THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

DATE: APRIL 15 - 2014, 6.00 PM

FINAL EXAMINATION
DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO: ECE 4310
PAGE NO: 1 OF 3
EXAMINATION: ENERGY SYSTEMS II
TIME:
2
HOURS
EXAMINER: U.D. ANNAKKAGE
ROOM: U-College G R

Two single sided letter size sheets of equations allowed.

A non-programmable calculator is allowed.
Answer all 4 questions.

1. [Reliability: 25 Marks] A small generating system contains 5x15 MW units for which
= 5f /yr and = 95r/yr.
(a) Develop a capacity outage probability table for the generating system.
(b) Calculate an appropriate set of adequacy indices if the load is constant for the year at 55
MW.
(c) Evaluate the expected energy supplied by the first unit if the annual load duration curve
is represented by a straight line from 100 % to 40% of the annual peak load of 55 MW.
2. [Frequency and Voltage Control: 25 Marks]
(a) Two identical control areas with 2000 MW rating connected by an ac transmission line
have droop settings of 4 % and 5 %. The load frequency sensitivity is 0.8 pu on the rating
of the area. If the load in Area 1 increases suddenly by 50 MW determine the steady
state frequency error and the tie-line power deviation. State any assumptions made.
(b) For (a) above, assuming that the effects of primary frequency control and tie-line power
deviation do not come into effect in the first second subsequent to a disturbance, determine the frequency deviations in both areas, one second (1s) after the load increase of 50
MW in Area 1. The inertia constant H is 4.0 s on the rating of the area.
(c) State whether the following statements are True or False and briefly explain your answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

An SVC can absorb reactive power from the network.

Power delivered to an inductive load increases as the load impedance decreases.
Power delivered to a capacitive load increases as the load impedance decreases.
Transmission lines consume reactive power.
A DC excitation system does not require brushes.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

DATE: APRIL 15 - 2014, 6.00 PM
DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO: ECE 4310
EXAMINATION: ENERGY SYSTEMS II
EXAMINER: U.D. ANNAKKAGE

FINAL EXAMINATION
PAGE NO: 2 OF 3
TIME:
2
HOURS
ROOM: U-College G R

CT:500/5

CT:400/5

R1

R2

Figure 1: Part of a radial distrubution line

3. [Protection: 25 Marks]
(a) Figure 1 shows a part of a radial distribution system. The relays R1 and R2 are inverse
time overcurrent relays with the characteristics given by:
0.14
t =  0.02
I
f

Is

T MS
1

The maximum and minimum fault currents at busses A and B are:

Bus #
A
B
Max. Fault Current (A) 2000 3000
Min. Falut Current (A) 1000 2000
Assuming that the available setting currents are 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A, choose suitable
setting currents for each relay.
The TMS of R2 is 0.21. The relay R1 is required to provide back up protection to R2.
1. Allow 0.3 seconds for backing up and determine the TMS of R1.
2. What is the operating time of R1 for the maximum fault current seen by it.
3. The maximum load current seen by relay R1 is 400A. Does this information affect
your calculations? Explain your answer.
(b) With the aid of a timing diagram explain how the three-zone distance protection scheme
provide back up protection to a transmission line immeadiately outside the line it is
primarily protecting.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

DATE: APRIL 15 - 2014, 6.00 PM
DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO: ECE 4310
EXAMINATION: ENERGY SYSTEMS II
EXAMINER: U.D. ANNAKKAGE

FINAL EXAMINATION
PAGE NO: 3 OF 3
TIME:
2
HOURS
ROOM: U-College G R

4. [Economic Dispatch: 25 Marks]

(a) The fuel costs of power generation from three units and their operating limits are given
by:
F1 = 160 + 1.4P1 + 0.004P12 $/hr 50 < P1 < 500M W
F2 = 200 + 1.7P2 $/hr 50 < P2 < 400M W
F3 = 200 + 1.0P3 + 0.006P32 $/hr 50 < P3 < 400M W

Using the graphical method, explain how to schedule these generators to supply a load
ranging from 150MW to 1300MW.
(b) Explain the following terms: bids to buy electricity, offers to sell electricity, Market
Clearing Price of electricity, financial surplus to market participants.