Indian History

315
x~ HO_s ~ H~
[ WO@s_ \ (APOSS) H~ ]
Ki` 3
(H~ =_)
Z..\ F<
(APSOS) ^~^
..W.P~.\. HO, .a._
O,
WQ\ Z^~Q, |+~ Q, ^~^ 500 001
Website: www.apopenschool.org/html
Email : diraposshyd@yahoo.in
PO^^ `fiO "iK Lz` O}
ANDHRA PRADESH OPEN SCHOOL SOCIETY

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADEESH, HYDERABAD
First Published 2010-2011
All Rights Reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission, in writing
of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover.
This book is a Telugu translation of the original History (315) English

version of NIOS, NOIDA
D `Q` =O^=@
PO^ ^ \ F< , ^~^ 2010 11 O=`~= #O_ ^~q^ WO@s_ \
H~# `fi L`~ fi G.O. Ms,No 170 Higher Education (IE-II), dt.04.09.2010 H~O ~OaOzO^x
`@ O`+ < fl#. D H~ " O Ok# J OîH < Ja#O^#. ^~q^
~OaOK|_# D H~ ~Q~ WO@s_\ (~ P WO@s_\, PO^^, ^~^)
H~ =#"# k. U^ XH H~}=K WO@s_ \ H~ K x H iK x J D
H~ XH =~ J=HO.
D ~ H = # <+# W<@
\ P F< eOQ (NIOS). <~_ "i J#=u` "i
| H~= "i POQ =^ = H = J#"Ô K |_#k (Vide letter of charman NIOS/CMD/
MISC/10/314 Dt 27.10.2010 ). O|Ok` q+ = x` #
, =i J#= A# PK~,
s_~ , H ~~ K NIOS ~ QO^= J#"Ô K |_#q. D ~ H O x JOhfl NIOS
"i O|Ok` HOx =eH =## ^$+OÔKHx, `QH J#$[#QqOK|_#k.
J=~" # K@ J=Q# xqÒ J#"^ Ô `@ POQ ^# _ W=fi_O [iyOk. J
J~= su ~ " # + "_|_Ok. J J=Q# HO z` \, ~ M \
OîK=. D ~ H = J `fiO "~ Lz`=Q O} K _O ZO` O`xfl
HeyO k. J fi J^ #O HO ~O# jiHQ qlOK@" HH, ~fl
["| _ W=fi_O [iyOk. JOx fl q^~ fiOQ =^#= "H"e.
"iH kOK J^ Z\HC_ J Qux sHOKe. J=~"# K@ `=
JOkOKe. "i Qu #fl>` iK e. D JO J W=fi|_# J< " O\
(Assignments) / *
Z\H C _ kk "i *<xfl, J=Q## i+O K e. "i q+`
|OQ~ @ " e.
D O^~ O Q J#"^=# J#=uOz# K~ <, NIOS QiH, NIOS H@s QiH, "i
O|Ok` |OkH H$`[` . D J#"Ô#, `Q J#$[#su fikk# O^ , J#"^
|$O^xH, J^ , ^^_ # q^Y `fi =M H~î N=u KO^<M< I.A.S QiH,
=# ~ROx qfiq^ L ` , _< , qq^ OK, WO@s_\ q^, L#fl`
q^, ~ q^ "iH, H@s ~ P WO@s_\ QiH = Ja"^=. nxx =kOK
OK Govt Text Book Press N * Ô QiH, "i |OkH =O^<.
`y# su D H~H=xfl =#fi ~z # = APOSS H~ =#fi |$O^xH, |OkH
H$`[`.
D ~ QOÔ =#Qx, + Qx, Ja=$k k U"# =~, K~ , ~,
`yO, `` O|O^ K##flK `=#kQ O|Ok` Oîx H~`<fl#.
J =Oz q +`# HOH
(H. P#O^H ~)
OK
PO^ ^ \ F< , ^~^.
The Subject Team

Chairman (Module-3)
Chairman (Module - 4 & 5)
Dr.B.B.Aggarwal
Dr.G.D.Gulati
Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi
Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.
Editors
Dr.B.B.Aggarwal
Dr.G.D.Gulati
Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi
Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.
Mrs.Asha Chaubey
Ms.Anita Priyadarshini
Lecturer, Indraprastha College , Delhi
Tutor, History National Open School, New Delhi
Evaluation Experts
Dr.Qamar Uddin
Reader, DMESDP, NCERT, New Delhi
Lesson Writers
Mrs.Rajana Bhattacharya
Mr.Anil Chauhan
Dr.Surjit Jolly
Maitreyi College
Delhi College of Arts and Commerce
Lecturer, Vivekanand Mahila College
New Delhi
New Delhi
Delhi
Mrs.Sangeeta L.Sharma
Mr.M.K.Das
Mrs. Anita Devraj
Lady Shri Ram College,
Dept.of Education University of Delhi
DAV Public School
New Delhi
Delhi
Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
Mr.Asha S.Chaubey
Mrs.Tripta Verma
Mrs.Kamla Khanna
Lecturer, Indraprastha College
Lecturer, Mata Sunderi Collge
PGT (Retd.)
Delhi
New Delhi
Bal Bharti Air Force School
Mr.P.P.Girhotra (PGT)
Mr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar
Govind Ram Gurukul
PGT (Retd)
Sr.Sec.School, Delhi
Teacher Training Institue

Darya Ganj, New Delhi
Translator
Course Co-ordinator
Graphic Artist
Mr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar
Ms.Anita Priyadarshini
Mr.M.L.Zharotia
PGT (Retd)
Tutor,
National Open School,
Teacher Training Institue
History National Open School,
New Delhi
Darya Ganj, New Delhi
New Delhi
`Q J#$[#
^ # O^
N H P#O^H ~,
"..,".Z_, .W, _= W< Z_H+< (O_<)
OK
PO^ ^ ~fiuH q^~O , |+~ Q, ^~^.
O^
~ W.^~}, M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D.,
Head, Department of History & Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences,
Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad
J#"^
_II=_}O Nx"~=
N *.hHO~O
N .O^~~ =
O.U, .K._.,
JO \ ~
_II a.P~.JO^ ~ ~fiuH
qfiqÔ, ^~^
O.U., O.W_.,
JO \ ~ , WP~\ _ |
~ P WO@s_ \
Z_H+<, ^~^
O.U., a.W_.,
s H~~
`fi _w H,
q#HO_
N H .O|t=~=
N S.Z.Z<.KO^Y ~
O.U, _.Z.Z. ,
i>~ _ P _~" O\ P
s , *.H .. H, QO@~
N O.KH}
O.U., a.W_.,
O.U., O.W_.,
_~H~
H ~~, `fi _w H,
O..P~.JH_g, QO@~.
H_
=#fiH~
N P~."OH> fi ~~=, M.A.,(Litt.) M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil.
State Coordinator
Ap State Open School, Hyderabad.
g` XH =@
"# J~!
g~ ~ O_= H O W=fi|_# =^ Q ~`^ Ki` QiOz Kk" LO\~x Ò. D
H O =#O =^ Q ~`^ Ki` =yO eH P^xH ~`^ Ki`" =O^ "^ O.
D H O =_ =_ L#flq.
D H O x "^\ =_ =^ Q ~`xH O|OkOz# i#, =lH, PiH, =`
=i O $uH r=<xfl QiOz# =Y H}
# `HOQ q=iO k. D =_ g~ `~+
=i "Q <\ O^, ^` , == PK~ fi^j q+` =^ QO
UqÔ Q qo`" Ò\~. D H~H ~f q= O $u =iO` Ja=$k KO^\xH
^Ô KO k.
D HO ~O_= =_ =#O ~`^ P^xH Ki`H J_y_Ò. JO^ =#O
a\+" ~ ~`^ xH ~=@O, "i i## O K_O =O\ q+ # Qi K^ =Ò. a\+
`fi ^fiO^fi i#, # H~ û =i ^` fiH~ ÔÒ =O\ q^< ^fi~ ~`
~* a\+" ~ UqÔ Q QoH =i PiH xO`} kOKQe Q~ J~= Òk. PqÔ Q,
a\+ `~ WO_ , =~H HOh XH "~ O #O_ XH ~fi=HQ UqÔ Q ZkyO^ D
=_ Ò\~.
~`^ O a\+" i #= P^ xH " Ja=$k ~[H SH`, POQ q^ ^fi~ t=
(`) O KO` ~` O|O^ O|O^ Ja=$k KO^@O, 19= `|O ~f
=lH O $uH *Q$u HQ_O =O\ [<#fl \H "Ò g^ a\+ "i # =eHOQ
^_ q^#=< J=OaOzOk. nx= ~f JO`$ "Ôk. D =_ ~`
*f ^$ HÔ , *Q$f [##O "@" ^\Q Jk 1857 [iy# u~Q@ @OQ =H= =@O
=O\ q+ # Qi _ KiO.
=_= =_ 1858 O=`~#O`~ HO QiOz ~` fiÒ ` ~@O QiOz K^ =Ò.
WH_ "= 1947 ~` fiÒ` k =O J`#fl` ^ K~ #fl P^xH ~` Ki`x Ju
=Y =i O|Ok` Hxfl Qi q=iO. P HO Ju =Y"#k, `HOQ KCH^y#n
ZO^HO> Jk a\+ XH #"Q =~_"QH, a\+ "ix ~`Ô #O_
"Q@Qey#O` =Hx [xO*# W\= OK Ki` K@K#fl XH Ju^ =#fl`
*L^=O aH# Hqk. x*xH *f L^=O ^xH<fl ZO` Qk. Jk XH q ^$ H^= #fl
L^=O. JO`QH, *f " H `, PiHa=$k, = q"K#, =lHOQ J}Qi#, "#H|_#
=~ L^~ }
=O\ q+ _ [iy# ~@qk. ^xH `_ =["^ =i *uq^fi+
q^<# JO`~fOQ Z^~#fl L^=qk. "\x =#O <\ H PKi< L<flO. O Q KO>
fiÒ`#O`~ ~`^ q^< fiÒ` ~@ =O< c[O _O k. JO^=< Jk =#
~`^ Ki` ~OO Ju =M JO=~Ok.
HOH`
Ki` J^ _
q+zH
=_
=_ 6
~OO ~
r <O.
46._b #, " ~ QO i#,

x H q^#O (J=Q#)
1-16
47._b <, "Q HO<\ =lH, PiH r=#O (J^ #O)17-36
=_ 7
48., H L^=(J=Q#)
3748
49. " KH=~ =` q^#O (J^ #O)
4958
50.=^ Q ~`^ O $à=$k (J^ #O)
5978
51.~`^ O a\+ ~[ # (J=Q#)
79101
52.a\+ # PiH == =O (J=Q#)
102111
53.a\+ <Q gH (J^ #O)
112124
54.~` POQq ^ (J=Q#)
125135
55.=Ò ~}^= (J^ #O)
136146
56.O O~} (J^ #O)
147156
=_
~OO ~
r <O.
=_ 8
57.~` fiÒ`^= ~@O 1857 u~Q@ (J=Q#) 157166

58.1857 u~Q@ (17) (J^ #O)
167180
59.~`^ O *f" =$k (J^ #O)
181188
60.~` *f^=O (18851905) (J=Q#)
189196
61.~` *f^=O (19051918) (J=Q#)
197213
62.~` *f^=O (19191939) (J=Q#)
214235
63.~ fi~[ ^# (19391947) (J^ #O)
236245
64.*f^ =O, XH gH (J^ #O)
246264
65.fiÒ`#O`~ ~`^ O (J^ #O)
265305
' J=Q# Jx x~t Oz# ~= , q^~ q+ i*#= H~ , =i \

sH L Q_ Òk. 'J^ #= Jx x~t Oz# ~= q+ i*#= H~H
HH g\ #O_ =`" aH sH fl W=fi|_#.
23
q^
~f O $u
23.1 iK O
p# HO #O_ ~`^ O |@ O KO` O|O^ Hey LO_k. ~ [
"> q #` "}[ O|OÔ_q. =~ t= ^ ~~# O"~. }
~=<, K< ~*` OOÔ_q. ^H}
~` ~* PQfl ^` "~O Kq. P
qÔ Q ~Q ~*`# ^~ ^`# ` O|O^ U~~K H=_O J<k ~`^ O `~#
XH q^#OQ LOk.
D ~O =#O ~`^ O $u " KOk# ~ O_ O`# f<flO. Jq XH " #
Px <` _# =^ P , K< =i \\ HQ, =~H" # PQfl OÒ. "
~ ~ =i_H, |@ O KO ~f O $u q~ } =Ò, =i "}[O Ju =Y
^<x g J~= =Òk. ~f ``fiO, H, Ò, =i " H x Z<fl q+
xH O $` Q Oz P O` XH `H H}
Qey# q= O $u Pq~=O
[iyOk.
23.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk JO# g~ `HO\~.
1. p# HO ~f O $u qi OKx O`# QiOK@O.
2. q^ ~f O $f q~ }
=Ò, "}* =Y ^< x QiOK@O.
3. ^= ` J^ <xH =^ P XH =Y H OÔQ =$k KOk# q+ O.
4. ~f H =i ` =O L#fl ~*Q M~< =i z# QiOK@O.
5. Px <` O $u =i_H uaOQ QO (Begram), =i |q< (Bamiyan)x
^ ^`=, |^ qQ # QiOK@O.
1
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
6. K< ` O $uH O|O^ \ + ~K _ O =~ r= =i < =O\ O_`

`.
7. PQfl O^ ~* Ja=$kH =Y =`H Q } =`xfl QiOK@O.
8. *"x ~|^~ (Borobudur)# ^=` "xH fHQ HO[x JOQ~"\
(Angcorvat) } =` fHQ QiOK@O.
9. KO =i HO[ O^~*Q Ja=$k.
10. |~, ^~O_ O $` ~f O $ux J<H JO# J=~H<fl #fl
q+O.
11. ~f O $u WH_ xH O $u q=O = ` H H}
Hey# XH q= O $u
D O` Ja=$k.
23.3 =^ P ` ~`^ O|O^

=~ HxH =O^ ~+ < =i Kh ì<# Hey#fl =^ P ~f
O $uH H O^ #"O k. t= J=H _ ~~#, =` K~ # O#@ Ò k.
Hx+x HO \ + " # O|O^ U~_#q. H.. 3= à ~OO <\H H+~ #O_ K<
i^ =~ Q `~ ì< "Ò ~f O $u "xH <O^<k +O . "}[
=~ "O@ x"~ ~K #fl [ ^ =`xfl J#iOK~. ~O _ (Yarkhand), M\<
(Khotan), M+~ (Khashgar), z (Kuchi), Y~+ ~ (Qarashahr) `< =OQ (Tun Huang)
^ q~ (Monashries) "e~. ~f e xiOz# , q~, q` ^ x
J= aOz# |^ qQ # |> QH =^ P aOz# O $` H$` =i xH
QO^ #O_ ^ =Ò D OÒ =Y=ÒQ qeO ^x Ò k. ~\xH "~ KH
a # (Wooden tablets) `, HyÒ, =i # "_~. KH a # JkHiH J=~
HO =`" "_#@ è#\H JH_H_ =HQ` J=~ _ "_# P^~#flq. KH
a # OH =K~O HO "_"~. ` `, Hy` ` XH qÔQ LO_q. PHH ~
q+"=O> "~ ^"~^# POK Hxfl } HO <\ ~f <
HxOK ^` ^^ i^y#qQ L#flq.
=^ P "# qq^ ~* ~f O $u "H ^H}
# L#fl M\<, L`~ #
L#fl z =Y H O^# q. =^ P ##fl D H O^ ^fi~ ^ =Ò =i ~f
O $u "_@ K< P`~fi` [< "OK_O = =^ P x D ~* =Y ~*Q
~Ok#q. =^ P x D H O^ ~f "xH, K< f# < =i
<ÒQ ~K# =Y P^~. D H O^ QiOz HO` q=~OQ ÒÔ.
M\< : M\<x ~f ~[O =~ KH=i Jx =~xK OK|_#@ K =K.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
D OÒ J<H ^ =` O K|_#q. Q q^ H O^=Q qe# QOQ (Gousringa)

=i Q=u (Gomati) q~ =Y"# q. M\< O $` =i H$` + ~ O\#
J^ #O [iQk. M\< =i W`~ O` } =Ò ` P^~ aOK~.
=Ò` @Q ~f =O " t H _ LOk. H\< #O_ HO^~ ~f
HH~ K< = "o#@Q qOK|_Òk. Hxfl _ z` (Frescos) (Q_ w|_#
=) ` J= Jq ^ z`H O|OkOz#" Jx xO^ OQ è* K#flk.
= w q^#O#, O^#, H=oH# J<H == HxOKK#flq. QO^sx
t ^ =(Stucco figures) ~k^H <fl~.
K< f_# < H.. 400 OÒ ~`^ xH =K =~O < M\<Q
Q=\ q~=< = q~O (Monestery) HO` HO Q_ _. JH_ ^ =Ò | K~O
##fl@ J`_ QiOK_. O $Ò O $u H + Jx J`_ ^$ =iK_. M\<# i~
O`# JqÒQ aOz# Ku ~` ` YO_= (Fragments), z`, ^ H@_
"^q D OÒ Ô XH =Y =ÒQ qeO ^x |A= K K#flq.
z (Kuchi) : K< x u< (Tsin) =O Ki` z H.. 4 =i 5= à HO XH
^ =` H OÔQ =iOK|_Ok. ~A ~f <=# î OK~. L^: =~ +, i+,
i^= "^# q. ~f OwÒ _ z " @|_@"QH JH_ #O_ Jk K< =i
[< KiOk. JH_ [ =\_ XH WO_ ~ < + HO^~ O_` Pi (Arsi)
Jx, =iHO^~ O_` z< (Kuchean) Jx ~ \~ . D OÒ J<H ^"
=i _ =# Hx~.
~f O $u ~A, =` ^ =i "~ ^fi~ ^H}
qi OzOk.
D OÒ ~f =O Hey# ~* "e~. D OÒ ^ q~ =#
Hx~.
1.~ fl 23 Z
D HOk S^ "H W=fi|_#q. XH "HO 23.3 qQO =Y q+ xfl è* O k.
=_ "H ^xx |~K "xfl~. HQ XH "HO O|OÔ x q+ # zOk.
=Y =#xK "HxH M Jx, |~K =#xK "HxH S Jx O|OÔ x q+ xflK
"HxH u Jx "O_.
1. ^H}
aOz# J<H , q~ ^fi~ P OÒ ^ =` " [iy#@
Òk
(
)
2. ~f O $f "xH <# ~* =Y L^~} z (Kuchi) =i M\<
(
)
(Khotan)
3
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
3. D OÒ WC_ WO =Y =Ò

(
)
4. =^ P J<H O` ~f O $f q~ }
[iy#@ J<H P^~#flq
(
)
5. M\<x ^ q~=# < îOK#.
(
)
2. "}[ ~ î i@ Ja=$k KOk# ~ O_ ^ K` = ~ "=?
23.4 Px <
=~ HO #O_ Px < =i z< XH \+ " # xO`}# Hey#flO^=
WO "t OKH= O^ =~ ^ =Ò , } =Ò D O` |b"# "xfl Hey#flq.
Px <# eOz# J<H ~[=O JH_ " #H#fl ~f O $f "xH <# ". D
OÒ <}=, #=, =Ò, Ò =i H "^# ~f H}#
}HKH#flq. p# HO `~ Px< ~[HOQ Hx O $uHOQ Hx "=
~`^ O XH QOQ QiOK|_Ok. w Q GA_ \g (Ptolomy) H.. ~ O_= `|O
w# O K @O D O`xfl ~`^ O He K_.
Px < J<H |^ qQ =i K` Hx~. Px < L`~ O Q ^ ^`=
k Ok# H O^# QO (Begram) =i |q< (Bamiyan) L#flq. QO }
HO <\ Ô` = H (Ivory work) i^y#" QO Ô` = H HxO k. |q<
H.. è ` <\ Ju Z`~ # ~u |^ qQ O Hx O k. ^ a = x"=#fl J<H
[^" # ^ H$u= Q WH_ H#Q#|_#q.
|q< ~OQ` w|_# _ z` (Frescos) =i O $Ò ##fl Ku "`
` aOK~. H| "= OÒ XH ~ qQ O, Q e xiOz# P
tk aOK~. Q HOx ~f O $u ==# WH_ aOz# =\ qQ
=i _ z` (Mural paintings) +O Q Hx O k.
23.5 K< =i \\ ` ~` O|O^

g~ Kkq#@Q, H.. è `< ~f O $u =^ P "OzOk.
J#uHO< K< _ ^x "xH <O k. K< ~`^ qz# Q=~O ^ =Ò. "" xH
D =Ò WH_ #O_ `~ kQ Hi =i *< "Oz JH_ <\ H | HQ LOk.
H.. 69 ^= Ò, K< `|_Ok. \\ < =i Kh ~`# |\ =~ HO#O_
~`^ O D ^` O|OÔ Hey=<fl Jk JO` |OQ ==OÒQ L#fl@ HxOK^ . H =O
=e # (Han) =O # z=~ (H.=. 23220) =`" ^= Ò XH fiÒ` =ÒQ K<
QiO OkOk. | Kh O^, ", =[O "^# q D HO< qz#flO
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
KO^@O ~O"Ok. qq^ ^` ^=Ò Kh =[O Jxfl=~ "ix PH@Ok.

K< ^ P x~}O ~O= =\"QH ^= Ò fiHiOK "i OY Q}hOQ iyOk.
^ =Ò# QiOz èHQ J~O K H_xH H.. "^\ `xH =O^ ## ``fixH KOk#
XH ~ " # H^# O "|_Ok. H.. =_= à z=i <\H ^ =` " =iHO` H$+
[iyOk. ^~ ~H (H.. 260313) J< ^ a = `# rqÒ "Ò ^ =` " # O $`
QO^# K< +H J#=kOK@O HO "zOK_. =~ r=_< =~H =Y ^ a =
=^ P #O_ K< xOz JH_ H.. 401 #O_ 412 =~ 11 O=`~@ Q_ _.
J`_ J<H ~f `#, W`~ ^ =` `# K< +H J#=kOK_. JO` =O^,
Hx+x HO K =Ok ~f <, =` K~ K< "~. ^xH |^Q J<H
=Ok K< O_` |^x J= H~}
xqÒ ~`^ xH =K~. H.. 399 KO^Q
qH=k`x P #O# OîOz# < =i 14 O=`~ ~`^ O Q_ # <
ÒQ g Q~O _ LO\~. #O^ =O\ J<H qfiq^ _ K< O_` #, q^~ #,
i^ # PHiOz#q.
~`^ O Q J@=O\ O|O^ ~ =#OQ, ~f OwÒ, YQ GO, Q}` O ,
=i "^ K< | K~O O^~. ~f K< #O_ @ Lùx <~ H<fl~ .
~`^ O @# z<fl \ (Chinna patta) J<"~.
"~ ^fi~ ~`@ " _ K~"|_, ~O_ O $` =^ ~~
"xH îfOk. ~f t H H =O K< =i =^ P =$k KOk# H
~= @OQ Hx O k. K< ^ =Ò K~OH ~H ~fiO, K< t, sfi
P~^< O^#fl#iOz, ^ ^ Y## U~@ (# "\H ) x=Qfl" LO_"~. Hx
^ =Ò K< "tOK@O` K< t H =~ =K~. `~fi` K< t QO^~
OÒ ##fl |^ qQ # e# |^ qQ # =K@O ~OaOK~. K< t K# XH
XH =~ Uq@O>, |^x =Y H=oH# OH ~ O (Abstract form) K@O.
Kh ~`Ô #O_ ^ z`~=# w q^#O (Painting) <~<fl~. J[O`
z`H H =O K< HxOk. Kh LK~} GO (Phonetics) _ O $Ò
=O K LOk. K< ``fi xfl Q_ ^ =Ò ZO` qÒ KO k.
t=# =^ P =i Px< #O_ `~# K< =i \\ =~ ~f
=O# =#O QiOK=K. "~ =i =` K~ O $f ~~Q = K~.
"i =O <\ H Hx O k. D q+ O ^ =Ò ZO` =Y ` +OKQ, ^ ^`=,
H@_ , =i qQ Jxfl O` Hx~. \\ <\ H ^= Ò K~O LOk.
J~` H.. 7= `|O WO =` Pq~=O` =^ P =i Px < ^= Ò
JOìOzOk.
5
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
23.a ~ fl
1. D HO^ Hxfl "M< W=fi|_#q. g\x g~ QiOKQ ~ " K_O_ :
Z) ~u èz# Ju Z`~ # |^ qQ O L#fl Px < x XH ^ O
a) D Q GA_ O K @O w_
) D ~f qfiqÔ J<H =Ok K< q^~ <fl~
_) Jk ~f 'z<fl\ Jx K XH ^~O
2. D HOk fl =^#= "=?
Z) Kh #O_ ~f <~ H#fl =Y"# "~ O|O^ H Uk?
a) XH ~ f ` H O ^ = K < H O ^ = =O K O k. ^x
~q\?
) ^ =` QO^# K< +H J#=kOz# W^~ O_` ~ "=?
2 3 . 6 PQfl
'
PQfl J< Ô <_ qq^ ^# HHx L#fl XH q OÒ. UkU"< ~`
O $u` +" # O|OÔ Hey# XH UHH$ ` JOO D^ Jxfl O $` Wq_ L#flk.
=#O "^@Q PQfl UU ^#fl" ÒÔ. Jq =<=~, Ô_,
WO_K< (q`flO, HOz, OQ |~ "^# q), =
=i WO_<+
(*",
=`, ifl ).
D ^ ~`^ O |OÔ , H HO è ` ~f D ^ =
(Colonies) U~@KH#fl HO <\k. ~f "~, =` K~, f
|OQ M`=# ^\ D O`x fi^j` He~. J@=O\ ~~ H~H
(interaction) ~f <QiH`, O $u `~ O` "H, K =Ok O_` `~K K
'q $` ~` (Greater Indian or Farther India) # îfOk.
D O` t H , z` H , <@H H (Theater art) D<\H ~=_, `, #=O`_
u`" # #=<x Ò> P~O HQH= #^. ~`^ O < U<_ =~z~# ~f
PK#, ^` , O^ W=_H#fl XH q"# O^ O $u <\ H e (Bali)
Òk.
D O`# ~f =Q ~#fl \H P^ xH =, g\H ZO` `_ LO^x
=#O Q OKe. P `_ =Y H~}O ~`^ O `# Z ^\ U~@K# = ^ K
fi` ukH# [~Oz#q H=. D = H XH Ou` =~O ^fi~ [iyOk. D =
~`^ #flO_ =*=#, =Ò#, O $ux Q OK~. D = =`$ qH Z@=O\
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
[<xfl K i @^ . =`$ q HO Z@=O\ = O^ Qx, =#~Qx ^_

[~Q^.
p# ~f =<=~ (|~)x Hxfl Q# '=~ q J< "~. D OÒ
|OQ~O, iO^ Q qQ ~QOzOk. |~HK = (Broach) "~} (Benaras) Q~
) '=~
(Bhagalpur) KOk# "~ |~` "}[O K~. *", =`n= (WO_<+
nfiO Jx =|_q. 'qoO^ # (Milindapanha) =i 'i P k Ziu< (Periplus of
the Erythrean Sea) =O\ p# Ò D ^`Q "}[ O|O^# L^ iOKK#flk. D
QO^ H~O `=e (OQ) ~ (Xi) =b@flO (=^) =O\ ^ PQfl
JO`~Q #O_ "~ #^ ^fi~ Qx ~ ^~ ^fi~Qx D ~ = @}
K~ "~. K
=Ok Ki`H~ JaO H~O ~`^ xH D O`` ~[H =i O $uH O|O^
U~_\xH "~ H~H =Y H~}=~.
=`=< =^ =O ^fi~ ~f O $u " J`kHOQ [iyOk. =HQ` < QH
=` K~ = `= =` K~O HO |^~O }OK"~. K< , [< =i
=^ P ^ ~f O $f "H ^ =Ò XH ^ # ^# OQ LO_^x g *H O
LO@Ok. S` |~ ` qQ` PQfl ~f O $f, "H } =Ò ^# OQ
LO_k. p# HxH KOk# ~= J= Z= QO q+= ^ t=eOQ u= <_,
K O` [ =\_ + O $Ò. <\ +# = (Malay) =i *=h
(Javanese) J<H O $` =i ^q_ ^ Hx~. ^ =O\ Hxfl + ~f
#=<` U~_# e "|_K#flq.
23.7 *", =`, e =i ifl

~f *", =`, e, ifl e = O K~. ~f O $u `
K JH_ =# a~. H.. 56 =O^ *" XH ~f O LO_k. H.. 5=
=`|O D OÒ ~ \Oz# < (Fa-hien) JH_ } =Ò K~O L#fl@
H#Q<fl_ . JH_ [ t= =i q+= # P~kOK"~. H.. 5= `|O *" O ^
~A O# =k+O K~. "~ ^ =`= J=OaOK~. "i HO ^ =Ò qHO zOk.
*"x ~f O $f qHxH Ju ^ H O 8= `|O xiOz# ~|^~
=Ok~O. D ^"O O KO H Ju ^ ^ POQ k H HOk. WH_ " #=<
|^x ``fixH fHQ ##flk. D H@_ = # S^ JOK#flq. XHH\, x~}O (nirvana) O^\xH
XHH "@Q xez LOk. HOk JOK tH` J^Ò Q JOHiOK|_ #flq. D PO
436 |^ qQ KH |_ L#flq.
~f =O =` = _ Hx Ok. H.. 8= `|O =` =
7
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
= O K~. P = `~fi` HO 'N q[ ~[OQ ~k^H #flq. Uk U"< H..

10= `|O =~ Jk ~f O $uH H OÔQ eO k. PQfl O` `q~[=
=YOQ K HO Ò|O^#fl@ < KCK#flq. t= =` `q =~H
H O^ <H@O [iyOk. ~`^ O K OÒ ##fl ^" WO_<+

^# ^~ eK"~. 11= `|O K "^\ ~[~A, P# =~_ ~*O^ K_ PQfl
^H <H^ Ô_ `# #_~. JO^=< PQfl " t H K O $uH
O|OkOz# J<H H}
Hx~.
~f O $u e, ifl =O\ z#fl z#fl nfi ` O "OzOk. P OÒ <_
WO =Y =`" # \H, JH_ O^ =i #$` s` ~f O $ux uaOa~.
WO_<+
+ J~# ' WO_<+
(Bhasa Indonesia) J<H O $` ^ Hx~.
H.. "^\ ` ~f O $u WO_<+
"t OzOk. *" ~|^~
PO ^ =` "H `~}OQ xez# XH =Y H@_O. D OÒ ~f O $f
q~ }
~`^ ^H}
k ~* =Y ` +OK~.
~ fl:
1. ~ # =^#=# ZOH K =?
Jx eK"~?
Z) PQfl x ~f =# J<H= Ok O_`
(WO_ K< , q $` ~Ò , Q@~ WO_ )
# '=~ q J<"~. (|~, [<)
a. p# ~f
PO (^, "+ = ).
. ~|^~ XH
~` ~*` ` O|O^ Hey LO_k (L`~ ,
_. PQfl OÒ
^H}).
2. PQfl <H|_# ~f = P^ xH = U qÔ Q "~ Q LO_q?
3. ~`^ O , PQfl ^ =^ Q "~ O|O^# |A= K P^~= Uq?
4. `q ~[= WO_<
=^ O|O^#fl@ è* XH P^~=# K=.
23.8 WO_ K<

WO_<+
=kiQ< ~f O $u Ou ` =~ ^fi~< WO_ K< QO
"t OzOk. D QO 'KO =i HO[ J< ~ O_ H= O`" # ~* "e~.
O^ ~*xfl 'KO J<"~. D ~[O <\ ^H}
q`flO OÒ KO~[ ~[^x
'KO #Qi (Champa nagari) D OÒ H.. 2= `|O O^ ~[O O K|_#@ Ò k.
K" (KO [) =i Kh =^ x~O`~ O|O^ Q`#fl@ Kh ~`# |\
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
èK#flk. Kh ~` ^fi~ D ~[O ~ 'KO Jx =# èK#flk. H.. 10= à

OÒ 'K K H= O`" # ~[OQ qeO ^x Òk. 'KO ~[ ~A# ~" fi~ ^~
=i [O=~ ~[ q~ }
#<fl~ . J~` `~fi` HO KO ~[O HO[ ~[O
Ku F_~Ok.
=~H =Y ~["# HO[ H << (Funan) `=#fl HOz (HO_)
OÒ LO_k. D ~*xfl HO_#_< }_ O K_. J`_ xH ~=ix q"=_
JH_ ~f O $f O^#, H}
# iK O K_. << (Funan) ~A "~ Q
eOz# M= ~ (Khymer) _ "i @H W^ LÔ`xfl K"~. HO[ ~A ~[
q~}# K\ 'O Ju ^ QO (Ô_), " (Laos) =i = (Malay)
Q# `= Pn#OH `K <fl~ . "^\ [=~ (H.. 80250) =O\ U|_
HO[ iO^ ` ``yOk.
M= ~ ~f O $ux Òzi. O $` ^ #=# HO[ XH
=Y H O^" O k. è < W@ O $Ò# J@ xH e# "|_#q. JO^ K
e ~f e #O_ Q OK|_#q. M= ~ O^ =`=# J=OaOzi. "~
t=x =i q+= # P~kOK~. "~ ~=} "# J<H ^" x~}O K~. "@xflO\x
k KOk#k H. 12= `|O ~=~K xiOK|_# JOQ~"\ (Angkorvat) ^"O. D
^"O q+= iH JiOK|_Ok. P ^"O 900 g@~ q~ O "Oz, "_ (Terraces)`,
Q~` (Towers)` `(Spirals)` xO_ LOk. ^x Q_ ~=} =i =~`
Q^ zfHiOK|_ L#flq. D =^ HO =~ D J^` PO J_= zHx LOk. D
P Pq+~} =# ~` K< =^ O $uH O|O^ =iO` \ + = ~. ` O
~` =i P ^ J#= A# ~= x} =i G"` |$O^ D P#
#~î Oz i~HO K (Preserve) `flO L<fl~ .
23.9 |~ =i Ô_
~`^ xH Ju ^Q~ x |~ (=#=~) =i Ô_ ~f O $u "OzOk.
xH |~ OÔ H~O, HoOQ [ |OQ MÒ QO_ xOz S~=u (Irrawathy) #n
_ x" U~~K <fl~ . D O`xH KOk# J<H ^ O $` <=# \g(Ptolemy)
LîOK#. JO> D = H.. è ` U~@K |_ LO\~. |~x ~=
J=, JH_ ~f "H , + =YOQ O $Ò =i m =O\ K~O L#fl@
è* K#flq. WH_ L^ iOK=# q+ "=O> PQfl "Ò =H~ }
}
=Ò "HOQ LO_Q |~ =H~} =Ò ^= Ò LQ_O k. |~ <\ H ^
=Ò | *^~}
Ok# =Ò.
9
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
Ô_ H O $uH "~` fi O ~f "xfl uaOaO k. H.. 14, 15 `

=~ ^ ^~# OQ O " #=<# ` OKH<"~. "\ P^~OQ
"i JkHiH " tH Ja=$k K QeQ "~. ^ " x} |^ Q u~#
xiOK"~. ^ HH~ =ez# ^ t |^x t~ ~f, xH H O^=
O~ q=OQ Hx O k.
D ~O "~ PQfl " t H O^ ~f =O# Qi
`<fl~ . J~#\H Jq #\H #~ ~f H~ #H Jx K =. "\
PQfl ` H H}
` H Hx~. Jq ~f =i xH H O^= "qO
~. JO^H O_` "\x ~f` <# (Indianised) H~ J<fl~ Hx ~f
(Indian) H ~ J#^ .
KO =i HO[ J<k WO_ K< L^q Oz# O^ ~[=. HO[
JOQ~ "\ q+= i ^" x~`. |~ O $u ^ =` =O +O Q LOk. ~`^ O
=ki PQfl _ XH ` H" # q= O $u Ja=$k KOkOk.
~ fl
1. D HOk "\x [`~ K= :
1.<<
Z) ^H}
q`flO
2.
JOQ~"\ a) Ô_
3.
KO ) HO[
4.
O _) q+= i.
2)
WO_ K< QiOz# =K~=# `H#@ =Y P^~ Uq?
3)
PQfl x U OÒ ~f O $f "H ^ =Ò ^# "O k?
4)
PQfl " tH ` H H}"q?
~O O
p#QO ~f O $u t= =i PQfl O` "OzOk. D
O $uH " =Ò =i "}[= ^ # ^# = ^ a=. ^ =` " H~
=^ P Hi# "# =OK ~fi ` QO_ xOK~. ^ =~, =i J<H ^
QO^ D OÒ H#Q#|_#q. "}[ =~= "O@ J<H q~ O K|_#q. =^
P L^q Oz# \< =i z =O\ ~* ~f Ow`=#, H # ÒK#.
P ~* ~A ~f <=# î OK~. Px < ` O ^ "xH <O k. Ju Z`~ #
|^ qQO |q< (Bamiyan) H#Q<fl~. ^ a= x"=#fl J<H Q _
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
10
Pq+iOK|_#q. K< =i \\ _ ^ =Ò qi OzOk. '^~ ~H =i =~ r=x

=O\ =Y O_` , J<H ^ QO^ K< +H J#=kOK~. K< ~f OwÒ
=i tH K~O O^~. |^Q ~`^ O K< #O_ @# Lù K H# <~ Ok.
PQfl (|~`) q+O } =Ò ~f O $u "H ^^_Ok.
|OQ~O =i QO^ ^" J<fi+} K ~f "~ WO_<+
"~ H O^
<H~. WO_<+
# eOz# è ~A } =`=# J=OaOK~. O ^ ~A
# ^ =Ò =Y =`" O k. O KOH ^ ^# ~|^~ ^ PO WO_<+

LOk. q^ ~f O $uH Ju =Y"# r= H O JOQ~ "\ (Angkorvat) J<
q+= i PO. ~f O $u ^ =i |s O^# ` O qÒ K~.
JO
1. @O D HOk ^ # QiOK=?
Z) Px <
a) \<
) |q<
_) \\
W) @< =<OQ
Z) *"
l) HOz
K) Ô_
S) |~
*) =`.
2. =^ P ~f O $u ==# Qi "=?
3. p# HO ~` K< =^ O $uH O|O^ XH "= "=?
4) WO_<+
~f O $u q~ }
# =iOK=.
5) WO_<+
~f O $u " =Ò `# q=iOK=.
6) PQfl O $u ~f O $u J< H<fl '~f` #~Ok (Indianised) Jx
Z@KQ=?
7) D HOk "x "Y "=.
Z) =~ r=
a) ~|^~
) JOQ~"\.
J^# =K~O
D ~O g~ PQfl O $u "~` fi O^ Ju =Y"# ~|^~ =i
JOQ~"\ P QiOz K^ =<fl~ . ` O D ~ O_ P# H$ u =i =#=
#O_ U~_ =C #O_ i~HO K= LOk. J@=O\ H@_ = O KO J<HO L<fl~. <
World Heritage List K iOzOk. ^x##iOz P P# i~HO
K=K#.
11
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=K~O HO g ~`^ O x Hxfl "~`fi O^# D \ H W=fi_O [iyOk.

Ô ~
H@_ O ~
~`Ô
1) J[O` Q
2) Z~ Q
3) PQ H@
4) `*=
5) ~^"O, H}~
6) =|e~O ^" =Ô
7) O ^" =Ô
8) ` ~ Hx H@_ =Ô
9) Hl~OQ <+# ~
10) =# " O=s
11) H _ <+# ~.
~ fl ["| :
23.Z
2) S
3) U
4) M
5) S
1) S
2. ~O _, M\<, H+~ , z, Y~, @< "OQ (U^< ~ O_)
23 a
1.
2)
Z) |q<
a) \g
) #O^
_) @.
Z) @ ` s H
a) QO^s t H OÔ
) ^~ ~H, =~ r=
23
Z) q $` ~` (Q@~ WO_ )
a) |~
) ^
_) ^H}
k ~[=.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
12
2) ~`# ~f = Ou` =~= ^fi~ <H|_#q. Jk xH ~[= Ja=$k,

qH= Z@=O\ P@OH=# HQ*
^ . D O`= #O_ =`$ ^ Z@=O\ [
=#~ ^ iO^ ^_Q x [~Q ^ .
3)
qoO^# , i P k Ziu<
4)
1. =` `q "~ H O^ <H |_#q.
2) WO_<+
K ~[ O`x ^"# ^# ^~ K~.
23 _
1. ,
2. _,
3. Z,
3. a
2) K< P^~
3) |~
4. Jk fi^j =i ~f ~ q= O $u ~O. Jk XH Jkfif"# ` H O $u.
13
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
24
p# ~`^ O
=lH PiH i}=
24.1 iK O
~`^ p# Ki` QiOz, g~ WO` =O^ qQ `<fl~ . =# ~`#
O^ =i ^` # QiOz# J=Q# =#HO` J=~O . ZO^HO> "\x J~O K O>
=#O ` xfl J~O K HQO. D ~A =#O KK D =[O, PiH == =i O $u J<q
=# Ki` K`< XH ~xfl O^~. =# =lH H@@, =` #=H, " tH,
OwÒ, z`Y #O "^# q Jhfl =# "~` fi O^ Q. ZO^HO> Jq J<k #O_ XH `~O
#O_ =~H`~ xH J OHq< L<fl~. =# "~`fi O^# O~HO KH=_O J`=HO
ZO^HO> =#O P qÔ Q K Qey` =# "~` fi O^ <^ ^$_O Q# =i |OQ#
LO\~.
~ ~, =#O =[O, PiH == `@ O $uH "~` fi O^ O|OkOz#
Hxfl q+ # f<flO. JO^ "^\ QO P~ =i J<~ =^ O $f O~xfl
QiOz Ò\O. qye# qQ, p# HO =z# =lH PiH =~# QiOz
Ò\O. P `~fi` ~O O $uH "~` fi O^# QiOz `Òk.
24.2 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk JO# g~ <~ O\~ :

P~ J<~ O $` =^ OQ=O(Synthesis) # KOk# J<H |A= L^~}#
KQ~.
p# HO == ~` PiH == Ja=$kx QiOz KiOKQ ~.
^# O^ = @Hz# fi==~ QiOz q=iOKQ ~.
p# ^ =~ == =z# i}=# KiOKQ~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
14
24.3 P~ P~`~ OQ=O

( Aryan and Non-Aryan Synthesis) :
H.. 1500 OÒ P~ "=k# H#=QO_ ~`^ O "t OK~. S`
"i [#q QiOz ZO` q"Ô L#fl\H "~ q\ ^H} OÒ #O_ ~`^xH
=K~<k JO^~ P"kOK q+ O. ~Q fi^ HO P~ x" O^ O`xH =`"
iq`" # @ g Q~O _ LO@Ok. P HO P~ ^ # =$u = OHO HQ, "~ OK~
r=#O Q_ "~. = OHO ==xH îfQ, P~ `= x"xH J#"# =~
HO J<fi+OK_O ~OaOK~. ==î` PiH == J#=Q ^ # "^K P~
=e"^ HO `~Q ` c~ OÒx '"^ (Videha) =~ xOK~.
"i #O P~ L`~ ~`^ O x x# HO^~ P~`~ ` iK O OK<fl~ .
"k H QO^ D fi^j P~`~ # } (Panis) =i ^ (Dasas)Q ~#K#flq. }
P~ O^# HQ\ "ix W|O^ K"~. P~`~ P~ i a#fl"#
^=`# P~kOK"~. P~`~ =Q#, #Q# LO_"~. KH x s~ =~O Hey# è"#
P~ `~K Q gix KH#Q K"~. "~ =\_ + Qx "i r=# q^#OQx i a#flOQ,
` HOQ LO_k. P qÔ Q è ~A P~ J<~ =^ OQ` O K ` =Q LO_k.
J~` HO Q_K Hn, P~ J<~ *` O $` "~# \H "i =^ O|O^
~Q Q~. JO> P~ J<~ q= H}
~[H , PiH, =lH =i =` ~OQ
ZO`=~ L#fl^< q+ O =#O KiOK=K. =#O yi[# Q} ^ (tribal wars) P~
`~ # Ô K# '^ (Dasa) J< ^ # QiOz qO\O. P~` K# J<H ^
F_~# ^ `Q" ~ P~ =Q =~~. '^ J< ^xH `~fi` HO x J<
J~O K |_Ok. P~`~ =\_ +x J<H ^ "k H O $Ò "t OK~.
P~`~ =#fl J<H H` =# P^~ fi} "Ô q=iOKK#flk. =eHOQ H$ u P~^ #
P~ fi^j P~^< O^ W=_H#Q~. ~~^# H <Q~^# (Snake worship),
~q=$H~^# (Pipal worship) H ^ J=è P~^# =O\q =Y"# L^~}. J"@#,
O^# fiHiOK@O H =O XH " #O_ [~Q ^ . Hxfl P~`~ `Q "~ _ "k H H#
OH#O K~. "^\ P~ P~`~ `Q ` q" O|O^# W+ _ H ~#\H HOQ_K
Hn Hxfl q" O|O^ U~_# e ÒQ q= *u Où [xOK~. D i}=O =lH
== =i L qsÒQ ~Q_ xH ^Ô KO k. P qÔ Q P~ P~`~
O $f OQ =O "k H =[O# , =eH" # <Q =~= `_Q \# J<H #`#
=i L _O k. P qÔ Q P~ O $u "^\ #O_ Yz`" # P~ O $uQ
H =_O= ^xH ~ # Ô '"k H O $u Jx K~OH =zOk.
15
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
P~ J<~ q=O PiH ~OQO _ K@ KOk. P~ PiH == =^~O

==O HQ, "@, ` i=, =O\ J<H =$` P~`~ =O = U~_#q. D =$` #
J#iOz P~`~ H=H=OQ P~ PiH == #O OkOK<fl~ .
P qÔ Q "^ # O`xflO\ K~H # P~P~`~ OQO Hx Ok. P~ P~`~
=^ D H~H H =O p# HxH iqÒ H^. D WzKH< ^~} ~f Ki` ` H
H}
OQ LO_k. ~`^ O #`# ==# fiHiOz `# W=_H\xH U<_ O~OK^ .
~jH =i w Ô_ `# `~fi` HO [iy# , i # =i } ^_#
Q~ `K HO_. D q^j `Q z=~ U= Ò> P~O HQÒk. g~=~ =^
P x "i =`$ qH uiy " ^ iH^, ^xH |^Q "~ ~`^ xfl `= =`$ qQ
K Hx WH_ ~ _ ~ . WH_ "~ J<H ~` O^#, PK~# J=~H=_" QH "i
fi^j O $ux Ja=$k K H#_xH ZO` H$+ K~. "~ J#uHO WH_ H , =`=#
=OkOK~. ^ =Òx Hxfl =Y i}==, QO^~ =i =^ ~ O` Ja=$k
KOk# ", t Hs` "i H$+=# Ja=$k KOk#". O $` <@HO =i ^ Hq`fiO gi
P<< qHO K~.
q==# ^$+ #OKHx =# O $ux U XH JO" < J@ i P~ O $uH
O|OkOz#^? H P~`~ O $uH O|OkOz#^ Jx K QQ_O O^ Ô. J^qÔ Q XH
~f_ ^q__ H=K, P~_ H=K, P~_ H=K ^ =OQ~_ J~< H=K.
J`x A@ `Q LO_=K ^ #Q LO_=K, =O uiy LO_=K ^ Q LO_=K, J`x
s~ K K `Q LO_=K, K=# K LO_=K ^ #Q LO_=K. J`_ Z L<fl
~ J`_ ~f_< fiK" # =^ Ok L<fl_.
J<H O $` H~H e Ò= U~_#^ ~f O $u. ~f "~`fi O^
Wz KH< ^~} Ja=$k KOkOk.
~ fl 24.Z
1. ~`^ O "^\ Q ~ x"" ~~K #fl"iH "k H QO^ Wz# ~ q?
2. ~`^ O < `= [# qQ K H#fl =^ P [ XH L^~} W=fiO_.
3. q^j H}
==#fl QO^ XH L^~}# "O_.
24.4. : ==î` PiH ==

