backwash; m3/m2
filt d =filteredvolumeperunitareaoffiltersincelastbackwash;m
(hl)t
=headlossatanytime(t),m
37
Example5.2:
Afilterhasaheadlossof0.30mwhenclean(newlywashed),and1.30mafter
24hrsoffiltrationatarateof1.5L/s.m2 .Estimatetheheadlossboth
immediatelyafterbackwashand10hrslater,ifthefiltrationrateischangedto2
L/s.m2 .
A.Estimatethevaluesofaandb:
1.5
a b * 0
0.30
1000
1.5
1.5
1.30
a
b
*
* 24 * 3600
1000
1000
Bysolvingthe2equationssimultaneously,a=200,b=5.14
B.Calculateheadlossforthenewflowrate:
2
200 b * 0 0.40 m
H0
1000
2
2
H 10
* 10 * 3600 1.88 m
200 5.14 *
1000
1000
38
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations
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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations
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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations
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Calculationsoffilterbackwashrate
Thebackwashflowrateiscalculatedusingthefollowingequations:
vb
d 90
Gn
d 903 s g
vb design 1.3vb
Where,
3/m
vb =backwashratem
b k
h t
/ 2.d,
d
d90 = sievesizethatpasses90%byweight
=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m2
= waterdensity;kg/m
water density; kg/m3
s = filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3
Gn =Galileonumber,dimensionless
g = gravitationalacceleration,m/s
g=
gravitational acceleration m/s2
42
Calculationsoffilterexpansion
Theexpansionduringbackwashiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equations:
q
1
Le L
1 e
vb design
e
vs
0.22
Where,
L= beddepthduringfiltration,m
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
= expanded bed depth m
e =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
=bedporosityduringfiltration,dimensionless
vs=settlingvelocityofthefilterparticles,m/s
= settling velocity of the filter particles m/s
43
Calculationsofheadlossduringfilterbackwash
Headlossduringbackwashingiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equation:
q
Le 1 e s
Where,
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
e =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
=waterdensity;kg/m
d
k / 3
s =filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3
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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations
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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations
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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations
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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations
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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations
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