=#O W_ p# ~` Ki` PiH q^# H}
# Qi ÒÔ.
=# PiH == ZC _ ==" "<fl =H =O\k. =# [< 70 ÒQ [
===< P^~OQ K Hx rqOKK<fl~ . p# HO ` O , =# PiH == =eHOQ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
16
==O< P^~_ O k. He|OQ< ^xfl# #, "O*^~ ^<Q~=#, ~

^#O =i_H U~@K |_# H = (Working floors) =#O XHi Q~ K OÔ.
H.. 1500 HO O ^ OÒ ~ _ # ~Q fi^ [ = H~ Q OK~
r=#O Q_ "~. "i =Y =$u = OHO HQ, P="i =Y [O`=. Q O^ JkHO Q
L#fl"~ ^# =O`Q iQ}O |_"~. H.. 1000 OÒ =e"^H O# KOk# ~=O`" #
QOQxH Q KKHx "o == x=@ L Q_ W# Yx[O JO^@H
`K HQeQ~. H" "~ ==xH J"@_ ~ x"~ ~KH=_O P~OaOK~. Z^K
Q|_` <QeH~` (Plough share) ==O K"~x D HO<\ ` QO^
L^~}#OkOKK#flq.
H.. 6= `|O ^ *# =`= Pq~==# Q PiH H~}= ==xH
^#` ~Q@
O XH\ . D L^= 'Q~H x<^qz, "k H H~HO_ #O_ O^# H_
H~=# K\ # q. ZO^HO> J~H ^xfl ==O K O> O^ J=~O . |^_ =#
^` (givers)Q =i Jq =# `, Ò_, J#fl^= ^ ~H O|On = =# =Y
|O^ =, fl `x, "\ =< =# "H iy O@ O_`x qOK_. JO` =O^
*# =Ò _ JO` Hi# "# +, [O` |# u~ iOzOk. ==O ^fi~ =K qQ,
` HO Q == =$u x "iH _ P^~O xKK#flO^=, == qHO H , Ku=$`
=O\ "\ L#fluH ^^_ O k.
=~ HO ~[O ==O `H ^ #OzOk. ~[ (HO^) Ò Qg}
PiH == =iO` |O OAOk. J`kH [<" O` #O_ qQ [<# `~e OK_O
^fi~ #`# == P" (agranian settlements) <H|_#q. D HO q K
QO ~[O Pn#O LO_k. ^xx '` q (Sita land) JxeK"~. ~*xH KOk# ==
=# '`^H (Superintendent) H~O ~"HOKk. =~ KH=~ D =
xK _xH "`# b# xqOK~. ~[O, ==xH P@OHO HQ O_ =Ozh\ ~^
^ # HeOzOk. J~ GO (H\xK ~|_Ok) H~O qx J@g q, Z_i q,
c_ q, == q, Q_ q J< q^Q =sHi OK|_@O "Ô k. nO`@ '`
q ^ KH=i O` q _ LO_k. J~` nxH L^~} | fiO. q JkH
QO ~[O `H xO`} LO_@O = ~*xH ^# P^ =~O ==". ~[O,
== L`` # Qh\ H~# #fl qkOzOk. J=~" # _ ==^~ ~ O_=
O@ O_OK=x ~*[ ` O *s K |_k.
H.. 200 =i H.. 300 =^ HO =# ~[ ( `fi) = (State farms)
^ b =# HxOK^. JO> = ~[O H Jn#O #O_ =HQ` O`^~
KuH ~=_O ~O"Ok. ~[= jOQ = fin#O HQ~. qoO^#
17
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
(Milindapanho) H~O, Z=~< J_qx #iH, qx K^# K == QO K, JO^

==O K "ix ^x 'O`^~ J#_O [~QÒk. =# ^~ GO H~O, 'Z=~` J_=#
#iH K^ # K~ "iH P q KO^Ò^x, Z=~` lOH# "^\ Q~ ~ "iH P lOH
KO^Ò^x |+ H\ O K~. ==a=$kx Òz == qx OKO^ W@=O\
` ~|_#q. DQ `"# ~A ~` ^#= WK PK~O ~OaOK~.
D ^#= =` O|O^ ^ ` <~" ~ H#_xH Jx JxOz#\H, JO`s# OQ qx
QxH `=#<_ =O WO^ ^y LO_=K. =[O# PiH == # = ^<eK
PK~O `# ==# KOk. J^ fi=< #`# =lH =~ Pq~"xH îfOk. D
#`# =~O QiOz, P =~O Pq~"xH îf# H~} QiOz ~ qQO q=~OQ
ÒÔ.
qH =HQ ` O`^~ ~QK#fl \H, ~[O q `# # H_HO@<
LOk. P HO q^j Ô_ ` =# Q O@_# ===# Q_ >O ^, ==xfl
O~HO K H QO ~[O Hxfl x|O^# # _ J= K# @ Ò k. D HO JO>
H.. 200 H.. 300 =^ HO, ==O` @Q Ku=$` , "~O =O\ W`~ =$`
Q}hOQ =$k KO^~. ~`^ xH ZO` ^HOQ LO_, ~` ~=< =[O =^
[iy# "}[O QiOz Q~ K H"e. S` PiH q+ J@=O\ # u Z= HO
H#Q^ . H.. 4= `|O `~fi` WO_~=< "}[O JO` ^ HOQ ^ . ~f PiH
== =[O _ f="# =<^ ~Ok. ~ ~ O_ qQ p# ~`^ O x
=[O#, ==î` PiH == # =z# =~# QiOz K^ =O\O.
p# HO ==O, ~` PiH == H Ju =Y"# JOOQ LO_k.
fl
1. qQO g~ W# J~H (Ploughshare) ==O = P^~_ LO^x Kk"~.
nxH H~}"q?
2. '` J<k U ~H q?
3. H.. 200 H.. 300 =^ HO <\ PiH == =Y H}
O Uk?
24.5 fi= =~O Pq~=O :

H.. 200 =i H.. 300 =^ fi= =~= < #`# =lH =~O Pq~=O QiOz
=#O WO` =O^ K^ =<flO. D ^~} Q HO <\H =iO` "QO OAHOk. ^xH H~}O
~A ^<eK OÔ Q ~Q@". D OÔ Q =O^ J= LOk.
^H < `"# }, ^ a = ^#= WK~. "^\ D ^<
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
18
"#H =` PûH #` kOK< HiH LO_k. `~fi` HO HuH _ ^<

W=fi|_#q. Q KH=~ D O^=# H#yOK~. K O^~ "iz# ^#=
=K P^ =#~ ~[O HO` xO`} Hey LO_k. ^# Q ` ~[O "i =
~H} xz#O^Q# #fl H=OQ H@= LO_k. D OÔ = Hey# =Y e `" =O>,
H =O " ^ = r=#O yOz# L#fl` =~# } =i H u #`#OQ
fi=< #`# `# +OK~.
WO_~=< "}[O H}OK@O i` =~ ~Q~. =# ~`# Ò
=YOQ ~} H.. 4= `|O "^Q Q Hxfl 'HeQO ^ 'HeHOQ K_O
[iyOk. D HO PiH =i =lH == HO` ^|u#flk. =O^ K #@Q ^xH XH
H~}O ^ H" # WO_ ~=< "}[O H}O K_O , HeHO " =i ^ #fl
KeO K\xH x~HiOK~x _ ~} KC K#flq. `` eÒQ Y*< @ U~_Ok. J@=O\
i` #fl = K L^Q, ~` O} K @O ~*xH H+` ~" O k. H|\
^<eK OÔ ~fi ^~}"O k. "^@ ^< K =~ PûH PkH ` (}O)
kOK@ W=fi|_Q H.. 4= à J#O`~ HO JkH~ ~[O r` i ^# ~O
W=fiH nxH |^Q ^< Wz#@ Ò k. ^< W=fi@O`@ ^x =K Jxfl~H
PiH [< "~ O^@@Q _ J#=u x=fi@O [iyOk. [= _ (Yagnavalkya)
q PiH x~fi} D HO =_ ^ #fl@ ~<fl_ . Jq U=O>, =u (Mahipati)
(~A), H ` fiq (Kshetra Swami) q O`^~_ (Land owner) =i H~ _ (Karshaka)
(==^~_).
HO Q_K Hn, qx QK _xH, #fl =K _xH # Ok# fi=
=~O , "iHz# Q= i# =i x H (~H}
) ^ ` _ O^~.
^# Q ` K J~^Q O` ==O K "~. "i = `èH ~ ` K
QK |_q. K< f_ WuOQ ~`# |\ ^ q"~ , `@ O_OKO^
~ ` =i =` ^#=eK"~. } r` O^ L^Q q+ O _
J^ [iyOk. ^xH H~}O "iH=fi|_# = K ^~O "~ x"=O_@O. P qÔ Q
qx QK ~A <~ Q #fl H> fiÒ` ~ ` Q `y ~.
fiq ~ ` P^~_ LO_@O=, ~ ` q` > LO_@@ K = =zOk. P
qÔ Q H.. 6= `|O #O_ H^~ (Share Croppers) ~ ` q=^< LO_< ` HOQ
x|O^# qkOK_O [iyOk. D HO <\ QO^ _ ==^~ K#=# ÒK^ .
g~ WO` =O^ ~ #O_ "}[O H}
O K_O @}
H O^ "#H|_@O J< i` "~
=i "}["` K#O qÒ K#q Jx Q~K HO\~. "~ "i = =yx ^Q~ x
Q= ^ @}
J=< POH qkOK|_Ok. W@ =~ , J@ ==^~ K#O
19
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
iQ O aOK_O PiH == O=$` PiH == (Closed economy)Q =iOk. Jk WOH Qg}

PiH == ^#`# OK_O `@, fi= ([gO^~) xO`} Q=O XH fiO
=$kQ PiH i< qQOQ Ja=$k KO^_xH îfOk.
^# Q ` ` H Q~ , ^# è zfl H \~OK|_#q. ~=~# J#O`~
HxH KOk# =^ Q QO^ fi=# Q|~ g Q"~ (fly-whisks) Pfi~_ Q
K `` Q Ja=iOK~. "iH '~~ Jx <H Jx x H =i i< ^# `
a~^ _ W=fi|_#q. ==î` PiH == D =~ =, XH" ~[O JkH~O H}
O KQ
=~" fi= PiH =~ O, < \ = Q iQ~.
i< O|O^"# =i PiH =# f~@O`@, } ^<eK
PK~== "#H|_# O` } O $u " H =K J=HO HeyOk. J<k #O_ J^
O` J<H =Ok ~ ` @O "~ } O $ux J=~Hx ^=~O He~.
^ ==O` J#|OÔ U~_@O "Ò g^ ~ ` =~O #O H}
O zOk. "~, ~H~ H
#fl = K fi= ^ ^H}
= P^~_ = =Kk.
^#=eK OÔ `"# HO ~O" O k. HeHO (QO) OHO `
D OÔ ~fi ^~}"O k. D OÔ =lH PiH == ZO` =O KOk.
~ fl 24.
1. HeQ OHO QiOz è QO^q?
2. D HO^ W=fi|_# "H=# Kkq Wz# fl ["| "=.
3. "^HO | ~[=~ } ^#=eK JkH~O Hey LO_"~.
J~` W_ P JkH~xfl _ (ruler) H|oOz ^< ^fi~ P =~O x =Y #
PH@ <fl~ . P qÔ Q aOk# "~ _ Ou ^` x~fi}kH~=# O^~.
Z) ^< x U = fi#q?
a) x =i ~ ` =^ Q O|O^ D OÔ U qÔ Q =O KOk.
24.6 =~ == =~
~`^ O fi= PiH == P~OO QiOz =#O K^ = <flO. =lH PiH r=#O
XH ^x` XH\ Jq<= O|OÔ Hey L#flO^= XH JOO =~ ~ O_= JOO =~
îfOk. P qÔ Q H.. 3, 4 ` ==î` PiH == =z# i}=. [OQ<
=lH == Q_ =O KOk. ' fi= =~O J< #`# =lH =~O U~_O^x"~
`<fl~ . =#O =~ == =z# =~# QiOz ÒÔ.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
20
"^ HO <\ =[O }, H uO, " ^ J< <Q =~Q ql OK|_O^x

g Q~O _ LO@Ok. "k H "V= (texts) =_ L#fl` =~ ^ =^ XH Yz`" #
^ w|_#\H, =~ == x q[ # JO` YzÒQ J=H^ .
H.. 6= `|O W# x=@ "_HO =i ==O, = "^H <\ ^^
==[O (egalitarian) ==î` =i =~ ql ` =lH ==Q ~O`~O KOkOk.
==O #`# "= =# ==ù Q iy qQ _ U~_Ok. D qQ
Lù K =~ b, ~ ` =^ #O_ ~=~ =i ~` ~|\~ . HO^~
O_` JaO H~O, [ (prince) J=~= # JOwHiOz, J`xH #fl KeO z,
~` |=#=OkOKx #KK \xH =~ == U~_Ok. =~ == H~O =_
L#fl` =~ "~ O^HOQ <= =~O #O_ "~ K |_~ . "@" ^\ "~ "^^ <xH
J~ =i "~ ~ O_~ [xOz#"~ (kfiA). S` D == x =~O ` O q^
\~. s~H = #O_ q=_ # "_ q`_ (}`_ Pure)Q iQ}O |_<_. =Y"#
#fl KeO^~ =i Lù^~ J~#\H " #OQ< K_|_~. },
Hu ~\xH ^Q~HQ D ~O_ =~= =^ "~O, ", ^ #O_ =u~H`#
Z^~#=#_ `~K Q i~=q.
K ` HO D q^#O q[=OÒQ xKOk. H.. "^\ , ~ O_ `
=$kKO k# ~=< "~ H , Ku=$` Ja=$kH ^Ô KO k. D HO =$u O , }
=$k g Q~O _ LO@Ok. S` Q =i Q#O`~ HO "}[O ^|uOk. ~} H..
3 =i 4 ` HO# 'HeHOQ =iOK~. D QO^ H~O D HO XH =lH OH
HO =O\k. JO` =O^ } =i H u =~ =OkOz# " , ^ =~"~
Lù O|O^ H~H x~fiOK_xH, #fl H@_xH ^ "i = Hx JOkOK_xH
u~iOK~. =~ H@@ u~Q|_~. è ~} =~ OH~O# `HOQ Lî D
^~K~O# YO_OK~. nxx |\ L#fl`= ~ =i ^ =^ =~O`~ q" =i
OH [< JO` =O^#fl x+Ô HeHO PK~}
q "O k.
Q =i Q#O`~ HO [iy# =Y i}=O OY Q}hOQ ~Q@
O.
JO>, ^xx |\ J_ J= L#fl ql OK|_ J<H L \~. "\ OY
Q}hOQ iyOk. "#H|_# O` } ^< W=fi|_# q+ O g Q~O _
LO@Ok. nx = W@ } J@ ^# ~ (ranks) Q}hOQ iQ~. }
"i "k H *#O, QÒ ^ "i [# O (Q=O)# |\ ql O|_~ . yi[# *` q+ xH
^^ u *u XH "~ O J~Ok. ~[` =O\ Hxfl #`# =O"~ K~@
O` H u
=~O ` O ~ iQ~. H.. 5 =i 6= ` #O_ =#O OH, ~= ~ =i
`=~ =O\"i QiOz qO\O (Solankis, Paramaras and Tomaras).
21
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
Ku =$` Q i}=O KO^@O, OY qsÒQ ~Q\ xH =~H =Y

H~}O. Q#O`~ HO q^j "~O H}
O K@O` Ku=$` xO (Stagnent) =O ~O~ O
=i =iO` xH"#q. S` HOQ_K Hn "~ =i } H"
u~#q.
HeQO U~_# OHO Z^~<O^ ~[O ^< WK OÔ# K\ O ^x
g Q~O _ LO@Ok. D OÔ =~ == Hxfl =~ NH~O K\O k. =~ ==
fi= XH #`# #O HeOK|_Ok. `~K Q Hxfl ^ #O_ HO^~ =#,
JkH~=# OkOz< =lH L#fl` u O^H ~. "~ HOk @_" ^xH
H~}O. JO^=< H.. 6= à <\Hxfl QO^, #`#OQ [xOz# fi= =~= # QiOK
kQ [iy# =~# zOKK<fl~. P qÔ Q, =lH ~ H =O =~ == P^~_
=`" Z= HO x|_^ x Ò k.
DQ ^ _ J<H =~ =K~. Q#O`~ HO =# "`# b<"~
HxOKH Q, ==^~ L<fl~ . S` fiÒ` " ~ ` iu kQ*iOk. H|\ Q HO
#O_ " =i ^ ^Q~ HQ~.
P qÔ Q =^ QO <\H =~ == J<H =~ =K~. q H O^ xO`} H}O z
J<H =Ok fi= =^ =~ \~. H`Q Pq~qOz# ==^~ PiH ==, "~ H}
`,
=~ == =z# =~, p# QO #O_ =^ QxH ~O`~O KO^ ^ zfl.
HO Q_K Hn =i i` =z# J<H =~ = O^ K`~fi~ ==
qz#flO KOkOk. fi= =~ Pq~=O, "~H}
`, yi[# O` }=Ò qi OK_O
=O\ i}== =~ == =~ <O k. HeH =eH H}O =~ OH~O .
fl 24 _
1. '=~ OH~O JO> Uq\?
2. "~a=$k =~ ==# Z qÒ KO k?
~OO :
~f O $u Z<fl O $`# Wz KH< ^~} W=_Hx JÒ` i+O
KOkOk. W@=O\ H~H P~~H` è L^~} a O k. "^\ P~ P~`~ O $`
=^ OQ=O K ` =Q L#fl \H, HO Q_K Hn, W~ O $` KOk# [ ~ ~O
Z^\"i PK~# J=OaOK~.
=lH, PiH ~" # Z<fl =Hb# L^~} =# Hx~. nO`@Q `~fi`
HO W`~ O $` =# O $u Wq_=_O _ =#O Q=xOK=K. , },
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
22
=} "^# "~O^~ ~f =[OQ XH Q=~. ", t H D =O

=iO` @OQ Hx O k.
~f PiH == J<k #O_ ==î`" # ^. ed` =i ~= P^~=#
|\ ==a=$kH W# Q~# (Plugh share) "_#@ èK#flk. =g~x =i |^x
^# _ =# i~HO z ===# =$k K =x zOK~. =~ _ ==O#
ÒK~. ~[ ( `fi) == H Ò_q. q qq^ `~Q` Q =sHi OK|_Ok. H..
200 H.. 300 =^ HO t= ^` =~H O =$k KOkOk. `"# ~A }
=i ^ a = ^#=eK OÔ# ~OaOK~. S` `fiO Hxfl JkH~#
`# Ku LOKOk.
H.. 3= `| HO =lH == XH f= OHO U~_Ok. =~ == HOk `~Q`
"~ "iH H \~OK|_# ^ `# x~fiOK_xH u~ iOK~. # =i PiH =#
i+iOK\xH, , ~`, L^Q ^< W=fi_O ~OaOK~. D H
XH" fi= =~= < #`# H~=~= # $+OKQ, =~H" # "`# b, xH ==
^~ (^ =~O "~) i ~ ~ ` Q i}=O KO^~. `~fi` HOQ_K H k PiH, xH,
< =i =Y O|O^ =hfl ^<` =_@_O [iyOk. Ô` PiH, =lH ==
fi= =~O Pq~=O [iQ J=HO U~_Ok.
J
1.
2.
3.
4.
~` O $u ZO^ q= O $uQ =_Òk?

|Qfi^ =i =e"^ PiH == =^ Q `_ Uq?
p# ~`^ O ==î` PiH == Q ^ # ~#=?
fi= =~O JO> Z=~. U ~[O "^@Q ^< W=fi_O ~OaOzOk? ZO^?
fl ["| :
24 Z
Z) ^ =i }.
2. , }, i #
3. O $` qHO, H _# ~^^=#_ O $` +# +OK_.
23
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
24 a
1. O^<fl x |~"# W# Q~ (Ploughshare)# Q\xH = J=~O U~_Ok.
2 KH=i q
3. Ja=$k##fl WO_ ~=< "}[O Ku=$` ~Q_ xH ^Ô KO k.
24
1. ~}
2. Z) < ~" # =i PiH =
a) ^#=# Ok# a^~ ~A =i ~ ` =^ XH =^ =i=~O (^s ==) Q
L^q OK~. ~A <~ Q #flH> ~ ` OY Q `yO k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
24
25
=# O $uH "~` fi O
25.1 iK O
=O^ ~O g~ =# =[O =i PiH ~OQO =z# =~ Kk"~. =#
H~#O^ p# ~`^ O "|_# D z=i ~O qq^ , ~fi Ò =i H
Ja=$kH O|OkOz# Ki`# QiOz ÒÔ. D ~OQ [iy# Ja=$k (=~) KC H^Q"
QH qt+" # q. Q}` Ô` Yz`" # " QH
OQ x~OK|_~. =# p# tH
O^ H =O ~`^ O < HO_, W`~ ^ _ ^~ # =i =H ^~ #
O^ î O|_~. ` O =#O D ~O #O^ p# ~`^ O O $uH =## QiOz
K^=Ô.
25.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ D HOk JO# g~ <~ HO\~.
1. O^, ^ =i *# =` =^ L#fl ^Qi O|OÔ .
2. ~`^ O x H = =Ò H. 1= `|O "t OK_O .
3. Q}` , q*# ~OQ =# (p#) ~f =OÔ[ LO__xfl QiOK@O.
4. HH =i =` O|O^ ~K# #
5. p# ~`^ O qa#fl" # ``fi O^ =^ ^ O.
6. tH, " O =i z`H , p# HO [iy# Ja=$k.
25.3 O^*# ^ =` ~ ~ =O
~`^ O O^, *# =i ^ =` JÒ` =Y p# =`. O^=Ò U
XH Ki`H ~+x ^# =< H U XH `~xH O|OkOz#^ H^ Jx g è LO_=K.
x*xH Wk J<H ` #O_ H" } L^q OzOk JO`HH nx J<H qfi, P~^< ^`
25
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
Q OK|_~. =~H " # =g~_ =i Q`=|^_ H.6= `|O =~Q *# =i

^ =`# O K~. S` gi Z=~ H` =`# O K< Jc+O Hey~x , g =O^
~ #O_ #~} K Q~. g~ <\ =[O L#fl =`~ " # =i =lH i`
O~} K x H~<fl~ . PqÔ Q ~`^ Ki` U ^ _ D =_ =` J#Q
O^, *# =i ^ =`# q_n@O ~>. x*xH Wq XH ~ " # ~ ~ "xfl Hey
L<fl~. p# HOx ``fi O, ~fi Ò, H =i " q+ xfl +O K < fl~.
<\ H _, P =èfl J#iOK "~ K fiKQ Z@=O\ J~=iH O_ He `<fl~
=i q" _ KO@<fl~. WC_ =#O XH =Ò =~H =` "xfl QiOz
}OQ J^ #O KÔ.
O^ =Ò H = "kH =Ò H#Q#=K. |Qfi^ [ H$u #
lOK"~. "^H O z=~ H~ HO_(rituals) =i Q(sacrifices) ^ #` +OK~.
U^" < =lH PiH r=#O Oq Oz# =~`, =Ò _ =~ =K~. qq^ ``fi
O ^ L^ q Oz, r=# q^ <xH =~ x flK rq` O Z^ ~< J< H fl
=^<xK~. ` HOQ Lx+` JÒ` "^~" # ùfiH "# Hey L<fl~. p#
~` ~A P =`# PîOK~. J_ =i Hx+_ ^ =` "H `__~x ,
HO^~ `"# ~A *# =`xfl J#iOK~x =i Q~ A O^=`xfl J#iOK~x
=# `. W^ =O, D O^~ ~= ` <xfl \OK~. JO^K`< , O^, *#
=i ^ ^", , =~ =i Q KK@ H H < xiOK|_~. D
=_ =` XH ùfiH =# Hey LO_@O _ D =` XH^xfl =~H\ qÒ
K< q+ O x~OKK#flk. #=H~ "~ Q L<fl, D =_ =` JO# kOK~.
L^~} *# D q+O K Hi#OQ LO_"~. *# qfiO H~O 'P` J##k
r=< HH xs= _ LO@Ok. 'H~ H x QiOz #=Hxfl D =_=` Hey L<fl~.
` HOQ Q HO, D =` #=H K Z=Q ~ ~O He~. Q `~fiu
HO, r=ùfiH K~ (~) J##q, O^ =i *# =` =^ ~ ~ "xfl HeyOK~.
|^x , q+= H XH J=`~OQ qOK"~. qQ~^# , '[ K _O, ^=x H =#
Jxfl _ =# ^ =Ò JO`~Q" ~. H.. 5= `|O ^=`#
P~kOK_= < ^ # O^ PK~O# ^= Ò J#iOzOk.
^= Ò =_= Y S# =[# ^= Ò g Q~O _ LO@Ok. D Y# J#iOK
"~ |^x H '`~Q K |_ "ix u~=(Counter parts) Q K"~. D '`~ P~^#
O^ =Ò 'H P~^# K ^Q~ Q LO@Ok. D =_ =` HxOz# =~H ^~}
JOO, XH ^~} +. g~O^~ O $`xfl ^ # +Q qxyOK~ =i Wk "i
~ ~ H~H `__Ok. *# , ^ =`, O^ =` H, tH, ~fi Ò =i "H #
K qÒ K~. ~`^ O x J<H O` O^, ^ , ^" =i
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
26
=`~ " # x~} XH^x H =~H\ xiO|_@O g~ Q=xOKQ ~. L^~} =^ ^ x

Oz, =~+ x J[O`, Z~, Xi, `q<_ "^Q#q. p# ~`^ O x =lH
=i == _ *# , ^ =` "t Oz# `~fi` =Y"# =~ Oq OK~.
O^, *# =i ^ =` =^ KC H^y# su ~ ~ =O LOk. p# ``fi O ,
H =i tH D =_ =` =^ H~H =O HxOk.
25.4 H = =`~H
~`^ O p# HO qe# p#, =Y"# =_=`# O^, *# =i
^ =` QiOz g~ WC_ Kk"~. Hh D ~A# =#Ô D =_ =` HH W`~ =èfl
_ [ J#i< fl~ . =` "O x ~["# ~`Ô H=, =O =i
_ He rq< fl~ . ` O =#O H= =Ò ~`^ O UqÔQ " x O^ KÔ.
`~fi` ~`^ O WO =` ~H =i =` L^= = Qi KÔ.
OÔ H~O H = =Ò, ~`^ OH H. 1= `|O ~O\ ^= ^fi~
" @|_Ok. K~O L#fl H^ ^fi~, i < ~A Q<~ fl(H. 1945)(Gondophernes)
`# XH H` #Q~xfl xiOK@ XH <~ i J~# te H"x i XH ^`# OOK_.
P ^` `#` @ ~O\^ =x `_x =K_. D#, Q<~ fl# =i J`x x
J<H= Okx H = =ÒH =i#@Q K |_Ok. J~` D H^ x "= O O^ Ô. ^ #OQ
~`^ O =i t= ^ =^ `~ KQ [iy# "~ =i ~"}, UH J#K~ _#
W`_ ~`^ O H J_y_\xH H~}=x =# Òk. =~ , "~ =i W`~ =$`
"~ _ =Y =i =^ =~ ^fi~ }OK~x g~ Q~ `KHQ~. ~O\
^=, ~`^ O x J<H O` H = =`xfl kOK_. D#, =^ gOx " ~
=^ KO|__ . ~O\ ^= =kx <\ H JÔÒ =^ =#O K_=K. <\ H H = XH
^ Y J~# iH = H ~ x= <fl~.
H= =Ò H~H =^QO _ Hx~. 17= `|O JH~ ~A
=`q+ # KiOK_xH `# HO`=Ok H = =` ^ # PfixOK_. JH~ #O_
=z# '~ < P*O z# qÔ Q PQ XH z#fl Ki xiOK|_Ok. ~`^ O H S~"~
" O =i `~ WO_ =~H O O(East India Company) <H_O` 18= `|O `~fi`
H = =` H~H iQ~. S~ =~, ` @ H= L^, H = =`
^ =K"~. "i Z==Ok WH_ ~ _ , q+#s (=`^< ) H~H K> " ~. D
L^ O`< "~ J<H Ki, qÔ , P`# xiOK~. =#O <\ H _ gx K"\H
O|OkOz# |A= K_=K.
27
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
H = Ki ^ # =~ ~=<Hê H Ki =i >O \ Ki. H = q`QOÔ

'a . a #O^ ` x|O^# (old testarment) =i H` x|O^# (new testarment) J# ~ O_
^ # Q H=. D~A D a =#Ô x Jxfl ^ # + K iOK|_ ==Òk.
D~A, ~`^ O +=~ 11/2 H\ =Ok HO> Z= H = x= < fl~ . gi P^~}
J<H îH O =#Ô x J<H O` <H|_, = K< fl~. |, gi JÒ`
MuKOk# H = O =~ '=^~ î . D" =#Ô x ^"~ =i Wx x~^
OH = xH ZO`@ _O k.
H = =Ò =#Ô x H. 1= `|O ~O\ ^= K " @|_Ok. <_ , =#Ô
K Z= OM H = L<fl~ . g~ Jxfl ~OQ =YOQ q^ =i OH = H~H
Q ` =< fl~ .
~ fl 25 Z
1. ~`^ O H = =Ò Z<fl Q XH=ÒQ =iÒk?
2. a #Oê ~ O_ ^ # Q Uq?
3. U ~ O_ ~OQ H = ` KC H^y# qÔ Q LOk?
4. _O|~ 25# =#O ZO^ H= _ Q L`=O K HO@<flO?
25.5 Q}` O =i "^ q*# O

Q}` ~ O QO ~`^ xH O KO ZO`Q< |}_ LO^x K =K. ~f Ki`
è<< #`# ~MQ}` q^#O# ~OkOz c[Q}Ò =eH JO# H#Q<fl~.
~`^ O p# HO #O_ Q}` O Ô^ u , '#fl=#, ' , =$Ò =# p# ~Ò
kOz# JO. J~|, Q}` xfl 'Ok H '~f H Q eK"~. ~`^ xH KOk#
Q Q}` "^=# |Q_ , =g~_ =i ~_ Hx\# JO P`~fi` KHO
=~ S~ "iH è^. p# HO, Q "` XHiQ =i Q}` " ` Q 'P~@

iQ}O |_@O QiOz g~ =O^ Kk"~. P# "# 'P~\
O #O^ c[Q}` O(algebra) ,
~ MQ}` O (geometry) =i uH}qu(trigonemetry) O|OkOz# J<H = i~
H#Q<fl_ . p# HO Q}` O PqÔ Q Ja=$k KO^ O_ LO>, <\ Q Pq+~}
Z=QO ^ " LO_q H=.
~f Ja=$k kOz# =~H JOO YQ =i *u+ =O^ kOz#
Qu . q `# JHO g^ = }O KO^x H#H#fl ^= ~` YQ "` P~@
. D#
q, ~x K@ iq O ^x JO`Hx ~x K@ q iq OK_O ^x _ H#Q<fl_ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
28
P~@
' H q= 3.146Q# =i ~O =`~O J#Q 365.3586805 ~AQ# Q}O K~.
D ~ O_ q= _ P^ xH JOK< K ^Q~ Q =<fl~. =~q~_ =i |Q_
p# ~` Mu QOz# YQ " ` Q K =K. =~q~_, |$Ò`# "_.
P# KO^_, q K@ =i q, ~x K@ iq O \x è~_.
OQ } O _ K H^Q Qu kOzOk. D q+xfl _b ^Q~ "e
xiOK|_# W#OO ^fi~ =#O Q=xOK=K. OQ} "` OQ} =i
= ` s O^ x}.
"^ ~OQO _ Q}h Ja=$k kOK|_Ok. ~f "^ xH O|OkOz# =^~
QO^ 'K~H O` (H.12 `)(collection of charaka) =i ` O`(H. 4=
`|O) iQ Ja=$k KOk# ^` ~. =Y ^ O_` _ <Q~#_ _ XH "^
qî =i P# J<H H` B+^# H#Q<fl_. =Y "^K~_ ^#fiOì, P~fi^
"^ xfl ZO` Ja=$k iK_. 'Q O` s~^~ O(physiology) iy# PH, "^
i*<xfl WOHO` =O^ fHoOk. p# ~f, *i< zH`=O\ Ja=$k
KOk# ^`# "QH `K~ =i 'Z=H# J=~@(bone setting) Q <}xfl
kOK~. 'H ~s #O^ _ < }O kOK|_Ok. p# ~` zH` x}, ^
Qx H W`~O Q Q_# "iH =, Kq =i ^# iK _O x}.
` O`, zH` # 121 q^< K =Kx è* |_Ok. K~H O `
qq^ ~H# [fi~, H+ " k, =~ =i H
"^ # QiOz q=iOK|_Ok.
"^ O _ PK~}
H `|_Ok. ~fiÔ(Hastasyurveda) =i Jfi [O`
"^ =#O kOz# Qu x x~~.
~xH " ` , "^ xH O|OkOz# B+^ ` s H$+ K _O =, p# ~`^ O
"^ O` @ ~#O _ Ja=$k KOkOk. "~ J<H =Y"# H~ (alkalis) , P=(acids)
=i =} (metallic salts) # Lù K~. ~f J^H x"~, |HO xez LO_
~OQ# H#Q<fl~ . ~f J^H x"~, "H #O_ 'he ~OQ# H#Q<fl~ . JO^H nxx
'WO_Qhe(Indigo blue) ~OQ JO\~. (WO_H J##k ~`^ O Jx J~O =K XH w Ô ).
p# ~f Q}` O =i "^ ( Science) ~OQ =Y` +OK~. "iH ~ MQ}` O ,
c[Q}` O =i uH}qu =Oz i*#O LOk. "^ O _ ZO` Ja=$k kOK|_Ok.
25.6 +, ~fi Ò =i ``fi O

+ =i ~fi Ò :
p# ~f O $Ò, H$` =i o + XH Q, qa#fl ~fi `xfl Ja=$k
29
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K~. =# P^ xH ~f + K + D p# + #O_ \~. W\H O $`

+, J<H ~OQ =YOQ ``fi O L^~} "^ =i Lx+` *#=~#
^ # P^~OQ LOk. ` ^"~ O $` + Pq+~} [iy# `~fi`, S~ LK~}
O(Chometics) # O|OkOz Ja=$k [iyOk. LK~}

O + '^fi xx Qi J^ #O
K O k. D ~OQO }} "H~}
O 'J^ x JuQ ~K# XH\ Q K =K. }} HO
#OK D +# 'O $Ò Jx eK"~. nx J~O, 'i#k H 'i^" # k. Wk 'H$` +
=u~H" O k. nx J~O iÔ Hxk. D ~ O_= (H$`) <=O [OQ Ja=$k KOk# =Y
=O_eH W=fi|_Ok.
O $Ò <Q "^, } =i Lx+` JÒ` p# ~K# (QO^)Q
K =K. g\ Hxfl O^ ``fixH O|OkOz# "^~" # ùfiH =# =i Ô`
"|_ L<fl~.
~` ~fi Ò PûH fi=O Hey# Mu KOk# ~K# , ~ O_ ^# Wu#
=~Ò , ~=}O# K =K. <_ D ~ O_ Wu K Mu QOK~. g D
~O_O\ H^ iz`". PûH~K# L^~}Q =iHxfl W`~ ~} =i ^~
# ~#=K.
O $` Hq`fiO =#HxflK k. ~`# O $` Hq`fixH O|OkOz# ^H q

Jfi +_ (H..1= `|O) ~# Hq`fixfl K =K. W`_ |^xH O|OkOz# Jxfl q=~`
'|^ Ki`# "_. Q HO x=Oz# Ho^ ~K# <\ H ~ efl P#O^ ~= efl
K < fl~. J`x ~K# Ja*# O` ((Abhignana Shakuntalam), " ^Ò(Meghadutam) O K
Mu <iOK~. Hq`fiO ^ <O =, H$ u, hu =i ~[H L<fl~. p# HO
_, ^ _, qY^` _ =i = u "^# "ix HO^~ M` <@H ~K~ `Q
~#=K.
H. 150 <\ ~^^=#x A<Q_(Junagadh) #O, O $` Q^~K# O|OkOz#
=Y"# ^q H L^~}Q `=K. p# ~fi Ò, O $` Q^ ~K# O|OkOz
}_, Ô_<(Dandin) =i |O^(Subandhu)# =Y ~K~`Q ~#=K. <\ H
OKÒ Ò (S^ QO^) "|_# H^ O> JqÒQ W+_ ` ~. D huH^ # q+ ~
J< }_, =~A q^(*#) ^# K_xH OH#O K_. D O $` ~K# H
`~ = (version)# 12= `|O <~}_ '`^ O ~` "_. D YO_O =yO
W=fi|_ OKÒ ` H^# g~ Kkq ^x J~xfl `HO_.
m+ =# [ =\_ + HH O $Ò HO> =iO` ~ " # e x Hey LO@Ok.
m ~fi Ò, OKÒ ` H^ ~"# *`H H^ K k QOK~. '`~Q` (Theragatha),
'`sQ`(Therigatha)=i '==OO(Mahavamsa) =O\q m ^ Hq`fixH Hxfl L^~}.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
30
*# ~fi Ò Z=Q H$` + ~|_Ok. H$ÒQ(Sutra kritanga), HO^(Selukamdha)

Q_=^(Gowdavadha) Hxfl =Y H$` ~K# .
`q + =i ~fi Ò
~`^ O $uH, `q + ~fi ` ^^_# f~ Q=xOK^Q k . `q+, ^H}
~`^ O Jup# + =i H HxH KOk# è ` #O_ nx =<fl x

K =K. <_ `q + p# ÒQ K|_`#fl 'OQO ~fi Ò #O^ `qÔ QiOz#
JO q=~OQ `|_~. OQO J##k XH 'Hq " #O Jx g `. "@" ^\ OQO
=^~ ^Q~ [iyOk.
`q ~fi Ò è< 'u~~(Tirukural)XH ^ ~K# Q K =K. Wk "`
=i ^# ` xO_ #flk. '<_ ~(Naladiyar)J##k =~H ~K# , nxO^ Hxfl L#fl`" #
=i f<# P~O Ug LO_^ .
H. 6= `|O <\H, ~`^ ^H}
=i L`~ O` =^ O|O^ Q}hOQ
"~Q_# O^#, `q ~fi Ò, O $` ~fi Ò =O _O k. `q H=, O $` ^" #
'H=O ~` ^ ^Hq` " _ O ~ O a O K~ . g\ " ^ \ k =i Q k
'tkH~" (Silappadikaram). nx `~fi` "|_# =}" Y(Manimekhalai).
``fi O : # è# qÔ Q ``fi O p# HO "^, } =i Lx+` =O\
"x ^fi~ Q}h Ja=$kx kOzOk. ""xH, Lx+` ~` ``fixH `=xHOQ
=|_`~. Lx+` #O_ =Y"# ùfiH =# Hey# ^ "H\ HO^ W=fi|_Ok. nxx
*Q`Q Kkq, g~ U J~O K <fl~ q=iOKO_.
'' XH =i O_# < `z=fi.
'' WkQO_, J.
'' ^xx Q Q@.
'' h= UO K=?
'' z#fl z#fl q`< #.
'' XH q`< xfl Q Q@.
'' Q H\#.
'' WC_O K=?
31
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
'' Ug^
.
`, h= J~O K Hx q+ O ^x ~OO. P ~OO< Ju^ =iK@ HxO k.
< =~_, ##fl #=, P ~OO< ^x P` LO@Ok. J^ ` O, J^ '<# J<k. JO`Q^,
fi`H ` h" P P` Jx Ò_ J<fl_ .
KO^Q Lx+`
~`^ ``fi O , qq^ ``fi O^K Ja=$k K|_Ok. D O^ "Hxfl
kOK_xH =~# zOK~. "^ PkH `# HO`=Ok JOwHi, =iHO`=Ok u~ iOK~.
HO`=Ok O KO "= ^$xfl, =i HO`=Ok P^~ "^xfl Ja=$k K~.
WO` HÒ ~O^, g~ ``fi O P~ O^#, +_~ #O(saddarshana)QiOz Kk"~.
Wq XH ^x` =~H\ O|OÔ Hey O~OQ L#fl ~O_ =Q qlO|_~. Wq
'< (nyaya) =i '" + H (vaiseshika) ,'OY (sankhaya) =i ' Q (yoga) ,
'g=O(mimamsa)=i "Ô`(vedantha). < OÔ `~xH ^#` xO k. =i
ìH "^##, "H ^# =i J#O` P#O^xfl O^\xH =~O Q qO k. " + H OÔ
uHO P^~_ LO@Ok. WkqfiO i=} =$ux, Ô`@ P` #O_ nx ^ xfl
QiOzOk.
| OY OÔ JxflO\ Ju p#"# k J~ LO_=K. Wk W~" S^ =eH
` (``fi) K~O QiOz =i "x "^\ k H$ u(^~O )x QiOz k O k. D
OÔ H~O, $+ H i}=O J##k ^" xH O|OkOz# H~O HH H$ u H fiqH
=$u Jx è* O k. 'QO "Hxfl kOK_xH, =#H tH}
=M ^# Q =H} O k.
q =# 'Q J##k u ~`= ~O (sect) ^# XH Q" ~Ok. x*xH, `
^"~ 'Q x `# J#Hi< fl~ . g=O(Meemamsa) J#Q qK~}. D OÔ
=M^ O "^# q=iOK_O =i Jq fi`" # =h fiOQ =#Q=x q=iOK_" . "Ô`<fl
L`~ g=O(Uttara memamsa)Jx =|_@" QH P# O^ Wk Ju =Y"O kQ
iQ}O |_Òk. "Ô`x Ô` Lx+` P^~_ LO\~. P^ xH "Ô` " ` #
q"H#O^_ =i J~qO^ + =O\"~ D O^xfl J#iOK~.
# `|_# O^` @, =iHxfl Q# 'Jr=(Ajivakas) J< Y H^.
g~ Hi# <`xfl PKiOK~. u =x+ qk =O^Q< x~~ OK|_Ò^x =i nxx
=~_O J^=x g~ #"~. K~fi(Charvakas)H H`(Lokayathas)kOz#
"q H(uH) ``fixH O|OkOz# " _ ~f OOk<~. "i JaO,
=` ij# =i JC K
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
32
C _ u<x K|Òk. ~f ``fixfl, *# =i ^ =` Ô` L#flÒ Q K~.

g~ WO`=O^ ^,*# =` Ô` QiOz Kk"~. =g~_, f= P` u~~O,
<`fi =# kOKQ, |^_ K`~~ `, JOQ =~# kOK_. *# =Ò P `~fi`
HO kQO|~ =i fiÒ|~ J< YQ qlO|_Q ^=Ò =#O,
<#Q pe~Ok. P `~fiu HO *#, ^ =i O^=` =^ Ja
~ ~ =i_ = D =` QqQ# =i P ``fi "` J<H ^~} JO HxOK~.
PqÔ Q p# ~f ``fixfl ZO``# ^, JO` qa#fl" # kQ =#O Q=xOK=K. "H
^# JH_ XH ` H H x~t OK|_# x=O JO@^ . "H ^# qq^ =~ zOK|_@"
QH u=~O , qye# =~O @ #O(tolerant)Hey#kQ K =K.
p# ~f, ``fi a= $kH, ZO` ^^ _~ . qq^ = O^, qq^ =~
"H ^# # kOK~. u OÔ ~`^ O ``fi xfl i+O K~.
~ fl 25.a
1. H. 1543 O_ A_, HiflH, Q ~x K@ iqx K_. D
Jaxfl K =O^Q< K # ~` Q}`" ` Z=~?
2. HOk "x u^xH p# ~`^ O #O_ XH L^~} x=fiO_.
1. O $` "H~}
QOÔ
2. ``fi QOÔ
3. =`~ ` ~fi ` QOÔ
4. =` ~fi ` QOÔ
3. 'u~~(Tirukural) #O^#fl ~fi Ò U~H" # k?
4. HO^\ qQO #O^ KO^Q Lx+` #O_ fH|_# q+ OQ O# g~ Kkq<fl~ .
^x J~" q?
5. H$Ò =# =z# i}=O QiOz, ~`^ ``fixH O|OkOz# U OÔ K|Òk?
6. H` ``fi O fi=O Uq\?
25.7 tH, "H =i z`H

(Sculpture, Architecture and Painting)
=Ò, +, ``fi O , Q}` O =i q*#O =O\ qq^ ~OQ p# ~`^

`# QiOz g~ WC_ Kk"~.
33
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
` O =#O ~`^ O =Y ` =Oz# =iH H~OQO QiOz K^ =Ô. WO^

=#O tH, "H =i z`H # Qi q` $ÒQ KiÔ.
p# ~` H= O^=Ò K`< , ^=Ò =#< H *# =Ò K`< ix
Ok#"#x K =K. =iH Q~O KH^Q q+ "q@O> " =i tH ~OQ _
D =_ =` =^ "i "i Ja ~ ~ =i_ K ~ O Q [iyOk. JO`QH p#
~f "i fi^j H~ `~K Q q^j ^` , "# *_OK~. D qÔQ ~ ~
qb#O e ÒQ ", t, z`H JÒ` KH x #=<` XH ` H J#=# su Ja=$k
KO^~.
tH
(Sculpture)
=# p# ~` tH O|OkOz# è #=< =# ~ <QiH` KOk#

J<H |OH=\(terracotta)== ~O "< ~. "\ YzÒ Q =`~ " # ^#` He#
J=è qQO _ LOk. ~ <QiH` JO`"# <\ #O_ =~ ~H =O^ Q
HO tH O|OkOz KC H^y# Hg =. | j`+ u =~ =i W`~
H~} = J= tk" ~ O H=@O ^ . =~ <\ <}"# J`#fl` t O^#
|\ "iHO D H r=OQ =ieO ^x x~OK|_Ok. [O` =\ He# Jx O
=O\ Ju =Y"# t J= =# ==`<fl~. =~ tH, i #O_ w
O^ tH _ r=OQ xezOk. =~#O`~ HO e# tH O|OkOz# Ju
=Y"# t J= ~\, Oz, Q =^ Q ^ =Y^fi~ s(railing)
KHOK|_<~.
g~ WO` =O^ Kkq#@Q, O J##k |^x *H zfl Hey# XH #~O
##fl ~u x~}O. nx K@ ^~}OQ |^x Ki` O|OkOz# JO, *`H H^ =i
^# Ok# rq`xH KOk# JO KH |_ #fl XH Z`# (HOK) s(railing)xiOK|_ LO@Ok.
WK@ |^x H O|OkOz u= aOK^ . H|\ Oz O #<xH H ^= `xH
KOk# è< KOk# z`<fl~. nxH |^Q, ^=^, k=$HO , XH Mm O#O
O\ Q~ |^x Qi ``<fl~. P `~fi` =# ^= Ò " KO^@O` ,
|^x u=(=~ )` JOHiOK|_~. =~ `~fiu HO QO^~ tH OÔ
(Gandhara school of art) =i =^~ tH OÔ(Mathura school of art) J< ~O_
O^ e< ~. D ~ O_ JO QiOz `~fiu ~ qOQ K^ =Ò.
`"# HO J=~=u OÒ J<H xiOK_~. <Q~# HO_ =^
L#fl t ^fi~ _ |^x Ki` QiOz# q=~ `< fl~. Q HO ^ K K#fl
|^x (Preaching Buddha)=i xez L#fl |^(Standing Buddha)t#fl H~ ~<^
=QK#flq. J J``= HYO_ Q H XH =## zfHi< fl~. ^= _(Devagadh)x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
34
^=`~ PO KH |_# t =~H =## J#Q O^^=` =i ~} ^$#

z<fl~.
L`~ ~Ò =< ^H}
~Ò _ tH Ja=$k kOzOk. ^H}
~Ò K
tH < }xfl K\ K ^" S(Aihole)=i ^q =^ xiOK|_~. g\
J =^ _M< (Ladhkhan)=i ^~ =`, @_ H =^ <^ =i q~H
^"<fl~. = ~A tH < }xH fH# =|e~O =^ xiOK|_# ~u P
K =Y"# k. WOH, = f~^" O(Share temple)=O\ KH \ H< }xfl zOK P#
xiOK~. H<^ ^"O(Kailash nath temple)=i "O~ ~=(Vaikunta perumal)
^" KH |_# ~} ^$ =i P~ } PH$` ~`^ O x KH \ tH " xH
zH. P _ t H < }xfl z< fl~. Mu QOz# ec_ =^
xiOK|_# fi~ PO (Hoyasaleswara temple) =QO(base) JOMH ^$,
PH$`` JOHiOK|_Ok.
gx`@ H. è ` <\ w e H KOk# O|O^" # J<H(works)Hs`
"= ~`^ O aOK~.
QO^~ =i =^ ~ H O^ :
~`Ô p#HO qq^ H~OQ =#O kOz# Qux QiOz K^=_xH
=O^, =#O QÒ =#Ô \, P `~fi` q~le# ~O_ tH O^# QO^~
=i =^ ~ tH O^ QiOz J^ #O KÔ. D ~ O_ O^ =# p#
O $u Ja=$kH ZO` ^Ô K~.
QO^~ H< wH~=<(Greeco-Roman),wH^(Greeco-Buddhist), WO_w(Indo-Greek)
H Q ~#=K. nx ~=< =i w H =O _@
" ^xH H~}O. =i
} D O^<fl PîOK~. |^x H "@" ^\ =#=~ qQ QO^~ e
` ~ K |_~. D H =#Ô x "= OÒx QO^~ J< OÒ q~leOk.
|OH=\` `~K|_# J<H |^ u= c=~<(Bimaran), lHî(Sha-ji-ki-dheri),
O
_(Hadda), =i `Ht (Taxila)O` aOK~. QO^~ OÔ H =MH}
=#= z`# "= OQ KOK_" . D QO^~ H OÔ ~` tH O^
J`#fl` OÔQ QiOK|_@" QH, D e xiOK|_# |^x u= ~`H O|OkOz#
J`#fl` L^~}Q iQ}O K|_`<fl~.
=^ ~ tH OÔ H. 1= `|O \# @Q P^~ =~. D OÔ
ZO`Q q~leO^,D =^ ~ Hsu xiOK|_ u= `Ht , t=# =^ P , `~#O^
~ fi u =i ~<^ ZQ=u K |_\xfl |\ J~= Òk. ~`^ = O`\ P~= Wk
u+OK|_~. QO^~ O^xH a#flOQ, =^~ Hsu xiOK|_# u= Z~ WH
35
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~u(sandstone)` `~K|_ P `~fi` ## K|_~. QO^~ H u= r=H#

uaOaO >, =^ ~ H u=, JÒ` H ` # ~HuOK qÔ Q ^=`fixfl zOK
QOc~ `# =H i K qÔ Q LO\~. Mu QOz# 't~x Hx+x qQO, '=^~ #Q~[,
x#fl H}
` xiOK|_# J<H |^x =i k` fix u=, =i H}

D O^xH KOk#". =^ ~ tK KH |_# ^#O L#fl ^#(Cross legged), f~O H~
qQ # K# g^@, | D OÔ è~A *# =Ò K ix Ok LO@O^x
qOK|_Òk.
p# ~`^ H =Ò K Q "xfl KOk. ~` =i Oz "# KH x
t |^x ^# ` _ L<fl~. Q HO ^" O^ ~}H ^$ KH |_~.
^H}
~` =* _ ^" x~}O K =#~# Y~ K~.
"H (Architecture) :
p# ~f "H Ki`, ~ <QiH` W@H` xi`" # = <` "^=Òk.
tH Q< D H
O^ _ ~ux K ` =Q L yOK_O =<" , ~ <QiH`,
=~ H =^ "H J= =# ^Q O H^.
^= Ò | K~O O^@O` nx =O p# ~`^ O "H _ _O k.
J_, Hx+_ =O\ ~A J<H ^ # xiOK~. x*xH, =~, Q H
=^ HO ^ "H K O^ Y~ @|_Ok. ` HOQ ~`, Oz =i J=~=u
K k QOK~. g\`@ ^ =` `Ht =i #O^ =^ J<H ^
q~, qq^# _ xiOK~. ^ =i *# =` =O ~u Q _
_Ok. =`~"# H~H` x=Qfl" LO_ ^, *#=` < D Q PO
O^ " ~ . Q =^ Q |~~ (Barbar)HO_ Q , Xix L^ yi (Udayagiri)
YO^yi(khandagiri)HO_ Q, Z~ Q, <H =i J[O` Q, p# ~f
"H fHQ xeK~.
Q HO #O_ =#O T~fi~MH$u ^~} e ##fl ^"# H#Q#=K.
Oz=^, XH ^~} K` ~H~ Qk P^~OQ XH =O_O xiOK|_Q O # QO@ PH~
W# tY~ Hey# ^~} e(free standing) xiOz# ^"xfl =#O K_=K. Q
HO ^ = ^ " xfl =^ ^ x ^ = ~ (Devagarh) K _ = K . WK @ =#O
J#O`<^(+ ~) =oOz L#fl q+= i u= K_=K. D "Ò qQ O ~u` xiOKQ
~uO qq^ "` KH |_# J<H PH$` HeyL#flq.
~f ^" "H ^ #OQ ~ O_ L#flk. Jq L`~ ~`^ e =i
^H}
~` e . ^H}
~`^ O ^" x~}xfl Z=Q Òz# ~A = =i
K. ==e ~O(=|e~O), ^q =i J =^ KH x ^" xiOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
36
g\ JÒ` JO^" # k == ~O =^ xiOK|_# f~^" O =i H <^ ^"

P `~fi` HO K =O ^" "H # PîOz Ja=$k iK~.
z`H
(Painting) :
p# ~`^ O z`H Q Ja=$k KOkO^x, =# J<H ~fi ` P^~(LÎIHo^

~K# ''z` H P~Q s LîOK|_~) ^fi~ Òk. ` O =# ==`#fl
Hxfl z` D Jaxfl ^$_ ~ < fl~. =#= <QiH` "^# HO #O_ =#=xH z`H
QiOz `. =# Hxfl Q "# _z` #=< =# aOK~. L^~}
=^ ^ x ~uQO <\ cOH(Bhimbhekha)Q. HO Q_K H n D H i}u KOk,
WOHO` "~Q_Ok. J[O` =i Z~ Q Q_gk z`(_z`) K k
QOz#q. gx Z= z` p# HO<\ =lH i` # uaOa# fl \H, =`xH
O|OkOz# JO# _ Q=xOK=K. D z` L yOz# ~OQ <\ H K HOu=OÒQ,
q=~}`HOQ(glossy)LO_\xfl |\ D H H L#fl` ~x =#O Q=xOK=K. J[O`, Z~`
@, =# QQ z` =i ^H}
~`^ O x Ò*=~ Q ~[~*fi ~(|$nfi~)
PO " |_# z` =# aOKK#flq.
~`Ô p# HO "H OuH x^~<Q , q~ =i P
xeK~. "H O^ H OK_xH H~}O j`+ u =i H# H~}Q K =K.
z`H (paintings) O|OkOK#O` =~ , J[O` =i Q Q =Oz L^~}.
~ fl 25.
1.
i # =^<xfl ZOH K, Mm# xOO_.

i Jx t O
(columns)
tH " Hx~.
(Dl" i, i "i, K< "i)
ii
=
=`xH |OkOz# x~}O. (O^, *# , ^)
iii Op =^ Q T~ , ^~} e
xiOz# ^"O
HxH
KOk#k. (~fi Ki`H, `"#, )
2. ## ^= Ò =i =# ^ =` KOk# t H Q ^ " q?
3. p# ~Ò 'H # qÒ K# UHH H~HO Uq\?
4. =^ ~ tH O^xH KOk# u= Z= QO U ^~O ` ` ~ K|_~?
~OO :
=# O`$uH "~` fi O^ p#HO ZO`Q< ^Ô KO k. P ~A Q
L#fl` ~ ~fi Ò =i H " " xH O|OkOz =# J<H H "< ~. rqÒx
37
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JkH =# =ÒK qÒ K |_`~. ~`^ p# HO Q ^" # O^, ^

=i *# =`# "~ fi~ ~A PîOK~. J~` gi ~= ` #O =#, P =` =^
``fi O =i H O^ ~ ~O WzK< ^~} HxOzOk. è ` ~`^ O H
"t Oz# H = =Ò _ ~`^ Ki`# qÒ KO k.
p# ~f Q}` O =i q*# ~OQ `Q J^ #O yOK~. P~@
,
=~q~_ O\ Q}` "^= <\ H P"^ Q"# Hxfl Q}` Ô`# ukOK~.
"^ ~OQO #O^ _ Q Ja=$k kOK|_, J<H "^ =O^ He@|_<~. =# p#
~# O, YQ O, *u+ _ =Oz i*<xfl kOK~. D HO<
JOMHOQ =` =i HH QO^ "|_<~. gx Z= ~K# <\ H =YOQ J^ #O
K |_` J<H ~f +H J#=kOK|_~. D ~K# ~=}O, =~Ò , Ja*#
OÒ, =^~H O , u~~ (Tirukural) Hxfl =Y L^~}. p# [ _ "i
=O Z= Qxfl ``fi xH JOHÒ K~. J<H = O^ Ja=$k KO^~.
_~# J<k P~ ~H = O^Q K=K#. nO`@ uH(materialistic)=i
P^~ (idealistic) O^ "H ^# a#fl =~# zOK~. J~` Jxfl O^
~ ~ <xfl \OK~. ~`^ O x qq^ O` aOz# J<H tH YO_ p#
H H< }O, KH x x`<xH L^~}Q x# flq. QO^~ =i =^ ~ tH e H
KOk# a#fl" # J<H |^ u= =# aOK~. L`~ =i ^H}
~` ~* <e# ~A
# =i ^"# JOMHOQ xiOK~. Oz, J=~=u K@ JOHiOK|_#
O *`H H^ KH |_~. O^ ^g ^=` O|OkOz# t ^= ~ ^"O XH
KH \ L^~}Q ~#=K. *# t Z=Q ~ K_=K. ^H}
~`^ O K,
= J =i HOp~O =^ ^" xiOK~. K _ "H # ÒK~.
J[O` z`, =# p# HH~ J`#fl` ~x zOK fHQ K =K.
JO
1. HO^ W=fi|_# fl 50 HO> Z= ^ =^# q=fiO_.
i) QO_~
fl <HO ~O\ ^= ~` O^~ # ~`^ =lH i}= H=
XH =Y @OQ ZO^ qOK|_Òk?
ii) =` ~fi Ò =i =` HH ~fi ` =^ Q ^" q?
iii) ^ =i *#
=` XHH\ ~ O_ ^ # YQ pe~<~. JqUq?
2. p# ~`^ O ^ =i *# =` ^ # =` L<fl~. <_ D =` O^=Ò`
Q O|O^xfl Ò_.
3. p# ~` Q}` "^= =i A
kOz# Qu "H@ x k. ZO^=?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
38
4. L`~ =i ^H}
~`^ O p# HO [iy# ~fi à=$kx KiOKO_.
5. p# ~`^ O Ja=$k KOk# qq^ ``fi O^ Uq? D O^ ^ #
JO# q=iOKO_.
6. p# ~`^ O ", t, z`H [iy# Ja=$kx KiOKO_.
H$Ò :
~`^ O x =Y Ks z`` P" ` ~K O_. g` P Ki O K|_#
`n# W=fiO_.
~ fl =^< :
25.Z
1)
2)
3)
4)
H. "^\ `|O #O_

` =i H` x|O^#
q^ =i P` (OH = O)
D ~A# H [xOK_
25.a
i)
P~@
ii)
J^
iii) Lx+`
iv)
Ja*# OÒ
v) ~=}O, =~Ò
3. "` =i ^#
4. }O ("= O H ~OO) P` H JO ~O LO@Ok.
5. OY
6. =#= =Y H}
O WH M# P#OkOK qÔ Q LO_e.
25.
iii. Q
iv. ~fiKi`H
1. i. i < ii. ^ =Ò
2. ## tH |^x `@ H =O Hxfl O[ L yOzOk. =# tH
|^x H u= L yOzOk.
3. =Ò
4. Z~ WH~~ (Red sand stone)
39
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K^=O_
PzOKO_
KO_
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
40
D H O ^ W=fi|_ # z` O ~ ` O ` t=# K O k#k. P tO

=~=$Q(suvaranamriga) *`H H^# ``#flk. H^# Kkq, t=# Kz HO^ J_y# fl
=^#= "=.
XH<HC _ |^` _ <~# e# fl HO k` fi_ XH = ^Q [xOz
|OQ~ =~O KHx, =K># [O`=Q ~QQ_. `# fl`~# lOH_ JO^"#^.
"i^~ O`+OQ He "e rqOKQ~. Zxqk, =K lOH _ k` fix QO He
rqOKQ~. P qÔQ "~ x=OKK#fl =O XH "@Q_ "\ =<fl#. XH<_
k` fi_ `# ==# #_Hx " KO_Q `# Ô = zOk.
41
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J_ P_lOH `# =#
_= ^x W JOk. ''<# < H` "@Q} J=~=~` h
|^ < rq`#fliOz XOz x#fl H_O\#JOk. "@Q_ Y_O , Ku |= ` ^Q~
~Q K ` "# D [O`= Uq\ W? nx J~" q\? D [O`= =#= +
KH Q =\_ K#flk. D ~A P lOH , ^x K~ _H rq`xfl# Jx J#x P" =@
H_ OÒ z# "\Q_ P lOH#, ^x K~ } =ê" # fl@ K#.
P_lOH =i k` fi_ W `K~. '' D "@Q_ =# =i Zxqk lOH
rq`xflK_. J`_ =# ~H _ _. J`x ~}O f~H=# J=~O LOk. ^ } O#fl_#
P ` k` fi_ W J#<fl_ . ''LHiH ~ # su `H~O K e P qÔQ `z#
J`_ "@Q_H, "iH P~ H Ò îH# XH J^` ~`fl =xz q`= WH=O^ Z=ih KO=^.
h= ~ ` @Oc_=H=. ^#^~ K~, =Oz # K~, Jx K J_q ="O k.
1.
D *`H H^ Kkq# `~fi` |^x =Y ^# U" LO@O^x h= `KK<fl=?
2. ' JO J< =# J~O Uq\?

3.
[O`=, |(Q), "@, W`~ # Q~K @ =O\ "\@

^ ^$HÔ Uq\?
OKÒ Ò #O_ XH H^
'OKÒ Ò J<k <\ H JOîK` K^ =|_K#fl HÔH#O. D HO^ W=fi|_# OKÒ `
H^# Kkq ^x J~O "=.
Z=~< =@Hi # "Hix `#"_x #q` "H# Q@ #fl }x= "=O^
'Jk Z@ [iyOk Jx ~A J_Q_
" =~ W K Q_. '' * ~Ok# XH }_O_"_. XHi J`_ XH
Q=xH "o QxH XH "H# H<fl_ . J`_ ^xx [O# <` H x WO\H Hx=KO_Q
J`xx =Q~ "H~ K~. "~ `= `= =#O ZQ< XH <flQO xfl D "H#
^H OKH"e. Jx J#<fl~ . P qÔ Q PzOz "~ XHH H (2" ) ^~O XHH K@HO^
L<fl~ . }_ " ` LO_Q "^\ "Q_ ''F }_ h= ZO^ XH H# h g
"K<fl= Jx J_Q #. ^xH }_ 'Wk H H^, "H. nxx [O HO Hx=K<fl#
Jx |êK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
42
`~fi` =~H "Q_ _ J^qÔ Q J<fl_ . Di }_ `# [O g^#fl "H#

HO^H kOz ^xx fH} OQ Kz `# *# " Hx |^~_. `# =# T= q OKKO_#.
JO> "Q =@ ` ~+x =## _ q O*~.
DQ }_ =_= "Q_ ^Q~ =K_. J`_ _ J^qÔ Q K_. Di
`# *<Ok ~+"#=x x~~OK<fl_. H=# J`_ P "H# JH_ =ê
H #QqOKHx WO\H K~_. Wk LO_Q "Q "H# fHx~ O`+OQ lOz
W J#<fl~ .
Z=~< =@Hi # "Hix `#"_x #q` "H# Q@ #fl }x= "=O^
D HOk Oz O . D =# Kz fl ["| "=.
1. = # Z@ =i=?
2. D O U PH~O L#flk?
3. D = # xiOK\xH U ^~O "_<~?
43
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4. `~}O =i s Q JOH~}
# =iOK=.
5. ^= Ò ~`^ O #O_ W`~ ^ "OzOk "\ ~ q ?
6. ~`^ O Q <Q =Y"# ^= ` ` ~ "=.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
44
tkH~O
(Silappadigaram)
=Y `q WuO 'tkH~O QiOz g~ Kk"~. P Wu =Y ~xfl D HO^

W=fi@O [iyOk.
Q~ H H"i #Q~O XH ^# =O`_# "i =~_# H=< =~H "i =^
=~ J~# 'H#flyx q"=__. H<fl @ W^~ H O`+OQ rq`xfl Q_ ~. ~[<
[iy# XH L`=O H=< =^q J< #~H x He P"` = __ . J`_ |k #_ ==~ _
P #~H H |=< Hx=fi@" QH H#flyx, `# Q$xfl =~z_. Jz~HO `# O^# O`
z=~ H#fly #Q# ` O P" JiOK_. zeQ=fi qQx Ò` ~=^ uiy =K_.
J^$+= ` P" =^ qye# q"# JO^[`# H#fly =#~fiHOQ `# ~ WzOk. g\` "~
=^~ =#Q~xH "o "~O K _| OkOK^=# <fl~ .
"~ =^~ H ~Q< XH Q_ h_ aOKQ, H=<, H#flyH KOk# XH JO^# J=\xH
q}g k(market)H "_. Hx O_~A <_ O*e<(nedunjeliyan) ~}H KOk# J^ ~H" #
JO^# P# fi~H ~_ P =O< ÔyeOK_. P fi~H ~_ H#fly JO^` L#fl H=<#
Kz ^xx ~[@
fHx Q Z\ qK~} K O_< ~A J`xx KOOK_. P "~ q#fl
H#fly =ie "O@< `~ Hx `# H HO` =O_KO_Q, P" `#=^# #fl =~H JO^# `# ~
x~+` fixH ~A=Q K` @}
O "t OzOk.
H#fly P JO^# ~A KOk. ^xx ~}H KOk# [`x ~ O_= JO^` sHO z Kz#
~A H=< J=_x Q OK_.
~A, `# H=<# ~@# tHO K#x Q Oz ~A kQO ` =~}O K_. H#fly =^~
#Q~xfl O z# e ÒQ #Q~O "Ò =O@O@<fl~. P #Q~ ^=` H#flyx iOKQ OuOz#
P" `# xfl LO iOKHOk. z=~ H#fly #Q~xfl q_z"o# `~fi` H<fl H =~}O zOk.
Hx P", P" ~ fi~O uiy H<fl~ .
g `?
1. L`~ ~Ò '~=}O = ^H}
~Ò 'tkH~O WuO ^" #k.
2. 'tkH~O WuO POQO '~`fl Ha` JO^ Q ~OkOk?
3. H#fly '= ^ }
~t Q qOK|_Òk.
45
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~<^, |^
QO^~, |^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
46
Oz PO
H + PO, Z~
47
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
|njfi~ >O, Ò*=~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
48
fi ~ PO, a^
~|^~, *"
49
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
, <
t=, JOQH~=`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
50
26
~` `~+ ~[ #
=i ==H #
26.1 iK O
J<kQ ~`^ xH t= ^, PQfl K< =~H, O $uH O|O^ H=x
=#O Kk"O. O^ [ ` O =Hb# "\ q (W~H) <QiH`` =~H O|O^ H=.
~=~# x =~}#O`~O ~`^ O ~[H " H `# H~ J<H fiÒ` ~*(^q , z#flq)Q
qH"Ok. D HO J~ =~ t=f~O ~_ =~H, "}* H#yOK~. WO
q[$O}
`~ "` H..7= `|O J~| H jH ` =OK~.
D ~O J~a WO q[$O}
, ~` WO " O , H.. 712 J~| O^
q[O, ~` ^x =O, [h ==^ Ô_ `, ==^ s L`~ ~Ò yOz#
@i+ Ô_ ` =i ==H # _b #` ~[# =#flQ JO# K^ =Ò.
26.2 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\~.

WO "H ^Ô K# J~a ~[H i` .
WO# ~` fHx =K@ J~ =~ `.
H.. 8= `|O L`~ ~` ~[H i` .
J~| O^ q[xH Q H~}, e `
lh ==^ Ô_ `
~` s ==^ @i+ ~[# ^Ô K# i`
`|k< S|H, W@\q+, ~l, < HO _b #` ~[ q~ }
.
26.3 WO q[$O}
, "
WO q[$O}
~fiO J~| |^=`~^ , qQ ~^ , E^~ , =aK~.
g~ J<H `Q Q qH " , u `Q XH Jku Pn#O O_k. D q< WO =` _#
51
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
==^ =H (H.. 570632) [xOK_. WO =` Pq~=O` J~| ~[H , =`, =lH

r=# q^#O iQ =i=@ QH, qye# O KO _ ^x =O i OzOk. WO,
Q = O`_H_ J`_ 'J x K|Òk. Y~< nx q` QOÔ . u =O ~A S^~
~# K x, ~O*< =O L"=O_ ^#^~ K x, g` q` =H ` K x
Y~< x~t O k. =O~H }
#, E^xfl, =^#O qOK\xfl Y~< x+k O k. Q~=
<xfl He, qÒ`=, J<^ "i "~` fi q $` < `# Y~< q=iOzOk.
==^ =H =zOz# WO# J~O KH=\O, J#iOK@O O. J#uHO<
WO J~a JO`\ "Oz J~|# " H ~z, O\` HQ =iOk. ==^ =H
=~}#O`~O (H..632) Yb WO =`kH~ ~*kH~ q~}
# K\ ~ .
'Hb J< Ô J~aH ^" # 'Yb #O_ [xOzOk. Yb J#Q '_ \ (=H `~ "`"_)
Jx J~= . ==^ =H J#O`~O WO "~`fixfl fiHiOz# "iHK a~^ ''Yb
H..632661 O=`~ =^ #Q~ Yb WO =`kH~<~. gi <`$ `fiO WO
"Q= OÒQ " KO^>QH, |b"# ~[H HQ ~OkOk. J~| t=, *~<,
i, W~H, @s, i < QH, L`~ PH , ^H}
S~ ~*# ` O [~OK~. H.. 636
<\H J~| <H O~ K~ = KiOk. H.. 661750 O=`~ =^ L=^ =Oj
Yb =O JkH~xfl \ + O K~. gi <`$ `fiO J~ #O K< t ~î Pk` O
=Oz, ~` ^_ x~fiOK\xH g HeOk. H..7= à =^ QO <\H J~| ^H}
Px <xfl [~Oz, O^ ^$+x =~~.

H.. U_= à ==^ =H J~a WO =`xfl O z, "OK_. WO
J~|# " H O K XH ~[H HQ fikkOk. Yb, L=^ <`$ `fiO WO W`~
^ " KOkOk. Yb "~xfl ÒK@ =# H.. 7= à #O_ J~|
~` ~=@O "Ô k.
26 Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
HOk "xH XH ^= =^#=e=

i)
. WO =`xfl O K_.
ii)
. WO q` QOÔ
iii)
#~ Yb J#O`~O ~*xH =z# ~[=OO
'He J#Q J~" q?
WO =`"H H$+ K# ~ O_ ~# `=.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
52
26.4 O^ q[O (H.. 712)

H.. 8= à è Ô L=^ JkH~O ~H+ K~ Ok. g~ WO =`xfl "
K < P"O ` ~`^ i O^# Qi J~ =~ K# H^< # qx ~` Ô_` @

x~~OK~. J~| O^ Ô_` `H} H~}O O _ Yb ~[Ox `~
~ Q=~fl~Q L#fl '[< a< MH Zxqk F_ H#H# O#. Hx D <H
O^ #k =Y^fi~=# ^| ~ = @}
=# K~ HQ< JK@ F_ÔQ "ix ^K<fl~ . D
"~ q#flO`< [< O^# eOK ^~# F_ ÔQ# tHOz `= <H #+i~O
KeO K=#kQ H~_. ^~ F_ ÔQ `= ik ~x #+ i~O KeO K#x x`#
=HO K_. JO`@ O^ # [~OK_xH [< O# è ~ O_ Ô_ ` q =~.
nx` LQ_ [< ^ # =# =i ==^c< MO <`$`fiO =_= ~O O^
^_H O_.
O@#:
H.. 711712 O=`~ =^ ==^c< MO O^ K~ x ^| ~ = @}=#
<=Q QÒ KH<fl_. P `î O^#kx ^\ ~"~ " ~QqOQ ^~
# = g~z`=Q ~_<~. MO F@q ` ^ J< =O ^~ Jk~Oz# U#Q
}xH Q~ <Q ^~ HO^ _ _. D O @# `= ~A Ô #O_ i_<
`C _ OH `xfl < xH HeyOK_O =, P` # O H~ ^~ # O #O z`y OzOk.
nxx J=HOQ fx MO, ^~<Q H JOMH" # J`x < xfl _ =kOK~. D q[#O`~O
MO }^ =O\ #Q~# [~ O^ # PHqOK_.
MO O^ Ô_ ` e `:
MO Ô_ `` O^ PiH == z<fla#fl" O k. JOMH [, =~ O^ q_z
"o ~. MO O^ J`kH Qxfl [~Oz ~ # " \_ . O^ # MO =_
O=`~ eOK_. Hh =`$Ô H`Q JkH~OxH =z# Yb MO @ =u~H``
J`xx fi^xH eOK_. MO "o# ~O_ O=`~ O^ [ u~Q@ K J~|#
~êi. D qÔ Q J~| O^ q[O `èH" # < O_` _ #_q#@ ''Ki`
` e `=bx # q[OQ qye~Ok.
Hx J~| O^ q[O Hxfl ` e `=# HeyOK#. J<H= Ok J~| O^ ~ _
x` xfl ` O|O^# HeyO_i. D q+ <fl 10= à O^ O`xfl OîOz#
QoH J<fi+_, u_# W<H (Ibn Hauqual) qOK_. WK@ O^=, =O
He" fl ~fiHOQ "QK<fl~x g~O^~ J~aH, On +# fiKQ =\_"~x H
~<fl_ . <\ H x O^ OÒ JkH OM =O . gi ^ # =$u "~O. J~ e
53
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
On + "|_Ok.
~f O $u` iK O =# J~| ~f YQ, Q}` , "^ , ``fi =#flQ G=#
<~ x "\x J~a " \~ . D Ô_ ` =# ~`^ xH, t=^ =~H "}*
Q =$k KO^~. H.. 12= à =~ D O` Pk` = J~|^.
==^c< MO <`$ `fiO H.. 712 J~| O^ PH=} [iyOk. J~| O^
PH=} ~[H OQ Z\ e Ò H ~< Hxfl ` e `# JOkOzOk. J~| ~f O $u
#O_ Z<fl q+ # Q OK~. =~H , "}* =$k KO^~. JOMH =O O^
~_~.
26.5 lh =^ Ô_ `:
H.. 750 L=^ =O `# O J#O`~O J^ JkH~OxH =K~. H.. 9=
à JO`= <\H J^ JkH~O H}O z "i #O < J# a~^` J<H fiÒ`
~* "e~. gi =x_ (Samanids) \<H
<, M~<, W~< =O\ Oèfl eOK~.
H.. 998 ==^, lh _< _. ==^ =^ P lhx H= O`" # ~[OQ
fik^\ xH ~`^ iO^ # HQ\x J<H ~ ^_ K_. ^<~< Hx J`xH
Z\ =[ HOH ^ .
D =O L`~ ~Ò J<H fiÒ` ~*Q qH" ~~ H` x=Qfl" O k.
`` e `=Q "=O #O_ =K Ô_ ` #O_ `= ~*# H_HH ~.
H.. 10001026 OII =^ ==^ 17 ~ ~` Ô_`_ . è Ô_ `
`~ Px <, O*# eOK O^ _# [x F_OK_.
H.. 10041006 =^ ==^ kQ= O^ OÒ HH #O =Oz# =< Ô_u
^xx PHqOK_. `^# O`~O [x `~ "` ~*xH =z# P#O^x " O^ (O^
~[^x) =^ F_OK#. ==^ Ku F@q# P#O^_ L[~x, Qfie~, H<*, _b ,
Jr~, HeO[~ =#flQ ~[ @q Ki ==^ <^ ~#Q ==^ D @qx z`Q F_OK#.
D qÔ Q O* ==^ ^HO`" # k. " O^ q[#O`~O =<# |~K Hx <Q~H @
(HOQ) ^"xfl ^KH<#. H.. 10141019 O=`~ =^ `< fiOQ H<*, =^ ~
=#flQ K@ Q ^ " # ^"xfl\ x ^Kx, "\x ^fi OO K#.
W`x Ô_ `H =Y"# k (10251026) =<^ ^" =@_. D ^_ ^"
J~ O^# HQ@@" QH, JOê t=eOQ=# |^ K_.
==^ Q q*`
QH Q ~fi ` Ha=x. ~` `# HQ\# ^# O` lhx
~fiOQ O^~O Q ~OkOK#. J<H= Ok ~f =$u x"# lhH fHx "_ . ~jH
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
54
H ~fi `= J`x HO L#fl` u H K~H<fl~. '<= ~z~` # ~ ^ W`x P#O

H_. D ~jH O $u< `~+ ~`Ô " \~.
lh _# ==^ 17= ~ ~`^ O Ô_ ` x~fiOK_. ~`^
i O^ # HQ@@ D Ô_ ` H O. D ^_ e `=#Q:
a) O* PH=}
b) L`~
~`^ ~* x H |#` |~`=Q@.
c) ~`^
O PiH ^_H QiQ@.
26.6 ~[` ~* Pq~=O:

H.. 10= à ~[` J< XH H= O`" # #`# =~O L`~ ~`^ O Pq~q Oz
J<H fiÒ` ~*# U~~K <fl~ . "~ Jr~ _# K<, H<* # Q ^fi,
Q[~` _# OH K, OQ _# # =Oj. g~QH |O^YO_,
=fi, ~[< x J<H O` ` O ~[` ieOKKO_i.
~[` Q ^g ~. Ô "iH XH H_. fi H~}` "~ ~ ~ H`
x=Qfl LO_@ =# |#_~ . "i O =O, " H ` H~=_@ =# L`~ ~Ò q^j
^HO`" O k. H.. 12= à z=i + |n< ==^ ~`^ i^ q[$OaOK_.
26.7 + |n< ==^ Ô_ `:

+ |n< ==^ ~H ~fiO =^ P [iy# ~[H i}= ÒÔ.
H.. 1030 lh ==^ =~}O` =^ P AH `~+ H= O` lh
~*xfl Q ` O K <fl~ . 12= à AH ~[O `# O HQ ^x tk ~ O_ H= O`" #
~* "e~. Jq.
1. W~< HfiiFq =[O 2. Ph < t= O` ~ =[O. ~ lh
=O`Q LO_ "~ |#O KO^Q< "ix ^g + # K JkH~O Q` O K H<fl~ .
H.. 1173 + |n< ==^ (11731206) ~ _ #. W`xxx "rn<
==â< < Jx _ ~ . ~ H~< OÒ H~ Hfii*q ` O ~}
_ [#O H ~Ok. D u ~ `= ~[ q~ }
~` ^$+ =~~.
~`^ iO^ HQ@@ HO> ~Ò `~+ ~[< ~ ==^ H O. JO^
KH x }oH# Ô K `# [~Oz# O` Q=~fl~ # xqOz # yOK_.
~ Ô_ ` e ÒQ L`~ ~Ò `~+ #` ~[# [iyOk. D ~[#
Z [iyO^ D HOk O @# = Ò k.
55
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
O*O^ PH=}:
H.. 1175 =<# PHqOz, \ ~[`# F_Oz, LK ~*xfl PHqOK_. D
~ O_K@ < ^ `# `# Q=~fl~ JyOz fi^= # "_ . =_ O=`~ J#O`~O
J#Q H.. 1178 Q[~` Ô_`Q KH ~[Q ~ O_= c=_ ''Jx"_ Ô ==^#
z`Q F_OK#. D F@q` x~ KO^H ==^ ~`^ Ô_ ` O* J#"# =~OQ
QiOz `# q +` }oH# Ô KH<fl_.
==^ O*x lh Pn#O L#fl ~* ^_ x~fiOK_. D qÔQ
H..117980 =~# 1186 ~# P `^ i H@ H@#, ^# =~ K <fl_ .
W@ H..1190 <\H =<, O*, O^ # PHqOz QOQ "^ #O ^_ ^ _ < _.
"^\ `~ < Ô H..1191

QOQ=# JO`~fik "tOK@O` ~[` g~_# $nfi~* K<` `H O~}
` ^ . $nfi~* J<H z#fl ~[` ~[=# [~Oz _b x PHqOz `# JkH~xfl O*
qi OK^ K_. W@ W~=i =^ Ô Jx"~"O k. WO^ \ O _ =Y H O^" O k. W@
1191 [iy# "^\ `~ < Ô ~ ~l`_ `$\ }# ^H OKH<#. \ O _ $nfi~*
="Ok. D q[#O`~O $nfi~* O* #O_ ~# ìq"@ uflOK^. nxx
J=HOQ fHx ==^ `# H# gHiOKHx fH~K` =~ ~` ^_H
H$`x_<_.
~ O_= `~ < Ô H.. 1192:

~`^ Ki` Qux =i# ^= =Y"#k ~O_= < fi~ Ô. D Ô
$nfi~* L`~ ~Ò x ~[Òîx gHiOz XH @qQ U~i ==^# =~ < fi ~O
=^ Z^~<fl_. D @q H<* _# [KO^_ K~^. D ~O_= `~< Ô
JOMH ~[` @q # = ^Ò Ò < }O Q ==^ JfiH Ô Ku z`Q
F_#. q*` # =O # x, ~ u, =< H@# PHqOz Pr~# ` O PHqOK#.
Ô ~[O Ok# $nfi~* K<# `# =O`_Q Pr~ < ^ ` JyOK_.
Hh $nfi~* K< ^ ^ <~= # _K<fl_# <= # Lif|__ . P `^ i J`x
=~_ Jr~ _Q xqO|__ . nxx J==#OQ qOz# $nfi~* K< ^~ _
u~Q@ K Q ==^ <# XH_# S|H `# x ` J}z"_. W Jr~ `~+
="Ok.
~`^ Ki` ~ O_= `~ < Ô =Y"# k. `` =^ ~[q~ }
_b =Y^fi~xfl
`HOk. _b ~[` # JO`" `~+ QOQ "^ #O qi OK_xH _b =~"O k. D
qÔQ _b i~ O`, `~ ~[` #O `~+ #H "~. D Ô
~[` ^^ " H OQ ~_< Hxfl ~[` ~* `= fi [< H~ ~[`
@q ^~OQ LO_@O = ==^ q[xfl kOK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
56
`~ < ^#O`~O ==^ `# [~Oz# O` `# qfi `_# x <x #

`|n< S|H# ~[ uxkQ xqOz fi^xH =~_. ==^ =~ H..1194 50"
JfiH Ô ` H<* Ô_u KO^"~ Ô [KO^x F_Oz H<* ~*xfl Q ` O K H<fl_ .
W@ ~O_= `~<, KO^"~ ^ L`~ ~`Ô `~+ =[ # ^Ô
K~.
H.. 1206 ==^ JH =~}O` S|H ~`^ O ==^ [~Oz# O` ##
fiHiOK_.
=^ P ~[H i` +|n< ==^ ^$+x ~`H =~#. ~`^
iO^ HQ@@ HO> ~[< J`x ^ O. Jx"_, "^\ `~ < ^ ~[O
Ok< ~[` =^ <H#fl Pk` ~@O =# ==^ ~ O_= `~ < Ô q[O
kOKQeQ_.
26. B. ~ fl
I.
a)
b)
c)
d)
II.
III
~ # =^#O "=.
< ==^ D ~[ _
1. s
2. Qlx
3. O*
~ ^ t
~A HO L<fl_ .
1. ==^
2. "rn< ==^ 3. S|H
"^\ `~ < Ô gi~=i =^ [iyOk.
1. ==^, O^g =^ 2. $nfi~*, "rn< ==^ =^
3. $nfi~*, [KO^ =^
s ==^ ~` `# [~Oz# O`# D HOk "xH JyOK_.
1. `|n< S|H
2. $nfi~* K<
3. W@\q+
lh ==^ Ô_ `, ==^ s Ô_ ` =^ Q =Y `_ Uq\?
==^ s =^ P q~ }
HO> ~` q~ }
ZO^ "Q K_?
==H #
==H J< J~aH ^xH O`^~_x J~O. D ^xfl q^j `~+ x# Q$ J=~
qxyOKHx P `î "iH xH x~fi} ^` JyOz# "ix ==HQ =_O
[~QÒk. `|n< ~H` ==H # ~OO J~Ok. ==H < H.. 1206 #O_
57
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
1290 =~ eOK~. g~ "Ò k =Ok. g~ `|n< S|H, +O+n< W@\q+, An<

< J# =_ @O KOk#"~.
<
1. `|n< S|H
2. P~"
3. +O+n< W@\q+
4. ~H#n< ~ *
5. ~l
6. =An< |~O
7. JLn< =^
8. #~ n< ==^
9. n< <
10. =An< H ^
==H =OO
<HO
12061210
1210
12111236
1236
12361240
12401242
12421246
12461266
12661287
12871290
O=`~
4 O=`~
8 <
25 O=`~
7 <
=~ 4 O=`~
2 O=`~
4 O=`~
20 O=`~
20 O=`~
3 O=`~
D # =Y `|n< S|H, W@\q+, ~l, #r~n< ==^, <
26.8 `|n< S|H (H.. 12061210)

`~+ x # `|n< S|H, `# u` ==^ s # O L#fl` ^# O^_.
H.. 11921205 O=`~ =^ ~` yOz# kyfi[xfl, S|H kOz#". ==^ ~
=~}O z# `~ "` ~`` `# JkH~xfl ~~KHx, fiÒ`_ =O ~[# K# è
@i+ <Q S|H Q}#HH_.
<Q S|H J<H =# Z^~#= =K#. lh _# _* _b O#
=k+O uflOKKO_#. =<, LK Q=~fl~# #r~n< K, OQ Q=~fl~ # Pb=~<M <
fiÒ` Hêi. nxH`_ xH u~Q@ K~Q #. JO`@ S|H q"H= OÒQ D =#
JkQq OK_. _*# F_Oz lh <HqOK#. =~ _* lh` ` HOQ, S|H ~
K~ Hx J`xx J_H @
"#. nx` _b <` lh ~[O#O_ "~~ Ok. `` eÒQ ~`
=^ P ~[H *HO K HO_ x"iO|_Ok. D u~Q@ `èHOQ =~<,
"xx iQ J}z" ^ ` S|H J#O`~O ~*xH =z# W@\q+ _O k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
58
26.9 W@\q+ (H.. 12111236)

`|n<S |H =~}#O`~O J`x =~_# P~" #_. Hx J`_ |#_.
J=~_ Q @ =# P#=Oê `~+ = =^` `, S|H J_# W@\q+ J`xx ^g + x
K _b O# =k+O K_. nx` =O~O~ ~[iH (J#Q Ò_ J#O`~O =~_
~*k<` J OÔ) fi K |_Ok. |=#fl"_^ ~[O Jx QiO|_Ok. _b #`
~ ` # kOz# #` W@\q+^. W`_ H.. 1211 #O_ 1236 =~ eOK#.
W@\q+ _b O#O #Q ^ . W`_ H H_e <fl_ . [h _#
_* , O^ _# , OQ _# Jbq^<M < #` JkH~xfl kH iOz fiÒ `
Hêi. D A~, ~}Òc~, ~[`, Qfie~, ZO[~ ` K~ He fiÒì .
nxH`_ =OQ KO *M< <`$ `fiO q[$OaOz #` "= i^ O`xH =CQ
i}qOK~.
W@ ^# O_ = ^# O^= _b #`# W@\q+ H_, ^x <^#
~ ~ K # . `` _* , ^_ K "ix =kOK_. H..1220 KO *M< Hfi~*O
=[O Ô_`_ . JO`\ P ~[_# [n< =OQsfl O*| i~ W@\q+
=iOK_. =OQsflH O K# _ =OQ O ~} ` ^x qOz, W@\q+
J`xH \ O K ^ . W@\q+ î Oz# ~[H q[` =# _b #` =OQ _^
Òk.
H.. 1225 #O_ W@\q+ OQ #Oê u~Q@# J}K@ x=Qfl__..
Jb=~<M< J#O`~O S"*M< OQ __. W@\q+ "= OÒ ^$+x
HOnHiOK@# J=HOQ fHx S"*M< fiÒ`_Q # yOK_. H.. 122627
O=`~O W@\q+ =~_# #r~n< ==^ OQ Ô_u, S"*M< =kOz, OQ
~xfl uiy #` #~î OK_. JQ ~[` ~* Ô_u ~}Òc~# PHqOz, *~,
=O*~, |<, Qfie~ ~* `# Pk` xfl <H_.
Q[~`# =~ K H#@ W@\q+ q*` QH~<, S|H JO~O Q =ê"o# =#
W@\q+ i K _b #`# ~ ~ K _. i< @"xfl OK@ W@\q+ 'zQh
@i+ J< =~xfl U~~K_.
26.10 ~l (H.. 123640)

W@\q+ `# =~
# ~l H =~# QiOz, `# =~# qiOz, P"#
`# "~ ~eQ ZOH K#. Wk y@x HO^~ ~~ ( =) W@\q+ =~_# ~fln<
~ *# <Q H\ O zi, Hx ~l _b [ JO_Ô _` HO`=Ok x HkH~ =^` `
~fln< ~ *# =kOz O# =k+O K_.
59
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~l J<H =# Z^~#= =zOk. =YOQ P" ^~ , K Qh ~~ XH

=~O P" =u~HOQ @ #flK <fl~ . ## KH |~KO> K Qh ~~ JkH~ HO
" x P" qOzOk. `^# Q}OQ `~+`~ # J<H L#fl` ^= ` xqOK#. `# Ò_
= ~[H q[`` =OQ =u~HOQ XOÔ ^~H"x Mfi~*O = O# Pfi<xfl
P" u~ iOzOk.
i< x~fi} ^Ò` x}` =~=OÒQ ==iOzOk. # `HOQ
#@O, * ^~~ x~fiOK@O Ô < xH <H`fiO =OK@O P" < ^H`
x^~#O.
=~O ~l `= KC K` = H= H^x Q OK~. `~+`~ # L#fl`
^= O^ xqOK@ "iH y@^ . W\ u P"# JOÒ K > UHH =~= x "~ qOK~.
Q Jax< JfiH^ ku # `M<` P" xfl ÒQ LO_@` P" jxfl OHOK~.
W@ rqÒÒ =~O `, ^~ ` O~} _` z=~ î^_ ÔQ Ku `" Ok.
26.11 #r~n< ==^ (H.. 124666)

^ #=OuQ <: ~l HO < , KQh ~~ =^ ~O" # Pk`
~@O P" =~}#O`~O H#yOk. ~l =~}#O`~O KQh ~~ H= O` ~[
x~`Q =~~. H.. 1246 K Qh ~~ <H_# LM< W@\q+ =#=_# , #r~n<#
#Q K_.. LM< (W`_ <Q #_) `# =~# #r~n<H z q"O K
^ #=Ou ^q x O^#. Wk y@x HO`=Ok `~+ ~~ J`x @ xfl 1250 ^q
#O_ `yOz W=^n< J< ~f =O # ^ xQ K~. J~` LM< =, ^#, ^ ,
Ô_K `# `=Oîx J}z" uiy ^ x ^q x O^>QH ~[iH ^# zOK
''K ` Jx a~^ _ î OK_. H.. 1265 #r~n< =~}#O`~O LM< '< J< ~`
_b ##. q+ QO` #~ n<# < KO_x H^# O. < ~H` x~O H OnH$`
< == <Ok eHOk.
26.12 < (H.. 126687)

< < J~#C_ _b O#O ~H` OQ ^. `~+ ~~x XH=~O P#
=u~HO. "= OÒ =OQ _^ f=`~"Ok. ~*xH ^~OQ L#fl ~R
fiÒ`Q@ ufl < fl~ . ~[` ` O fiÒÒ HO U H}<fl< u~Q@ K@@
L<fl~ . _b i~ O` ""\ J< î ^_ Qi , [
O` $+ < fl~.
W\ u < x~OOQ, x~H}
OQ ==iOz i` # KH |~K_. D Ô`xfl
Ki`H~ 'L^ ÔÒ (Policy of Blood and Iron) Jx Ja=iOK~. < JkH~xfl, ^#,
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
60
uux OK@ J<H K~ Q H <fl_. ~~ H= O` QO_ "i POH qkOK_.

~A ^" O O `_< #`# ~[iH Ô`xfl =zOK_.
<xfl #~fi =HiOz, "xx ^"OQ HH"# O` #Oz Z\ u~Q@<<
J}K@ OÔ K_. ^P Ou^` <H@ K~ QH<fl_. J_=#
#iH, ~ ^~ xiOz, ^~= # \ + O K_. î^_ ÔQ# Hi# OQ tHO K_. ""\,
^P, J^ , H`~O^ K~ y# u~Q@# x~H}
OQ J}z"_. Jr~, #Q~ ~[`
~* `# Pk` xfl <H_. Hx Qfie~, ~}Òc~ # < =~ K HH _.
< HO OQ _# `yQ fiÒ`_, #Q H\ O KHx, `#~ <}#
_ =kOK_. JO`@ < fiOQ ~ O_ H # O` OQ ~[^x # Hflx Q ` O
KH x `yQ # =kOz, `# ~ O_= =~_# |QM< OQ _Q xqOK#.
< HO =OQ _^ Z"O k. =OQ O^ #k t= O`=# Q ` O
K Hx O* ^_ K @ <fl K < fl~ . =OQ ^_ <^ ~#@ < `
^~= # =~=` K >QH, HH" # O` #`# ^~# xiOK_. gxx tH` " #
# O Pn#O LOK_. "= O` ~H}
^ `# `# ^ =~_# ==^ JyOK#.
H.. 1285 `= ~M< <H`fi O [iy# =OQ ^_ ==^ =~}O K#. J~` =OQ
<_# (Halaku) <` fl O|O^ HOHO z `# ~ix _b H O_. <
~[H q[`` D J=HO# qxyOKHx "i` Y`# <H_.
H.. 1287 < =~}O K_. <\H `# W^~ =~ =~}O K@ =# ~~ <
=#=_# H ^# <Q Ki . H ^ |#_, J=~_ W`x HO Ò P#O
=~O `Q^ x=Qfl" O k. H ^ H" `xH QiQ@K, J`x =~_# _# H
=~
#_. W\ =O `~+`~ , ~` =O " H" H.. 1290 H
=~#
`yOz [n< dbx _b #Q Ki . nx` ==H # JO`" O k.
~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
==H x, Q$ x `_ Uq?
_b #` è _=~?
=OQ _^ # W@\q+ Z x"iOQ _ ?
# J#iOz# x~O q^<# U ~` ~ ?
~OO
J~a \# WO, Yb <`$ `fiO Q " KOkOk. J~a< < =^ P x
J`kH Qxfl PHqOK~. J<kQ ~` J~a =~H O|O^ H=. H.. 712
61
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
==â< M" <H`fi O J~ < O^ # PHqOK~. D PH=} =Y ^

~`^ iO^ # HQ@@, WO =` ".
P `~ "` lh _# ==^ ~` iO^ # HQ\ `# ~*xfl ~ ~ K H"x
17~ Ô_`_ . <\ L`~ ~` ~A SH` H~=_@ =# ==^ H <OQ
<~"~~.
H.. 12= à L`~ ~Ò J<H z#fl ~*Q qH " ~[`K eO|_`<fl~.
~[` ^g ~, ^~ He#"~. Hx "i SH` ^ . Q Pk` ~@O`
~ ~O O ~} _ `<fl~ . D ~ _# ==^ =^ P `# ~[ q~ }
H+= x qOz ~` ^$+ ~ _. ~` =[ < s ==^ H O. H.. 1191
"^\ `~ < Ô s ==^ $nfi~* K< Ku F_<, P =~\ O=`~O (H..
1192) [iy# ~ O_= `~ < Ô $kfi~* U~~z# ~[` @qx F_Oz, _b x PHqOK#.
s ==^ `# ~` [~Oz# ~A `# qfi`_# `~+ x <x #
`|n< S|H JyOK_. S|H _b #` ~[ # K_. W@\q+ PO`~O yH u~Q@#
J}z, K Qh ~~ @qx U~@ K, "i =^` ` #`# ~ ~ K_. W`x HO<
=OQ _^ ~O" O k. W@\q+ J#O`~O O# =k+O z# ~l K Qh ~~
JkH~^xfl J}K\xH uflOzOk. Hx K Qh @ P" |e J~Ok. D # L
=x+<. 20 O=`~ ^ xQ (<), 20 O=`~ <Q _b #`# eOz,
^xH ~ ` # , ^`# =~_. K Qh ~~ ^~xfl J}K_. < Q~= u` #
W#=_OK _. u~Q@ J}z Ou ^` <H_. =OQ ^_ #O_ #`# H__.
< =~}#O`~O |# ~*xH ~=@O =# #` db =" O k.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
WO q[$O}
, "H J~a ~[H i` @ ^Ô K~?
J~| O^ q[xH Q H~}, e `# q=iO=.
lh ==^ Z=~? ~`^ O ZO^ ^_ K_?
=^ P x U ~[H i` ~ ==^# ~` ^$+x =~@ ^Ô
K#?
==H ##Q Z=~? W@\q+ `# JkH~xfl Z ~ ~ K H<fl_ ?
PO`~O yH, q^j ^_ #O_ _b #`# H_@ < Q H #fl K~q?
~` `~+ ~[# ^Ô K# JOq?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
62
J^# =K~O
=OQ
'=OQ J< Ô '=OQ (Mong) J#Q ^~ O J< Ô #O_ [xOzOk. H.. 13= à
=OQ H= O`" # , PQ " i`" # ^~ Q *uQ ~O`~O KO^~. KO*M<
<`$ `fiO g~ q ~*xfl <He <\ `~, t= ^ OfiflOQ OOK"~.
g~ =^ P x Mfilq<, JQ ~*# [~Oz PHqOK~.
KO *M< =OQ x H H=tH}
, ^Ò` x}` `s^xz OKO ^
g~Q fik^_ . H#H< Ki`H~ KO *M< ''^=, ^ o #O_ XH ~*xfl ` ~ K_x
OK~.
=OQ # O Hk JtfiH^ O . g~ ^_ "@
C_ `= @O# _ `= "O@
fHx "" ~. JO^=# g~ " ^ =y fiO. D>, ^# , qO|, `=#
D_H\ xH QO =`" "i P^ Ou. |~h J# Ki`H~_ =OQ Qi K|` "~
^ ^# _ XH ~u =yOK"~x, J=~" ` "#u~Q_ xfl JQ~=OQ qOK"~ H^x
K_. =~ ` O "ix ^Ò` x}`# Qi tO "~ "#uiy#@ #\Oz,
JH`Q Z^~ uiy `=# =@>" ~x ~<fl_ .
M < J< =~ =OQ <_ H.. 1294 =~ eOK_. M < =~}#O`~O
=OQ =^ H` K~ y "i =[O ~ O_Q pe~Ok. Jq i x SY< ~[O,
\hy <x KQ`. "iHC_# qOu aOz#C_ HH@Q ~` ^_ x~fiOK"~.
W@ \<fly
< _# ^"M< J<H ~ ~` ^_ K_. W\ =OQ <^ ~#@
JLn< db J<H <, x H K~ Q H #= =zOk. ` H HO =OQ *uH KOk#
(è " ) `= ~ ~` Ô_`_ . `=~ "~_# |~ =# Ô " =[ #
K_. W@ =OQ` ~` O|O^ KHO H#Q~.
~ fl ["|
26.Z
i)
ii)
iii)
2.
3.
==^ =H
Y~<
L=^ =OO
^ x (Deputy)
J~ =~ , x
63
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
26.a
1.
Z) lh a) ==^, ) $nfi~*, + |n< ==^ =^ _) `|n< S|H

2. lh ==^ ~`^ iO^ # HQ\#fl^ H O HQ, ~ ==^ ~`
~[# K > ^ OQ ZOK_.
3. =^ P x Mfiil< =[O H= O`" # O^#
26.
1.
==H x x H J=~# f~ x
2. `|n< S|H
3. =OQK ìq" |_# [n< =OQiflH O K x~HiOK@
4. L^ ÔÒ (Blood and Iron Policy)
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
64
27
`~+ ~[# =i
==H #
27.1 iK O
HÒ ~O =#O `~+ ~` Ô_`, ==H # _b #` ##
QiOz Kk"O.
D ~O D HxH KOk# Hxfl ` H q+# Qi èHOÔ. =YOQ lh
==^, ~ ==^ Ô_ ` H a#fl" # =x, XH~ ~` i O^ # HQ\#O>,
=~H~ ~` ~[# K x qOK_. XHi Ô_ ` =# ~`^ iO^ `~e Q
=~Hi Ô_ ` =# ~` `~+ ~[ # [iyOk. D ~O ~`^ ~[H i` ,
=lH == Z\ H} O K, `~+ ^_# ZO^=# JiH@ H ~ D ~O K^ =Ô.
WOH D ~O _b #` eOz# "i ^ " # W@\q+, < QiOz K^ =Ò.
W@\q+ #` x["# _` , # < Q~= u` # W#=_O K# <^ _.
27.2 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\~.

lh ==^ ^_ H.
lh ==^ ^_ ==^ ~ q[xH ^Ô K# "# O
~ ==^ q[, ~` `~+ ~[#
lh ==^, ~ ==^ ^_ =YOQ =`~ " # q H=x.
`~+, ~[` =^ O ~} ~[` ~[xH ^Ô K# ~[H, x H,
O H H~}.
W@\q+ Z^~#fl ~[H , < =.
_b #` x["# _Q W@\q+# QiOK@.
65
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
8.
9.
10.
11.
W@\q+ x H, <, PiH ~OQ kOz# q[.

W@\q+ HO #` "^\ iQ =OQ _^ ~O" `~KQ H#yO^x.
O# =k+O z# "O@< < Z^~#fl =.
< ~[^~ fi=O, kOz# q[.
27.3 lh ==^, ~ ==^ kOz# q[ `<`H q+}
lh ==^, ~==^ kOz# q[# sA "=O^ P q[# x~t Oz#

"i ~[H , PiH, x H H, <\ =^ P , ~` x ~[H i` # }OQ J^ #O
K e. Q D ~ O_ ^_ =^ K O=`~ ==k LOk. lh ==^ ^_ H..
10011026 O=`~ =^ [~QQ , ~ ==^ ^_ H.. 11751206 O=`~ =^
[iQ~.
lh ==^, ~ ==^ ^_ H a#fl"#q

lh ==^ ~`^ iO^ # HQ\< ^_ x~fiOK_. ~[# H^.
~` iO^ ` `# =^ P ~*xfl (M~<) ~ ~ z , qi O^ K_. + |n< ==^
~` iO^ # ^K<fl ~` =[ < J`x Ô. nxH =Y H~}O =^ P
q~ }
Mil=< K` z`Q F_@O. W\ u ~[q~ }
, ~` ~ ~[#
J`_ H OQ @HH ` ^ .
lh ==^ `# ^_ |#"# ~`^ ~*# Z^~#Q, s ==^ H= O`" #
~*# Z^~#= =zOk. } ~f =[O KiQ J~| q[O =# Z\
=C Oq O^ . P `^ i < ` ~` q^j ^_ =Ô ^ . W\ u ~` x
~* ~ ~ H x=Qfl" q^j ^_ <^ ~#@ O^ Q =. J~< ~ ==^
|"# ~[` ~*# Z^~#H ` ^ . P ~* Jr~ # K<, =fi #
~= ~, H#* # Q ^fi, Q[~` # K. D <^ O lh ==^,
~ ==^ q[# JOK< " e.
^g ~_Q, < ku Q s ==^ HO> lh ==^ Z= q[# kOK_.
H.. 10011026 O=`~ =^ lh ==^ u O=`~O J@ =^ P Q x, W@
~`Qx ^_ H#yOK_. D ^_ # q[# kOK_ Hx, F@q <~Q_.
~` L[~h, Qfie~, HeO[~, _b , Jr~ U~~z# ~[` @qx ` O z`Q F_OK_.
Hx s ==^ ^_ ~[` _Hx#q. s ==^ H..1178 [iy# Jx"_
Ô Q[~` K Ku, H.. 1191 [iy# "^\ `~< Ô $nfi~* K<
Ku z`Q F__. =YOQ "^\ `~ < Ô }O ^H OKHQeQ_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
66
~[H OQ lh ==^ HO> s ==^ # q[xfl kOK_. s ==^

Jx"_, "^\ `~ < ^ F_<, "H"x @^ ` ~` =[ # KQeQ_.
P# ^_ PH #k #O_ =< #k =~ qi OK~. ~ O_= `~ < , KO^^~ ^
q[xfl kOz _b , Jr~, H#* Q ` O K <fl_ . fi^xH " ~` [~Oz# O`
S|H# ~[uxkQ xqOK_. H.. 1206 s ==^ =~}Oz<, S|H _b #`
~[# K P# Hxfl <~" ~ _. W@ ~` =O ~[# K# #` ~ ==^^.
lh ==^ u O=`~O ~` ^_ x~fiOz< ~[HOQ Z\ fi` e Ò
K ~^ . O*|, =< # PHqOz< Jq XH\ # fl~ à HO =`" "i Pn#O LOk.
nxx s ==^ Q ` O K <fl_ . lh ==^ H O ~`^ iO^# HQ@>
Q#H, `# [~Oz# O` `# Pk`xfl <H\xH Z\ K~ QH#^. Hx lh
==^ ^_ ~HO Q s ==^ q[ ^Ô K~. J^@# Q "= O`#
##fl ~fi ` } ^\=K =~xfl Q=O K @O, ~` ^_ =# P ~* x H Oux
<#O K, P ~* iO^ # ^KHx "x PiH ==# ^|f@O =# lh ==^
`# èO_ s ==^ q[xH H~_ _.
HO^~ Ki`H~ lh ==^, s ==^ ^_ =`xfl H~}OQ PkOK~.
gi~=~ `= ^# r^Q (q` ^Q J#Q =" `~ yOK ^) H\ O K@O,
^"Ox qQ # ^fi OO K @O WO^ L^~}Q ~<fl~ . Hx <_ HO^~ Ki`H~
gxH "~ +O K|`<fl~. a#fl*` J#Q `~+, i#, P#` qo`"# =O
# O O "xfl OOkOK> r^ J< x<Ô `~ H =zO^x, ^" iO^ #
HQ@_O =~Hi ^ O. ~[< HOH ` =~q H^. H =O =` H~}OQ O^=#
KO~#@O iH^. ZO^=#O> =^ P ^_ "~ "i =` < KO~ H^. J~`
=O =`"xfl qiO~^.
~fi `, Ha=xQ s ==^ J<=_. nxH a#flOQ [h ==^ <\ =^
P ~ "# ~ ^ t, L`, ~ z =O\ H=# +OK_. lh XH QO^xfl, XH
^~ ## <H_. =Hb# WqH " H "e H~H` lh Q =^ # xiOK_.
lh ==^ ~`^ i O^ # HQ@\xH ~` ^_ x~fiOK_. Hx
s ==^ ^_ H O ~` ~[#
27 Z. ~ fl
1.
D HO^ ~#fl q+ H JO Z=iH =iOK#? lh ==^H H s ==^H

QiO=.
67
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
~`^ iO^ # HQ@@

~` ~[#
P~ h, Lf, ~ p, ~ ^ t
`|n< S|H J< x <x ~[uxkQ xqOK_.
1178 Jx"_ Ô
"^\ , ~ O_= `~ < ^
Y~< (=^ P ) ~A
M~[q< ~[=Oj Ku F@q
2. D HOk Mm# iO=.

i)
~` ^_ q+ O
kOz# q[ Qq.
=<^ ^"xfl =@_O K_.
ii)
iii)
~` `= ^_# ~ ~ K H"x H O ^ .
iv)
^ O ~` `~+ ~[#
3. lh ==^, ~ ==^ `= Ô_ ` r^ J< x<Ô ZO^HK~?
27.4 `~+ L`~ ~` q[xH "i <^ ~#@ ~[`

~[xH Q H~}
`~+ q[xH, "i<^ ~#@ ~[` " xH =Y H~} ~[` ~[H ,
=lH |#`, PiH, x H ~OQ k#k<a=$k KO^`#fl "#H@`#O.
~[` ~[H == J<H <fl~. H.. 11, 12= à g~ J<H fiÒ`
~*Q qH " , ~ ~ H` x=Qfl" <fl~x =#O Kk"O. D ^ ~[ q~}
HQH,
=HQ ` JkH~ ^~xH, `~K fi H~} [iQ~. D x~O`~ ^ =# ~[` PiH
==, x H @=O ^|u<fl~. ~[` Ô J<k ^~ H_.
~[` |#` =~H H~}O ~[` ~* <H#fl fi= ==. ~[`
~* fi= . g~ ~ "# = K, < xfl +Oz ^ = ~A
__ " ~. W\ == ~A xxH, ~A [ ` H O|O^=O_^. JO^=#
# O, [ ~AHO> fi=H Z= qfi` =`~. ~A `# =#Q_ fi=
P^~_ û U~_Ok. fi= fi~ ~ O` < xfl =~Hx ~A# kH iOK"~.
W@ xH H O^ JkH~O, J[=~+ =~= OÒQ H =@ `~+ KHx J=HO.
x H~ O Q ~[` < HO> `~+ < Z= J# i` <fl~. `~+
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
68
Jfi^= H= O`" O k. g~ |e+" # , H= O`" # =^ P Jfi# =~HQ, ~[`

<~H " # "xx =~<fl~ . Jtfi èH\ ^ =yx `# "O@ fHx Ô
"Q= OÒQ xK @ = #. H.. ^= à #O_ =^ P Jtfi qHO_Q
=~@` ^ Qu iQ =i~Ok. Hx ~[` JkH ^ =yx "Hx=@,
=O^H_Q Hk Q[|O, HO P^~_ LO_@ "i F@qH H~} `" O k.
~[` x H x~}O ~+" O k. fi= O #O "H`, O=O
H~=_Ok. x `= fiqH Z= q^
` Hey LO_@O, fi= =^ ~ ~ H~O
H =@ =~H |#`. ~ ~ H =# ~[` # O ^ J@ Q~ O k. Q ~[`
PiH =#~ ^|u<fl~. nxH a#flOQ `~+ < HO^ xO`} LO_@O, r^ J<
x<Ô`, P"O `, ~`^ iO^ # HQ\< ^< ` ^xH O^" < ~.
"= i^ ~H}
^ ` `=^x ~[` J=Q# H =@ ~[` F@qH
=~H H~}O. lh ^_ ~` xH KKHx ~=\xfl ~[` f=OQ iQ}O ^ . nxH
H~}O O*| ` `~| _ =^ P ~[H ` =__ LOk. =^ P "#
, }, } O*|# PHqOz, `^ i ~` ^_ K< , "~ ~f =[O
Ki~. H#H =^ P "# `~+ J\Q ~`^ O ~ _ ` ~x ~[` qOK~.
`~+ u \OK@ ~[` *f ~ XH @qQ U~_^ . ~H}
J#Q
`= ~[ ~H}
W`~ O K @O J<k "i =#. H.. 11931203 O=`~ =^
~ ==^, S|H iQ `= JkH~xfl ~ ~K H^. W\ u ~[` " H" "ix
ìq" J=HO aOzOk. Hx D J=Hxfl ~[` *~q_K~.
~f =lH == x~}O, =YOQ ^ ` O ~[` F@qH =Y H~}O.
=lH, ~[H SH`# ^ ^|f~. ~[#, xH q^, Hu ^.
H u`~ # O K@ ^ . W@ ~[` #O ^H i` `~+# u\O^.
~f JkH OM q^j Ô_ Ò> < =~ ` `= ^# Ok# rqÒ Z\
=~ O_^x =O Q_O Q LOk.
H.. 11, 12= àO^ =lH == JQ A# , qA# } UHO` q^#O,
JOH~ =O ~`^ "#H@ `#=# =YH~}O. g~ q^ [iQ
, OHuH,
^ ~OQ [iQ Ja=$kx Q O^ . q^` O~ O =# `= == <#" Ò^x
qOK~. Q giH Q~fiOH~= "O_x, =#Ô k O=`~ Q_ # , =^ P
O_` _# P~ h ~<fl_ . P# =@ KO> ''"iH `= Ô =O\ Ô Qx, `= *u
=O\ *u Qx, `= ~A =O\ ~A Qx, `= G i*#=O`\ i*#O O K=O^H _ ^x
"i qfiO.
D JOH~ Q}" "i |#`. PiH~OQO ~[` Qg} fiO +H`fixH
69
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
^#`xz, q^j "}*xfl x~H O K~. `` eÒQ H..11, 12 àO^ ~` PiH ~Qux
kOz t= ^` n@Q x=H ~Ok. W@ q^j "~ x~H O _ ~HO Q ~[`
~[xfl qÒ KO k.
`~+ q[xH, ~[` ~[xH Q H~}

1.
2.
3.
~[H H~}:
~[` J<H z#fl z#fl fiÒ` ~*Q qH = Q@, ~ ~ H x=Qfl=Q@.
~[` ~* <H#fl fi= ==
x H H~}:
~[` Z= ^ =yx "@, "QO Q H^ x Q[|O P^~_ @. `~+
èH\ ^ =yx L yOz, H= O`" # JtfiH ^xfl =~H#@.
~[` < fi= fi=O
"= O` ~H}
~[` O^ Q H =@.
O H, PiH H~}:
~f =[Ox ^ , "+ = .
} UHO` q^#O, q^ [iQ , ^, OHuH ~OQx Qu x
PHoO K H#H=@.
27.a ~ fl
1.
i)
ii)
iii)
2.
3.
D HOk "xH XH H~}O `=.

~[` F@qH ~[H H~}O
~[` F@qH x H H~}O
~` "#H@`<xH H~}O
O KO [iQ Ja=$kx q^=O`# ~f PHoO KH # UHO` q^<xfl
ZO^ J#iOK~?
`~+ <^ ~#@ ~[` XH O \` HQ ZO^ Z^Q ^ ?
27.5 W@\q+ kOz# q[

W@\q+ _b O#=k+O z#_ JÒ` H+ i`# Z^~#= =K#. <_ _b
#` xi+" # ~[ i^ Qx, ~[iH ÔÒQx =. L`~ ~`= O` fiÒ` ~[=
_b #` _^ Q i}qOK#. [h _# _* `# ~ ==^ "~_#x _b
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
70
~[=# H = = KH # uflOKK<fl_x O^ _# K fiÒ`_ `# JkH~xfl ~,

O*| qi O K @ O^ _ < _. OQ` Pb =~<M < fiÒ`_< _. _b Jg~x
XH =~O (P~O J#) W@\q+# u \OKK<fl~ . Qfie~, ~}Òc~, HxO[~,
Jr~, |<~[` `~+ JkH~xfl JOÒ K fiÒì . nxH`_ "= O`=#
=OQ ^_ ~O= #. W@ _b #` =#Q_ XH "Q i}qOK#. W\ u
W@\q+ q[`` , ^~ OQ gx<^ ~x _b #` XH ~*xfl, ^#, ~[iH `fixfl,
< ==# kOK_. =YOQ `# [=x# s==^ [~Oz# ~*xflO\x
" H O K _b #` x["# <^ "#.
`` _b Jg~#}z, _b U|_ ##fl J^ |^<, <~, Z =#flQ"xx
iQ `# Pn#OxH `K H<#. H.. 1216 _* <_Oz ~# PHqOK#. D q[O`
[h, ~ ~*` J#Q =^ P ~[H` `QÒ KH x, _b #` i fiÒ`
uuQ ~*OQ fik^ Ok. K# F_Oz J`x =~}#O`~O =<, LK, O^ O`=
<HqOK#. H.. 122429 O=`~ =^ OQ ^_ K db #}z, OQ# =~ K H<#.
Hx Q[~`, =fi# Q ` O K H"< W@\q+ PHOH <~" ~ ^ . Q[~` ^_x K
uH\~ . =fi ^_ K d H@# PHqOz, L[~h #Q~xfl ^K<fl H= O`# ~= ~#
OQnHH_.
W\ # q[=# kOK@K Q^ J _ Yb P# ''<[~ Jg L=qx<
(Aid of the commander of the faithful) J< a~^xz, _b
~*k<` Q Qi 1229 JkH~ `xfl
(Letter of Investitute) JO^*
_. nx` W@\q+ <~O Q i ~fi=kH~O aOzOk.
=OQ _^ x"iOK@ W@\q+ q[`` ==iOK_. =OQ KO*M<
<H`fi O =^ P ~*# Q Ò K O@ O^ #k =~ =K_. JC_ KO*M<
Ku F_# Hfi~*O # [n< =OQsfl O* i~ W@\q+ =iOK#.
=OQiflH O K =OQ` Ô ` ^x qOz W@\q+ J`x O K ^ . W\
W@\q+ ~[hu[` =# _b #` =OQ _^ ` Ok
<\ J~KH ~[H i` # JkQq Oz W@\q+ ~[iH `fixfl <H_. <
JkH~xfl \ + O K \xH, `~+ x JkH~` _Hx# `~<. WKQh J< ~~
@qx U~~K_. giH JÒ` Q~=qK_. < x~fi}H `~+`~ q^j# xqOz
"i =^` # O^_. ~A H O Ke , x H O K xHkH~ H~xfl ` O
O^_. giH Q =O~O~ # QiOz, "~ HO KeO H ` ` H u~Q@ K
` "xx `yOK"_ H^.
W@ ~[O ##fl a#fl =Y ~[H xflO\x He XH < == xH fHK_.
K Qh ~~ W@\q+ HO #` ~ ` # kOK_. Hx W@\q+ =~}#O`~O
71
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
D ~~ fi~ ~ JkH~ ""O`, ~ ~ H` x=Qfl", < JkH~<fl kH iOK

~H ZkQ~. J~` gi ^~xfl KQh ~~ <H_# , _b < # < J}z"_.
_b #` < == ` O W@\q+ Q}h"# = K_. ~*xfl 'WH J# xH
~Q ql Oz, WH^~ Pn#O LOK_. WH^~ `# H \~Oz# WH ( q) #O_ #fl
= K, JO^ HO` Qxfl # +} "zOK"_. WH < ^` WH^~ ^.
i<, Ou ^` # H_@ WH^~ =Y q^ . W@\q+ <}# OiOz ~ O_ ~H#
<} =kOK_. 1) @OH"O_ <}O 2) l@ ~y <}O.
^P PiH i+ He# O`=x QiOz, D OÒ< Z= WH# W@\q+ U~@
K_. J~` 'WH û _ Hxfl H ^ .
W@\q+ J#iOz# q^< <`# =O =`kH~ "xH #H^ . =O
=`kH~ (L=)x XH =~O WqH < `# " @ =OkQ W@\q+ H~_.
D K## W@\q+ u~ iOK_. D K## J= ~z # _ JkH OM# =" `~
=^` # H =^=O^x, `` e ÒQ ^ L#fl #` f= #+O H#x qOK_.
W@\q+ ''`~<~KQx J< @i+ =~xfl # =Ok` U~@ K_.
W@\q+ =~}#O`~O K Qh JkH~ Ô`, ~ ~ H` <# kH iOK ~H
ZkQ~. J~` # gix J}K_.
27.5 ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
W@\q+ O# =k+O z#_ Z^~#fl = ~ O_O\x ~#=.

#`# H= OÒQ fik^@
W@\q+ Q H #fl K~ q?
'`~<~K Qh ~~ @q<~ ~K @ W@\q+ H "q?
^P OÒ W@\q+ Z= WH W=fi\xH Q H~}"q?
#` =O < `# W@\q+ ZO^=# " @^ ?
27.6 < kOz# q[

H.. 1266 < _b <# _ ~[O J<H H+ = <^ ~#= =K#. ``
K Qh ~~ ` O|O^# #~fi =H i OK~. W@\q+ =~}#O`~O K Qh ~~ O^
JkH~ ""O, ^ zO`, fi~O K iy < JkH~<fl kH iOK ~H ZkQ~. "#fl\ ^ H
WO^ _# < HH` =OK_. Hx <_ JkH~xfl " K ~H "~ Z^Q_O
=# < #`# ~[^~ Ô`xfl =zOK_. ~[`# iQ `# Pn#OxH
`K H"e.a #k =~ qi Oz, x~O`~O Q =OQ ^_# =~= OÒQ Z^~=_O,
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
72
_b , ^P O` ^_ _ ""\ =# Ou, ^` = U~_Ok. < JO>

cu Qx, Q~=O Qx =. |~h Ki`H~x =@ KO> ''^ iu H_ n<= LOk. W\
u < ~[ q~ }
HO> ~[ ~ ` H ^#qz L =x+Q ==iOK_.
~[q~ }
# HOHO K O_@ QH~}=
1.
~[^xx g_ Ô_ ` "o`, W^ J^#Q qOz =OQ _b , ^P |_ ^KH#

=Ô H^.
2. PO`~O yH=Q K Qh ~~ u~Q@, ~[` fiÒ`HOH =# #` ^`
^.
3. `# [~Oz# ~* # *=Q QO> =~ # JkH~, |"# # O H"e.
W\ iu "i =# =~H qÔ Q qxyOK^ KH^ . H#H < q[`` ~[
q~ }
HO> ~ H ^#qK_.
~[ ~ ` QOQ `` ~[O, _b i~ O` Ou ^`# #~î O
^K#. xÒ î^_ _ ""\< î^_ ÔQ# "\_ KO#. ^P J_=#iH,
~^~# "~Oz, xH =~=# U~@ K î^_# x"iOK>QH, ~[`
u~Q@# ` O <OQ J}K@ g HeOK#. D K~ =# ''î^_ ÔQ i
#O_ ~ ^~ ^` 60 O=`~ \ O ^x |~h ~<fl_ . OQ ` HM< u~Q@
#}z, `# ~ O_= =~_# |QM<# _Q xqOK#.
~[iH B#fl`xfl W#=_O *@ < ~A ^"O O`_# #`# Ô`xfl
=zOK_. ''le W J# a~^ =Oz, ~A qye# =#"oH Z\ eH ^x ~A $^ O
Q = ^#Q xH x=x L^\ O K_. D ÔÒ ~*kH~O Q= O`x ^" ` =~xH
Hx, [k Qx H^x, ~A Z=fiiH =^#O K #=~O ^x , `## tflOK JkH~O Z=fiiH
^x qkÒ KO k. D ÔÒ x~O ~[iHxfl H= OÒ KO k.
~[iH B#fl`xfl OOkOK@ J<H K~ Q H<#. `# `~+ ~} Q^ x g~
~+_# (~ ^ <= ~#fl) P OùH KOk#"_#x `# B#fl` =# OKH<#.
J<H ~jH O^# J#Q OQ Ô_ }=O, < Ô# Qx, O#O# Qx
=^ @H#@ =#flQ"xx ">#. H=tH}# \Oz `<C_ ~[^<
^~#qK"_. `<=fii`# =Y=# ` =\_"_ H^. |@ "#C_ ~[H
\\=` Q"_. W\ K~ =# [ u~Q@ fi=O H"~ q^
Q =#@
K#. < @ [ cu, Q~=O iyOk.
< `~+ =~ B#fl`xH @__ . #A# `fi Yx HH ^=
#O_ `yOK_. ''#Ax K_Q< P# H Z~ ZH=x, P HO` P# K~ Hug ^
73
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
^x < J#fl@ |~h Ki`H~_ "_. D K~ =# JOMH ~f =O `=

^= # H~. WO^ =Y H~}O `~+`~ =O # W=#n< ~ < H.. 125253
O=`~ =^ #r~n< ==^ HO <# ^ xQ `yOK>.
`~+ =~ B#fl`xH _<, "i` JkH~xfl OKH=@O < W+O ^ . W@\q+
@Oc#, H=O`_# `# JkH~xfl kHiOK ~~#, `^ `# |O^"# +~M< Ò
^= #O_ `yOK#. `~+ =" `~ # J}K@ `~+ =~xfl "_<fl_ . `~+
~~ Hi# POH qkOz, "i ^~xfl J}z, `# q^
Q =#@ K_.
< < x~fi} x+HuQ ==iOK_. [ qfixfl O^\xH, =~
JkH~ KiHQ, `# JkH~xfl kHiOz# ZO`\ J`#fl` ~ =H<< < tHO K@
"#H_^ . J^ WH^~ # |`M<, |^< _# =H|H `= x @ ~OQ
=iOK_, "ix Hi# OQ tHO K_.
< |"# H OnH$` < == NH~O K\_ . `# JkH~O# ~=\xH $+O z#
< (^ x) ^q x ~^ K, `< =r~Q PiH, x H < ^ ` fiHi OK_. Jxfl x=H#
`< fiOQ x~fiOz, =~O , ~R Q_Ks x Oz `qM< =O\ u~Q@
K~ Q O_ *Q` =OK_.
_b #` |e+" # # ==~= x < QiOK_. < x H Y# (k"<WJi*)
#~fi H i OK_. x r` Oz, "~ ~fi ^ ^xH O^ Q#@ `s^ xK_. x Q
J~` x "ix `yOz O K# WK#. J~` Jqhu ~~# WH_~ == Z\ =~
K ^ . Hx WH #O_ =K qQ P^xfl H O^ Y[< [=K ^ `# x~fiiOK@
'~[ J< JkHix xqOK_.
=OQ ^_<^~#@ H K~ QH<fl_. "= i^ OÒ ##fl `
^~= # =~=` K~Oz, HH O` #`# ^~# xiOK_. "= i^ O`xfl
=<, g< J# ~ O_ ~Q ql Oz, JH_ x H =~# U~@ K, "x < x~fi}#
`# ^ =~_# ==^ JyOK_. D ^_ ==^ =~}Oz< < =OQ
^_# q[=OÒQ uH># . =< #` JO`~Q" O k.
W@ < < Q~= u` # W#=_OK , #` ~ ` fi=#, ~H}
# kOz,
Ou ^` # <He _b #` =Y x~`Q Q}uHH_. Hx `~+ ="`~# ^=
#O_ `yOz, "i f= JO`$H H~_ P# =~}#O`~O "~ J[_ $+OK@
^Ô K_.
< ~[ q~ } HO> ~[ ~ ` `# ^ OQ eOK_. P# #`# ~[iH Ô`xfl
=zOz, < =~xH =^ O|O^ #`# +O K_. |"# H OnH$` <
== NH~O K\_ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
74
27._ D HOk "H < O|OkOz# q+ Uq i #"

QiOK=.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
2.
3.
4.
< H Q~= u` # OK_.

Q~= ~[=^ "~OK_.
K Qh ~~ @qx (Group of Forty) U~~K_.
"= i^ O` ~H}
#`# ^~# xiOz, x H @"xfl =~_.
`~+ =" `~ L#fl` ^= eK_.
O#=k+O z# <_ < Z^~#fl ~ O_ =# ~#=.
=~O < HO> ` = ~ H"~x z < Q H #fl K~ q?
J^ WH^~# |M< < Hi# tH ZO^ qkOK_?
~OO
[h ==^ ~`^ iO^ # HQ\< Ô` ~` ^_ x~fiOK_.
`# =[ < HOH #\H, O* PH=}` s ==^ QOQ "^ #OxH KKHx
~=\xH, `^ i s ==^ ~[# K \xH Q="# =~xfl U~~K_. ~ ==^
`# [~Oz# ~* `# x <x # `|n<S |H xQ xqOK#. ~[`
~[H , =lH, PiH, x H |#` =# `~+ q[xfl kOK~. H.. 11, 12= à
L`~ ~Ò J<H ~[` fiÒ` ~*Q qH " , ~~ H x=Qfl" <fl~. ~[`
~* <H#fl fi= q^#O H O^ `fi JkH~xfl |#O KO k. q=H "i =lH,
~[H SH`# <#O KO k. ~[` x H |O, ^` O Ò ~`#" |#O KO^Q,
`~+ =^ P Q Ja=$k KOk# #`# ^ Ò` x}` He# JtfiH^ xfl He#
H=O`"# #OQ ~k^<fl~. nxH`_ q*<xfl PiOz# JQ=~= "~ (})
UHO` q^#O##iOz, O KO x H,
, OHuH ~OQ [iQ Qu H ^~=~.
`` e ÒQ ~` "#H|_~Ok.
~ ==^ ~` `~+ =[ # K Q, J`x x <x # S|H ^xx
*Q`Q H__. "= OQ _b #` ~` =Y H~_ W@\q+. `# JkH~xH
"Q xez# [h _# _* , =< _# K, OQ _# Pb=~<M<,
~[`# J}z"_. W`x JkH~xfl WO <|Ô K Yb W`xH ''<[~ Jg~ L=qx<
J# a~^ xK_. Mfi~*O "# [n< =OQsfl =OQK ìq" |_Q =iOK#.
W@\q+ ~[H q[`# î Oz J`xH _ ` =OQ ^_ =Ô #O_ #`#
H__. ~[iH ==# \ + O K \xH 'KQh J< `~+ =~ @qx U~@ K_.
75
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
_b #` < == #`# <} =kOz, WH J# x H ~ U~@ K \ + " #

< xfl =~_. <`# =O =`kH~ "xH #HO_ ~[# K_.
W@\q+ =~}#O`~O #O_ < ~H =~ _b #` J<H X_^_ ##.
< K Qh ~~ =^ ~}, ~[` q[$O}, ~[O J~[H q[$O}, "=
OÒ# =OQ _^ =#flQ =` #` `= `" Ok. W\ u L =x+Q ~
QOz# < ~[ q~ }
HO> ~[ ~ `
^ OQ <Oz eOK_. ~A ^" O O `_#
#`# Ô`xfl =zOz ~[iH B#fl`xfl OOkOK_. `~+ =~ # i~HO z,
fi^j =O # "i ^= #O_ `yOK#. `~+ =~ JkH~# `yOz, <# q^
`
H#@ K_. x H ==# iQ #~=H iOz, =OQ ^_# =~= OÒQ Z^~<#.
D qÔ Q < _b #` x["# x~`Q Hix QOK_
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
`~+ Ku ~[` ~[xH Q ~[H , OH, xH H~}# q=iO=.

U JO [h ==^ ^_, ~ ==^ ^_ a#fl"# q?
W@\q+ Z^~#fl =q? "x < JkQq OK_?
W@\q+ _b #` x["# _x U KQ=?
_b #` H OnH$` < ==# <H\xH < QH #fl K~ q?
_b #` ~ ` ==H # K# =\ q?
W@\q+, < kOz# q[# Q}# K =.
~ fl ["|
27.Z ~ fl
1.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
[h ==^
s ==^
lh ==^
s ==^
s ==^
s ==^
lh ==^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
76
viii)
s ==^
2.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
3.
s ==^ H
lh ==^ H
lh ==^ H
s ==^ H
`= <xfl "H~z "i #`<`xfl HeOK\xH J< <O` `= ^_#
=iOK<fl~.
27.a ~ fl
1.
i)
ii)
iii)
2.
3.
J<H fiÒ` ~*Q qH = Q@

fi=|^" # , a#fl`fi fi=O Q ~[` #O
q"H= O`" # =~O (}) UHO` q^#O. q^` O|O^xfl Q\ Q =u~HOK@O
`= Ô =O\ Ô ^x , `= =`, O $` qOz# =` O $`=< q*#=~ (})
Q~fiOH~O.
~[H J<H ` =lH == x O.
27. ~ fl
1.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
#` ~[ i^ xi+O Q H =@.
O@_# < ==
xi+" # ~[iH ^~ ÔÒ H =@
Jg~#, =~O # <H#fl JO`$, u~Q@
2.
i)
ii)
iii)
3.
4.
~[iH `fi q^#O, <=~ " H `

u~Q@ #}K@.
Yb #O_ < ^ q H WO <|^` HeOK@.
~[iHxH =^`
^P <, PiH xO`}# kOK@O
77
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
5.
=" `~ [<# OK O_ LO_@.
27._ ~ fl
1.
i), iv)
2.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
3.
4.
JkH~ HOH~ # `~+ =~O

JkH~xfl kH iOK ~[`
=OQ _^
_b i~ O` Ou ^` =.
< Q~= u` W#=_O K @O, H=tH}
` _# ~[ P#O, OQ Ô_
}=O, < ^ =^ @H# O^# " @@.
x @ ~OQ ==iOz#O^.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
78
28
db =i `QH
28.1 iK O
H.. 1290 ==H # # JO`" , db ~[# [iyO^x =#O HÒ ~O
Kk"O. db ~[ _ [n< ~ * db. db =Oj H.. 1290 #O_ 1320 =~
eOK~. db =Oj Q"_. JLn< db. W`_ Q q*`, <^ _. W`x #
_b #` Ju H= O`" # ~[OQ eO k. W`x < O~}# Qi `~ "` ~O
K^=Ò.
H.. 1320 db#OÒ K `QH _b O#=k+OK~. `QH =O _ An<
`QH . `QH =Oj H.. 1320 #O_ 1414 =~ eOK~. `QH =Oj ~"#
# An< `QH , ==â< `QH , ~* `QH, gi # #` J`#fl` ~H
K~ Ok. Hx `QH < z=i ~A ~[ qz#flO ~O" , ~ * `QH =~}#O`~O z#fl
~*Q qH " O k.
D ~O D ~ O_ ~[=O kOz# q[, =OQ Ô_ `, J Ln< db
i^ q^#O QiOz _ K^ =Ò.
28.2 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\O.

[n< ~ * db O#=k+O z# su.
[n< ~ * db kOz# q[
J Ln< db ~[H q[ (kyfi[)
=eHH ~ ^H}
^ Ô_ `
JLn< db HO =OQ Ô_ `
79
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
6.
7.
8.
`QH ~[# An< `

==^ a< `QH _b <# "# O
An<, ==^ a< `QH <`$`fiO _b #` q~}.
28.3 [n< ~ * db (H.. 129096)

=eH ~ * `~+ *ux db `Q KOk#"_. D# sfi @s #". g~
`= Ô g_ ~` =z `~+ # H= K~~.
< HO ~ * "= i^ < ^ `# fiHiOz =OQ` J<H ^
K q*`Q xeK_. =# (=H) ~R _ <^ _Q ~O^_. W`x u# QiOz
< J`xH '+~M< J# a~^# kOK_. `^ i #` ^=O` (Ariz-i-Mumalik)
Q ^#flu O^_. W`x JkH~xfl y@x `~+ ~~ W`xx ^g + x K uflOK~. D
@xflO\h J}z _# < H
=~ O~H _Q # yOK#. z=iQ H.. 1290
~ * JkH~ HOH` H
=~x, H `xH Qi# J`x Ò_ H ^x =kOz _b O<xfl
Q ` O KH <fl_ . D O @## ''1290 =O q= OQ (dynastic revolution of 1290) HO^~ Ki`H~
Ja=iOK~. nx` x =O# JO`" _b db # ~O" O k. [n< db J#
a~^` ~ * _b O<xfl Jk+O K_.
O#=k+O K<\H [n< _|k UO_ =$^_ . `# Q <x<, <# =@
Ou H=H q^<xfl J#iOK_. db `~+`~x qOz `~+ ~~ J`xH i
=^` h^ . nxH`_ JLn< <`$ `fiO db ~[HOH` O_@ `~+ ~~ y@^ .
nx` [n< H ` ^ .
[ #jeQ =~xfl =zH K H=\xH K~ Q H <fl_ . `# JkH~xfl kH iOz#
"ix ` O tHO ^ . Q "ix Hq Oz |=#=eK_. WO^ L^~} H~ _#
=eH KE LÔÒ. =eHKE
H~ fiÒ`_ < a~^ =Oz, [ u~Q@ K_.
JO`@ [ J`xx F_Oz, |OnQ _b H fHx=z, J#fl<êz, |=#=` =<
O#. JLn< H~ _Q xqO|__. D K~ J`x |#` `~}=x J`x
J# qOK~. Hx Jxfl O^~ [ ^H}
O K^ . k= J< =`kHi
< HO _b Ki, #r~n< ==^ =~# q"=_, HO`=Ok =~ =^` ` [#
^g + x K @ @ #flK <fl_x Q Oz, J`xx =kOK_. J`x J## x~OkOK_.
[ ^ ^ K ^ . Hx H.. 1290 ~}Ò~ Ô_u, Og~^= x F_Oz, J<H =Ok
=O =~} ~< ~O` P ^~O # =~ K H#^ . J~` H.. 1292 =O^"~ (=O_~)#
~[` #O_ uiy H = O KH <fl_ .
[n< HO J`x J_# JLn<d b ~ O_ Ô_ ` K_. H.. 1292 =fi
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
80
Ô_u d (q^) # PHqOK#. WK@ ^H <x ^=yi ^# ~# Qi `Hx H.. 1294

^=yi Ô_u, ~=KO^^= x F_Oz J~ O^# HQ\_ . D HQ\# ^# O Hxfl "
O_ |OQ~O =`, ~`fl, "O_, "~=H @ = L<fl~.
H.. 1292 =OQ (hulaku) <H`fi O O* Ô_u, #" (sunam) =~
~QqOQ, [ "ix z`Q F_OK_. =OQ Oux HOHOz, KO*M< "~_#
LM< (Ulghu) <H`fi=# =~ <Q" =Ok WO =`xfl fiHiOz, < H=
K~~. g~ # =O Q k KO^~. [ `# =~# LM<Hz q"O K_.
[n< `= @ L^~OQ ==iOK@ =# =~O J`x JkH~xfl kH iOzOk.
[ J#iOz# q^< #` " K ~H Q J<H =# $+O zOk. W\ Jxt`
i` [ J_# JLn< db, H.. 1296 [# =kOz _b O# =k+O K#.
[ P~O_ # =yOk.
[n< db, db ~*xfl O K_. J`_ `# JkH~xfl kH iOz# "ix Hi# OQ tHO H,
Hq Oz O K_. W`x HO ^H < ^_ Q~.
28.Z ~ fl
1.
D HO^ Mm# iOK=.

i)
~ *
a~^ H^.
ii)
[n< db
Q=~fl~Q xK_.
iii)
[n< db _b H =#O|_
^q xqO |__ .
2.. `~+ =~O [n# ZO^ =u~HOzOk?
3. # =O #Q Z=~?
4. [n< HO [iy# Ô_ `# `=?
28.4. J Ln< db H. 12961316

[n< J_# JLn< db J`#fl` x H tH}
# Ok# , ^~ e. `# ==Q~
JkH~O H = O K H=_O _ 'Jg~W`*H (Master of Ceremonies) Q xqO|__ .
=eH KA u~Q@ J}z# J#O`~O H~ ~R _Q xqO|__ .
[n< HO JLn< ~ O_ ~= ^H < Ô_`# . H. 1292 =
Ô_u 'a# PHqOK_. D q[O` J Ln< J^ _Q ^ =OuQ (Ariz-i H#H ~# HQ\#. D
Mumalik) xqO|__ . H. 1294 ^=yi Ô_u J~ ^#
81
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
q[=` JLn< Q^ _x, ^~ =O`_x, H =~= H"_x x~+`= #. D

q[Ò` _b O#O # Q Ò K H"x HOH |eOk.
H. 1296 E `# ==Q~# *n< KO JLn< < ~ xfl JOHiOK_.
JLn< `# =u~ @, `=@ q[`` ==iOK_. ^=yi #O_ HQ\# ^< xfl
`# `=OîH Oz\_. D K~` "~ J`x ^~~# =~z J`x ^`$`fiO QiOz
Hx_~.`# JkH~xfl kH iOz# "ix =~O "H i =^` # JLn< O^_.
< ~[^~ Ô`xfl JLn< uiy #~î OK_. ~A ^" O O `_x qfiOK_.
[ HO> < qA_x , J`x => #=x L^\ O K_. ~[iHxH |O^ `fi=O_^x , [O^~
P# = H e`x ZOK_. =~O Hx L= Hx `# JkH~O *HO K H=_xfl
OK"_H^. Yb # `# ~[H JkHiQ QiO ^ . WO O^xfl H#yOK_O
HO `# Yb uxkx Jx =`" KC <fl_ .
JLn< è ~A <Q u~Q@ Oq OK~. "^\ k =OQ Ô_ `. H.
1299 Q[~` Ô_`_ . H~ ^=x F_Oz J~ ^# , H#H ~# HQ\_ . Q[~` ^_
^K#fl ^# OHO `= ~# "\ aO^x # =O u~Q@ K JLn<
|O^ =x (Nephew) , Q[~` ^_H <H`fi O =Oz# #[~` M< ^~ x KO~. JO`@ D #
=O # =~ 30 " =Okx "i @Oc` =kOK_. JQ`M <, =eH L=~, =OQM<,
y= =#flQ "i u~Q@# ` O J}z"_.
''ìHW~ * QO^H ~
# |~h D u~Q@ <Q ^ # H~}= L#fl@Q
JLn< K_x ~<fl_ .
Jq U=#Q 1. Q_K i == J=~` .
2. =` h= qOK@.
3. =~ =^ xfl ` O|O^, q".
4. HO` =Ok =~O ^Q~ J~ ^# ~O_@.
`~ KQ Oq OK u~Q@ J}z "@, ~[^xfl x~eOK@ JLn< <Q
^M# *s K#.
1. =~O J#q OK D <O =#O_ q q t KeO =OkQ P^tOK_.
D K~ =# =~q Q ^< ~# JiH@|_#.
2. Q_K i ==# \ + O K_.
3. =^<xfl, =^H ^" =<xfl x+kOK_.
4. < J#=u x^ ~~ =^ Z\ =" Qx, qO^Qx, q" H ~=Qx
[~~^.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
82
D ~*[# kH iOz# "ix Hi# OQ tHO K_.

`# JkH~xfl ~ ~K H=_xH, u~Q@# J}K_xH, =OQ ^_ #O_ ~*xfl
H_\xH JLn< q, ~ " # < xfl =~_. D # +}~O J<H ~ q# O~}
" \, =~\ ^~ # J^ LOz ~[ PiH =#~# OOkOK_.
1296 JLn< _b < J_. `# H =~` PiH =#~` `=#
J}z"_. J`x <`$ `fiO ~[ q~ }
H Ô_ ` ~OaOK_.
28.a ~ fl
1.
Mm# iOK=.
i)
JLn< [n<
ii)
ìMW~ * QO^H ~
2. OO Jk+O z#_ JLn< Z^~#fl =q?

3. u~Q@# J}K@ JLn< *s K# <Q ~*[# ~#=?
28.5. _b #` ~[q~ }
:
JLn< db Q =[ x~`. J`x HO =["Ô J`#fl` ~H K~ Ok.
_b #`# ieOz# KH=~ H JQQ} _. `# è q[=` aOz# L`=`
JQO_~ = =` O Kxfl [~OKx HOHO K_. Hx `# q`_Q _b H`fi S<L"=
"~ `# kyfi*# ~`^ O =`" iqÒ K_. D H O`< L`~ ~`^ O x
Q[~`, ~}Ò~, z`~_, t"<, *~, =fi~}#, ^H} ~`Ôx ^=yi,
=~OQ, =~, ^fi~ =Ô ~* q[=O`" # ^_ x~fiOK_.
Q[~` Ô_ `` JLn< db ~[q~ }
~O" O k. è # `= JkH~xfl
~ ~K H##@ x=Qfl" O_@ =# ~[ q~ } _^ . =[HOH, Q[~`
PiH =#~, JLn< Q[~` PH HeO K~. Q[~` f~O J<H ~ = @}
= H=.
gx ^fi~ q^` q $` "}[ O|O^ HeyO_@ =# J~ |OQ~, "O_ xfi =#
^xH `~e =K~. H#H< =OQ D O`=# KKHx =K~. D PiH =#~# `#
`^ i Ô_ ` qxyOKH=_xH, D ~ = @}
= ^fi~ J~a #O_ Jfi=#
kQ=u K Hx `# JfiH êfl |=`~ O K _xH JLn< L^t OK_.
H. 1299 JLn< `# <#Q LM<, #[` M< <`$ `fiO Q[~` ^_H
O_. D^_ Q[~` _# H~^=_ iQ, =<^ ^"=# ^fiOO K
83
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
^KH<#. z=~ O#fl# =O =~ # 'Mfi* ` O ^KHx J~ ^# O` _b "_.

J<H =Ok x# |OnQ @ <fl_ .gi XH_# =eHH ~ JLn< db <x
^H < ^ Ô_ `# x~fiOK_.
Q[~` J#O`~O JLn< `# ^$+x ~[` #O =~_. "^@ z~HOQ _b
< # kH iOz# ^}Ò~ ^_ K_. WO^ `H}
H~}O Q[~` Ô_ ` u~Q@
K# HO`=Ok # =O Q[~` _# g~^" P qK@. ~}Ò~ ^~xfl
=~ KH=_xH K# `fl q =Q QH D ^_H <H`fiO =Oz# #[`M< ` O
}= H_. JO`@ JLn< fi OQ *HOK Hx g~^" ^ # =Ou Q '~}=#
=~ KHx H. 1301 ~}Ò~# PHqOK_.
H. 1303 ~[` #O |b"# z`~ JLn< Ô_`_ . D Ô_ ` =YH~}O
z`~ ^# ~} ~`< O Q ~Q kxx =~ KH#@#x HOî Ki`H~ JaO.
Hx Wk ` ^~O. ZO^=##Q D =$ÒÒ '=eH ==^ [ q~z`" # '^=` H=O
=O^ O=`~= `~ "` "|_Ok. z`~ =@_x Jg~ Y fiOQ Kz"_ D
^# ~`<OQ =kOK|_Q JO`:~ ~[` *~ Pù KHxi z`~ JLn<
^HO`" O k. =@ `# =~_# dl~M<# z`~ Q=~fl~Q xqOK#. D =OQ
_b `~e =< fl~x qx JLn< ~[^x =~# .
z`~# =~ K #fl =@ JLn< =fi, L[~x, =O_, ^~, KOî =#flQ ~[=#
` O PHqOK_.
=fi q[#O`~O =eHH ~# ^H}
^ Ô_ ` O `# t"<, *~ =#flQ
~[` ~*# Q ` O K <fl_ .
H. 1311 <\H JLn< L`~ ~`xfl `# Pn#OH `K <fl_ . D q[= `èH" .
fiK fiÒ` # ~[` =YOQ ~}Ò~, z`~, *~ W@ `= ~*#
uiy =~ K <fl~ . JkH = ` _# D ^ =# JLn< ~[`# iQ
J}KH_.
^H} ^ Ô_`
=` ~ ` xfl PH q OK H"< =[ HOH ` , J L n < ^ H } ^ xfl _
[~OK#<fl_ . =YOQ ^H}
^ ~* PiH =#~# P# PHiOK~. q #
+} PiH =#~ HHO Q#H ^H}
^ Ô_ ` JÒ` P=HO. nxH`_ ^=yi _#
~=KO^^= _ < H O KeO K@O =x"_. W\ i` ^H}
Ô `# JkH~xfl
<H\xH JLn< ^_ K_. <_ ^H < < H= O`" # ~* H=.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
84
Jq U=#Q..
1. <\ =~R ^ Q <_#fl ^=yi ^= ~[O.
2. =~OQ ~[^xQ ÒQ} O` ^Q HHf ~[O
3. ^fi~= Ô ~[^xQ ~[O (H~@H ~RO)
4. =^ ~ ~[^xQ O_~[O
L`~ ~` Ô_` P ~*# [~Oz, PHqOz, `HOQ eOQ, ^H} ^
Ô_ ` P ~*# [~Oz, H O fHx =O` ~*Q =~_. W@ K @ =`
~`xfl fiOQ eOK@ Q ^H ^H# QiOK>. W\ QiO J`x ~[hu[`
qk`=QÒk. ^H}
^ ~* iO^ # (H=^# =) ^KH#> JLn< H O. ^H}
^
Ô_ ` <H`fi O =Oz#"_ J`x <ku #, #q#|O@ # =eHH ~.
`` Q[~` #O_ i~ Q<# H OÔQ KH x # yOKK#fl H~^ = x, PM<
<`$ `fiOx db < F_OK~. `^ i =eHH ~ <H`fi O db # ^=yi Ô_`~.
^=yi _# ~=KO^^= _ Z\ u @# O_< Oy_. ~=KO^^= x _b H ~ Oz,
Juk =~^` H @OH, |OQ~ =~O Q =xfl, ~~< J# a~^xz ` iOK_.
~=KO^^= x =~
Q ^=^qx `# =~__Q Yr~M<` q"O [iOK_. ~=KO^^= x`
JLn< xfl ÒQ "Q@ ^H} ^ Ô_ ` ^=yi HH#=Q #O_>#x HOî Ki`H~
JaO.
HHf ~[O O# è ^_ q=Q@` `~ ^_ _b H ~H~<, H#HWz
=O`_Q O_#@ JOwHiOz< `$ _ = OkQ JLn<, =eHH ~ Pêz#@ |~h
"_. nxx |\ ~[q~ } HO> ^< ~< JLn< ^H} ^ Ô_ ` H =x Ò k. PtOz#>
`~ ^_ fi O ~} J#O`~O J~ ^# ~# H#HQ Wz <` Ok KH<fl_ .
=~OQ q[#O`~O =eHH ~ ~[O Ô_`Q , P ~[ _# =_=
g~ _ Z\ u @# O_< Ok K Hx H O KeO K_. `^ O_ ~[O Ô_u<,
O_ ~*# g~O_x |~K H#H ~<, J`x =^ #O_ J~ ^# ~# H = O K <fl_ .
Jg~Y ~K# H~O 512 U#Q, 5000 Jfi, 500 =}Q |OQ~ q"# ~` H ~
_b K~_. D q+ = =Q_ < =eHH ~# =eH<Q (L <Q ) xqOK_.
D ^=yi ~*xH =z# OH~^ = _ < H O KeO K@ =x fiÒ `_ H^K#.
JO`@ =eHH ~ H.. 1315 ^=yi Ô_u, OH~ ^=x =kOz ^=yix #` =[O
qb#O K_.
JLn< `# =[ =O`\ x H =~# U~@ K `# =*xH ^` HeOK_.
`QH HO< #` ~[q~ }
^H}
`xH HOk.
85
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JLn< =["k. ~[iH B#fl`xH, ~[q~ } , PiH =#~ HQ@@ Ô_ `

yOK_. L`~ ~Ò Q[~`, ~[` ~*# [~Oz PHqOK_. ^H}
^ Ô_ `#
JLn< <xQ =eHH ~ x~fiOK_.
28. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
JLn< Ô_ ` =Y Hq?

L`~ ~` JLn< [~Oz# =_~*, "x ~ "=.
~[ q~ }
L`~ ~` J#iOz# q^<xH ^H}
Ô J#iOz# q^<xH Q `_
Uq\?
^H <x <Q H= O`" # ~* ~# ~=.
JLn< `~ # ^H}
^ Ô_ ` <H`fi O =Oz# "_=~?
28.6 =OQ Ô_ `

`~+ _b ~[# K `~ }O =OQ KO*M< <H`fiO H= O`" #
#OQ ~Ok, K<, =^ P# [~Oz, PHqOz H.. 1221 W@\q+ HO
"= OÒ "@" ^@ "t OK~x Kk"L<fl~ .
<\#O_ #` "= i^ OÒ =OQ ^_ Q~ O k. _b # =OQ
^_<^ ~#\xH J<H K~ Q H <fl~ . [n< ~ * db HO HO`=Ok =OQ <`
Ok KH x, WO# fiHiOz # =O Q _b i~ O` ~ _~ . JLn< Q[~`
^_ #fl P =O ^= # HQ\# ^# OHO u~Q@ K Q, "ix JLn<
^~}OQ =kOK_.
JLn< HO =OQ ^_ f==~. g~ i^ O*, =<, O^
~*< Q H ="# QOQ=# JO`~fik `= ^_ ~OaOK~.
D =^ P ~[H =~ Oq OzOk. =^ P ~*# , =OQ <_#
^=^M< (Daud Khan) #` q`^ " # i # [~Oz, JK\ W< (Ilkhan) ~*xfl JOÒ
K #<fl_ . D `~ ^_ =OQ# ~`# ^Q~ K~~.
JLn< O#=k+O z# è ~A< =OQ H.. 1297 #` ^_ K~.
D ^_# JLn< q`_Q [~ M < q[=O`=Q uH># .
H.. 1299 [iy# ~ O_= =OQ Ô_ `# ` O [~ M < Z^~x q*`
, =OQ
<_#, 1700 =Ok J`x J#K~ # |On QOz, =kOK#.
=OQ =_= ^_ H.. 1299 @QHfi* (Qutluq Khawaja) <`$`fiO [iyOk. D
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
86
^_ ~ O_ H =Ok =OQ x <fl~ . Di ^KH#@ HO> _b ~*xfl Q ` O

K H#> @Q H O. D ^_x ~HH q^#O ^fi~ Z^~"x _b H`fi zOz< JLn<
"ix @OQ< Z^~"x x~OK<fl_. ^ <## [~ M <, #`M <, LM<
<`$ `fiO < # O =OQ# K=^| fOk. Hx D Ô [~ M < } H_.
< # O =OQ ZO`\
O` $+O KO> [~ M< ~ Ka`, "i Jfi h
_ =>q H^@.
=OQ <= Ô_ ` H.. 1303 JLn< z`~ ^_ x=Qfl"
#flC _ [iyOk.
`s (Targia) <H`fi O 12" =Ok =OQ _b ^_ K~. JH`Q [iy# D ^_x
uH@\xH ~R HO < xfl OH _. Q` O`~O H JLn< iH@
`^KH#Q, ~ O_ < =OQ D H@# `= Pn#O LOK<fl~ . =OQ _b , ^x
i~ O`xfl ^KH<fl~ . n~H eH ^_ O^= Q x =OQ =_ < J#O`~O
"#uiQ~.
_b ^_` H=~_ JLn< "= O` ~H}
< = J<H K~ QH <fl_ . `
^~# O*, =<, O^ # Q K~Oz, H` ^~# xiOz JO^ |b"# < xfl
LOK_. "= O` i~H}
XH ` H Q=~fl~# (warden of the marcher) xqOK_.
JLn< Zxfl K~ Q H <fl =OQ KO *M< "~ _# PbQ <H`fi O O*
Ô_u, =~=^=# J<H O`# ^KHx, ^QO K J"~ K~~. =eH< gix
J_H x, =kOz U#QK `HOK_.
H.. 1306 =~ =OQ ^_ K~. g~ =< ^Q~ O^ #kx ^\ ==
~Qq =~= ^ O J<H O`# ^K<fl~ . JLn< <xQ l=eH gi ~Q=<xfl
J_H x "i <x` S^" =Okx |OnQqOz, `^ i "ix, "i @Oc# ^~}OQ
=kOK_. "i # xQ J=_.
D ^_ J#O`~O =OQ ^_ ^^ =y~. g~ W~=k O=`~ =~ ~`
^_ K ^ . "i <_# ^=^M< =~}O K@O, P `^ i "~` fi Ô [xOK@O, "i
=^ JO`H U~__O =#flQ H~} =# =OQ ^_ "#H `Q~.
=OQ ^_ =# JLn< K W|O^ __ . gix Z^~#\xH q < xfl
JLn< =~H#= =zOk. D # +} Y~ iOK@H JLn< J<H <,
~ q# O~}# " \_ . gxx QiOz `~ "` ~O K^=Ô.
JLn< < H=O` =OQ ^_`< Q_ O k. gxx Z^~#\xH H
#
<##, q < xfl U~@ K_. D x H=~= f~@H J`_ J<H PiH, ~ q#
O~} " \_ .
87
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
28._ ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
JLn< < q^< =OQ ^_ ="q?

=OQ Ô_ ` Q =Y H~}"q?
=OQ ^_<^ ~#\xH JLn< Q H #fl K~ q?
=OQ` ~_# =Q~ JLn< <# ~ `=.
db ~[ `# O
H.. 1316 JLn< =~}O` #` JH i` ~_#. =eHH ~ H<fl
eOKQ, J`xx ^g + x K `|n< =~H _b #_. W`x HO ^=yi
u~Q@ OqOzOk. nxx =~H iQ J}K_.YH J#"_ =~H# =kOz
#_. W`x # *=Q Q^ . yAn< `QH <`$ `fiO =~O Y`# KO,
JkH~xfl An< JyOK_. nx` _b db# JO`" `QH # ~O" O k.
`QH (1320 1414)

28.7 An< `QH (H.. 13201325)
r=eH db ~*xfl JOÒ K An< `QH J# ~` H.. 1320 `QH =*xfl
OK_.
fiH` L#fl` ^= # Ok# ne An<. JLn< db HO n ~ H OÔQ
"= i^ O`kHiQ xqO__. JLn< HO [iy# =OQ^_#
q[=OÒQ uH@>Q H [h, H|, HO^ ~ i~ O` ^_ K_. An<
~[huA_ , [ YO`# kOz# <^ _. |~h =@ KO>, ''JLn<
uiy =K_x [ qOK~.
An< J<H PO`~O yH, =# Z^~#= =zOk. < Q Q~= u`
#fly~. =~O , P#=O^#fl JkH~ `= ^`# qiOK~. ~R , fi=
=~O <# ^g + x K < H O` J=HO H~ "z<fl~ . nxH`_ JLn< " \#
< == J`x "~ HO z<fla# fl" O k.
An< D =xflO\x ^~ OQ Z^~<fl_ . ~[huA_ Q =~O @ L^~OQ
==iOz "i =^`# O^_. ~[ PiH =#~# OOkOK@ ==a=$kH H$+
K_. h\~^ H~ HeOz == q~ } QqOK_. ~` OH =xfl H__. JkH
qt ~ @# `yO K_.
qt# ^= =O` HO> Z= OK~^x P^tOK#. JLn< HO ##fl
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
88
q ~ fi, q H` q^<xH fi K û x #~î OK_. D û ==^~_

`fiO O@# (Narq and Batai) OKO\~. ~ q# HH ~ t KeOK#=~O O_ =
"`# O HO^ H \~O|_~.
An< i# H=tH}
# \OK_. `fi L^Q "`< OK_. Jqhux
JiH\_ . ~ ` @ ~OQ ==iOK=^x , L^~OQ ==iOKx `fi L^Q# P^tOK_.
[ Ja=<xfl K~Q< su b, <Y# #~fi H i OK_. ~ ^~ "O@ K~
O
O_ K_. x =~= OÒQ, hu=OÒQ O_@ "iH Jxfl ^ HeOK_.
`fi x^ îfixQO QO_ K~ QH <fl_ . ^ <x # An< x # `#
H#fla_ = qOK"_x |~h ~<fl_ . JLn< =kiQ x P#" ~@, Q~=
~[=^ " @ =O\ x H O~} " \_ .
=[ q~ }
u~Q@#}K@
An< < OÒQxfl Q_ \# `~ "` ~[ q~ }
#H<fl_ . JLn<
HO> An< Q =["kx HOî Ki`H~ JaO. JLn< ^H}^
Ô_ ` H O# fHx =`" `$ __ . Hx yAn< ^H}
^ ~*# [~OKx
H O` ^_ x~fiOK_. An< ^_ =Y"# q ^H}
^ ~*# =~OQ, =K~
PH=}. OQ Pk` xfl <H@.
ÒQ} _# ~ O_= `~ ^ ^=_ H O KeO K@ ^x An< `# =~_#
E<M<# =~OQ (F~Q)^ _H O_. A<M< è `flO q "< , H.. 1321 [i#
~ O_= Ô_ ` q*`
`~ ^x |OnQqOz, F~Q <HqOz ''<~Q i_ _b
~[=# K~ #. `^ i A<M< ^H}
O` ~*# =~, =^ ~ # ` O [~Oz PHqOK#.
Xix **#Q~ Ô_u J~ O^# ^K<fl_ .
OQ |QM< =~}#O`~O J`x =~ =^ "~` fi Ô ~O" O k. gi<H_#
#~ Ln< < =iOK_. JO`@ An< fi OQ `~e "o #~ n<# xQ xqOz
`# =O`_Q K <fl_ . u~Q }O u~fi\ <HqOz#@ Wg "_.
`QH =[ _ An< `QH W`_ < ~*xfl =~= OÒQ eOK_.
==xfl Ja=$k K ^ PiH =#~# OK_. W`x HO ^H <x K O`,
OQ, _b ~[O He~.
28.W ~ fl
1.
2.
r=eH U a~^=` H.. 1320 O# =k+O K_?

==O @ An< Q Hq?
89
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
3.
4.
An< x H @"xfl ZO^ OK_?

An< ^H < ^_H ZO^ O_?
28.8 ==^ a< `QH (1325'51)

An< =~}xfl QiOz Ki`H~ â H=. HO^~ W`_ =^=`
=~}O K_x ~#Q, =Hb# Ki`H~# Wg, S|< |@@ W`x =~}xH J`x =~_#
A<M< H~ _x K|`<fl~ . W|<|@@ ~K# H~O An< OQ L#flC _ E<M<
`# |xfl OKHx Q~"# +Hx*OLn< Pe` K` He JkH~xfl Q ` O K H=\xH
ufl < fl_x =K~O JOkOk. < Pe#, =~A# tHO K#<fl_ . OQ q[O`
~[^x =K An<# E<M< <xOK\xH, _bH PQflOQ P~" ^~O H`
"|_# "kH# U~@ K_. yAn<, J`x J#K~ qO^ P~yOKKO_Q "kH e
< =~}OK_. W@ An< =~}xH =~*# E<M< H~}=x =O ~K#
K|`<fl~.
==â< `QH J# a~^` A<M< _b #_. #Q ^ ` fiHiOKQ<
`# K~ # QifiOz# "iH ^# H#H~#, ^= # Wz "i =^` O^_.
==^ | Hq^ _, qA_ . L= =O #O_ q=_ `< fiOQ x~

fHx, J= ~K " _. J Ln< HO #O_ #` = K q^j, fi^j =O ,
O^= QH H`" iH L^Q=eK_. ~= ` <xfl \Oz# è =O KH=i ==^
a< `QH . ==^ O^= O_Q # e "_ H <fl_x Wg ~_. =` ~`^ xfl
" H O K < H O`, < O HO ==^ `# ~[^xx ~*xH H O^ aO^=Q
##fl ^`^ (^=yi) =~_. W`x HO #` =[O =#fl` ~H KiOk.
WO`\ q =[O <, PiH xO`} H+` ~ " O k. JO^=#< ==^ < HO
è O=`~ (132535) =[=# Ou, QO` ``y`, <H =e O=`~
(133551) qz#flH~ |#.
O# =k+O z#O`< ==^ H#~, =~ Ô_u, "x<HqOK#. =OQ
P~+i< <`$ `fiO ^_ K< #` ^Q #+"q [~Q ^ . ==^ Y~< Ô_`@
<fl K_. K< ` ` O|O^# <H_, ~~ =i_ [iyOk. PO`~O yH =
=# ==^ K~H # , q"H= O`" # qÔQ q^<xfl J#iOH _.
H.. 1326 Q~ _# |n< Q~ u~Q@ KQ J`x<_Oz, Q~#
PHqOK_. |n< Q~ P qz <*# <= # J<QOk _# HOe~# =kOz,
J<QOk<HqOK#. Q~# ^fi~= ^ _# g~a xH HOe~ O_x
Wg ~<fl_ . Hx S|<|@\ <` HOe~ ~} _@H+ _ H Q~# <
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
90
JyOK_x "_. U"< Q~ @ < ~OQ ==iOK_. H.. 1328 =< ~R

_# d+M< H.. 1330 OQ, `^ i O^ Ò u~Q@ KQ, <
xx <OQ J}z"_.
^ #O^ H~= OqOKQ, < H K~ K_`#fl =O H..1335
~=~ _ fiÒ`_ #. J~< < # O =~" ~Qq =~OQ KiOk.
JK@ Q "k |@ =# J~# O } H~. `^ < _ Q "k i#
__ . W\ q` ~ i` < #O "#u~QH ` ^. =~ fiÒQ #` #O_
q=H KOk fiÒ` ^" O k. =~ Q@H#@ ==^ "xH K= ^|.
H.. 1337 n< =~H OQ fiÒ`_ Hflu, "_QO_ <HqOz, `# ~
<} =kOK_. Hx +" n< We Hfl <HqOz fiÒ `_ _. W@ gi~=~ O ~}
_i. Hx ==^ D ^= HO# qxyOKHx D u~Q@ #}KH _. ^JO^
Oq Oz# H~ = H K~ ==^ x=Qfl" O_@ =#, `y# ^# Ou H =@
=# ==^ OQ# =~ K H#@ uflO^ . W@ OQ fiÒQ _b #` #O_
q_~Ok.
W\ H+ =O H.. 1336 ÒQ ^ #n f~=# OQ= ^~ q[#Q~ =*xfl
O K~. gi QiOz `~fiu ~O K^ =`~.
=~OQ #O^ H <_ =O Q=~fl~ # =eH =|# ~ê, =~OQ# PHqOK_.
W^ J^#Q HOe _ #` #O_ q_~ fiÒ` ~["O k. #` "~`fi OQ =z#
~[O, ^=yi, Q[~` =`" ==^ Pn#O L#fl@ |~h ~<fl_ .
nxH`_ =~O _ ==^ = $+OK~. `# =u ^~_ `# @
#flK <fl_x J`xx Lif~OK_. H~, c^~, Q~O^ K~ y# u~Q@# J}z"_. <,
=<O^ ~ ` u~Q@ K `fixH #fl KeO K@O =x"_. D u~Q@ H
=Y"O k J^ Q=~fl~ # , ==^ qfi`_# S<L= u~Q@. S<L=
^P|H H~= H K~ K~Q x [ =#fl# O^_. S<L= *^~}
==^ J#=< ~ H uOK~. S<L= ~f_Q @ =# y@x q^j J=~ ==^

=## q+` O K~. S<L=# tHO Kx J`xx ^`^ =~_. D P^xfl
kH iOz S<L= u~Q@ K_. ==^ D u~Q@#}K_.
==^ ==~ e #KH ^H<x ^ Jg~ u~Q@ KQ, "ix `yOz
=fi, Q[~`, c^~ H` Q=~fl~# xqOK_. J~< Q[~` u~Q@ =\ ZQ~" O k.
D u~Q@# J}K@O`^J=~f= JO`$ [xOzOk. J^qÔ Q ^^ u~Q@
[iyOk. ==^ ^`^# uiy =~ K Hx JK\ xH =~xH WH Q xqOK_.
D Q[~` =~ u~Q@ K~ yOk. D u~Q@ #}K@ ==^ ^^ <
91
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
^ `# XH < =O_O JyOz Q[~` #"< _. D =O_ xH =~xfl J^

LOKH~Ok. H.. 1347 xH =~O u~Q@ K < =O_e # =kOz
|=h ~[# KO k. W@ ^`^# < H_.
Q[~` u~Q@ K# ^w <# tHO , J`xx "O\_` =~= ^ =# [fi~_ ` _
H.. 1351 O^ OÒx ^\ g=# J= #.
W@ ==^ q ~*xfl Ok<, `# =~}O K HO <\H K O` fiÒ`" ,
~[O qz#fl" O k. i # ~"}, =K~ ^ H =@=# =` ~`xfl XH H OÔ
#O_ eOK@ H+ " O k. =YOQ ^H < < "Q =iOk. ^H < ~* @ JLn< "i
=^ #O_ Hxfl =`" fHx =O`~* .... Hx ==^ nxH a#flOQ ^H < ~*#
Q ` O K Hx `< # yOK_. nxx ^H < f=OQ =u~HOz J=HO îH#_
u~Q@ K~. D u~Q@ #}K\xH J~ ^#O, HO "zOK= =zOk. nxH`_
==^ HO Oq Oz# Q "k, H~= ~[ Y*<, # O f= "xfl HeyOzOk. Q
==^ " \# |$` ^H PK~} q " [ f= JO`$x HeO K>QH, PiH
==# z<fla#flO KOk. D <Ô < ZO`\ qA_< #` qz#fl`# JiH@@O
q"<_.
_b #` ==^ Q}h"# "_. J`_ q =*xfl O^_. Hx
=[ q`, Q , H~= Oq OK@, |$` ^H " O =# `fi Y*< `y ~Ok.
JO^=# `# qA_< =[ qz<flxfl J_H H _.
28.Z ~ fl
1.
Mm# iOK=.
i)
L= @ ==â< `QH J#iOz# "Y i
fl =/fl =
H^
ii)
JkH~# ==^
ukH# ZOH K_. u/ =Ò
iii)
H.. 1335
~R _ u~Q@ K @ #` K=^|
`yeOk(=~/J^)
2. ==^ `# JkH~xfl x@H#H =@ XH =Y H~}xfl `=?
3. H.. 1337 ==^ OQ Ô_`\ xH U~_# J=~^" q?
~OO
H.. 1290 [n< ==H =Oj (|## < "~#) #OÒ K db
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
92
~[# K_. db ~H` _b `~+ JkH~xH J_ _O k. `~+`~, ~f =O

JkH~xfl H=O K<fl~. [ OuH=_, `=# tHOK\xH |^ =xflOK"_.
P# Z\ Ô_ ` K ^ . Hx J`x J_# JLn< =fi, ^=yi Ô_u q[xfl
kOK_. < @ JO`$` ##fl = JO_Ô _` JLn< H.. 1296 ==^#
=kOz O#=k+O K_.
JLn< <HO qt+" O k. W`_ < Q~= u+ # W#=_O K_. =~xfl
J}z, x~OOQ eOK_. W`x ~H` db =["Ô ~O" O^x Ki`H~ Ja=iOK~.
JLn< kyfi[ HH` +Oz#"~ P# =Y <## JM<, #`M <,
[~ M <, LM<, =eHH ~. ~[`# q[ P# Hi u+# Oz`, ^H < q[
P# J~ O^# =i \Ok. JLn< J<H =OQ Ô_`# Z^~#=
=zOk. gxx Z^~=\xH "= i^ OÒ < # =Ò K_. D q^j ^_
J`xx x H, PiH, ~ q# O~} " @\xH ^Ô K~.
H.. 1320 An< db#OÒ K _b `QH =Oxfl O K_. W`x =~_#
A<M< <`$ `fiO [iy# ^_ =# ÒQ}, =^ ~ O` `QH =[O K~~. OQ
K~ y# "~` fi Ô < =~OQ =i, JK@ `# JkH~xfl <H\xH g HeO k. W`_
# O H=tH}
# OOkOz J<H *` O~}# " \_ . =YOQ ~` OH =xH
@__.
An< =~}#O`~O J`x =~_# ==^ H.. 1325 O#=k+O K_. W`x
< HO #` qz#flO ~O" O k. =[q~ }
, Q , H~ = =# Oq Oz# PiH
û =#flQ H~} =# ^" O Q K~ y# u~Q@# J}K@ q "< _. `` e ÒQ
`# H..1351 =~}O K HO <\H #` ~[O Q H}
O zOk.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
H.. 1290 [n< db O#=k+O K@ =O q= OQ U =|_Ok?

[n< "@ Q _x ~ O_ L^~}# ~#=.
JLn< db ~[^~ fi="\k ?
u~Q@ J}K@ JLn< Q H #fl K~ q?
JLn< db _b #`# Z@ qi OK_?
=eHH ~ Z=~? #` q~ }
J`x = Z\k?
JLn< dbHO [iy# =OQ ^_# Qi "=.
#` PiH u Q` #, i## "~Q~K \xH An< `QH Q H#fl K~q?
93
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
9.
==â< `QH HO ZO^=# qt+" O k? J`x HO Oq Oz# u~Q@# Qi

"=.
J^# =K~O
_b <* ^~J (Hanoz- Dur - Ast)
<* _b ^~J H _b ^~ J J< <#_ g~ q<qO\~. nx J~O J#H#fl Hxfl
kOKH =@O ^ i K H =@O. D <#_H XH H^ LOk.
D H^ An< `QH =H
# +H x*O Ln< Pe O|OkOz#k. D H^
@ ~fi`~ # Qi ~ O_ a#fl H^< K~O L<fl~. ^~} H^# " ... An<
x*O Ln< =^ O|O^ *=Q =x, x*O Ln< Pe# _b =ê "= OkQ An<
P*OK_. OQ u~Q@ #}z An< _bH K~= L<fl_#fl "~ q#fl x*O Ln<
PQ O` J`_ _b K~_ x O K_. P# O z#> An< `# =~x Ku ^~ ta~O
=i~ =~}O K_. J#Q x*O Ln< O =# yAn< =~}O K_.
=~H H^# O Uq@O> `` An< +~ =^ O|O^ *=Q H ~<, `~ "`
` O|O^ <H<fl~. OQ #O_ uiy =z# `~ "` <, +~# H"#<fl_ . WO^
J#Q}OQ `# _b K~ iH _b H ~=OkQ +~ =~= #O O_. An< Hflu =^
#O_Q< `# _b K~#x ~ O_= =~= #O O_ Hx Q = O`_ (J) _b <*^~J J#Q
< _b K~ +~ =~} _x =zOK_. JO^=< < _b H K~ ~O_ < =O^
+~ =~}O K_.
UkU"< D H^< ` "<fl D <#_ [ Q K~O LOk.
~ fl ["|
28.Z
1.
i)
+~M< ii) =< iii) Js*W==eH

2. db `~+`~ x =#
3. WO =`xfl fiHiOz, _b ^Q~ ~ _ # =OQ
4. ~}Ò~, =O_~, d, ^=yi
28.a
1.
i)
J_ ^~ x =~_
ii) |~h
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
94
2.
3.
i)
Q_K i == J=~`
ii) =`
h qOK@
iii) =~O
=^ =", q"
iv) HO`=Ok =~O
Ku J~ O^ O_@
i) W<O
=# J#q OK @O"~ `fixH qt KeO Ke. D K~
=# "i O^ `Q ` Ok.
ii) Q_K
i ==# \ + O K_.
iii) =`
h, =^H ^" qOK@ x+kO|_Ok.
qO^Qx, ="Qx, q" O|O^# Qx
iv) < J#=u x^ =~O
[~H#~^.
28.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
i)
fi H O` _# =["Ô
ii) fiÒ` ~* PiH O^
Q[~` ~* H~^ = _
~}Ò~ g~~^ = _
z`~ [ Q ~} ~`< O Q
L`~ ~Ò [~Oz# ~*# PHqOz, ~R # xqOz fiOQ
eOK_. ^H < P ~*# [~Oz, H O = K, =O` ~*Q =K_.
i) ^=yi ii) ÒQ} iii) ~[O iv) O_ ~[O
=eHH~
28._
1.
x H, PiH =~\ O~}# K@

= =K#.
2. =^ P ~[H =z# =~
3. ` ^~# Q K~OK_. H` ^~# xiOK_. q <xfl =i,
"= O` O~H}
` H Q=~fl~# xqOK_.
4. [~ M <, =eH<~, r=eH
95
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
28.W
1.
An< `QH
2. ~ ` u Q` "~Q~K @
O, == q~ }
3. e, ^ O^# " \_ . r` îfixQxfl JiH\_. x #

H#fla_ = qOz, PîOK_.
4. J`x =~_# A<M<
28.Z
1.
i)
2.
fl iÒ H^ ii) u iii) =~

=[ q`, i # ~"}, =K~ H~ H =@, xH <
# @ =u~H`, ^ Jg~ fiÒ` . (nx U XH>< ) ^P Oq Oz#
H~=.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
96
29
vb `H (11)
29.1 iK O
HÒ ~O vb, `QH ~[# QiOz Kk"O. D ~ O_ =O W^~ ^ #
H~. XH~ JLn< db, =~H~ ==^ c< `QH. JLn< `# x H, ~ q# O~} =#
< |b"# HQ ZkyOk. Hx ==^ c< `QH " \# |$` ^H =Oz" #,
Jq q " _b ~[ qz#fl` ^Ô K~. D ~O D W^~ KH=~ # O~}#
Qi K^ =Ò.
29.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` D HOk q+ ÒÔ
1. JLn< O~} K@
@ Q P=H`.
2. JLn< x H x~}O.
3. JLn< `# < xfl H =OÒQ, H OnH$ÒQ fik^@ Q H #fl K~.
4. ~ ` ` H O|O^ <H#fl è <Q JLn<.
5. JLn< ~ q# O~}# " @\xH PO`~ O.
6. JLn< =~\, ^~ q^#O.
7. JLn< < O~}x =Oz, K_ # sA " @.
8. ==^c< `QH " \# Q`H O~}.
9. _b #O_ ^`^# ~[^x =i_.
10. ^P #fl OK@ H~}.
11. <}= =^} " O.
12. |$` ^H =O.
97
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JLn< < O~}

29.3 <^ O :
x H Hx OK\xH, =~xfl J}K\xH, < ~ ` =^ ` H O|O^xfl <H\xH,
=~\ ^~ #^ OK\xH J<H O~} " \_. D O~} < JkH~xfl
=#fl` ~H K~~.
D O~}# JLn< ZO^ "\_ JO^ ^ÔK# JOq\ "^@
ÒÔ.
< xfl iQ #~==H i OK\xH ~ O_ J`=~ H~} H=. i) O K#flO`\h [~OK<
J=n< =[ HOH, ii) =OQ Ô_ `, q, ~H` # Ox^ ~[q~ }Qx,
~[ ~H}
Qx ^ O H^.
H.. 13= `|O #O_ ~` =OQ ^_ ~O" < ~. =YOQ `QH HO gi
^_ iQ~. è ==H , < gix Z^~<fl~ . < = J=n< =OQ# ` =Q
JOK<" ^ . "ix Z^~=\xH J<H K~ QH <fl_ . < xfl |=`~ O K, ~*xH <
=O Q x|_Q ~ . ^ =# LM<, [~M <, JM<, #`M < <`$`fiO
OK_.
< xfl =~>QH, ^xx ^xH OÔ Q K @ =YO. JO^ J=n< ~E"s
"=O, H"`, fiOQ ~ "H}
, Q] ~[=^ =#flQ O~}# " \_ . nxx
Qi `~ "` QO K^ =Ò.
J=n< qA_# _. `Q PiH =#~ x^ q < xfl +OK@O H+= x qOz,
J=n< ~[ PiH i+` K~ Q H <fl_ . ~ ` fis q^<xfl " \_ . =~\ ^~ # J^
OK_. x`=~ ~ ^~ # xOuOz, J" KHQ [, x JO^@ #O_#@
K_.
29.4 x H O~}
J=n< O# =k+ O z#_ J<H =# Z^~#= =K#. ~[` fiÒ`
HOH, JO`$H < =~O u~Q@, =OQ Ô_ `, OOKxfl [~OK< J=n<
HOH q, ~ " # < xfl =~H#=# P=H` J=n< U~_Ok.
J=n< `# < hfl `~+ =kiQ Ô û x H qQ# ql OK_x |~h
~K# =# Ò k. J=n< x H qQ D HO^ D|_# #=< =kiQ <fl~.
< # O 4,75,00 =Ok Jfi <fl~x i "`. J=n< # O HO, JfiH^ O ,
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
98
Q[|O H=. x `HOQ ZOH K|_"~. #O ^ Ou` ~fi ÔQ

~OkO|_Ok. x #Q^ ~O r` KeO z# è < J=n<. x x rÒ
234 @OH. D rÒ` XH Q~xfl, =wx, `#`# +OKH"e. XH Jfixfl +OK
"ix '^ J (do aspa) Jx =|_`~. ~O_= Jfihfl +OK"iH 78 @OH J^#OQ
KeO |_`~. x *wiK@ Qx, Z= "`~ KeO K@Qx J=n< =u~HO.
<xfl xqOK û, #Q^ ~O r` KeOK û =# J=n< #O
H= O`" O kQ, H OnH$`" O kQ ~k^ Ok.
x H x~fi}` H=tH}
# \OK#. =YOQ Jqhux x~eOK@ e, ^Q (dagh)
J# K~ Q H <#. =~ = =Oz Q] |^, xH~x Q]= =i_x x~kOK@,
`fi Q]= ~[=^ "~OK#. nx< '^Q JO\~. xH H"` ÔQ [~#
x"iOK@ x P#" "~OK#. nx< e JO^~. x [~ \x k"<WJs*
([~ =Ou) K"_.
^~ x~}O @ J=n< H_ ^ =OK_. =OQ ^_ <^ ~#\xH < =
"= O`# ` ^~# Q K~Oz, \ + " # #`# ^~# xiOK_. u ^~O
P~O, QO, ^ =w xO_Q O_q. H`fi J< L^y ^~k u .
^ =yx ` O "~Q ~K _. ~# qi " ~ Oy =O\ UH O`xfl "\_ .
`# Hê H QiOz, ` ~A H~H QiOz `H=_xH Q_K~# xqOK_.
x HkH~, x , `# O|OkOz# =K~xfl JOkOK"~. WO^ J#Q}OQ
` û , ~"} H~#, Q_Ks ==# "~Q ~K _.
29.Z. ~ fl
1. i # =^#=# ZOH K Mm# iOK=.
i)
JLn< '# O
û ~k^| _Ok.
(a\+, WO_ <, `~+)
ii)
JLn< x
~O r` KeO K_.
(*w~, #Q^ , |OQ~O =i "O_)
iii)
=kiQ JLn< #`# ^~# xiOK_.
(<, S|H, ==^c< `QH )
2. J, ^J= Q `_ Uq\?
3. J=n< x H O~} ^~= x~}xH Q =Y"q?
99
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
29.5 ~ "# O~}

~[O <H#fl Hxfl ` H i` J=n< ~ q# O~}# " @\xH =YH~}O.
q < xfl +OK\xH J~ ^#O J=~O. WH^~ ==$^ |# < xfl ~~ K
u ~ . g~ `= # =^ H#\xH W+ _ H , WH #O_ Z\ t < KeOH, `\
WH^~` H u~Q@ K \xH O^= ~. L= `= J#q OK = `=
[ Q qOz `fixH XH _ K e O K ^ . J Q Q= fi=
(=H^" Muquddems), z#fl H=` fi= (Khuts `) ` O #fl KeO K^ . WH #fl
~=O` ~ ` _O k.
H O^xH PiH =#~ H~`, WH^~, L= `= # =^H=\xH W+ _ H =@O,
~ ` ^_ =#flQ H~} J=n< ~ q# O~} K@
\ xH ^Ô K~.
PiH O~} è K~ Q =~O , `fi L#fl`^Q L= J#q OK =,
~ }
W<O, J=n< ~^ K_. q ([=# ), D<O (|=<), J^`
(~}), =H (=`xH O|OkOz =) =#flQ "xx `fi = (Ybkhalisa)Q
=~_. #Q^ ~O < ^xx `fi "^g [iQ@@ K_. WH^~ == ~^ K |_H
~< "~ WH #O_ O^ qQ =#~# `fixH [=K x P^tOK_.
Q= ~ q# = K ^~ J#Q =H^
, ` JkH~# ~^ K_. ^P
~q# = K ^`# `fi L^Q# 'Jg~ JyOK_. ^~ ^_ JiH@
|_Ok, g~ `fixfl ~ ` KeO K=# ^x HO> Z= = K ~^x O|_Ok. D K~
=# ` H_ ^"~Q =~~x, "i WO_ |OQ~, "O_ #Q ==x |~h ~<fl_ .
JLn< Q H #fl `" # K~ qt# U `xH OK@O. èiQ qx ~ fi
K~Oz q t# x~~ Oz# è < JLn<. qx HK@ afi (Biswa) J< ^< xfl
L yOz#@ |~h "_. qt = ~OQh, H #Q^ ~OQx KeO _k . =
~O KeO K@ =# `fi Q^= xÒ P~^ ~` xO_q.
==O #O_ JkH ~|_ =K@ =#, ~q# (J=) L^Q Jqhu, OKQO_
`<xfl x~eOK\xH # K~ QH<fl_. "i r` OK_. ~q# JkH~ =iOK
Q}OH q=~, ~ ` KeO K t` i_. Jqhux, ^zO` _# "ix Yi#OQ
tHOK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
100
29.a. ~ fl
1.D HOk "xx [`~ K =
a) `
V)
q HK ^# O
a) Jg
W) =` O
KOk# q
a) afi
X) xH î
a) Yb
Y) `fi ~
q# L^y
a) =H
Z) <
q
2. =~xH =u~HOQ JLn< " \# ~q# O~} q?
3. Jg L^Q r` OK@O =# Jqhux Z x~kO Q`~?
29.6 =~\ ^~ # J^ LOK@

J=n< O~} H =\=#"O k. =~\ ^~ #^ #OK@ =OQ ^_
<^ ~#\xH. =~ u~Q@# J}z" \xH q # O J=~= #fl q+ =#O Kk"O.
`fi Y*< \ O_ x `= r` KeOKx JLn< x~~OK_. JO^
x`=~ == ^~ # KHQ =@@ K_. `` e ÒQ, x H#Q H iy, PiH
W|O^ #HO_ rqOKQ ~.
_b PiH i` _ ^~ x~
xfl qÒ K~.JLn< HO _b H H~H
H OÔ. _b q =[xH ~[^x. ^ HO\<" O\ Ui, H On =~\ H OÔ. _b
*< ~A ~A ~QÒk. nxH `_ "~ =, ` LO\~.. Wqfi^= # ^# "=
iy, P~ ^< y~H U~_Òk. `è ÒQ =~ H$u= H~`# $+O z, ^~ # OK
=Ô H^. Q Wk ^"}xH îfO k. JO^=# JLn< ^~ ~Q^#, =~
JH=~## JiH\x x~t OK_.
WO^ QOQ x`=~ == J#Q P~ ^~, ~Q, ~>, =G=,
Q], x =#flQ "x ^~ \ H # ` ~ K_. =_ ^ # == =_ ` H
=~\ U~@ K_. Jq U=#Q, P~ ^~ =~\ (=O_), =G =~\ (~ J^) =i
=, Q], x =~H =~\.
W@ Jxfl == ^~ x~~ O|_q. =~ x~~ Oz# ^~ HO> XH _, `^
H~ = H@H Oq Oz#C_< Z= J=~^x OK#. ''=~\ ^~ s H~}
(K, `Q
O_) <\ O KO< J^`= x |~h O OK_.
101
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
x~t Oz# ^~ iQ J=QK<fl" ~"HO K@ (+< W=O_) (=~\ J^ _) J<

JkHix xqOK_. W`x ^ `Q@
J`xH q WH, JtfiH, û^,
(< + <) xqOK_. W`# QH =~\ H~H ~A"i x"kH# ` OKH#\xH
fiÒ` uu He# JkH~# J#Q |s^ (x JkHi), =x ~ J#Q ~ Q_K~#
xqOK_.
^~ s H~}
x~O`~ P~ ^~ ~ ~ P^~_ =O@O^x QiOz JO^ `y#
K~ Q H <fl_ . `fi = #O_ =K xfl ^P U Ò =~ Oz# qt#
= ~O = K x P^tOK_. JnH$ ` ^# _~ (|O*~) ~H}
D ^#O _bH
~"} K |_k. D ^<xfl `fi Q^= xfi LOK"~.
^# "~ "^g Hi#"# x LOK_. #`x ^# "~O^~
''+ <W =O_ =^ #"^ K H"e. ^# "~ `= ~ #"^ K H#@ QH,
`fixH xÒ P~ ^~# ~ ~ K=x, x~~ Oz# ^~ H J=`=x X_O|_H `
O`HO K e. D H ~
=~ "i <# x~O kOK"~. g~O^~ =< #k
X_# `= @O` x=OK "~. gi ` H, ` H xO`}kHi O\_.
~ ` ^<xfl xfi K @, x~kOK\xH `fiO x~~ Oz# ^~ H ^<xfl `~e OKH"x
P^tOK_. D P^ iQ J=Q`<fl ^ ~"HO K JkH~xfl "l\ , ~ q# HH ~
JyOK_.
JLn< Q H #fl K~ =# Q^= ZC _ xO_Q O_q. J`=~ i` Q^=
#O_ ^<xfl q_^ K, ~ +xOQ ^fi~ OHO K"~. D K~ =# _b U<_ H~ = H@H
Z~Q^x |~h "_.
=G =~\ (~ J ^) # _ P~ ^~ =~\ `~ < x~fiO|_Ok. =
H#Q ^~ O`# =<, ^=yi =~ # `fiO x~~ Oz# ^~ H J=x OK^ .
"~ "i =~\ =~ H P =# J=O\~. L^: =< ` ~ =# =<
=~ < H#Q K~ . D H#Q^~ `fiO ~O_ qe< @OH =~ JC WO k.
W@ H#Q K# = =G =~\ `fiO x~~Oz# ^~ J=`~. a#fl =#
^~ O` xH ~ @ H#Q K, =G =~\ = ~~ xÒ H#Q@ K~
QH<fl_.
Jfi H#Q ^s ==# x~eOK\xH, = =~\ `= ^~H Jfi#
H#Q K û " \_O nx` Jfi "~ , ^~ iQ `_z@~.
=~\ ^~ #^ #OK_ K~ H =O _b H iq`=? H ~["=? J<k Ki`H~
=^ q"ÔOQ =iOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
102
JLn< x`=~ == ^~ # x~
O [ JO^@ #O_#@ K_. =~@#
U~@ K == # `fiO x~~ Oz# ^~ H J"@@ K_. ~` , =~ D =~@
x~O`~O == # ~ ~ K@@ =Ò K_.
29.. ~ fl
1. D HO^ D|_# "x Hxfl H~} D|_~. "x e `q\ q=iO=?
a)
_b ^ =~H H OÔ. ^x e `" q?
b)
^P #O_ qt = ~O = K |_ _b H ~"} Jk. ZO^=#?
c)
+ <W=O_ =~ x =OK_. ZO^=#?
=~ `= ==# =~\ `fiO x~~Oz# ^~H J=x P^tOzOk.
d)
`è`"q?
2. JLn< O z# =_ =~\ Uq?
3. =G =~\ x~O`~O = ~ ~ J@@ JLn< Z K Q_ ?
29.7 JLn< O~} gH

< O~}# " \# è < JLn<. q # +}~O , =~
u~Q@ #}K@, PiH, ~ q# xO`} ^fi~ ~[ Y*< xO@ D O~} K\ _ .
=^ Q ~[iH == x H H P^~_ LOk. xH |O`< JLn< JkH~xfl QÒ
K <fl_ . H#H x O`$ ~z, "i qfixfl K~Q#@H K~ QH <fl_ . db ~[O
x H |O P^~_ O k.
JLn< " \# x H O~} # O H=tH}# OOkOK~. D x H H=tH}
=#< JLn< # O =OQ ^_<^ ~#> QH, J`x ~[O ^H <x =^ ~ =~ qi OKQe O k.
x *w~ |^ #Q^ ~O r` KeO z, "~ O#flQO_ x~kOK_.
~[ PiH =#~# OOkOK@ JLn< Q H#fl K~ J}z"` K~x Ki`H~
JaO. ^ [# H_ î^Q =i, "i <@ u~Q@ J# =@ LKi O O_ K >
J`x H O. ^+i## JOÒ K \xH J<H K~ Q H <fl_ . `fixH KeO K=# |H~#
"eH f\xH 'k"<W=M~*# U~@ K_. ~ q# L^Q ZO` Hi# OQ ==iOK
"~O> "iH `= =~# Wz q"O [iOK\xH Z=fi~ W+ _ " ~ H^x |~h ~<fl_ .
XH=OH ~ ` #fl ~xfl Oz, =~H =OH "ix xH fi= ^_ #O_ H__.
fi=# ~ ` ` =#Q =~_.
=~O , L= Q H #fl PiH K~ =# < Q~= uu ~Q>QH, ~[ Y*<
103
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K O =iOk. WH == ~^ Q H ~< =~O qQ O^# J#q OK u ^.

~[# HH ` +OK L= JLn< HO H#=~Q < ~.
=~\ x|O^# =~ , ~ ` ` O #xfl HQ K~. =~ iQ `fi xO`}
|_ "~O K e. "iH\ `H =. "~ JkH Q_O K\xH g^ . ~`
`= O_Oz# ^<xfl KHQ `fiO x~~Oz# ^~H J=e. "~ fiKQ =~\ `=
H+" # ^~ J=H=\xH g ^ . HH` giH ^~ _^ ` Oz, `= L``# @}

~"} K ^ ` `yOk. U"< =~\ x|O^# =# a Ok#"~ x , `fi L^Q.
D x|O^# [ ~H #fl ~O "@ =# ~*xH PiH i+ =iOk.
29.8 ==â< `QH Q`H O~}

==â< `QH J<H |$=`~ ^H "\# <Q Ki` kHH_. D ^H xfl
P# P^~ ", q[` fH. ^~^$+=` D ^Hhfl q" [ f= JO`$H
H~}"< ~. JO^=# P## 'Q K~O Qx P^~ "k (ill-starred idealist) x Ja=iOK~.
D ^H H~H" # P# ^$H^xfl Qi `` ÒÔ.
==â< `QH qt+" # =H` fi O Q"_. W`_ | Hq^_. =`, `~, Q}`, ``fi,
YQ, =#flQ Q J^ #O K# "^q. W`xH J^`"# *H H , J~" # *#`$+,
=Oz "^< \ = H^. ^ ^ q^fiO ` O P#` K~ OÔ H"O> [OH"~.
=`, =lH ^# |\Q H u# |\ L#fl` ^= WK_. H#H< |~h J`x u#
QiOz '$+ " s Ò Q =H
x OK_.
JLn< =kiQ ==^ # L= *HO# J#=uOK^ . [Oîh =#OQ
<Oz, ="`~# OOK@ =x"_. ~=` #O \OK_. `# fiK, ``fi"
<`# =O , Ki`H~_# |~hH _ y@^ .
==^ =[ HOH Q"_. =` ~`<fl QH, =^ P # (M~<) _ [~OKx
HOHOK_.
==^ |$`~ ^H # QiOz K^ =`~.
29.9 ~[^x =i_

==^ " \# ^H f= q=~ Qi Ok ~[^xx _b #O_ ^=yi (^`^)H
=~@. ~[^x =i_H J<H H~} H=. W|< |@\ ~K# H~O _b #Oê [
==^ J<H JxO^ " L`~ ~< fl~ . gix tHO K\xH ~[^xx =~_. D K~
qye# H~}=O> ^H < ZC_ ==". ^H < ~* ^ u~Q@ K fiÒ`xfl
H\ < fl~. gix J}KO> _b #O_ < xfl =Ò K @. JkH = ` _H#flk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
104
nxH`_ _bx =~O < @ q^`Q #O_H fiÒ` JkH~xfl JOkKH"x

ufl < fl~ . D ~ O\H i~OQ ^=yix ~ O_= ~[^xQ ==^ K OHeOK_. _b ,
^`^ ~O\x ~[^#Q OK#fl^ ==^ H =x PK~ =n < (Mahdi
Hussain) JaO.
q =*xH =^ O Q HH H OÔQ LO_@ =# ~[^x =i_ [iyO^x |~h
"`. xÒ =OQ _^ Q~ "= O`xH ^~OQ ~[^x LO> `Q ~H}
LO@O^x
qOz#@ Wg Ki`H~_ ~<fl_.
=Hb# Ki`H~ ~[^x =i_ _b ~Oîh #`# ~[^xH "= OkQ <
P^tOK_x K|`<fl~ . _.".<, _b ~[^xQ U<_ qiO|_^ x, _b #Q~O U<_
x~# OÒQ LO_^ x Ja__ . UkU"< _b ~Oîh < P^tOK =~_ H^.
"= OQ =~xfl, L=#, +H#, "^q=~xfl =`" ^`^ =i#@ qk`=QÒk.
_b #O_ ^`^ =^ Q 700 " _=< ~[^x =i_ q $` U~@ K_. î_=<
h_xK K@# <@@O, Lz` [#, h\ ^ HeOK@O =O\ } H~ HeOK_.
D K~ =# #+ ~# "iH i~O KeO K_. Zxfl H~ HeOz< [ _ H =~< fÒ.
W@ [ f= JO`$ <H#Q, "= O`=# =OQ ^_ q $`" < ~. nx`
^H <#O_ L`~ ~`xfl xOuOK@ H+= x qOz < ~[^xx =~ ^`^ #O_ _bH
=~_. < ~[^x =i_ QO q "< L`~ , ^H}
~` =^ O $uH O|O^#
"~Q ~z Ok.
==^ ~[^x =i_H ^H < K~ Q u~Q@, ~*xH =^ O Q LO_@, =OQ
_^ , =#flQ H~} H=.
29.10 JO`~ fik qt O

~[ PiH =#~# OK\xH ~=O`" # QOQ=# JO`~ fik qt# ==^
OK_. D t U "~ OK_< ^x Ki`H~ UHaO ^. D t# 10 H 20 ~ @
OK_x |~h, =_ H < ~ @ OK_x i ~<fl~ .
J~` |~h ~K# #=H OQ =. UkU"< qt OK@O [iyOk. ^~^$ += `
W^ =O =~=O =# JO`~fik H~= OqOzOk. nx` ~` #fl KeOH,
= =ê, î^_ _~ .
^P ~=O`" # q H#H qt OK@O Bz`=Ok. JLn< db U Ò
qt# = K# @ =#O Kk"O. ^~^$ +" =O> D OÒ H~ = Oq Oz# =O
D t OK@O, z=~ Oz# qt OQu Z<fl, ~ ` J qt _ KeO K
105
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
u ~ . q+ O `#fl ==^ J<H H = x"~} K~ Q Hx ~ ` JCez, t

=# x^ K_. Hx D K~ POQ Q H #@ =# ~ ` H\ [#O HQ^ .
== q~ }
==^ H$+ K_. Z= =# QxH f ~=@O HO,
~ ` L`= O@# O_OKO^ ÒK@O HO 'k"<WH J< == Y# U~@
K, x^ # H \~OK_. J~` == Y# U~@ K, x^ # H \~OK_. J~` ==
Y L^Q J=~` , Jqhu, OKQO_`# O =# XH ZH~O q _ QxH ~^ . D
^H O iQ q " Y*< f~x #+O HeyOk.
29._. ~ fl
1. i # =^#=# ZOH KH x Mm# iO=.
==â< `QH
ukHQ L#fl`^Q=xK#.
i)
(u/ =Ò/ @H)
ii)
==^ `# ~[^xx _b #O_
=~_.
(Qfie~, ÒQ}, ^=yi)
iii)
^Px [ Oz# qt# KeO H =@ Q H~}O
(H~ =, =~^ , HOO)
2. ~[^x =i_ ==^ ~[H H Uq\?
3. L`~ , ^H}
~` O|O^ ~[^x =i_ Z\ "xfl HeO zOk?
4. == q~ }
==^ Q H #fl K~ q?
29.11 #`# <} " @@

==^ " \# =~H ^H O #`# <} =^}. ~` û , u~Q@, H~=
H@H, x H =O, q#`fl O~}# " \< ==^ PHOH D O~} H~}.
< Ô_ ` =#, J`x H~}O =# ~[ Y*< Mm #O^< #`# <} =^}
==^ X_Q\ _x |~h "_. K< _# M < 'K" J< Hy` H~ h "@@,
<# #`# H~ hH ~ Oz LO_=K. <_ O K"OQ ~`` "O_ H~` LOk. H#H
xÒ K=} LO_ <} qiqQ aOK ~y =kOKx < qOK_.
#`# <} K=} J<k ~` H`. nxx =~ , [ P"kOH ~. #Hb
<} =^}# JiH@@ `fiO iQ q "O k. u Q$O @OHQ =i JOMH ÔQ
<} K=}xH =K~. `` e ÒQ _| q=`y, ^~ iQ~. [ q^j =~
`fi <}", #Hb <}" èH #`# <}# u~iOK~. nx` ~fi` QO^~QO,
Jxtu U~_Ok.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
106
u"~ |OQ~, "O_ <} ^KHx #`# <}< #fl ~O KeO K@O ~OaOK~.
|OQ~, "O_ <} H~`` #`# <} `fix", #Hb" èH q^j "}[O O aOzOk.
W\ u ==^ #`# <} LO iOKH<fl_. [ #+ O_ #`# <} q=
i= |OQ~, "O_ <} WK_. D #Hb <} =<#k X_# Q |_, K
O=`~ JQ L<fl x |~h ~<fl_ .
29.12 M~< Ô_ `

=` ~`xfl `# Pn#OxH `K#fl ==^ i^ ~*# Ò [~OKx
OHeOK_. U KH=i H < ~[ q~ }
[O.
è ~A ==^ =OQ ^_# q[=OÒQ Z^~x, H#~# ` O H<fl
PHqOK_. nx` < JkH~O iyOk. D =^ P # W< JkH~O
H}
O z, ~[H Jxtu U~_Ok. ==^ P<xH W~H, M~< #O_ = =z#"~, x
=^ P Ô_` =OkQ <# ÒK~.
M~< ^_H q < xfl =~_. |~h D # O 3,70,000 =Ok L<fl~x ~_.
D ^_H J~ ^# O "zOK_. x XH O=`~O rÒ =O^Q< KeO K_. D Y~hfl
M~< =@_ uiy O^=Kx qOK_. Hx i` =i~. = ^@@
Q H+x +~ #, PiH W|O^# QiOz M~< [~OK `flxfl q~qOz, < xfl ~^ K_.
nx` < JkH~O #flyQ, D ^_H =`" # # O x~^Q x~, x $ <<~.
==^ [i# =~H x+ "# Ô_ ` =x H~* OÒ. D HO_ *u
< ==^ Oy~. Hx u~Q }O < < =~, ~Q i#
_~. nx#=HOQ Q H x HO_*u [ "i ^_ K~. z=~ k=Ok x =`" D
^_ #O_ |@_ ~[^x K~~x |~h "_.
29.13 W|<|@@
W|<|@@ ~ =# O_ ==â< `QH Ki` JO~= QÒk. =O u_#
W|<|@@ `# rqÒ Z= O=`~ J<H ^# Oî Q_ _. `# ~K# =^
P, W~<, J~a #Q~ QiOKQH, =YOQ ~`x J<H #Q~ QiOz qOQ
qOK_. `# ~ @#x J#" # '~ ( <=) J< QOÔ O^~K _. D QOÔ
==â< `QH P<xfl QiOz, <\ [ u Q` # QiOz èH#@ =Y P^~O.
W|<|@@ "~Hx \Ow~ #O^ H.. 1304 [xOK_. H.. 1325 fiÔ #O_
|î =<, ~ ` , x, O g^Q _b K~<fl_ . _b ==â< `QH J`xx
^~O Q PfixOz, *w~Wz, ~[^xH HfirQ xqO|__ . _b H= W|<|@@ Zxqk
107
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
O=`~ LO_, =Y"# =HQ "QO^_. < ~iQ |@@ H.. 1342 K<
"_ . K< #O_ uiy =z# `~ "` ~` K~ x HeH\ #O_ F_ }O` fiÔ K~<fl_ .
=Hb# Ki` W|<|@\ '~ J="# P^~O. Hx '~ x q+ hfl iQ
^~x K =. K O^~ Ki`H JO, K\` qoÒ K |_ QO^~Q OQ
=iOk. JO^=# |@@ #^ iOz# JO# ^`Ô Q P"kOH, }OQ ijeOz `xfl
Q OK=# J=~O ZO`< LOk. J~` <\ [ r=# q^<xfl Qi, _b H= <H#fl
=~ `Q^ QiOz u~Q@ Q H~} Qi |@\ JOkOz# =K~O, |~h JOkOz#
=K~xH J^#OQ LHi O k.
==â< `QH =H`fixfl Qi W|<|@\ =iOK_. q^j#fl JÒ` Q~==x
"iHL#fl` ^= eK_x , J`_ ~ fi=O H"_x f= q=~ K_. ==^ [#
qOz ^#^~ K ^ ~ $^ _x, ^ ~H x '|\\ ~<fl_ .
==^ " \# |$` ^H |@\ `#^# H~}# L^ iOK_. |@\ <\
~[H i # J^ #O Qx, q+}
Qx K ^ . JO^=# J`x '~ # =}HO Q
fH#~^.
W|<|@\ q^j u_. ==â< `QH P#O Zxqk O=`~ L<fl_.
P# ~K# '~ <\ =Hb# u Q` # èH=\xH =Y P^~O.
29.14 ==^ a< `QH < Q gH

^ ^ = Hey, PK~}
@H , ~ " O Ok# ==â< `QH 27 O=`~
< HO XH q^ Q^.
==^ Q "^q. Q}` , `~ , ``fi LÔ _ O_` _. `# K~ hfl `"^|^" # "
Qx, =`~"#q H= =` ~`^ ~[H, O $uH "H` kOK> P# Ô.
~[^x =i_ =# L`~ , ^H}
~`^ =^ ##fl J_Q _# `yOK#fl^ P# PHOH.
==^ " \# ^H J`x J ^ " x^~ #O. J~` ^xx " @@
[ =<Q` "# iQ}#x fH#^ . J`x J#=# fi=O [# =iO` ^~O
KO k. `# "= \# O~} XH^x "O@ =~H\ q =Q@` [ << WH@
< fiÒQ ^~=~.
== q~ }
==^ Q H #fl K~ =O^K` _H#flq. ==xfl ^~}
~H #~î OK\xH ~[^x < O=`~ Q_ _x |~h "_. H~ = OqOz#_
_b " = `qfiOz, O@ O_OK_x W|<|@\ ~<fl_ . WO^ ~ ` q`<
~ ~ K, ~} H~ HeOK_. D K~hfl J`x ^ ^ x^~#O.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
108
29.W. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
#`# <} =^} ==^ H "q?

#`# <} =^} ZO^ q "O k? WO^ XH =YH~}xfl `=.
Y*< MmQ@ =#< ==^ #`# <} =kOK_x |~h ~#@ ` ^~=x U
KQ=?
M~< Ô_ ` Q =Y Hq?
|@\ Z=~? J`x ` q# è =K~xfl U=x ~ ?
~OO
JLn< <# _ J<H PO`~O yH, =# Z^~#= =zOk. xH
u~Q@, =OQ ^_, =HQ ` =[ HOH J`xx q ~ " # < xfl U~@ K H"<
P=H`# HQK~. JLn< `# <xfl `~+ =kiQ OiOK_. x #Q^
~O r` KeO z# è < JLn<. Q~ ~[=^ " @O (^Q) , x
P#" "@O (e) =O\O ~} " \_ . =OQ ^_<^ ~=\xH < =
"= O`=# ` ^~# Q K~Oz, H` ^~# xiOK_.
=~O , L=# |#~K \ xH J<H K~ Q H <fl_ . "~ J#q OK D<O =#
~^ K_. qt = ^~# `yOz, ~ ` ` ` H O|O^ @ <fl_. qx
~ fi K, qt# U `xH Oz, Jg J# L^yx ~ q# = xqOK_.
^" O Q =~\# <He, ~ xflO\x D =~\ `~e OK P ~ ^~ xflO\h
x~~Oz [ KHQ =Q#@ K_. U =~_ x~~Oz# ^~ HO> Z= J=~^x
Oz, "~ JkH Q_O K O_ x~kOK_. ÔQ "~O, ~ JH= xfi, Jqhux
JiH@\ xH ` H L^Q# xqOK_.
Ki` J<H |$`~ ^H " \# #` ==â< `QH k . gx _b #O_ ^`^
~[^x =i_ XH\ . =*xH H O^ aO^=Q KHx e L`= ==x, L`~ , ^H}
~`^
=^ xfl ` O $uH O|O^ <H< H O` D ^H xH NH~O K\_ . Hx D ^H O
q "O k. Y*< xO\xH ^P qt# OK_. Hx W^ =O ^P H~ = Oq OK@
=# ~ ` t# KeO H , = =ê i~. e ÒQ u~Q@ K~ Q~.
#`# <} =^} ^HO _, `fi J=~` =# J#Q ÔQ <} =^}#
xOuOK@O q =Q@ =# Jk _q "O k. JQ M~< Ô_ ` ^H xfl ~^ K @O,
< |#`# |~O KO k. W@ ==^ QH #fl K~ =# ~fi ^ f= JO`$ <Hx
#` qz#fl` ^Ô KO k.
109
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JO
1.
JLn< db x H qQ# U~~z# su \ H # iK

=.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
JLn< db x H O~}# " @@ Q H~}=q?

JLn< db " \# =Y x H O~}q?
~ ` ` ` H O|O^# <HH=\xH JLn< Q H #fl K~q?
PiH ~ ` # kOK\xH JLn< QH #fl K~q? Jq ZO`=~ q[=O`" <~?
==â< `QH " \# ~[^x =i_, #`# <} =^} ~fi~# `=.
==â< `QH "\# |$`~ ^H #` qz#fl` ^Ô Kx h=
qO`"?
D HOk "xH "M "=.
e, ^Q
W|< |@@
==â< `QH M~< Ô_ `
8.
i)
ii)
iii)
q*#O HO
1.
2.
`~+ # #=< JLn< # x~}xfl g~ Kk"~. D #=<# P^ xH ~`

# O` =.
JLn< db =~\ O~} <^ O P^ xH QO =~\# xOuOK@ Hxfl
K# K =.
==^ #`# <} =^} <_ q "O k. <_ *^~}
# OkOk ZO^=#?
J^# =K~O
=^Q ~` ~jH WuH Ki`H~_ lLn< |~h. P# ~zOz# '`sM
W~* _b #` Ki` J="# P^~O. D QOÔ An< HO #O_
~ * `QH <HO P~= O=`~O =~ [iy# O @#. q O^~K | _~.
D QOÔ ~ * `QH JOH`g |_Ok. D QOÔ `qk=Ok # QiOz qO|_Ok.
"~=~#Q An< <, "~An< H ^, [ Ln< db, JLn< db, `|n< =~H
db, #r~n< YM<, An< `QH, ==â< `QH, ~* `QH. D QOÔ
=YOQ # O# =k+O z# "# O. Ô_ `, =OQ Ô_ `, # " \#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
110
PiH, < O~}, [ r=# q^#O q=iO|_~.

'`sMW~ * ==â< `QH " \# |$` ^H Q H~}, ==^
H QiOz "# =K~xfl ^`ÔQ JOwHiOK\xH g^. WO^ =Y H~}O
==â< `QH ``fi O WO =u~H=x |~h =O. JO^=# ==^x # @OQ
H ` ^~} Ja=iOK_. Q W`x ~K# HH=O "|_^ . Hxfl q+ QO^~QOQ
L<fl~.
|~h '` "W[Oî J< QO^xfl `sMW~ *H J#|OÔ Q "_. D ~ O_
H "|z# ~[H " XH>
<, ` " W[O^s q=~} Z=. Wk =O
KH=~ J#iOK XH ~[H H_. WO^ [ @ < q^ , < ~R O|O^,
WOH J<H q+ , z=~ Ki` ~K# Ki`H~x q^ # Qi _ qOK@O [iyOk.
~ fl ["|
29.Z.
1.
i)
`~+ ii) #Q^ iii) <

2. '<J J#Q i rÒ 234 @OH fHx, XH Jfixfl +OK"_. '^J
J#Q 312 @OH rÒ fHx ~ O_ Jfi# +OK"_.
3. a) ^~= x H Q H O^Q LHi OK@.
b) =OQ ^_# H_<~
c) "~ x
P~xfl, Jfi# =~ "~
29.a.
1.
a)-X, b)-Y, c) V, d)-Z, e)-W
2.
3.
=~xH, L= D|_# |=<, D<O, i`+H ~^ K, "iH

#Q^ ~O KeO K_.
Jg L^Q OKO fH"< O O_ LO\~x =#.
29..
1.
a)
^= K=} qsÒQ iy, ^"}O U~_Ok.

b) _b
^<Q~ x~O`~O P~ ^~ ~ ~ Q@.
c) ÔQ "~xfl, Jqhux JiH@@
111
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
d)
2.
3.
JkH O^H =~ ^ _ ~ .
P~ =~\, =G =~\, = =~\ (Q~, [O`=)
=G =~\# =h =~ JyOz, "iH JC Wz ~[Ox Jxfl O` #O_
=# Hx =G =~\ `~e Oz, `fiO x~~Oz# ^~ H "xx J"@@ K_.
29._.
1.
i)
u ii) ^=yi iii) H~ =

2. a) ^H < Pk` xfl H#yOK@O H~ .
O^ aO^=Q O_@.
b) ~*xH H
3. L`~ ~` =lH, O $uH, =` " ^H}
~`xH qiOK@.
4. i) 'k"<WH J< == Y U~@
ii) ~
` ~}eK_.
iii) O@ =i_x "
\_
iv) = `qfiOK_
29.W.
1.
2.
3.
4.
< " \# <}O "O_ @OH =#O

`fiO " @
= =kOK <}# x~kOK@ q =Q@ =#, JOMH #Hb
<} K=}xH =K~.
#`# <} |^ |OQ~, "O_ <}# ==^ KeO z#@ |~h ~#@ =#
Y*< Mm H^x Ò k.
i) =^ P
~[H U~_# Jxtu, ==^# Ô_ ` ~ OzOk.
ii) W~< #O_ ==â< `QH
P<xH =z# =~A, =~O . Ô_ `
K =x ÒK@.
W|<|@@ J< "~H u_ ==â< `QH P#O K O=`~<fl_ .
J`_ '~ (~ < =) J< QO^xfl "_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
112
30
_b < =[ qz#flO =i
Of ~* Pq~=O (1)
30.1 iK O :
==^ s =~}#O`~O `|n< S|H H. 1206 _b < =[ # K_
Jx g~ WO` =O^ Kk" ~.W@\q+, < < =*xfl ~ O K~. `# q[
` ^fi~ J=n< db _b =[ i^ # qi OK _. JO`QH J`_ K=Ok ^H}
~`^ i# `# ~fi=`fiO JOwHiOK@@ Xu_ K_. An< `QH ^H}

~*#
`# =[O H<fl_ . Hx ==^ c< `QH i< HO ^H} ~* _b =*xH
`= Jq^
`# H\ O K~. ^H}
# q[#Q~O , |h fiÒ` ~*Q Pq~q OK~. OQ,
O^ _ < =[O #O_ "~ ~. ~ * `QH H~# ~* Q g^ Pk` O
#u+O Kx H$+ K_ Hx q_< _. |#, J=~ J~# ~ * `QH "~
i< HO qz#fl H "QO OAHOk. #~ n< `QH i< HO H. 1398
`= ~ ~`^ O Ô_`_ . Wk `< = L#fl < =*xfl K= ^|fOk. ~ =#OQ
Z<fl Of ~* `= fiÒ`xfl H\ O K<fl~. _b =[O XH z#fl O# ~[O
~H H}
O zOk. g~ _b =[O, z<fla#fl=Q@ Uq [iyOk Jx g~ ` H tflOK=K. D
~O g~ < =[ qz#fl` H~}#, Of ~* Pq~=O =i "\ #
H~# QiOz K^ =`~.
30.2 H
D @O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ `HO\~.
1. _b < =[ qz<flxH H~} *a`
2. ~ * `QH # |## J#= ~`# "~ J#iOK~#fl q+O
3. `= ~ Ô_ `# =iOK@O
113
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4.
5.
6.
_b < =[ qz#fl` H~}OQ fiÒ`xfl Ok# Of ~* *a` ` ~

KQQ@
Of ~* Pq~=O =i "\ ~[ q~ }
Of ~* q[
30.3 _b < =[ qz#fl` :

==^ `QH i< H kfif~O ~~ f= JO`$H =H~}" XH^x
`~fi` =~H\ Q =[=O`\ u~Q@ îf# J`x Q "xfl QiOz g~
Kk"~. D u~Q@ _b < =[ `< xfl +OQ zOK~. ==^ c< `QH U
W`~ =H #=HO #O^# u~Q@# J}OKO^ W`_ =[O XH z=~ #O_ =~H
z=~ fiOQ ~ Q f"_. J=^, Q[~` =i O^ u~Q@# q[=OÒQ
J}z"QeQ_. Hx ^H}Ô OQ__. Wk ZO` f="# ^|O>, ==^ `QH D
#xfl uiy _HH _. W`_ ^H}
Ô #O_ "# u~QQ <, W~=~ q[#Q~ ^~ #
i~~, |H~ u~Q@ K q[#Q~ =*xH <k "~. *~M<
q[ #Q~xH L`~ # |h ~[xfl O K_. D ~ O_ ~*# QiOz g~ "~H ~O
K^ =`~. ==^ `QH i< HO, OQ _ _b < =*xH Jq^
`#
H\ OzOk.
30.4 ~ * `QH
==^ c< `QH =~}#O`~O Jg~, L= J`x g |O^ "# (#Ò_ =~_)
~ * `QH # O#O u+O K~. = U_ O=`~ ~* i< HO O``,
Ofl` =~~Q QiOK|_k . Hx D HO < ~[H JkH~O f= H}` <O k.
J=~` , Jqhu ~fi ^~}"# q. _b < =[ JOÒ ^Q~ < L#fl^x Ò k.
|~h H~O ~ * \a +HO O~ ` @#, W`_ x["# ~*~_# OK< ,
` O<#flk~ OK_. W`_ `H}
" ==^ c< `QH q^< =# [iy# ##
s K ~OaOK_. =r~ (^#=Ou) # J#iOz ==^ `QH ==a=$k
H~ ~ ` |}Q W=fi|_ ^ "`# ~^ K_. `# ~fi <K `yOK|_#
L=#, Jg~# #ifl qOK_. ""xH W`_ < ==^K =~}O z#, ~" #
O # H qHOQ# "i "~ `y# #+ i~# =i H=} `#
JOkOK_.
~ * Jg~, L= O` O<#flk~ OK_. H|\ W`_ "i@ L^~"Y ix
J=OaOK_. W`_ 'WH q^<xfl # " \ ^xx =O~O~ O K_. W`_ < xfl
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
114
=O~O q^#O P^~OQ #ifl qOz "iH =# W<OQ WK_. L= q+ O

`# x["# =O #x x~OKH<O^ W`_ H$+ K_. W`_ +i`x #~îOK_ Hx
"" xH f="^ `Q_ . L= ~ # J#iOz W`_ JO` =O^ ZC_
#fl KeO Kx }` O^= g^ ll#fl qkOK_. W`_ + =i W`~
=O J=u "Ôî @ _ W@=O\ =` J # q^#O #=OaOK_. D qÔ Q W`_
Jg~ "Oz# JqhuH, `< xH ^ _< _. ~ * =` Oz``fi O _ < =*xH
=^Hi Jx JO`=OQ |A"O k. ~ ~O ~* O} "xfl QiOz q=~OQ
K^=`~.
ll#fl J#Q Wk =` O|O^ #fl H^. Wk =" `~ Oî g^ x H = HO qkOK|_k
H|\ Wk =$^ , , =i qHOQ qkOK|_k H^.
<Q ~ * `QH H O^xH ^Q~ L#fl O` =`" xO`}# Hey LO_"_.
W`_ ~O_~ OQx uiy fin#O KO^=x uflOK_ Hx q_<_. OQ
fiÒÒ H\ O KOk. ~ * ** #Q~# (Xi#) PHqOz ^xx ^K<fl_ . Hx `#
=[O HH^ . W`_ HOQ (Kangra) # _ ^K<fl_ . Q[~`, `\ (O^)
u~Q@# J}z"_. Hx W`x # O HK O^ Y (Rann of kutch) î` #C_ F<fl
^ Q~ O k.
Z<fl =#=` O~}# " \# ~ * XH x^#"# i_ ==a=$k H~
W`_ H=#, K=# `qfiOz =# xiOK_. W`_ + M< (Shafa Khanas) J< Lz`
"^ # ~OaOK_. W`_ =O L^ LH~ "`< # U~@ K, =O qÒ`=
=~ q" HO PiH O _ K_. W`_ K=Ok x# +OK_. XH
KiuH P^~O H~O W`xH XH H Z#" =Ok x LO_"~x, "i HO`=Ok M~<,
J<H H~Q~ xK Q =iHO^~ # O xK"~x Ò k. # O LO_ x#
~ * x (Firozi Slaves) J<". ~ * `QH O~} J`x =[O g^ Z\ "xfl
K#" `^ i ~O K^ =`~.
30.5 ~ * `QH "~

=O "~` fixH O|OkOz U ~ " # K\ = Jx g Q~O _ LO@Ok. ~ *
`QH =~}#O`~O W`x "~ ~~ O x^ `= JkH~xfl J#q OK_O H+= x H#Q<fl~ .
H|\ Wk <, b# =^ ~\xH î fOk. D u WH^~ (~~ ) =i Of
fiÒ`xfl H\ O K<O^ uflOK~.
H. 1388 ~ * `QH =~}#O`~O J`x =#=_# J| |H~ (Abu Bakr) O#O
u+O K|__ . J^ =O ~ * `QH =~_# ==^ SO^~ ~r x O`
115
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
`## `# _b <Q H\ OK<fl_. Wk `~# D W~=~ < =^ \H î

fOk. z=~ ==^ J#OQ J||H~ Oy= =zOk. `# ^q x ~ ~ K #fl
`~fi` W`_ ~ * x u x |# iKO^ qq^ =~#, ^` # J==OaOK_.
=^ J#O`~O ~*xH =z H. 1412 =~ eOK_. J`_ J`~ # ~~ #
xOuOK@O " O KO^_.
30 Z ~ fl
D HOk fl =^#=e=
1. =^ c< `QH <HO fiÒÒ H\ OK#fl XH ^H}
^ ~[O ~ "=.
2. ~ * `QH HO U û (q^#O) = # O |#"Ok?
3. ~ * `QH "~ ZO^= q[=OÒQ ieOKH ~?
D HOk "H# (Mb#) iOK@ ~ # ^= # ZOH K =.
1. =^ c< `QH HO fiÒÒ Ok# ~RO
Z. OQ
a. H=~
. **#Q~( Xi)
2. WH û x ~ * `QH
Z. " \_
a. uiy " \_
. =O~O~ O K_
30.6 `= ~ Ô_ ` (H. 1398)

`= ~ `~+ KQK Y KOk# <x =~_. W`_ J` Q"_, ^~ e
=i L`=O`_. W`_ '=~YO_ O<xfl Jk+O z#O`< Ô_ ` ~OaOK_.
W`_ ~`^ xfl PHqOK@\H ^^ =^ P "`xH Jku Q #O_#.
`= ~ Ô x O^# HQ> L^ O ` ~`^ O Ô_`_. `= ~ =O^Q `#
~HH ^xfl `# =#=_ ~ =^ (Pir Mahammad) P^fi~O ~`^xH O_. `=~
'=< # [~Oz, ~g#k f~xfl K~_. O^ , rO #^# ^\ 1398 U ~ =^#
He_. î J<H @}
# ^z, JH_ [ =H #~" Ô (massacre) K_. JOMH
[# |OnQ _ K_. < #~ n< =i J`x =r~ (^ x) = WH `= ~#
ZkiOz F_~. < #~ n< `# } ~H}
~O iQ, = WH '|O^ ~ (Bulad
Shahr) ~}
iQ K~_.
D Ô `~fi` `= ~ _b 15~A =HO K_. W`_ =H TKH` (massacre)
P^tOK_. =, ` JOMH O^=, =" `~. ~`^ xfl =ke
" =O^ D`_ 'Ml ~M< (Khizr khan) x `# uxkQ xqOK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
116
W`_ ~`^ O #O_ |OQ~=, "O_, =* =i =` ~O J~ O^#

^KH _. `#` ZO`=Ok Ku =$` "# _ fH _. D x"~ D`x ~[^x J~#
=~O _x " " Ò K _xH Z< O^~ ~# xiOK~. W`x Ô_ ` _b <
`< xfl zOzOk. Wk _b < =[=O`\ J=xfl $+O zOk. D iu x J=HOQ
fHx *<~, Q[~`, =fi fiÒ`xfl H\ OK<fl~. D Of fiÒ` ~*efl
QiOz =iH qQO K^ =`~.
30.7 ^ =OO (H.. 1414 1450)

`=~ dl~ M<x =h i_ (Q=~fl~)Q xqOz# q+xfl g~ Q~
`K HQ~. W`_ < ^`M<x F_Oz, _bx PHqOz, ^ =O # <k "_.
W`_ '< a~^# fiHiOK^ . ~`WP (Rayat-i-Ala) ` `$ __. W`_ `=~
"~ _# ~MH uxkQ =`" ==iOK_. W`_ ~M H=O ` O_ Hxfl KeO K"_x
Òk.
d~ M< ^ =O i# =~_ . W`_ K\xfl, Ou ^` # #~îOK_xH,
q" # J}K_xH uflOK_ Hh, Ju fi q[xfl =`" kOK_. 'i Jaxfl
J#iOz dl~M< XH <|^_#, L^~ i_ Hx P H+ == _b #
P=H" # =~ O, H, =H` fi = "^#q W`x =.
Ml ~ M< =~}#O`~O XHi `~fi` XH~ =~H =^ O<xfl Jk+O K~.
Hx "~ ~~ @ =# q ~Q x~OK<fl~ .
H. 1445 PO _b O<xfl Jk+O z < J_. D`_ #\H #~
J=~x Q x~OK<fl_ . D`x =Y=Ou (=r~) J~# g^ M< | _x < k` xfl
fiHiOK_xH PfixOK_. J`_ ^xx JOwHiOz PKiOK_. `# <Q H#Q_O J^ =x
Q Oz# PO |^<H "o_.
_ =OO (1451 1526)

| _ (1451 1485)
=r~ g^ M< H~` | _ < k` xfl fiHiOK_. Hx W`_
g^M<` He JkH~xfl OKH=_xH W+_ ^ . XH ^H O H~O g^M<x |OkOz `<
< J_. D qÔ Q W`_ P< # KOk# _ =OxH <k "_.
< | _ =~_ , q[=O`_# < ku . J`x `H} H~= O < =[O# ,
` HOQ JO`~ fik (Doab) =i i~ `# JkH~xfl #~î O_O. Wk =~ # P<
~~ H~`< ^==Òk. P< ~~ "i J#K~ `~+ ~[iHxfl
117
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JOwHiOK~x XH x H ixQ J`xH `. H|\ W`_ `## `# P< g~ XH_ Q

=`" iQ} < flx, ~AQ H^x |~OQOQ H\ O K_. J`_ O#O g^ ~<"_
H^. `# ~~ P#O x|_ LO_@O _ @@
^ . D q^#O W`x n~ i<
H=O` KH Q xKO k. JO`QH H= O`# P< ~~ #O_ W`_ Z@=O\ =#
Z^~#^.
P< ~~ O` | _ ""~ =i JO`~ fik O` K~ y# u~Q@#
q[=OÒQ J}z"_. D`_ KHxH H. 1476 '*<~ <x F_Oz ^xx <
=[O HH<fl_ . W`_ He (Kalpi) =i ^ ~ (Dholpur) i# _ _b
Pk`xfl JOwHiOK@@ Xu_ K_. U^"< W`_ OQ, Q[~` =i ^H<# uiy
[~OK_O " O KO^_.
< |_ `# q^=O`_ HH ~#\H O_`# +OK_x JO\~.
D`_ Q _ J~#\H =`=_O x"_.
HO ^~ _ (H.1489 1517)
< | _ =~}#O`~O HO^~ _ O<xfl Jk+OK_. O^ èH
[xOz#O^= W`_ \ WO =`=Oa `# _ x["# =" #x P< =O
U=Ò f#x x~OKH<O^ P`` K_. ~ * `QH = W`_ _ Z<fl ^#^~
K_. =O O_Q ^ "Ò ^<xfl ^#O K"_. L= =O O_` ^
[ r`#, r=<^~ `# =OE~ K_. =O qÒ`= q" PiH
O K_.
HO ^~ _ =" `~ <xfl K_^ . ^"# _Q \, =^ # xiOK_.
O^= 'll#fl# #ifikO K_. WO# K~O K \xH W`_ `# =KH x qxyOz
uflOK_. nxx QiOz ''`|H` WJHs (Tabkat-i-Akbari), ''=^ ih(Masir-Rihani), QO^
~K~`. ''W`x i# =` ^~a=#O, ~H+ KiOk Jx ~~. `èÒQ W`_
=" `~ =^` , H~# O^H _.
b# < Pk` xfl OKH=_xH HO ^~ _ J<H =~# J=OaOK_. `#
^~~ (P#O), " <H q^
`# H\ O K\xH `# ~~ #, Jg~#(^# =O`)
O^H =~^# \OK@ Xu_ K_. `# P< ~~ fiÒ` ^~}x J}K_xH _
W`_ uflOK_. WO\ ^` ^fi~ W`_ i# H=tH}
# \OK _. Hx Wk
`~fi` HO P< ~~ JO`$H H~}"Ok.
< HO ^~ _ c~, ^~, =~~, Qfie~ ~[O HO` QO, =i #Q~#
_b < =[O =m He" _.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
118
W|" _ (H. 1517 1526)

1517 HO ^~ _ =~}#O`~O J`x ~~ O` UHw=OQ W|O_x <Q Q^
<H OK~. W|O_ i< ^H` , èq`@, ^~ O x"_. W`x i< H=O` 'q"
HOQ x~`"Ok. ^=OQ fi< W`x `=_# [M< u~Q@ K_. <
W|O W`xx ` QqOK_. c~ fiÒ`xfl H\ O KOk. ~} OQO# J}z " _xH
W`_ < xfl OOK_. Hx P # = ~} Ku ~ ~[xfl KqKOk. O* Q=~fl~ #
^`M< _ u~Q@ K_. < H =~#, i< "Yi ~~ f= JO`$x
HeyOzOk. q= fiq ^`M< H| L#fl |~ ~`^ xfl PHqOK=x Pfi#O O_.
1526 x\ =^ [iy# Ô |~ W|O_x F_OK_. D qÔ Q _b < i#
JO`=~Ok.
qQ= #O_ ''==^ c< `QH, ~ * `QH _b < =[O qz#flO J=_xH
HO`=~ H~ Jx +O Q Ò k. D K~ = < =i ~~ , Of <
u~Q@^~~ # [gO^~ =^ O|OÔ XH =Q qyeO^x += Òk. u XH <
D =# i+iOK_xH `# fiO` =~O uflOK~. Hx U XH~ fi` i~xfl
H#Q# H ~. JLn< db ` qye# #O` PiH u x |Ò K \xH uflOK^ <
q+ xfl g~ Q OK LO\~. ===^ c< `QH nxH q~Ô Q `# i< Q g^
ZO` ^< xfl =$^ K_. P qÔ Q J`_ ^ PiH u x |# iK_. ~ * `QH i<
HO ~~ , L= =# 'W<OQ W=fi_O [iyOk. Wk _ ~[ PiH u =u~H
"xfl KOk.
30.a ~O fl
1. ^ =O < ZO^= Z= HO ieOKH ~?
2. < | _ H `H}
H~= O Uq\?
3. P< ~~ H~O OÔ^ | _ J=OaOz# q^#"k?
4. < H =~^, ^# "~Q ~K _xH HO ^~ fHx# K~ Uq?
5. _b < =[ qz#fl` îf# ~ O_ =# ~#=.
6. H| #O_ x\ =~ Q `# =~O |~ Z@=O\ u @## Z^~#H =\xH
H~}O Uq\?
Of ~* Pq~=O
==^ c< `QH i< HO< =[ qz#fl H ~O" O^x g~ Kk"~.
S` ~ * `QH D iu x KH k^\ xH uflOK_. Hx q _< _. W`x "~ i<
119
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
HO [iy# `= ~ Ô_ ` _b < =[O# K= ^| fOk. D i` HO`=Ok

Of i _b =*xH `= =^` # LO iOz fiÒ`xfl H\ O K<fl~.
D HOk @ g~ W@=O\ Hxfl Of ~*# QiOz K^ =`~.
30.9 *< ~
(Jaunpur)
*< ~ _b < =[O `~ QO L#fl XH O#fl" # OÒ. nx Q=~fl~

=eH ~fi~ H. 1394 #~ n< ==^ W`xH < ~ (Sultan - sharg) J#Q ''`~
Qku J< a~^# WK_. D qÔQ W`_ H<* #O_ c~ =~ L#fl Oèfl ieOK_.
Hk HO< W`_ H<*, H~, J=^, On, L", c~, u~ \ (Tirhut) i_ _.
**#Q~, Mflu i _ W`xx Q~qOK"~.
H. 1398 `= ~ Ô_ ` `~fi` _b =[=O`\ J=O <HOk. `# HiH
XH ~xfl HeOKO^ =eH ~fi~ nxx ^= HOQ KH<fl_ . H|\ W`_ '< a~^#
fiHiOKH ~#\H ~A =iOK_O ~OaOK_. DqÔQ W`_ *<~ s =O
# <k "_.
H. 1339 =eH ~fi~ =~}O KQ, J`x "~ _, ^` `_# =eH H~< O<xfl
Jk+O K_. W`_ '=~H (Mubarak shah) a~^# fiHiOK_. D qÔ Q W`_ s =OxH
= ~+_ J_. W`_ `# ~` <}=# =kO* , Y^# KkqOK_.
=~H *< ~ ieOK HO _b < J~# =^ c< `QH, = WH
Ku H =Q LO_"_. = WH *< ~# uiy fin#O K H=_xH Ô_ ` K_.
Hx q _< _. _b , *< ~ =^ ``fixH c[O _O k. Wk _b , *<~ ~[=O =^
n~" # O ~} îfOk. H.=. 1402 =~H =~}#O`~O , J`x `=_# W|O
O<xfl Jk+O K_. W`_ =~Q 34 O=`~ ieOK_.
W|O i< HO _b , *< ~ =^ O|O^ Q ^|u<fl~. _b <#
==^ c< `QH = WH x~O`fixfl iOKH *<~H i_. W`_ W|O
xfl JiOK_. Hx O^H _. H|\ W`_ *< ~ ~[O Q" # H<*# |=OÒQ
fin#O K <fl_ . = WH PH H =~}O ==^ _b x PHqOK J=Hxfl WzOk. D
=O W|O H#*# PHqOKO^ uflOK_. <Q < =@_ `~fi` uiy fin#O
K <fl_ . W`_ OQ Ô_`_. Hx [~OKH ~<_.
W|O s =OO Ju Q i_. W`_ O_` _ HH q^ + _. W`x i<
HO =O =` q*#O, K@O , <O W`~ q+ Q O_` QO^ "|_<~.
W`_ Ow`=, =i W`~ e` H _. D`x HO '+s "= Jx =|_ XH ` H
" e K~OH =zOk. *< ~ =^ K__xH JOÔQ LO_ ^~} q<~@(minrets)
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
120
O_ L<fl~. D ~H te O^ =O _ Hx O k.
W|O "~ _# ==^ 'K<~ H@# [~OK_. Hex _ [~OK\xH uflOK_
Hx q _< _. W`_ _b Ô_`_ Hx | _ Ku F__. ==^ `~fi`
*< ~ ==^ , < i# #~Ok.
< i< HO _b , *< ~ =^ "~ O `~~H Ki, n~H Ô Q
i}qOzOk. H. 1458 < | _` <Q O=`~ `èH Ok K <fl_ .
< u~\ (Tirhut) [gO^~ u~Q@# J}z"_. W`_ **#Q~(Xi) Ô_u
"ix ^ "Ò #+ i~O KeO K_xH XOK_. H.. 1466 Qfie~ Ô_`#
K\ _ . Hx ^xx fin#O K HH _. _b *< ~ =^ ``fiO iyOk. | _
< ^_K F_OK_. < *< ~ [gO^~ =^ u~Q@# ~ KQ\ _b <#
W|Ok _< LO_"_. | _ "~ _# HO ^~ _ *<~# _b < =[O
qb#O K_. H. 1500 < =~}O` s =O# _ JO`" O k.
30. ~O fl
1. *< ~ J#kH~ ix (defactoruler) ~ Uq\?
2. `# ~` 'Y^x KkqOK#fl *< ~ < ~ q\?
3. s =OO ^= < Z=~?
4. _b _# < ==^ U H O` *<~ K~_?
5. *< ~ =^ ` H H}
Uq\?
30.10 =fi
=fi, _b < =[O <~ f QO XH OÒ. H. 1310 < JLn< db
[~Oz#\ #Oz < ~ * `QH =~}O =~ Wk _b =[O JO`~QO Q LOk. ~*
`QH K xqOK|_# k=~M< nxH z=i ~[uxk(Q=~fl~) H. 1401 `= ~ Ô_`
`~fi` k=~ M< _b H `# Jq^
`# H\ O z `# < a~^# fiHiOKH ~#\H
J#kH~ <Q `~_. H. 1405 W`x =~}#O`~O W`x =~_# POM<
'+OQ(Hoshang shah) a~^` O<xfl Jk+O K_. W`_ '=O_# `# ~[^xQ K Hx,
`# #`# ~[^xx O^~ ~` fik^_ . O^ =(Hindola Mahal), [* =(Jahaz
Mahal), [= =^ (Jama Masjid) =O\ O^ "
e H r= `~}. ~OQ ~OQ =i
"i O#/a#(tiles)"_@O D " x~} ` H`.
=fi `# QoH LxH, ~=O`" # q =i O#fl` H~}OQ _b , *< ~
=i Q[~` ``fixfl OkOKOk. Q[~` [iy# XH Ô Q[~` < +OQ
121
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
x |OkOK_. Hh =fi# xOuOK_O H+= x Q Oz, +OQ # q_^ K ixQ

#u+OK_.
r<(Ghazikhan)+OQ "~_<_. Hx W`_ H. 1436 `# =Ou J~#
==^ M< dbK `yO |__ . ==^ ' (Shah)a~^# fiHiOz =fi db =OxH
<k "_.
==^ i# =fi XH |"# O#fl ~[OQ ` ~~Ok. W`_ ^~ e.
^ K_. W`_ `# rq`=O` xH ta~< Q__x JO\~. W`x Q_~" W`x
Q$OQ, ^~ O Q" W`x qOu OQ fHO_ HhO XH O=`~O _ Q_= ^ .
W`_ `# ~*xfl Ô_ ` ^fi~ qi OK _. W`_ nxx ^H}
# `~ ~fi `
=~ , t=# Q[~` OÒ =~ , `~# |O^ YO_, L`~# =fi =~ qiOK _.
==^ de <|^_ # , L^~_. 'i ~K# H~O W`_ q#je, ^~ e
=i qÔ_. W`x i< HO W`_ `# fiH =# O KOx qq^ ~A
Ki`#, "i P#= *H # QiOz q#_xH qxyOK"_.
J`~ _# ==^ db H. 1440 _b Ô_ ` K_. Hh | _K
x=iOK|__ . ==^H ""~ ~A J~# O~ } =^ [iy# Ô W~" "~
q[O `=^#x KC H=_O = JxtÒQ ` ~ O k. `# q[xH *H ~O Q O~ } z`~
q[ Oxfl xiOK_. =~"# `# q[xfl z ==^ db =O_ U_O`
= <xfl xiOK_.
An<, #~ n< ==^ dbx J#iOK~. g~ i< HO QiOK^y #

O @# Ug =< Ke. H. 1510 ~ O_= ==^ =fi O<xfl Jk+O K_. W`_
`# q^
# ~~# J}Q^H_xH '"kh~(Medini Rai)J< H= O`_# ~[`_x eOz,
J`xx `# ^ #=OuQ xqOK_. P#= ~[` |= =O = D~#
$+O zOk. g~ "kh~H =u~HOQ Q[~` < xfl H~~. Q[~` < =fi#
[~Oz Q[~` H<fl_ . =< Q[~`# [~OKO` =~ Wk Q[~` XH QOQ
qyeOk.
30._ ~O fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
H. 1310 =fix Z=~ _b < =[O QOQ K~?

=O_ " H H =Y H}
Uq?
z`~ q[ O xfl Z=~ xiOK~?
~ O_= ==^ i< HO =O ~~ JO`$ Z |@ @|_Ok?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
122
30.11 Q[~`
Q[~` `# QoH u , O#fl`, ~=O`"# < H~}OQ ZC _ Ô_ f#
PHi < LO_k. [h =^ D O`xfl ^KH o# OQux g~ Q~ `K HQ~. Q[~`x
_ b < =[O H e # " ^ \ < J L n < db . J \ #O_ Jk ` ~ +
~[ux^(governors) Ku< LO_k. D Q=~fl~ _b <H ^` =OK"~. Hx "i
q^
` < H JkH~ |O, |#` P^~_ =~` LO_k. `= ~ Ô_ ` HO
*~ M < (Zafar khan) D O`xH Q=~fl~ Q LO_"_.
`= ~ Ô_ ` < =*=O`\ J=xfl $+O zOk Jx g~ Kk"~. D
iux J=HOQ fHx, *~M< _b < `# q^`# H\ Oz H.1410 W`_
Q[~` fiÒ` i_ J_.
*~M< =~_# ``~M<, HO`=Ok JO`$# ~~ O` *~M<#
O#O #Oz kOz"_. J`_ #~ n< ==^ J< a~^` `## `# ~AQ H\ O K<fl_ .
J~` W`_ Jz~HO< OiO|_@O`, *~M< `# O<xfl =~ ^HOK<fl_.
W`_ '< =[~ a~^` ~[# K_. `# xfl, ^x OKH<O^ W`_ ^~#
[~OK_. J`_ WOH Z<fl Ô_ ` _ K_.
Q[~` i qHe Q"_ J^ (H. 1411 #O_ 1441). W`_ ^~ e,
=O`_ =i J`~ _. `# ~*xfl qi OKO^ W`_ ~[` ~*#, ~=~,
|O_, ^~ ~# fin#O K H<fl_ . W`_ ~R=x y~fl~# [~Oz H O KeO K =#kQ
JH_ ~A# x~O kOK_.
J^ J^^ #Q~xH <k" ^xx O^~ =<` fik^_. J^^
*==^ , f< ^~fi*# W\H îOKQ =. ` = J^^ = i= XH =YHOÔ.
J^ XH <`# ==n_. W`_ Q*~`x O^= g^ ll #fl qkOK_.
`# Ô_ ` Z<fl ^"# ^fi OO K_. Hx J^ =O O^= `# ~[ux^ Q
xqOK_. J^ <# MuQOK_. J`_ < qK~} K@C_ J=~kx
=`" K"_ Hx J`x @Oxfl Qx, uQ` Qx, ^# Hx \ O KH<"_ H^.
XHi W`_ XH x~~ kx `QqOz# `# J} |~OQOQ Lif~OK_. g~\WHO k(Miruti-Sikandri) ~K~
` ''D P^~ =O`" # tH == W`x i< H=O` LO_k Jx "= O
K_. D H~}= K` =`" ~~ Hx x Hx ` K_xH ^~ O K"~ H^.
H. 1441 J^ =~}O KQ J`x ^ =~_# =^ O<xfl Jk+O K_.
W`_ W`_ ''*~|H Q ^ _ . W`_ KOh~, =fi OH #=` Ô K # fl _
W`xx ` KO^ ~~ @ <fl~ . D @^~ W`xx H. 1451 OiOK~. W`x
123
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J#O`~O |## W^~ i ~[# K~.

D JO`$ # ~~ J^ =#=_# '`M<# Q^ <H OK~. W`_ '==^
ieOK_. ==^ P =OO< JÒ` =~_# i_. W`_ Q ^_, q*`
=i i<^ _. W`_ 52 O=`~ ieOK_.
_b ==^ x*" |h q+ " ==^ dbx F_OK_. W`_ H =# _
[~Oz y~fl~ (A<Q_) ix `# ~fi=`fi=# JOwHiO* _. W`_ ~[` #O_
KOh~(Campaner)H@# _ [~OK_. W`_ |"# =_ ^~#(Q_) [~Oz#O^=#
''=^ c Q_ Q =|__ .
H. 1507 ==^ ^ t= f~O ~_ ~` =^ =~HO Q`k ` = =#fl
~w "i Ô_ ` K_. gi Q`k ` = =O =~ ZO` #xfl HeyOKk. ~w
Q`k ` xfl x"iOKO^ W`_ @s < xfl JiOK_. Hx q _< _. z=~ ==^
"iH _
=^ H~Q~xH xfl H \~OK= =zOk.
==^ H.. 1511 =~}O K_. W`x `~fi` K=Ok < J#iOK~. H.
1572 JH~ Q[~`# [~Oz " =[O H<fl_ .
30.W ~ fl
1. _b < Q*~`x [~OK_O ZO^ ^ #O J~Ok?
2. *~ M qH}
"# k. ^~OQ LO_@O, `y#xfl ~"} ^< , =K~ H~ H =_O
= D O`xfl xOuOK@O H+= ~Ok. H|\ OQ# Z<fl~ _b < =[O `#
HH#fl \H, us Jk fiÒ`xfl OkOKHOk.
12= `| z=i ^| HO ==^ c< H
~ OQ# ==^ s [~Oz#
OÒ He_. J~` J`x =~}#O`~O, J`x "~ xH [ =^`` fiÒÒ
OkOK<fl~ . < OQ _b ~fi=`fiO JOwHiOK@@ XOz, `# =~_# QM<x
OQ Q=~fl~ Q xqOK_. Hx < =~}#O`~O W`_ fiÒÒ H\ O K<fl_. <
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
124
An< `QH OQ# Mflu(Lakhananti) `<( Satgaon)=i #~Q"(Sonargaon)J< =_

fiÒ` i< qQQ ql OK@O ^fi~ D =# i+iOKO^ uflOK_. J~`
Wk =# i+iOKH ~Ok. ==^ c< `QH OQ g^ _b < =[ PkH`#
^$ gHiOK uflOK_. Hx W`_ =[Ox u~Q@# J}Q^H_O` x=Qfl_ L#fl _,
OQ _b ` O|O^xfl Òz " Ok.
r We< (Haji Iliyas)J< ~~ OQ# " H O K '+O+n<We(Shamshud-din-Iliyas)a~^` ^xH _<
~. W`_ B`_ =i J` Q i_. W`_
Xi =i u~\ Ô_ ` K "ix H O KeO K=x x~O kOK_. r We H
|O ~Q_ O Q=xOz# ~ * `QH OQ Ô_`_ . Hx W`_ OQ# uiy fin#O
K HH OkH XCH# = =zOk. D Ok H~O H #kx D ~ O_ ~* =^ i^
~ YQ JOwHiOK~. nxx J=HOQ fHx OQ ~~ Ja=<xfl OkOKO^ ~ * `QH
"iH L^~OQ =# 'W<OQ WK_. Hx Jk x+["O k. Hx U^" < r We
" xfl "QH `Qe yOk.
H. 1357 r We =~}O KQ J`x =~_# HO ^~ "~ _< _. W`x HO
~ * `QH OQ# [~OKO^ uflOK_ Hx q _< _. HO ^~ =~}#O`~O An<
J*" O<xfl Jk+O K_. W`_ `# =`xH JOH`= _. W`_ `# < # Mu
KO^_. W`_ ~@# XH qÒ`= =~x KO_x JO\~. P qÒ`= Mr ^Q~ ~ ^
KO k. Mr i_# An<# <<xH eOKQ J`_ q#OQ [~< _. f~
Wz# `~fi` J*"Mr` J`_ `# qkx H=OQ x~fiOKH ~#@ ` J`xx OiOz
LO_"_#x J<fl_ .
W`xH i< Ò @ Z= == LO_k. W`_ =Hb# O_`` $^
~fiH O|O^# U~~K <fl_ . W`xH M` i < Hq * +~*` iK =O_^x
JO\~. W`_ K< ~A` fl O|O^# <H_. gi~=~ ~~O ~~#
=~H<fl~ . K< ~A HiH "~ W`_ OQ #O_ ^ <# K< OOK_. gi=i
=^ $^ ~fi O|O^ =$^" # q^j "}*a=$kH îf~. z@QOQ(Chittagang) <H
"~ H OÔQ eO k. WH_ #O_ K< "i == q^ O|_q.
J*" J`x =~_# n< "* ((Saif-uddin-Hamza shah) "~__. Hx
W`_ |#_# i_Q ~A"O k. W`x i< HO @
i =i k<* ~
} [gO^~# ~* Q}+ J##`_ P#O J=Hxfl OkOz H=OQ OQ i_< _.
HO`HO `~fi` W`_ `# =~_# *^ HO O<xfl i`lOK_. D *^, `~fi`
=O Q =i [n< ==^ (Jalal -ud-din-Mahammad Shah) # Q OK_. W`xH J<H= Ok
i "~ ~.
125
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
`~fi` r We =OO =m OQ `# i## OzOk. D HO r

We =#=_# #~ n< OQ _Q #O_#. W`_ 17 O=`~ OÒQ ieOK_.
W`_ Q~` < =^ # xiOK_.
JLn< < i< HO OQ O^ O#fl"Ok. W`_ ~[O
Ou ^` # #~î OK_. W`_ L^~" # _. W`_ O^= _ L#fl`^QeK_.
W`_ "+ = _# K` # = =# Q~=OQ ìOK"_x JO\~.
JLn< <H _b _# HO^~ _` ~@O K z= Ok KH=
=zOk. W`_ =Q^ , c~# [~OK_. H. 1518 W`x =~}#O`~O, =~_#
#M<(Nasibkhan)O<xfl Jk+O K_. W`_ #~ n< #fi`(Nasiruddin Nasvat shah) a~^`
eOK_. W`_ ` + _. W`x +} =~` QOÔ OQbH J#=kOK|_Ok.
W`_ Q~ =^ ~< =^( Bara sona masjid)=i T^" ~ (Uodam Rasul) # xiOK_.
H. 1538 +~ i An< ==^# [~Oz OQ# `# =[O
JO`~QO Q K_.
30.Z ~ fl
1. _b < OQ g^ `= xO`}# ZO^ H#yOKH ~?
2. ==^ `QH i< HO _b =[O #O_ OQ fiÒ`xfl H\ O z#k Z=~?
3. OQ# =_ i< qQQ ql OzO^=~?
4. _b , OQ =^ Ou XOÔ QiOz OQ Ok# [<q?
5. K` # = =# ` iOz# OQ i_=~?
30.13 Hj~
Hj~ ~`^ L`~ QO LOk. Wk = =` H OÔ. nx i O^=. Hj~
XH O=$`(Closed)~[= J~#O^= W`~ =~ D H O Q "t OK^ . H. 1339
+O+n< (Shamshuddin) WH_ O^~A# O#O #O_ `yOz Hj~ ^= =O
i_< _. H. 1389 HO ^~ O#"H_. HO ^~ H= O`_# , =`=_ O Q i_.
W`_ JkH OM O^ =`xfl =u~HOK_. W`_ |}, O^ O_` O^~ WO#
JOwHiOKe ^ Hj~# q_z "x P^tOK_. e ÒQ HO`=Ok WO# J=OaOKQ
=iHO`=Ok =ke "~ O` ~ _ ~ .
H. 1416 HO ^~ =~}O KQ, W`x =~_# Pb O#"H_. Hxfl O=`~
`~fi` W`x ^~_# M<(Shah khan)W`xx O#O #O_ `" *# Jck<(Jainul
Abidin)a~^` O<xfl Jk+OK_. *# Jck< XH q"H=O`_ QH L^~ fi=O Q
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
126
i_. O^ ie` H~# OÔ^, W`_ HO ^~K ìq " |_#

O^=Oîh "#H eOK_. ll #fl# =i Q=^# x+kOK_O ^fi~ W`x ~= `
<xfl =#O J~O K HQO. W`_ O^=# `# P#Ox L#fl`^Q xqOK_.
*# Jck< Hj~ PiHa=$k Z= ^ K_. ==a=$k H~ #^ P#H@ #
xiOz, H= `qfiOK_. *# Jck< fiOQ i <, O $Ò, \\ =i Hjs +
Q q^fiO_. W`_ i<, O $` O_`# +OK_. W`x P^#~O =~`
QOÔ , Hj~ ~A Ki` J~# H}x ~[`~O y} i +H J#=kOK|_<~ J^qÔ Q
Z<fl J~aH, i < QO^ OnH _ J#=kOK|_<~. W`x W`~ #H~# QiOz
`~fi` ~O K^= Q~.
*# ~ Jck< "~ _ |# _Q |A"O k. W`x HO ~[=O` J=
u <H#flk. nxx J=HOQ fHx |~ |O^ "# g~ ^~, Hj~# PHqOK_. W`_
fiÒ`xQ eOK_. H. 1586 JH~ Hj~# [~Oz nxx " =[O JO`~QO
K_.
30.l ~ fl
1. Hj~ "^\ =O _=~?
2. HO ^~ i< HO U H~} =# O^= Hj~# =ke "~?
3. Hj~ PiH Ja=$k H~ *# Jck< K\ # H~H=q?
4. O^ e` H~xfl OÔ^ *# Jck< fH#fl K~ q?
~OO :
==^ c< `QH =~}#O`~O ~~ Jg~, L=, ~* `QH# O#O
~O_\ ~ . ~ * Z<flO ~} K\ # XH ^fiq # _. W`_ Jg~, L=
@ fl "xfl J=OaOK_. W`x i< HO qz#flH~ QiOKO`Q [fii~.
|## ~ * "~ ~~ Ku H =< ~.
H. 1398 `=~ ^KH=_O(HQ@_O) HO _b < =*xfl PHqOK_.
W`_ _b "tOz HO^ JkH~ |#`# Zu KqÔQ ~# TKH` H_. `=~
M*M<x =< Q=~fl~ Q xqOKQ W`_ ^ =O # <k "_. D =OO P<
i# _ =O K JOÒ K |_Ok. |_ `# ~~ i xfl O^Qe y#
=~_# _. ~~ < Pk`xfl OKO^ f=OQ H$+K# HO^~ _ W`xx
J#iOK_. _ =O z=i"_# W|O_ "^\ x\ Ô |~ Ku F__.
DqÔ Q < =[O qz#flO " =[ # îKOk.
127
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
`= ~ Ô_ ` Of ~* _b =[O #O_ fiÒ`xfl H\ OKH=\xH

J=HxflzOk. *< ~ =eH ~fi~( J#kH~) "= i_ _. *< ~ <e# +s
Q"_# W|OK ÒK|_# `H "ex Ja=$k K~. =iH O`"# =fi
_ _b < Jq^
`# H\ O zOk. =fix +OQ =i =^ db =O\ =~ #
< ieOK~. gi "^\ "_ '=O_x `# ~[^xQ KHx JH_ Z<fl O^~
~[= <# xiOK_. ==^ db =fi i^ # qi OK_. t= f~O O#fl O`" #
Q[~` _ ^x Q=~fl~~ # *~ M< fiÒÒQ eOK_O ~OaOK#\ #O_ _b <
=[O #O_ "~ _O k. J=^^ #Q~xfl xiOz# J^ Q[~` i =Y_.
JH~ [~OKO` =~ Q[~` fiÒ` ~[OQ xezOk. _
=^ ~w "~ XH H~Q~xfl
OK~.
_b < =[O ^~ `~ OÒ L#fl OQ _b =[O ~
K~ |_Ok. Hx Jz~ HO< fiÒ`xfl H\ O KH<k. _b < =_ i< qQQ
qlOz# OQ# r We "HO K_. W`~ =Y OQ i x+HHOQ
<#flOkOK@O Mu KOk#
An< J*" _ K~ |__ . Hj~ i_# *#
Jan< Of i ` HOQ ~#^y#"_. W`# q"H= O`_, e`# O^=O #
XHqÔ Q PîOz# L^~ fiq. W`x # Hj~ XH |"# , O#fl ~[OQ ` ~ O k.
JO :
1. _b < =[O qz#fl=Q@ Q H~}=# ~#=?
2. _b < =[O `= ~ Ô_ ` ~[H ="\k ?
3. _b < =[ `< xH ~ * `QH ZO`"~ ^ ` =OK_?
4. *< ~ ~[O Pq~=O, q~ }
Qi O Q q=iOKO_?
5. " H ~OQxH *< ~ K# = Z\k ?
6. OQ _b < =*xH XH =Q "Q_xH H~}q?
7. Q[~` Z=ix g~ Q"xQ Qi~ ? g =^<xH H~}=# "O_.
8. *# Jan< XH q"H, =` #O Q [(L^) _Q ZO^ iQ}O K|__ ?
H$`=
qq^ Of ~[= O|OkOz# " x~} =#/z`~ =# HiOz "\x x~}e x
O_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
128
~ fl =^#O
30.Z
1.
2.
3.
4.
q[#Q~, |=h ~*
=O~O~ q^#O
< =i ~~ =^ ~@O
1) Z
2) a
30.a
1)
2)
3)
JO`~` u~Q@ =#
^P(JO`~ fik) #xO`} kOK@O
`# `# P< ~ XH_Q H\ OKH#@, P< ~~ @ `$~K
q^#==OaOK@
4.1) Jg~, ~~ KH=iH q^
Q LO_x Xu_ K @O
2) P< ~~ fiÒ` ^~}x H@_ K@
5.1) |#"# "~
2) `= ~ Ô_ `
3) JO`~` =@
30.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
=eH ~fi~
=eH ~fi~
=eH ~fi~
W|O OHO
^~}OQ LO_ q<~@ H =_O
30._
1)
2)
JLn< db
~OQ~OQ =i "i O (a) "_@O
129
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
3)
4)
""~ ~} O
"nh~ =u~HOQ Q[~` < O H~_O
30.W
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
QoH LxH O#fl`, ~=O`" # OÒ J=@O =

< =[~
J^ J^^ #Q~O # O K_. Jk <_ = i= k KOkOk.
KO<~ , y~fl~
~w"i Q`k ` O# xOuK@
30.Z
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Ju^~OQ LO_@O, ~ # =K~ == H =@O

r We
An< `QH
OQ H=~# PHqOzOk.
JLn< <
30.l
1)
2)
3)
4)
+O+n<
HO ^~ J^#~O
P#H@ xiOK@, K~ =, H= `qfiOK@
HO ^~K |@ O|_# O^=Oîx "#H eOK@
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
130
31
_b =[ qz#flO
Of ~* Pq~=O
31.1 iK O :
WO` =O^ ~O g~ ~ * `QH QiOz `= ~ Ô_ ` QiOz `<fl~ .
~* `QH J<H OH= H~H=, i< O~} K\ #@ g Q~O_ LO@Ok.
JO`QH J`_ L=, b# < kH~# O`~ K @ uflOK~. J~`, |#"#
J`x "~ =[=# Jqz#flOQ x@ H ~. H}
^ L#fl _b < =*xH
`= ~ Ô_ ` XH PYi ^|=O\k. D ~O g~ ~ * `QH O~} =i `= ~
Ô_ ` e `# QiOz K^ =`~.
H.. 14511526 =~ _ =OO _b < =[=# eOz#@ g~ WO` =O^
Kk"~. H.. 14891517 =^ eOz# HO ^~ _ D =OO Q"_. J`x # H~=#
QiOz _ g~ D ~O K^ =`~.
D ~O WOH g~ Hj~ _# *# Ja^< q^< [<, e ` QiOz
_ Ò\~. J`_ =` # q^<xfl J=OaOK_. P q^#O = J`_ =n,
=n`~ Ja=#=# O^Qe y Hj~ Ja=$kH J<H Ju =Y K~ K@
Q e Q_.
31.2 H :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
g~ D ~O Kkq# `~ "` g~ HOk q+ Ò\~.

~ * `QH O~}.
~ * `QH O~} ".
~ * `QH `fi =~O `#, L=`# @H#fl O|O^ ".
`= ~ Ô_ ` PiH, O $uH ".
HO ^~ _ # H~.
*# Jak< O~}, Hj~ Ja=$k =^ O|OÔ :
131
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
31.3 ~ * `QH O~} =O:

WO`=O^ ~O< ~* `QH # QiOz `<fl~. _b < =[
~ ` J`_ K\ # J<H K~ # QiOz _ `<fl~ . J`x < O~} _b <
=[O Z@=O\ =O# K#" qOQ ÒÔ. =~O JO_` O# =k+O z#
~ * "i` '|[yO q^#O (appeasement policy) #=OaOz "i H~O# O^ê K_.
J ~` H~O, ~ * =~xH L^~OQ W<OeK_. JO`QH Z=~< =~O x
"~ =~} P q J`x =~xH Qx, =~ #@W` J`x J_H Q x KO^Ò^x
P*O K_. J_ #@~` J`x x KO^Ò^x K |_Ok. JLn< db q^<xH, D
q^<xH K `_ LO^x g~ Q=xOK=K. J Ln< r` |^Q Z@=O\ H \~O
K ^ . J@=O\ H \~O u~Q@ H O^=`x J`_ QiOK_.
J=n< db =i =^ c< `QH " \# J<H ^` # ~ l `QH ~^K_.
"\ Ju =Y"# k ^ # O (Standing Army) xe q^#O# J`_ Zu" _. ^x |^Q
J`_ =O~O~ # O# U~@K_. x Qg} O` H \~O (W<O)
[~|_q. D W<O =~O q+ O =kiQ< =O~O~ ` W=fi|_q. u Jg~ ,
M< , =eH `# ~ @# _ J<H= Ok |Ok, =O_"~. J H~O, x
"i H+" # rqÒ# Q_ ~. "i *w~ #O_ "ix ZC_ `yOKH =_O = < QiOz
"iH Z@=O\
O^ . x "iH "~` fi Q W=fi|_# *w~ #O_ fi` PÔ
a O ^x `<fl~ . Ô` "~ "i J`kH =O "iH H \~Oz# *w~ Q= t
=< "zOK~. _b < =[O# "<fl=HQ##fl #O `# =~O# H~
H=tH}
~`xH #~Ok. x H# K ~ " u ~ Jqhu K@ K HOk. (J^#
=K~O _ K_O_).
~ * `QH x# xqOK_xH W+ _" _x g~ WO`=O^ Kk"~. ~ *
"ix `# JkH~xH =eH =^` Q K <fl_ . J`_ x tH} HO XH ` H Y# U~~K_.
~ * JkH LO_Q "~ q rq`xfl Q_ , O^# _\ ~ . JO`QH < #O_ "~
J<H ` H ~~f O^~. ~ * =~}#O`~O g~ ~*xH Jq^
Q =~~. "i QiOz
=Hb# ^ O XH\ D qÔ Q KH Q =iOzOk. ''~A H ux XH ~*. u x
U#Q, < O\~. JO`QH J`_ XH K `î.
=^ < x~H O K# L= _ ~ * J<H ~~feK_. L= q^#
x~` H#\H "iH *w~ W=fi|_#q. JO`QH ^~~ "~ L#fl` < O^~. "ix
< `# =O_eH fH=_O = "i JkH~O, ^ iQ~. L= J#=u` <
} 'll #fl qkOz#@ g Q~O _ LO@Ok. z=iH, L= =n =`
^ K XH }x |~OQOQ ^ #O K =x K < =u~HOK^ . HO^~ O_` JaO
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
132
H~O ~ * L^~ fi=O =nH iqÒ J~Ok. x*xH , =n J=u

"^ _ J`x Ja=#=# ^~=~.
~ * < +i` (Shariat) < `#~O eOK_. '+i` J#=uOz#
^# " HQ~=# K~e. H|\ J`_ Y~* (Kharoj) M" (Khams) [H` (Zakat), ll
(Jaziya) =O\ #fl# J#=uOK_. +i` H~O M" (Ô HQ\# k) 1/5 =O`
< KO^= LO_Q 4/5= =O` # Ox OK|_Òk. JLn< de nxH i
a#flOQ J=K_. < 4/5= =O` KOê LO_Q 1/5= =O` =`" < xH KO^k.
+i` ` H~O ~ * `QH ^xx ik^_.
'+i` < ` H~O ~ * `QH <# K uflOK_. J`_ 'Mr
=i L= # Q~qOK_. ``~* (Fatuhat-i-Firuz shahi) H~O
J=#g tHhfl '+i` =u~H=x H\ OK_. =n =~}tH# ~^K_.
|~h~` H~O =~}tH H =O u~Q@^~ =`" qkOK|_q.
~* `QH^, Ô_`H<fl `# [ ^~ (uH) Ja=$kx HOHOK_.
J J< Ki`H~x H~O, ==a=$k H~ < ~ O_ H= `qfiOK_. =~H Ki`H~_
fic< J^ ~ Ok (Yahya bin Ahmaud Sirhindi) _b <\ H <Q H=<fl x
Ja_< _. J`_ , ==a=$kH P#H@ , K~ =, = _ xiOK _. D K~ =
Lù iy H~ = H@H# Z^~< iu =zOk. nx= H= "O@ [<" (setlements)
~Q Q~. q t _ x~~ OK|_Ok. nx= ~ ` `= #fl ~O ZO` [=K
=O^ èOk. #fl = q+ O J`_ L^~OQ LO_"_. L= J#=u` O@ 1/
10= =O` h\ ~^ #flQ qkOK_O [iyOk. L`` J=HxHQ# `fi xO`}
=~@ _ U~@K |_#q. P K #@ [ Q$ ^#O`, Q~`, q == `
xO_ L#flq. |OQ~O, "O_ H^=^ . P ~` HO` Ju H` _#" J~#\H,
~ ` iO^ ` L<fl~< k +O . nxx |\ qxQ == HO^=^x , Jq K KHQ
L<fl <k =Ò Ò k. ~ * `QH Hxfl ^= (Currency) O~}# _ " \_ .
J`_ ` = q=Qey# <}=# " \_ . ^x= "~ "}[O Ò aOzOk.
=^ c< `QH q^<= #+ ~# W|O^ _# "iH <, `fi Y*< #O_
PiH =OkOK_. ~*xH "~ KeO K=# |}# ~^ K _. ~* `QH x~^Q
Lk HeOKO^ k"<W~` J< XH Lk H< H OÔ (employment bureau) (Diwan-i PiH O Kk. JO`QH ^
Kharat) U~@K_. D Y =n qOÒ`=, J<^
=n eH q"xH =OkOKk. P H~O, D $Y u \ 4,200 =OkH O
K# @ Ò k. ^~L+ (Dar-Ul-Shafa) J< îH Pux _ < ~OaOK_.
nx ~Q Lz` =O^, P~O ~ ~ K"~.
133
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J<H O~}= < =Oz ~ M` OkOKH<fl_ Qx, J`x L^~ fi=O,

Ju=Oz`#O, i< =~ q = ~[O |#"O k. D O~} fiÒQ x|_^ .
iH^ i< q^#O# _ ~ ~ K ^ . D O~} @ =u~H` iy `QH =OxH _b
< =[O# =C `zOk. ~=#OQ _b < =[ qz#fl H ~O"
HH" } H= O`" # #`# Of ~[= `~H =K~. J@=O\ Of ~*
OQ, *< ~, Q[~`, =fi =O\q =Y"# q.
~ * `QH [ _. S` J`x L^# "Y i qz#flH~ # J_H #H ~.
JkH~O JqhuH~ b# =i Hi# L= KuH ~Ok. J`x =~}#O`~O _b <
=[O JO`~ ^ J<H J[_ K~ Q~.
31.Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
U < G QOÔ H~O ~ * `QH #fl qkOK_?

JLn< db x H q^#O H<fl ~ * `QH xH q^#O U qÔ Q a#fl"O k?
'~ l x "Q =[ `< xH U qÔ Q H~~?
`=~ Ô_` " :

< #~n< =^ < HO `=~ _b < =[O Ô_u#@ g~
WO` =O^ Kk"~. |#"# < `= ~ O`< ^ . `=~ < Ju `fi~ _b x
PHqOK~. `= ~ ~` fiÒQ LO_"< L^ O < ^x g Q~O _ LO@Ok.
J`_ _b # J= iO^ # HQ@_" ÔQ @H<fl_ . J`_ ~`^ O
H =O 15 ~A =HO "_. S` Jx Ô_ ` " =Ò K ^#"# q.
`=~ Ô_` `QH =OO#, _b < =[=# K= ^|fOk. _b `<
=[O, ~ * |# "~ U|_ `# O HyOk. `= ~ Ô_ ` ^x PYi ^|fOk.
_b # O* @HQ `= ~ uxk, =< _ O*# PHqOK_. `QH
=O `< #O`~O , J`_ _b x PHqOz, _b < =[ _ _. J`_ ^ =O
# NH~O K\_ . g~ WO` =O^ D =OO QiOz Kkq L<fl~ .
`=~ Ô_` _b # =[O QO^~QO $+OzOk. < Q[~`
i_. = fi ~H}
HO qq^ O` i=_O` i# "Ò O aOzOk.
_b [ `= ~ PQ xfl H~ K_= =zOk. `= ~ ~`^ O L#flxfl< ^_, TKH`
H#Q~. J`_ ZH_H o` JH_ TKH` P*O K"_. =~}O z# "i O^=, =n,
, = L<fl~ . J<H= Ok [# xQ @H<fl~ . D i` `=# H$~" #
q^j Ô_f #O_ H_H~# _b # [ #=Hxfl H=@O ["#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
134
q+O. HO^ JkH~O "O H=_O` Of _ `= `= fiÒÒ

H\ O K<fl~ . Q[~` *~ M < (=[~ ) *< ~ =eH ~fi~, =fi kfi~M<
_b H `= =^` # LO iOK~. "~ "i "i fiÒ` ~[=Oj# O z# q+ xfl g~
WO` =O^ Kk"~.
D Ô_` _b PiH == _ k" fOk. `=~ J~ ^# ~#
HQ@ _. J`_ `~e OKx "\x <#O K_. _b "= O J_QO\Ok. HQ~=
"Ò HQ@|_Ok. xH ~A HO KeO K_O x" ~. < # H=xH Q~O k.
`= ~ O|OkOz#O`=~ K, D ^_ ^fi~ J`_ JqÒQ _ _ . =Hb#
J`x ^, |_, Q~=O W#=_OK~. ~` #O_ HQ\# ^# O` =~YO_
O#fl=~Ok. `= ~ Ô_ ` ~` =i =^ P " Hs`# qoÒ KO k.
`= ~ J<H p# ~f H@_ # ^"# e#\H ~f t H =i z`H
J`_ =Q_
_. ~`^ O #O_ ZO^ HH~# =~YO_ `~e OK_. g~ JH_ =~YO_
#Q~xfl =| K _xH J<H = < xiOK~. ~` t, z` H =^ P H#
qÒ K~. ~` =^ P =^ O $uH O|O^ U~_#q.
|~ fi Ki` 'ÀH|s P^~OQ HO^~ O_` ''1526 |~ ~`^ O
Ô_`_ xH H~}O `= ~ ~fiO PHqOz# O` `# "~` fi PQ qOK_" Jx JO\~.
_b < =[ `< xfl `= ~ Ô_` `fiiÒ KO k. [ _b < #=HO
HQ xH =[O# `= JO_#, H~O# LO iOK~. _b H J~
iO^ # `= ~ =~O _ `~e OK_.
31 a. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
`= ~ Ô_ ` =M^ O Uq?

_b < =[O `= ~ Ô_` ~[H =O Z\k?
~` `= ~# "Oz#q Uq?
31.5 HO ^~ _ # H~:
_ =OO QiOz g~ WO` =O^ ~O Kk"~. _ =O HO ^~ _
JQQ}
_. J`_ H. 1489 #O_ 1517 =~ eOK_. J`_ `# jO =i H$+` <
^#, Q~"xfl OKQeQ_. i# H=tH}# #u+OK_. J`_ "\# J<H
O~} =OQ =~O #, [# H=tH}
J=_Ok.
_b O#=k+O KH =O^ J`_ '~O^ (Sirhind) Q=~fl~Q #O_#. < |
_ ~[^x x =O J`_ H O^ `fi ## ~"HO K"_. P qÔQ HO^~ _
x H, i< q+ J#= O Q_O K_. =~= OÒQ # yOKO> H OnH$` i#
135
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J=~= x HO ^~ _ `<fl_ . J`_ Q JkH~O# Ok x~OOQ eOK_. | _

J#iOz# ~[iH Ô`xH J`_ u^HeK_. P< ~~ `< <_Q HO^~ _
qOK_. < JkH~xfl, ^# JOwHiOK=x J`_ P< ~~ Xu_ OK_. "~
< HO> J^Q"~#x "~ "i ^# JkH~xfl < ^ ^H}
g^ P^~_
J#q < fl~ q+ xfl è K_. < "iHO> ZO` L#fl`" # "_x Q~=fl~ J~=
K_. b# ^~~, |\ <# Q~qOKx P*O K_. P qÔ Q J`_ b#
H=tH}
# J=K "i |O, ~Q^ xO`} qkOK_.
HO ^~ ~<eK û K\ _ . [ < P[# `H< qÔQ ~ <# =Y
|~OQ ^ Kk""~. b# ~ < *s QiOz è#_ P ~ <# JO^H=_xH
"~ "i @}
4, 5 " ^~O " = LO@Ok. P ~<# * =" ~A H
"~ ~_ ^ xH JkHi =HO K^= @O [iQk. b# ~ <# J#iOKx Hi# OQ
P*O K_O [iyOk. nx= < ^, Q~=O ~Q@
"QH < ZO` H= O`_x [
J~=~Ok.
HO ^~ _ J*#~O ~~ =i JkH~ ^ # `xv K _O [iyOk. `fi
x^ îfixQO, î=oO, OKQO_`#O, Jqhu =O\ q+ < Hi# "Yi
J=OaOK_. < Q_K i ^xfl Q OK_. nx= J`xH =[O #= #O_
"~ JO^H< J=HO HeyOk. =~"+O "o J`_ L=, b#, qq^ `fi JkH~
H~H# ijeOK_.
`# i## =iO` =~= OÒ K _xH J`_ XH ^fiO^fi (dual) q^#=# " \_ .
J`x ^~ # xOuOK_xH q^
# HO^~ JkH~# "i "i O` xqOK_.
[qO^~# xO`} LOK\xH JH_H _ x H ta~# U~@K_. `# @ K
uflOz# b## Hi# OQ tHO K û x J`_ " \_ . J`_ ZO` |e J~#\H U
~~ # `= WH #O_ `yOK^ iH^ J#=~O Q Z=ih tHO K^ .
< < q+ O HO ^~ _ JÒ` ^ =OK_. J`_ L= #
fiHiOK"_. '+i` `H#Q}OQ <# K_. U^< <~O [iy#_ <~ x `fiiÒQ
QiOK_xH U~@K _. J`_ `H}
=i x+H ` <xfl JOkOK U~@ K_. t
Hi# OQ L#fl \H XHHi <~ _ J=_x Jx =OêOz =ke" _O [iQk. ^# O
îfixQO q+ O =Ò J`_ Ju Hi# tH qkOK"_. JkH~ H$~`fixH ~ ` , =#
*hHO |e HO_ ~HO K q^<xfl < Ja=$k K_. J`x ~ @# U^< ~ ^, Js
=z#C_ "\x J\H _ i+iOK"_.
HO ^~ _ =~\ ^~ # Z\H C _ xOuOK"_. x`=~ == ^~ q+O
JÒ` ^ =OK"_. x`=~ == K KHQ LO_q. D q+ O ìMW^k (TarikhInter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
136
I-Daudi)
q=iOK|_Ok.
==a=$k q+O HO^~_ JÒ` ^ H#|iK_. qx ~fi K~Oz,
HeOK"_. P `~fi` K HO =~ H#y# XH =}H H` ^<xfl (Standard measure)
J`_ q H` " \_ . P H` ^<xfl Q*WHO î (Gazz-i-Sikandari) J<"~.
qt# _ < x~~ OK"_. nx= ~ ` u Q` "~Q~. H.. 1495 H~=
Oq Oz#_ < "iH #fl# ~^ K _. ^x= =[O ^# ~ ~ ` ~ O K |_Ok.
H.. 1505 HOO Oq Oz#_ [ `Q =OkOK_.
J`_ O $` QO^# =~Ò, ~[ `~Oy} =O\ "\x i< +H
J#=kO* _. J^qÔ Q J<H J~aH =i i < QO^# O $` +H J#=kO* _.
J`_ fiOQ Hq. Y` (Qutb) J< HO ~` J`_ Hq`fi ~_. J`_ OwÒ, #$Ò
=i W`~ e` H @ JÒ` PH H#|iK"_. J`x Ow`Hx `#fl Qfie~ ~A
~ O_ J~^# Ow` QO^# P# |=#OQ JOkOK_.
< *# Jak< (Zainul Abidin) =# [ OH = O@ JÒ` ^ =OK_.
JO^= J`_ ~[O PiHa=$k@
JÒ` PH K_. ==a=$k H~ J`_ P#H@ #
xiOz, H= `qfiOK_. == qx ~ fiK~Oz ^xx XH iH~ ~O î K_.
~ ` @ L^~OQ, hu|Ô Q LO_=x JkH~ zOK_. H~ = H@H =i W`~ H$ u
" s ` =O ~ ` # P^<O^ ^#O =i = "`# =~ "_.
Ja^< < J<H ^= O~}# " \_. ~y, "O_ <}=# *s K_. <
q} xO`} q^#O (market control system)# " \ qxQ== ^~ # x~~ OK_.
=~H , "~ == # x~~ Oz# ^~ H J=x K_. ~[O H~`Q ##fl == kQ=u
Hxfl ~~f# H\ O K_. LC H~`# `@H<O^ ^xx _H #O_ kQ=u K Hx "~
g# O`" ~ P^<fl_ .
~[O Ku=$` Ja=$kH < ^ =OK_. Hy` ` s =i == O _OQ
tH}
HO^~ = # =~ YO_ O_. ~ux `yOK_O , #y+ KH _O, WOH Z<fl W`~
=$`# < ÒK_. u"p, " `sx "\_. <\ H Hjs "
| k KOk#q. [ =Oz Lkx Ok "i PiH iu x "~Q~K H<fl~ . `è ÒQ
#
~[O Ja=$k KOkOk. < *O w~ (Zaingir), *<H\ (Zainket) *< ~ (Zainpur) =O\ @}
O K_. _ ~ <\ H HxOKKfl n=# <H_. J`x ~[ = #O, =^ xiOK|_#
T~ (Wulur) ~ xiOz# H$u= nq *# OH (Zaina Lanka) J`x OHuH # q[xH
`~}O.
[O` O# =u~HOK *# Jak< < [O`= "@# x+kOK_. ~O*< =O
J`_ =O~=# P" _. J`_ XH ^ }
O#fl_ .
137
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
| _, =^ Q~ (Qfie~ ~A) =O\ `# WOH =H +s <

*# Jak< fl O|OÔ_q. HO^~ O_` JaO H~O J`x H ~[H "# q
HH O $uH =i "~ O|O^" # q.
nxx |\, < *# Jak< ~[ ~fi ` =Ma=$kH J=~" # K~ hfl fH#fl@ =#O
K =K. `# =[O Ou ^` <H_O "#H `# [, =^` H~ ZO`Q<
LHi Oz#q. J`x # Hj~ ZO` Ja=$kx kOzOk. <\ H Hjs _ J`_ ^
(Bad Shah) (=~A)Q QiO__.
31 . ~ fl
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
HO ^~ _
Q eOK_.
x~OOQ 2. *#~O[HOQ
QO^# i < +H J#=kOK_ (O $`,
HO ^~ _ Z<fl
On)
HO ^~ _ `fiO ^fiO^fi i## ZO^ " \~ ?
"~ "}*a=$kH HO ^~ _ Z@=O\ K~ "\_ ?
HO ^~ _ " \# q H` LyOK =}H ^# O ~ Uq\?
32.6 *# Jak< # H~ :
Hj~ ~`^ L`~ ~[=x g~ Kk"~. Hj~ [ O^~ \Ok ~. H..
14= `|O =^ =~ D OÒ O^ U|_ LOk. JO`~` == ~[O
|#OQ ##fl \H ^x QoH LxH =i H+` ~ " # ~"} ^xx q^j ^_ #O_ H_#q.
JO^=< _b # KHO ^xx =~ K HH ~.
H.. 1346 OÒ g~ (Shah Mirza) J< i < <_ O^ x `yOz
Hj~ =n # JO~~} K_. g~ WOH J`x "~ # D OÒ WO
=Y =`=~Ok. g~ "~ HO ^~ (H.. 1410), *# Jak< =Y"# "~.
*# Jak< =~ 50 O=`~ eOK_. J`_ Hj~ Ja=$kH =# *hHO OH = xH
H$+ K_.
HO ^~ <`# =n_x g Q~O_ LO@Ok. J`x q^<= =n`~
*hHO #~HO J#q OK~. J`xx `yOz ~*xH =z# *# Jak< ^~^$ +Q _.
=n`~ H~O, =^` H ` ~*a=$k Ô H^x J`_ QiOK_. J`_ ~= `
# q^#=# J=OaOK_. ^#fl#iOz HO ^~ HO Hj~# =ê"o# "i#Oîh
uiy ~=x PfixOK_. } WO =Ò`sH~} # ~^ K_. ^" x~}O POH xflO\x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
138
`yOK@"QH JO`=O^ q^fiOO K|_# J<H ^"# #ifliOK_. Q=^

x+kOK@"QH ll #fl# ~^ K _. P qÔ Q J`_ O^= i fiKx K_. O^=#
J`#fl` ^= xqOK@"QH "i` q" O|O^ U~~K <fl_ . `~fi` HO W^
q^<xfl "Q KH=i J#iOK_. HO^~ Ki`H~ *# Jak<# 'Hj~ JH~ ^ JH~
'=~^ ~ _ Jx ~ .
< *# Jak< XH Q ` (~fi`) +_. J`_ i <, O $` O_`
W<OeK_. J`_ fiOQ i <, \\ + O_`_.
JO
1.
< ~ * `QH " \# PiH O~}# JOK<" =.
2.
'~ * `QH |[yO q^#O _b < =[O# ~ ~ z Ok J`_ `# P#
<~" ~ H#QeQ_? g =^#O# H~} q=iOKO_.
3.
_b < =[O `= ~ Ô_` K= ^|fO^x h"@ K Q=?
4.
~[ PiH, =lHa=$kH *# Jak< Z@=O\ K~ K\ ~ ?
5.
P^ xH ~` =` # q^#O# *# Jak< q^#O` =, `_ q=iOK=.
6.
< ^# #u+O K@O HO HO ^~ _ f#fl K~ Uq?
7.
_b < =[ `< xH HO ^~ _ ^_=`_? H~} ~=?
~ * `QH |[yO q^#= <\ ~`^ xH LQH~ " # ^<?
J^# =K~O
+= ~* P QO^= Q 'ìMW~* =# ~l `QH QiOz# Z<fl PHH ~
@H ^ (anectodes) JOkOKK#flk. |~h ~zOz# '`sMW~ * ~` L#fl \H D QO^xH
ZO` `_ LOk. D QOÔ ~ " # , q=~}`H e LOk. Jk "<Q ~O LO_ ~ *
`QH # QiOz# i q=~# =#HOkOKK#flk.
P , # O QiOz ~, ~ * `QH # x HO_ Zxqk " JtfiH^ O
(Q~) L#fl@ "_. k"<WJ~ (Diwan-i-arz) H~O =O^ [~~z # Q~
K =~ JO` <}"# q HH~#\H Jq " Q"# qQ P"kOK_O [iyOk. nxH
O|OkOz# =K~O < Ki< J`_ ^xx H @^ . O=`~OÒ <\H K =Ok
x "i "i Q~# [~ ~K H =_O` Q= D q+xfl KH=iH è*~.
^xH KH=i "iH ~ O_ = J^# =O# =OE~ K_.
P k"<WJ~ =^ Q~xfl [~ ~KH~# XH xx QiOz XH =$ÒÒ
139
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K_. `# XH |OQ~ @OH <}O
J=~= x |êK_. "#"O@< < `# #Q^ JkHix Q= OKO WKO^ x xH
XH |OQ~ @OH W=fi=x P*O K_.
P H^# O# |\ =# # == J= O Q LO^x, Jk o# ^x` =#=x J~= Òk.
< H J~O x ^ Q}O, L^#` < xfl ZO`Q< xsfi~O KO ^x Ò k.
*# Jak< XH [ (L^~) _. J`x q^< Hj~# Q Ja=$k Ô
#_~. J`x # ~= #O J`#fl` ~ #O^HOk. *# Jak< ~fi ` =i
Ku=$` + _. Hj~ PiH == _ Ja=$k KOkOk.
31 _.~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
*# Jak< < =` # q^#O# ZO^ J=OaOK_?

=` # q^<xH *# fH#fl K~ ~ O_ L^~}e=.
*# Jak< < ~fi à+ L#fl^x |A= K ~ O_ L^~}e=?
*# Jak< < HO " \# ~ O_ Ku=$` # "=?
~OO
O# =k+O z# "O@< ~ * `QH OH= H~H=, L= =i b#
(=~O)# |[yOK H~H=xH ^#qK_. J`_ K\ # PiH O~} *hHO#
ZO` " K~ Qx JqfiÒQ x=^ . J`x L^~ q^#O =i =` Oz` q^#O
(intolerance) `QH =O =i _b < =[`< xH H~}=~.
`= ~ Ô_ ` L`~ ~` ~[H , =lH =i PiH r=#O q`" O k. S` Jk
`èH fi=O Qq. `= ~ ~`^ iO^#, ^# ~# HQ@_O H$`~_ < _. J`x
Ô_ ` ~`^ O QO^~Q O $+OzOk. ^xx J#OQ fH#fl xH ~* fiOÒ
H\ O KH<fl~. J`_ [ (L^~) ## <H i## H OnHiOK_. J`_ Q_K i
==# \ + O K_. < #@@ JÒ` ^ =OK_. J`_ H # `xfl +OK_.
Hx J`x =` Oz``fi O (J # q^#=) < =[ `# O# K=^| J~Ok.
*# Jak< < ~ =` # q^#O#=OaOK_. ^x= Hj~ Ou ^`
<H|_~. J`_ `xfl, Ku=$` # ÒK_. ~[ PiHa=$kH J`_ ==O
=i "}[O J<H O~} " \_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
140
~ fl ["| :
31 Z
1.
2)
2.
+i` H~O.
J=n< rèK û ^fi~ XH ~ <xfl x~fiOK_. Hx ~* # O "~` fi
PîÒ. D û ~ * "iH W<O eK"_.
P # ~[H HeOKHx ~A K~ # x~t OK_O ^fi~.
31 a
1.
2.
3.
HQ@_O ^fi~ O^# _Q@

H=_O.
_b `< =[O #O_ Of fiÒÒ H\ OKH<fl~ . _b <
=[O #O_ Of fiÒÒ H\ O KH<fl~ . _b < =[ `# O
`fii`"Ok.
~f t, z`H .
31..
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
x~O
O $`
Of (Q=~fl~ ) xO`} qkOK_xH.
~ ^~ =~=` , ^_ ÔQ #O_ ~H}
.
Q*WHO^~.
31. _.
1)
2)
3.
4.
O^=#, =n`~ # `$ ~ K @.
Hj~# =ê"o# O^=# uiy "#H =@O, ^"# #ifliOK@O,
Q=^# x+kOK_O , O^= L#fl`^Qe=fi_O..
=~Ò , ~[`~O y}# i < +H J#=kOK_O .
H # O _OQ K _O, ~ux `yOK_O , " ` s, u"p < @O (U"<
~O_.)
141
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
32
q[#Q~, |=h ~*(1)
32.1. iK O
=#O `QH =[O `# "O ^x, D H ^H} ~`^ O x K O` fiÒ `" # =x
Kk"O. W@ ^H}
~` |=h, q[#Q~ J< ~ O_ ~* "e~. gxx Qi D ~O
K^=Ò.
32.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D q+ Ò\O.
1. _b #` qz#flO, ^H < fiÒ` ~* Pq~=O.
2. |=h ~[# .
3. ^H < q[#Q~ ~*O H= O`" # kQ Z^Q_ O.
4. ~K~ JO`~ fik H~H ~ O_ ~* =^ ~}.
5. ~w "i ~H, "i H.
6. |=h ~[ qz#flO.
7. |=h ~[ tk "# S^ ~*.
8. Pr~ H@ ^ H~}.
32.3 q[#Q~ =[ # :
q[#Q~ =[O# O z# #` `Q"~#, OQ=x =~# i~, |H
~ ^~ k. ==^ a< `QH HO ^H < K~ y# u~Q@ =# U~_# J~KH i` #
P~Q Q H x D ^~ 1336 OQO =Oxfl OK~. q[#Q~ # Qi Ki`H~
â<fl~. i~ |H~ ^~ `` HHf H= #O_, JK@ #O_
HOe =~ "o, q^~} fiq ~} =# q` fiÒ` ÒQ ^#k ^H}
`# =*xfl
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
142
O K~. D =*xH q^~} i@ q^#Q~Q , ~[# q[O# zflOQ q[#Q~= x

=|_Ok. J~` HO^~ Ki`H~ D ^~ =O`x, H#fl_ ^jx
~<fl~.
13361365 O=`~ =^ =_ ~[=O q[#Q~ =*xfl eOK~. Jq
OQ=, =, `=, P~g_.
32.4 |=h ~[ # :
==^ c< `QH ^H <# [~Oz# =@ JK@ `# JkH~xfl ~ ~ K \ xH Jg~< W^
(Amiran-I-Sad) H ^ Jg~ J# L^Q# u =O^ Q= Jk` Q xqOK_. `QH
~[`< = O_Q [~ M < J< n Jg~ u~Q@ K |=h ~[ # K_. W`_
JLn< |=< J# a~^` 1347 fiÒ`_< _. W`_ W~< ~} ~+_# |=h
"~ _#x KC H#@=# D ~[O |=h ~[OQ Q}#HHOk. Hx i W`_ XH }x
WO\ iy ^ "_Q @ =# P ~*xH |=h ~[O J< ~ =zO^x i "`.
~ * `QH |=h ~[xfl =~K H#\xH uflO^ . nx#=HOQ Q Hx <
|=< `QH =[O ^_K H@yi, H}, c^~ # [~OK#. W`_ F~Q (=~OQ)
` fl O|O^# He
<fl_ . W`x JkH~O t= f~O ^ ~ = @}
O =~
qiOzOk.
|=< J`x =~_# "^ |b"# KH=~ . g~ < O~} ^fi~
~*xfl ~ ~ K x qOK~. JO^ J#Q}OQ ~*xfl < P~ (~)Q ql OK~.
Jeq^`^, c~~, c^~, Q~. "^\ =^ q[#Q~ = <_Oz QO_#
PHqOK_.
==^c< `QH < HO JLn< < |=< 1347 |=h ~[ # K_.
32.Z ~ fl :
I.
Mm# iO= :
1.
q[#Q~ =[ =~?
O=`~O O K|_Ok?
2.
OQO =OO
3.
q[ #Q~ =[ # HH` =Oz# =i.
4.
|=h ~[ _=~?
II.
XH O =^#= "=?
1.
J=~< W^ J#Q Z=~?
143
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
2.
3.
[~ M < =Oz# a~^?

|=h ~[O ~xH Q ~ q?
32.5 ~K~ JO`~ fik H~ |=h q[#Q~ O~}:

|=h, q[#Q~ ~* U~_#\ #O_ ~ ~O, x~O`~O H$ÒQ ^ #^
=^ ##fl ~K~ JO`~ fik H~ O ~} _ `< <fl~. D O ~} QoH, ~[H
PiH H~} H=.
QoHOQ |=h ~[O H=O`"# =fi, Q[~`, Xi ~* i"+`" LOk.
JO^=# Jk qi OKO> H$#kx ^\ ^H < "t OKe. JQ q[#Q~ ~*# =_
" =Ô` i"+` " O k. H#H Jk q~ O KO> ÒQ ^ #k ^\ L`~O Q xOKe.
W@ ~K~ JO`~ fik L
Pk` ~\xH H O^ a~Ô k.
PiHO Q ~K~ JO`~ fik ~=O`" O k. WK@ J<H |OQ~ Q# L<fl~. [ Ô Q
nxx H = O K H=_xH L
`~ _ ~ .
gxH`_ H$Q^=i #^ =^ ##fl "^ # OÒ =i =~~ OÒ ` O L

HH" O k. D OÒ ="# ^QH, J<H ~ = @}
<fl~. =~~ OÒ HOH} f~O,
=YOQ Q" ~ = @}
O LOk. D ~ = @}
O ^fi~ \ q^j "}[O H#yOz `=
H=# Q~#, ^ =yx kQ=u K H#=K#.
D O ~} ZC_ i q[xfl kOK^ . q[O H =~`<fl~. JO^=#
û <HOk. D O ~} ` P ~# OOK@ [iyOk. `^ i L
nxH fi
eH~. D O ~} x=Qfl" ^H}
H f~O k#k<a=$k KO^ ~w |xfl QiOK^ .
z=iQ L
`# =~.
32.6 ~w"i ~H:

J<kQ ~`^ xH S~ ^ =~H , "}[ O|O^<fl~,. D q+O J~
=~ ~`, S~ ^ "~^ Q xK~. H.=. 1453 `~+ H<O\< PH=}`
S~, `~ ^ (~`) =^ Q z~H , [ =~ =`_ ~. `~ ^ =
QO^ ^", #flx = (Muslins) S~ =~\ y~H O_@=# S~ "
#`# =~# J<fi+OKH `^. O $uH #~r=#O=# ~} Ok# S~ ~*
#`# Q<fi+} NH~O K\~. W\ S~ " =OÔ["# "~ ~w"~.
h k <qQ@~ (Don Henri navigator) a~ÔH` _# ~Q ~A P^~}
"_Q=# `#
[ =~xfl H#Q#@ ^fi~ H.. 1498 *=i< ~A eOK t= f~=# ##fl HeH\
K~H<fl_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
144
~w"i ~Hx H ~ O_ 1. J~|#, qye# S~ "#, ~w ~"@

=~ # q^j "}[O #O_ `yOz `~ ^ "}[ Q`k ` xfl kOK@, 2. k#k<a=$k
KO^ `~+ JkH~O# J_H @ " PH , P ^ H = =Ò# " K @, ÒK@.
=~ XH à ~w"~ `~ ^ "}[ Q`kH~xfl QÒ K<fl~ . D
H `` "~ J~| <H# ^fi OOK~. H.. 1509 Dl <, Q[~` #
KOk# OH <H^xfl ^fi OO K~. D q[#O`~O g~ ~jH O^ Y, Z~ =Ô
^fi~ P~ H~H# q $Ò K~. g~ P, PH ^ HH O` H@#
xiOz, < xfl =~Hx, xifi flOQ "}[O`@ ~[ q~}
_ H#yOK~.
~w Q=~fl~ # PH~fl c[~ < #O_ Q"# Ok, ~` x ~w =~
H OÔQ =K_. `^ i Q[~`, q[#Q~ ` fl O|O^# <HHx =~
f~xfl `= Pn#OxH `K <fl~ . J#O`~O "~ Q"# H OÔQ =i, H, =`, =H
(=) `= =~# U~@K <fl~ .
~w "~ W`~ ^ =~ Hi#"# POH qkOK~. Jq U=#Q :

1.
~w"i J#=ux^ ~` H J~| KOk# <H ~jH O^ Y

xOK~^.
2. ~f, J~| Z\ P^ Qx, QO^ ^"# Qx `= "O@ fHx
~_^.
3. ~`, J~| KOk# <H# `xv K, # ~#fl == # ~"} K# @ ~_
`
P <H# =Oz"~.
~w "~ Q~ "~O Q`k` O =Oz, x~O`~O , ~ ~ O } =Q ^H<
~* #O_ (|=h, q[#Q~ ~*) J~ Q_O K~.
D i` "~ t= f~O _
, _=<, \ , |<, K, O, `~ f~=#
OQ#Oê w, =^ #Oê O^"O^ `= =~H HO^# O K~. Hx ~w
|O Z= HO x=^ . nxH =YH~}O `=HO> H= O`" # <HÔ Q _z, WOw+"i
^\H x==_O.
32.7 |=h ~[ qz#flO :

H.. 15= à #O_ |=h ~[=x =~O ~ O_ Jì=~Q pe~Ok. Jk
^Hh (fi^j), ~^j) U<_ q^ #O_ ^H< =z ~_# =O xHOQ,
^H hQ U~_~ . P `^ i q^ #O_ H`Q = =z# =O `= J^$+O # sHO KH#@
=z# =O q^j (Afgan) =~O Q U~_~ . D q^j H=OQ |=h ~[ H=
145
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
L#fl` ^= # O^~. q^j |=# OKx fi^j "ix ^fi+OQ~. W@ ~ O_

=~ =^ ``fiO Kiy `^ =^ Q"< ` îfOk.
Q"< Lif`` D ~ O_ =~ =^ U~_# ``fiO =# |=h ~[ # O@_O k.
q^j_# MO|s^ |=h < L#fl` ^q H@ @
_ O Jk y@x ~R Q=~fl~ J`x JkH~O#
kHiOz fiÒÒ H\ OK~. `èÒQ |=h ~[O qz#fl" S^ fiÒ` ~*Q
qH = ~. Jq J^ #Q~, c^~, c~~, c[~. J^#Q~ |=h ~[O qz#fl" < D
S^ ~* q[#Q~O ` `$ `fixfl H#yOK~.
D ~* ~~O O~} _<, `~K q" O|O^= ^fi~ `= JkH~#
k~K <fl~. QO_, [~ q" O|O^= =# U~_# "u "~ òH@ Ô
q[#Q~xH =u~HOQ ~_\xH ^Ô KO k.
32.8 òH@ Ô q[#Q~ ~[ qz#flO :

òH@ ^xH îf# i` q"^ <H<fl~. J~` nx =Y H~}O q[#Q~
= |``# (Balance of power) kOK@ uflOK> N H$+^=~ J_#
~=~ |=h ~* JO`H *HO K Hx, "xx ^|fx uflOK_. ``
c[~ <_Oz, ^x` " ux <He, "i O` QO_, J^#Q~ # F_OK_.
~=~ ^`hu H@
=x qOz |=h ~[=hfl " H " q[#Q~ Ô_`~.
H.. 1565 òH@ g# |x\ (Banihati) =^ |=h, q[#Q~ < `~ _ ~.
D òH@ Ô ~=~ =kO|_Q, =O q*` i . q*` # =O # q[#Q~xfl
^KHx, ^fiOO K `Q\~. WO`\ ^~} =~}=O OK Ki` Z_, Z#fl_
[~Q ^ x ~|~ "MxOK_. =O # `= aOz# ^# H#H == # ^KHxi.
q[#Q~O `# B#fl`xfl, " xfl H~Ok.
W@ q[#Q~O ~ O_ ` ~f O $uH H O^ aO^=Q xezOk. |=h
q[#Q~ O ~} L
JxÒ. D ~* _ fi=O He# =Q@=# P ~*
|#O KO^Q< "i =O` fiÒ`< ~. W@ |=h ~[O S^ fiOÒ` ~*Q
qH " O k. òH@ ^#O`~O ` O D ~* q[#Q~ # P~g_` O ~}#
H#yOz, |# `^ " ^HO`" O k.
32.a ~ fl :
1.
Z)
a)
Mm# iO=.
Jx JO\~.
H$ÒQ ^ #^ =^ ##fl OÒ#
H =Ô` i"+` " O k.
q[Q#~O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
146
.)
. =~ ~`, S~ ^ =^ =~H , "}[ O|O^# J#O^#O
K~.
O=`~O [iQ#.
_) H<O\ < `# O
O=`~O
. =K~.
W) ~`^ xH
~[O` fl O|O^# He
<fl~ .
Z) ~w "~ ^H <
.
l) |=h ~[Ox =~O , ~ O_Q peOk. Jq U=#Q
fiÒ` ~*Q qH " O k.
K) |=h ~[O
. Ô q[#Q~ =*xH PxÒ.
S)
2. D HOk "xH XH "H =^#O "=?
Z) WO_ , S~ =^ "~H =~H =~xfl Hx@@ =Y H~}"q?
a) ~w"~ Q"# Z=i =^ #O_ O^~?
) òH@ Ô Z_, ZH_ [iyOk?
_) |=h ~[ tk "# ~[=q?
W) ~` =z# è S~ "=~?
~OO :
H. 1336 i~, |H~ ^~ q[#Q~ ~*xfl OK~. H.. 1347
[~ M < JLn< < |=h a~^` |=h ~*xfl O K_. D ~ O_ ~* ~K~
JO`~ fikx ~=O`" # =#, ~ = @}
# Q ` O K H=_xH x~O`~O O ~} _~.
D O ~}=# ~ O_ ~* #+ ~. |=h ~[ H= =~O ~ O_Q J#Q fi^j ,
q^jQ qH ~ ~O `Q= _<fl~ . `` eÒQ |=h ~[O S^ fiÒ` ~*Q
qH " O k. Jq c[~, c^~, c~~, QO_, J=^ #Q~.
1565 [iy# òH@ Ô |=h ~* Ku q[#Q~O <#"O k. ^x`
q[#Q~ = O JOìOzOk.
D QO [iy# =Y O @# ~w "i ~H. g~ =~H O HO =z ~*k<` Q
=~~. g~ Q"# PHqOz ^H < ~* `= JkH~xfl QiOK@@ K <fl~.
JO
1.
2.
3.
|=h ~[ _=~? |=h ~[ q[$O}

, q~ } Q H~}=q?
|=h q[#Q~ ~* =^ ~K~ JO`~ fik ZO^ ~} H OÔQ =iOk?
~w "~ ~` ~H Q =Y H~} Uq?
147
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4.
5.
|=h ~* qz#fl=# Q H~}= q?

òH@ ^xfl Qi "=.
q*#O O^ HO :
WO_ ~ M@O |=h, q[#Q~ ~[ i^ # QiO=.
~ fl ["| :
32.Z
2.
Z)
)
Z)
a)
i~, |H
q^~}
==^ a< `QH xqOz#
JLn< < |=<
a)
1336
_)
JLn< < |=<
<kH~
)
`~.
32.a
1.
Z) ~K~ JO`~ fik

a) ~ O_ H
) J~
_) 1453
W) "_Q=, 1498
Z) H$+^=~
l) ^H <, JH
K) S^ ~*
S) òH@ .
2. Z) H<O\ < =~O S~" JO^@ H =@.
2. S~ [xOz# O $uH #~r=# =O.
a) ~w"~
) |x\, 1565.
_) J^#Q~, c^~, c~~, c[~, QO_.
W) ~w.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
148
33
q[#Q~ =i
|=h ~*
33.1 iKO :
HÒ ~O =#O q[#Q~, |=h ~* # QiOz Kk"O. q[#Q~ ~*xfl
OQ=, =, `=, P~g\ =O ieOK~. q[#Q~ = |=h ~*O` x~O`~O
O ~} _~ . OQ= =Oj '=~*k~[ a~ÔH` _# ~ O_= i~~, ~ O_=
^=~ ^ . ~ O_= ^=~ HO Hfi<, NOH P# H#H =iOz
P# ~fi=`fixfl QiOK~. W`x HO q[#Q~ ~*xfl OîOz# xHHO\, J|
~*H q[#Q~ " " xfl QiOz =iOK~. q[#Q~ KH=~ Q"_ `= =Oj_# N
H$+^ = ~. W`x HO q[#Q~ =[O =#fl` ~H K~ #flk. P# =~}O`
q[#Q~ " = O H}
O z òH@ Ô ` JO`" Ok.
|=h ~[ ~ *, ==^ Q"< =Y. ~ * "^\ ^=~`
J<H ^ K_. W`_ ^H <# O $uH H OÔQ fik^_ . ==^ Q"< J<H <
O~} " @@QH |=h H= <H#fl =~ q^ # i+iOK_. Q"< =~}O`
~R Q~= fl~ fiÒÒ H\ O K@` |=h ~[O qz#fl" O k.
D ~O =#O D ~ O_ ~* kOz# # q[#, qz<flxfl K^ =`=.
32.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` g~ DHOk q+ Ò\~.
1. ~ O_= ^=~ kOz# q[.
2. NH$+^ = ~ kOz# ~[H , O $uH q[.
3. PoH@ < == x =MO.
4. ==^ Q"< q^, O $uH ~OQ K# =.
5. ==^ Q"< " \# x H, < O~}.
149
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
6. |=h ~[ qz<flxH H~}.

7. q[#Q~ ~[ `< xH H~}.
33.3 ~ O_= ^=~ (14221446):

OQ= =Oj ^_ ~O_= ^=~. W`_ q[#Q~ ~[ =Q`#
H_@QH ^xx qi OK_. P# ~fi ` H ~OQ# +OK_. W`_ HO J<H= Ok
q^j q[#Q~ ~*xfl OîOK~.
|=h < Ku è ~[# KqK# ~ O_= ^=~ |=h q[xH
=Oz Jfi, qHO_ H~}=x QiOK_. WO^ J#Q}OQ =O# `# #O
K~ H#@QH, *w~ Wz q[#Q~ @}
O "iH =^ _ xiOK_. i ~K#
H~O ~O_= ^=~ #O ~O_ " =Ok =O, q q^ <~~# O^=,
Z#" Jfi, ~ O_ H û Ô H=. ^=~ ÒQ ^ #kx ^\ =^, |OH ~,
~K~ =#flQ "xx Q ` O K H#@ |=h <` O ~}__ . D O~}
Z=~ i q[xfl kOK^ . `^ û <HOk. ~w f_# #x* ~K#
H~O NOH, Q, eH\, Hfi< =#flQ P# H#H =iOz#@ Ò k.
~ O_= ^=~ Q <^ _QH, x+H u. P# HO q[#Q~O J+ fi ~=`
``QK#fl^x J|~ ~*H (~jH u_), xH HO\ (W@b u_) Ja=iOK~.
q[#Q~ ~[ Y*< |OQ~ =^ ` xO_ #fl^x , P# ~[O 300 ~ = @}

H=x, u ~ = @}
O HeH\ n@Q L#fl^x J|~ ~*H =iOK_. WOH# D ~*xfl K\
~=_xH =_ < _ Ò^x ~fl<fl_ .
xH HO\ <\ ~f KH=~ H ~ O_= ^=~ H= O`_x, q[#Q~ @} O
Ò" =Ok P^ K@
_ xH tH}
Ok<fl~x "_.
q[#Q~ ~*xH ZO` O^ L<fl, ZO` H= O`" < |=h < ^~ `
`= ~*xfl H_HQ~x i ~<fl_ .
~O_= ^=~ g~= =`_< ~=` <xfl \OK_. P# =Ou=O_e
*# , "+ = z=~ XH H = _ _ LO_@ q+O . P# =O =^ xiOz#@
=#O Kk"O.
OQ= =Oj ~ O_= ^=~ ^ _ . q^j u J`_ < qt+` # , q[#Q~
" " xfl =iOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
150
33.4 N H$+^ = ~ (H.. 150930)

q[#Q~ KH=~ Q"_ `= =O _ # N H$+^ = ~. W`_ Q ^Qfi~ _,
<^ _, O_` _, à=x. `# O#O Jk+O K<\H J<H = Z^~#=
=K#. XH =OH =O` u~Q@ K Q, =~H=OH |=h < q[#Q~ ~*xfl
H|oO ufl < fl~ . giH`_ ~w"~ ^H< qi OQ~.
q[#Q~ ~[ q~ }
NH$+^ = ~ J<H ^ K_. `~ kyfi[ `
HO_g_, HO_e , OKO =#flQ "xx PHq HoOQ Q[ux F_Oz H@H =~ ~*xfl
qi OK_. c[~ < Q Pk#, HqHO_, ^= O^ F_Oz ~K~,
=^ ^~= # PHqOK_. `^ i q[#Q~ # O O K~Hx c[~# ~fi <#O KO k.
c[~ #O_ u~Q }O Q~ ^_ K JK@ |OnQ L#fl |=h ~=~_#
==^# |O^ q=H_ x K J`x ~*xfl uiy J`xH H@ \ _ . WO^ NH$+^ = ~
''=# ~[ < K~ J# a~^# O^_.
NH$+^ = ~ Q ^ _. W`_ < xfl \ += OÒ K JÒ` H= O`" # # OQ
fik^_ . x H ==~# fiOQ ~ "H , x ~H}
HeOK@QH Ô u
K# "iH |=#= Wz ` iOK_" _.
NH$+^ = ~ Q O_` _. WO`_ *# zO`=}, ~= O[i, =i P=H =^
J# H==# "_. WO^ ~[^~ fi=O, ~A q^ =#flQ "xx QiOz q=~OQ "_.
W@b f_# * (Paies) P# =H` fi O QiOz " ''P# Q _x, < ^H`
H"_x, ~="# =i=~ fiO H"_x Ja=iOK_. W`_ Q = # x~`. q[#Q~ @}
O
J<H x~} K_. "x =Y"# q H$+ fiq PO, [~ ~=O, P# KH Oz#
UHt qQ =# LQ #~O _, Q} _ <\ tH < }=# x^~#O.
`Q ~fi ` Ki` NH$+^ = ~ HO fi~
QO. P# P#O J+k Q[ =#
O_` <fl~x fu. gi Jx ^# , #Ok u=#, ^~\ =#flQ "~ H~. `Q, H#fl_,
`q H= H~. q^j f# ~, * , #x* P# <^H` # , <\ q[#Q~
" " xfl O OK~. P# ~= ` <xfl \Oz# L^~ fi=_. ''=` q+ i fiK
H^x Z=~ ZK@ ~ \Oz< h"~ ? H = _"? ^_"? =O "? Jx Z=~ tflOK_" ~
H^ Jx ~w u_# ~ O OK_.
^H}
~`^ Ki` NH$+^ = ~ HO =#fl`" # ^x Ki`H~ L^\ O K~.
33.5 q[#Q~ < == :

~[iHO =O~O~ O. ~A ~fikHi. Hx J`_ x~O_ H^. ^~ |^_ . ~A ^~ xfl,
151
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
<xfl \OKx NH$+^ = ~ K_.

~[# ~A ez, _ @ =Ou=O_e H^. Hx D # ~A
\OKx x=O ^ .
< O H~ =[O ~[=Q (~) H =O_=Q H K=_Q
ql OK~. u ~RO (~[=) =Q (<_), =Q (qu) Q==Q ql O|_<~.
< == z=i JOO Q=O.
q[#Q~ < == q#`fl" # == <OH~ q^#O. Wk _b #` QO
''WH^~ ==# e#flk. J=~O J#Q ~ q#, <H J#Q < kHi. ~A HO` qx
< JyOz `^fi~ =K PÔ` xs` < xfl +OKe. J`=~ = g~ ~A
x H O K e. J=~ < < k` Qx <k` H^. ~k u ~RO Ou
^` # x~fi~ .
K Q= D QO H#y<, P<\ fiK, *fi= ^` q[#Q~
QO =~Q#_~. <OH~ q^#O =# xH fii< == Q=x Q}Ò`
== z<fla# fl" O k.
q[#Q~ ~*xH =Y"# PÔ qt. = h\ ~^ H~ OQ, h\~^
H~ OHx =Q ql O|_~. qt = ~ O_O\ =^ =Ò H^. NH$+^ = ~
J<H `\H=, K~ =, H= `qfiOz h\~^ H~ =# "~Q~z <_. x~" #
=# QxH `K_. qtQ H, P # fl, =$u# fl, Q# OH, i= #fl,
^j, q^j "}[= #fl =#flQ#q W`~ P^ =~. NH$+^=~ ~fiO L#fl
q" #fl# ~K _. J`=~, H$ u "s ` = #fl q#~O LO_k.
q[#Q~ =[O ~*Q, <_Q, =Q, Q=Q ql O|_#k. <OH~
== H^. J<H ~H= #fl qkO|_~.
33.Z ~ fl :
1.
2.
3.
~ O_= ^=~ HxH KOk# ~fi ` P^~" q?

NH$+^ = ~ HO<\ ~ O_ ~fi ` QO^= # ~#=.
<#Q Z=~?
33.6 ==^ Q"< :

|=h ~[ Ki` =#fl`" # =H ==^ Q"<. W`# < H^. fiH` =r~
(^ #=Ou) J_. ==^ Q"< è rqÒ QiOz JO`Q è^. [#` W~< ^j_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
152
"iQ |=h ~[xH =K_. ~ O_= JLn< HO W`_ #O_x u~Q@# J}K@
O|__ . ~ O_= J Ln< =~}#O`~O J`x =~_ =< xfl`_, =~ Jku
(Malik-Ut-Tujjar - Chief of the Merchants) a~^# O^_.
=< =~}#O`~O J`x =~_ =_= ==^ HO ^ x ''M*W[<
J# a~^# O^_. =r~Q ~fikH~= =Oz L^~ fi=_ P #=O^#fl =~O x
fi^j, q^j =~# =#fi ~K _.
|=h ~[ q~ }
H q[#Q~ =[O Ô_u HOz =~ PHqOK_. t= f~O
Q", ^# PHqOz W~<, W~H ^` =~H, "~ O|O^ <He |=h ~[
J #fluH H$+ K_. Q", ^ ~ = @}
# H=@ q[#Q~xH Q #+O .
=fi # Yb QO_fi<, c~~, HOH} O`# Q ` O K H"x uflOz#_
Q"< "i` ^sH eH ~@O K_. z=~ QO_fi< =fi, c~~ |=h ~*xH KO^@@
XOÔ kiOk. Hx =fi D XO^xfl LO Oz c~~ Ô_`~ . JO`@ Q"<
Q[~` x O` c~~# |=h ~*xH #~îOK_.
_b #` qz#fl" # =@ fiÒ`" # =fi, Q[~`, Xi, OQ =#flQ ~*
~ ~O HOKHx ^H < ~[ q~}
uflOK~. nxx |\ ^H < qq^ ~* =^
O ~} =`~ " # k H^x, ~[H , PiH H~}=x Ò k. W\ u ==^ Q"< `#
H
` |=h ~[ q~ }
#, ~` # <H_.
^H < qq^ ~* =^ O ~} H =O ~[H, PiH ~" # k.
Q"< Q q^"`. c^~ XH Q =^~# OK_. WO^ L^, q^~
"Ò "~ =Ok H~. giH Lz` [#O, =u H~ =# HeOK#. W~<, W~H #O_ J<H
=Ok O_` WK@ =K"~. D =^~ Z<q` JOHiO|_Ok. ~+ < u_# xH\ <
c^~ =O\ @}
xfl `# K_^ x O OK_.
xH ~K# ==^ Q"< c^~ tH` O|OÔ L#fl@ ``<fl~. D tH
qq^ # qoÒ K PHH~}
O K #~O Q Q OQ =i ^x "O_ fQ` qq^
JOH~}
# fik^` ~.
Wk ak tHQ <\ H x K~O LOk.
33.7 ==^ Q"< <`$ `fiO |=h ~[ < q^#O :

|=h ~[ ~ ` H ==^ Q"< J<H < O~} " \_ . ~*xfl Zxqk
`~ (~)Q ql OK_. `~ ^ ~ ~k u . W`xx ^~ Jx _ eK"~. `~ ^ ~
Pn#O #O_ HO` qx 'Yb J< ~` H \~Oz JO^#O_ =K P^xfl ~A, ~[
153
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
^xH Y~ HO^ qxyOK"~. `~ ^ ~ `# H \~Oz# < xfl +OKe. `~ ^ ~

H= O` HO_ O_@ ~R= XH H@ =`" "i Pn#O LO_@@, qQe# H@
H O^ `fi Pn#O ''d^~ J[=~+ LO_@> x~t O|_Ok. `~^ ~ r` #Q^
~OQx, =~ O Qx KeO K|_q. ~R Q=~fl~ x=HO Q"< fi^j, q^j =~
=^ =``# \OK_.
Q=xfl ukHQ K Hx qx ~ fi K~Oz O@# |\ t# x~~ OK"~.
|=h ~[ Ki` Q"< < HO x~=#"# k. W`_ |=h ~*xfl L`~ = #
Xi #O_ ^H}
=# HOz=~ qi O* _. ^Hh, q^j =~ =^ =#fiO kOz
KH x i< ==# U~@K_. Hx fi^j =~O J`_ ^fi+O` <# ^g + x
K @ q[#Q~ =` @ #flK <fl_x XH L`~O# $+O zi. "=O Q Ox ` `y#
< Q"<# H.. 1481 Lif~OK_. Q"< =~}O` |=h ~[O J~KHO |#.
~R # q^j =~O < JkH~O# kHiOz fiÒì. `èÒQ |=h ~[
tk S^ fiÒ` ~* "e~. Jq c^~, c[~, c~~, J=^#Q~, QO_.
33.a ~ fl :
1.
2.
3.
==^ Q"< ~fi ` Ja=x Jx Z@ K Q=?

U q^j u_ ==^ Q"< QiOz q=iOK_?
^H < ~* =^ O ~} = H~}"q?
33.8 |=h ~[ qz#flO :

|=h ~[O ~O_ ` H#yOk. è # |=O` H#H ~[=#Q_
yOk. H_ \ # |#Q@=# "~ ~*xfl H_HH ~.
nxH`_ |=h H=x =~O ^Hh, JH (Afaquis) q^j ~ O_ =~Q
pe ~ ~O O ~}_ `<fl~. PH # ==^ Q"<# =r~Q xqOK@` D O ~}
`~ ~H KiOk. W~"~ # =#fi ~K \ xH Q"< H$+ K_. Hx Q"< " \# <
O~} J#Q `~ # OK_O , `~^ ~ JkH~# `yOK_O =#flQ K~ # ^H< =~O
f=OQ =u~HOz, ÔQ L`~ xfl $+O z, < K` Q"<# Lif~OzOk.
Q"< =~}O` |=h ~[O JH "O k. q^j =~O <# kH iOK~. Q"<
x~+
x, `Hx ^` < =^ (25 O=`~ =) =~}OK_. `^ i ~*xH
=z# + |n< ==^ 12 O=`~ _Q @=# ~R Q=~fl~# J^ @H _.
~[O Ou ^` # <HH _.
W\ u ~Q ~* |=h ~[O Ô_`~. q[#Q~ # O Q[` ~[O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
154
=~ PHqOQ, Xi |=h ## ~K~ JO`~ fik #O_ ìq"~. H..

1504 |=h # ~K~ JO`~fikx uiy PHqOKH<flH, Jk Z= HO "i
Pn#O ^ . NH$+^ = ~ HO |=h # ~K~, =^, # O`#
q[#Q~xH J*~.
q[#Q~ ~[O` n~H eH O ~} =# |=h ~[ PiH == ^|uOk. Ô
J<H= Ok } HQ, [ << ^ Q~~. O@ <#"< ~. H O^ `fiO
|#"Ok.
H.. 1518 + |n< ==^ (Shihabuddin Mahammed) =~}O K_. J`x J#O`~O
~*xH =z# #~ =~ =r~ Ku H =. W\ u ~R fiÒÒ
H\ O K@` |=h ~[O S^ fiÒ` ~*Q qH " O k. Jq U=#Q : 1) J^ #Q~
x*O =OO. 2. c[~ Pk =OO. 3. QO_ ` =OO. 4. c~~ W=`
=OO. 5. c^~ |^~ =OO.
=~Ox ^H<, JH =^ O~}, q[Q#O` xO`~ ^, HOÔ
|b"# `fiO H =@, |=h ~[ qz<flxH |"# H~}.
33.9 q[#Q~ ~[ `# O :
H$+^=~ =~}#O`~O (1530) J`x `=_# JK`~ O# =k+OK#.
JK`~, N H$+^=~ J_# ~=~ JO_Ô_` ~[# yOK_. Hx
JK`~ =~}O` q[#Q~ O<xH "~` fi Ô ~O" O k. JK`~ =~_#
"OH@u #fl =_Q @=#, J`x "#==Q u~= J`xx =kOz O#=# Q ` O
K <fl_ . D ^~QÒ OKx ~=~ u~=# =kOz ~OQ~ (H$+^ = ~
`=_) =~_# ^t=~# q[#Q~ =Q K ~fikH~# Q` O K H<fl_ .
~=~ q[#Q~ =[O |b"# HQ ZkQ =xH |=h ~[O S^
fiÒ` ~*Q qH " ~ ~ H` x=Qfl" <fl~. D H# P~Q Q H x qlOz
eOK q^#O ^fi~ |=h ~[ ==~ *HO KHx "x#OÒ K OHeOK_.
`` J^#Q~, QO_ # O` c[~ # F_OK_. `^ i c[~ K` He
J^#Q~, QO_ ^_ K_. ~=~ H@
^`xfl Q \ |=h ~* `=x
"+ = =~z, =H" q[#Q~xfl <#O K x qOK~. |=h ~* # O 50 "
Jfi, =_ " =Ok û Ô . ~ ~K # H~O ~=~ # O 70 " Jfi, 90
" û^ L<fl~.
|=h ~* @q q[#Q~ < xfl 1565 ` H@ =^ Z^~Ok. D Ô
~=~ =kO|_Q, H= Ok } H~. D "~q #flO`< ^t=~ #QO_
155
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
i_. ~H}
x q[#Q~xfl =O # ^KHx, ^QO K~. D Ô ^KHx#
^# O` u x _ ^# =O`_ _x i "_. ~|~ Ki`H~_ K #@ ''q[#Q~O
=~< f`=Q =O J=#+, cH~ ^$= =^ tk"O k.
òH@ ^#O`~O q[#Q~ = #QO_# ~[^xQ K Hx =~ XH à
eOK~. Hx q[#Q~ ~[H, xH, PiH, =O #flyeOk. ~=~ ^`hu`
q[#Q~xH Z\ " K ~^ .
q[#Q~ ~[ `< xH =YH~}O ~K~ JO`~ fik H~ |=h #` O ~}
_ @. D O ~} q[#Q~ PiH == H_ =O HeOzOk. H =O Hk\ q H~
WO`\ n~H eH O ~} J=~= ? J< q[` "iH H =@ KhO.
g\H` _ q[#Q~ ~[`xH =~H H~}O <OH~ q^#O. D q^#O <OH~
O` < xfl He
O_@=#, |#"# KH=~ "ix xOuOK_O q Q@=#, "~
fiÒ`Q@ g H# .
W@ J<H H~} q[#Q~ ~[ `< xH îf~.
~=~ J#iOz# q^#= q[#Q~ `< xH =Y H~}O. |=h ~*#
@qQ U~_ ` H@ Ô q[#Q~xfl ^fiO= K~.
33. ~ fl :
1. |=h H=x =~O U =~Q pe~?
2. Q"< Lif` |=h ~[ qz<flxH Z^Ô KO k?
3. q[#Q~, |=h ~* qz#fl` ^Ô K# L=_ H~}"q?
4. ~=~ Ô` q[#Q~ ~*O HeO z# e ` =O Uq?
~OO :
OQ==Oj ~ O_= ^=~ Q"_. W`_ |"# KH=i. NOH,~,
P# H#H =iOz, P# ~fi=`fixfl QiOK~. t `# =O qHO_# `#
# O K~ Hx `# < xfl \ + = OÒ K_. W`_ q[#Q~xfl " " `" # #Q~O Q fik^_ .
q[#Q~ " " xfl Qi W`x HO q[#Q~xfl OîOz# q^j# J| ~*H, xH
HO\ Ja=iOK~.
q[#Q~ = Q"_ `= =Oj_# N H$+^ = ~. W`_ |=h
#, HoOQ Q[ux F_Oz ~[ q~ } QqOK_. L^~ fi=_Q @ =# *` O~}
" \_ . W`_ Q O_` _. `Q P=H =^ # QO^xfl ~_. W`x < HO
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
156
`Q Ki` fi~
QO. a#fl=` P YO`` "eQ"~.
< O H~ q[#Q~ ~[O ~Q, lQ, Q=Q ql O|_#. #
+}~O Hxfl = <H D|_#.
q ~ O_ ~HQ J#Q h\~^ H~ OQ, h\~^ H~ Ox qQ ql O|_,
PukH< q t x~~ O|_Ok. WOH J<H W`~ #fl _ qkO|_#.
|=h ~[O ==^ Q"< ==# ^ " O k. W`_ =~Ox fi^j, q^j
=~# =#fi~K _.
|=h ~*xfl =fi^_ #O_ H__. `# < O~} ^fi~ |=h ~*xfl
~ ~ K _. ~*xfl Zxqk `~ Q ql Oz, `~ ^ ~ Pn#O LOK_. `~ ^ ~ JkH~#
`yO K_. qâ=$kH c^~ =^~ # O K_. D =^~ W~<, W~H #O_ O_`
=K"~. qx ~ fiK~Oz, ~xfl |\ #fl qkOK_.
|=x, q[#Q~ ~* `< xH H~} XH qÔ . D ~ O_ ~* x~O`~O ~K~
JO`~ fik H~ O ~}_ PiHO Q #+ ~. |=h ~[O =~O fi^j q^j =~
=^ <H#fl "~ O =# Q"< |b_Q @O` |=h ~[O ^|uOk. `~ ^ ~ fiÒÒ
H\ O KH=_O` |=h ~[O `# "Ok. JQ òH@ ^#O`~O q[#Q~O ` O `=
=O`# <H fiÒÒ H\ O K@` `#=~.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
50 =@ =^#= "=?
Z.
q^j ~K# P^~OQ ~ O_= ^=~ < HO# =iO=.
a.
q[#Q~ Ki` ` H@ Ô Z =~~?
q[#Q~ = N H$+^ = ~ Z Q"_?
q[#Q~ < q^#O# =iO=?
|=h ~*xfl ==^ Q"< U ~ ~K _?
==^ Q"< " \# < O~}q?
|=h q[#Q~ ~* `< xH Q H~}= q?
157
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~ fl ["| :
33.Z
1.
2.
3.
q^j# #x*, J| ~*H, qH HO\ ~K# .

P=H =^, *# zO`=}, ~= O[i (U ~ O_< ).
q[#Q~ ~[O < xfl +OK _ =~O .
33.a
1.
2.
3.
c^~ =^~ # O K_.

~ u_# xH\<
PiH ~[ HOH .
33.
1.
2.
3.
4.
JH, ^H<.
~R Q~= fl~# J^ #OKQ |b"# H O^ `fiO H=_O.
W~ ~* x~O`~O JkH = ` ^ x=Qfl=Q@.
|=h ~* XH @qQ U~_, q[#Q~xfl <#O K \xH ^Ô KO k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
158
34
"Q =[ # -I
34.1 iK O :
WO` =O^ =_ g~ _b # Ki` QiOz K^ =<fl~ . D ~O g~
H.. 16= Ò ^= ~O ~`^ xH =z Hxfl `@ eOz# "Q KH=~ #
QiOz Ò\~. ~` ~[H , PiH, O $uH Ki` "Q # XH `H <xfl
OkOk. "Q Ô x J<H ^ ^ (q) O` Ou ^` # <He UHH~}
kOK_O b H$`< ~. O $uHOQ "Q HO ", t, Ow` =i ~fi ` H

JO`=O^#fl_ x q[# kOzOk. D ~O "Q =[ # ~`Ô
J#eOz# i` # O @## QiOz ÒÔ.
~`Ô è "Q Ô_` Ki`# =_ ^Q qlOK=K. 1. "^\ ^
(H.. 15261530 |~) P< =i ~} OQ= O <H`fiOx ~[`#
OQnH#_xfl è* O k. Wk ~`^ O "Q =[ # îfOk. 2. ~O_=^
(153040) |~ =~_ =< # P~O" O k. =< =fi, Q[~`, `~
~`^ O`# [~OK@ q `flO K_. P< ~~ +~~ =<# ~`^ O
#O_ |+iOKQe Q_. 3. =_=^ (15451556) ~ =O JOÒ =i "Q =[=#
=< J`x =~_ JH~ ## K \xfl `Òk.
34.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` g~ HOk q+ `HO\~.
1.
|~ L`~ ~`^ Ô_ ` îf# 15= `|O <\ =^ =i t=

=z# =~# QiOK@O.
2.
~`^ O =[ # |~ L^ # QiOK@O.
3.
16= à P~OO <\ ~`^ ~[H i` # KiOK@O.

159
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4.
|~ W|O_ =^ H.. 1526 [iy# x@ Ô ", ^#`.
5.
|~ ~} OQ=OQ =^ H.. 1527 [iy# H}fi^ " ^#`.
6.
|~ P< =^ 1529 [iy# QQ ^ ".
7.
=< O#O ZH =O Z^~#fl =.
8.
=< ~`^ O Z^~#fl ~ O_ =Y # Q[~` < |^~ =i

`~ ~` +~ P^fi ~Ox P< # QiOK@O.
9.
=< ~` O#=# uiy KlHOKHx "Q =[ ## K# qÔ .
34.3 |~ "Q =[ # :
|~ ~`^ O "Q =[ # K_. J`_ =^ P x KO *M< =i
`=~ J< W^~ =Y ^ g~ "~`fi=# O^_. H.. 1494, 14 O=`~
= |~ `# Ò_ #O_ \< PH< (Trans oxiana) (`= ~ =[Ox z#fl
QO)x ~< (Farghana) J< z#fl ~[=# "~` fi OQ ^_. "^@ |~ HiH H =O
=^ P H iq`" # =x =#O Q OKe. `= ~ q =[=# ~[^x #Q~" #
'=~YO_ (Samarkhand) [~OK<k J`x z~H "OK. t= =Y O $uH
H O^" # =~YO_ _ =` WO O KO JO`x Q~= u+ # O^_. S`
JO`=O^ \< PH< (Trans Oxiana)H KKHx ~# hfl# L*H, W~<
`= |=# OKH=_O ~OaOz# q _ J~# + J< ~ O_ |"# , =^
=i t= ~[H , =` ~} (Sectanian conflicts) x=Qfl" L#flO^= |~
=^ P QiOz# PHOH <~"~O_ K~. D ~[H <Ô# HKx |~
=~YO_# PHqOK@ J<H~ uflOz< ^xx fiÒQ O^_O q=_.
x*xH |~ `# =`$ q sfi #O_ Ok# ~<# _ H_. U^ qÔ Q
D =^ HO |~ H|, |_H< (Badakshan) =i HO^ ~# [~OK_. LlH
\< PH< u~Qx =fi@O` |~ =^ P O|OkOz# H iQ
H#@ è~Ok. D i` |~ ~` Ô_` K_O ` "~ QÒ`~O
H~Ok.
|~ Ô_ ` H~} :
|~ ~`# [~OK< HiH HQ_xH, =~YO_# O^_xH K# q `fl`@
J<H W`~ H~}#flq. JO^"^\ k , =^ P #O_ =z# W`~ Ô_ f =kiQ<
|~ _ ~` H J~" # iO^ PHi` _< _. |~ `# fi Ki` J~# `lH
|s (Tuzuk -I-Babari) ''O^< H J`#fl` [#= U=O> q Q`@
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
160
<}=Q ##fl=x, <}= =kOKx |OQ~ ~ WH_ J~OQ aOK@ Jx ~_.

|~ sfi_# `= ~ ~`^ J="# iO^ # HQ@Hx "o P `# =[
~ ` ^xx qxyOK_. JO`QH H| =K PÔ K fiOQ LO_ JH_ i#
=i # Y~H ik H^. J@=O\ Ju ` = PÔ` `# ~~ # (Q ),
@Oc# (Kinsmen) _ `$ ~K H _. `# sfi_ `=~K qb#O K |_ K
O=`~@ J`x # ##fl O*x Hxfl O`# `# ~[O HH#@O, |~
=O["# K~Q `zOk. =_=k, |~ H| LH ^_x OHOz `# ~`^"
~H` " # ^ O Q qOK_" QH LH ^_ K _xH W^ ~# =~OQ `K_. 16=
à ~OO ~` ~[H i` _ |~ J#eOK~. \ + " # H OÔ U~@H
W|O_ `flO J@# ~~ HO@yOO k. O* Q=~fl~ # ^`M< W|O_
u~Q@ K_. =~" ""~ ~*# ~}OQ =fi, ~}Ò~, a, KOî# [~Oz
q[Ò` db H#fl" _. P< ~~ JO`$ =# ^`M< =i P"M<
|~# ~` Ô_u W|O_x `yOK=x PfixOK~. J^HO ~} OQ= OxH
|~ =^ HO` L`~ ` `~ [iQLO_=K. S` P< ~~ Qx, ~} OQ= O_Qx
|~# H=O XH Ô_f_Q< qOz _b ~xfl |~ O` ^HOKH=Kx
J`~. D Pfi#=` |~ `# ~`Ô_` `y# =O P#fl"O^x
=iOK<fl_.
x@ Ô (1526) :
~` |~ `# è ^|# H.. 1525 H| #O_ |î O*# PHqOz
ê`M<_x OQnH=_O` ~OaKOK_. O*# PHqOz# |~ _b O#=#
PHqOKH=_=< Ju H+" # #`# H =# K\ _ . `# < ` W|O_ ~["# _b
" xOK_. W|O_x H.. 1526 Ki``H x@ =^ Z^~<fl_ . |~ Ju ^
Ô ` fl (Artillery) 12000 =Ok` z#fl^< , | H =~ O Hey# û ^= LO_k.
=~H" W|O_ # O H =Ok` Ju ^k Q LO^x |~ JOK<. J~` |~ =Y
< <xQ, ^ Ki` è# <_Q, 12 O=`~ = #O_ =^ P
OH~" # ^ ~OQ= #fl J#= =Ok. ÀH |~ (Tuzk-I-Baburi) |~ K @

W|O_ J#= O x"_. `# Hê H@ *Q~ H` x"_. x_, =O^ K x"_,
^=# q~qOK_xHQx `èHOQ P_xH Qx XH q^#Ox"_ '|~ `=
(Tulghama)x O^ q` , ` fl^ H$+, ~ O y QO =O\ "\x =~= OÒQ
qxyOKHx `# #=# ~ O K <fl_ . |~ ^ ÒÒ QiOz# q+ # g~
`~fi` ~O K^ =O\~. P qÔ Q `# ^ < }O` W|O_x x@ Ô OiOz
q*`Q xeK_.
161
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
x@ ^ ", =Y`
x@ Ô JÒ` ^#"# Ô . D Ô ~`^ O "Q =[#
îfOk. D Ô W|O_ JkH~O# `^=\O z, _b , PQ =~ Q "Ò Q=#
|~ xO`}H `zOk. W|O_ i O^ ` |~ #fl PiH = fi~#q. |~
H#fl `~ ~`^ O x O#fl O` _O k.
S` |~ x@ Ô x~
`H" # ^g H^. ^x= ~`^ O |~ x["#
~fi=kH~O aOK^. J`_ WOH `~ P< (b#) ~~, ~} OQ=Ox
<H`fi Ox ~[` =O\ W`~ |"# # Z^~#= LOk. "~ ~[H Jk` =#
HOHO z |~# Z^~#@ Ô Q L<fl~ . |~ H H ^#`# J~O K H"O> Jk
x@ Ô ` ~O" O ^x K = LO@Ok. =[ # J< J`x H ^< =~O
x@ Ô "^\ J_Q. L`~ ~`^ xfl Pn#O K H< ~\xH D Ô XH #`#
^ JO~~} KO k.
x@ ^ q[O `~fi` |~ Z<fl H<^ ~= =zOk. J`_ `# b##
# =# i`+ # K e =zOk. i OKx "_ =i x^ q = "~ ~`^ O n~
Ô_ ` =Y` K^ . Q "~fi^= # uiy "x H~<fl~ . J~` |~
`# ~`^ O < LO_ê K#x H| uiy " ^z# b# = W=fi|_Ò^x `# ~
x~
xfl H\ O K_. J`_ `# _s ''H| îHO =# =~ =^ Jx ~<fl_ . D
q^" # |~ ^~ O, ~ x~
O` qHe JO`$ KOk# b# ` O ^~ O#, #=HO# xO@
H$`H$`_<_.
M<fi Ô (1527) (Battle of Khanwa)
`~ "` |~ ~} OQO` ` xi i` ^xH Ô H= =zOk. |~
QOQ O^ "^ #O =[ # K@O, ~`^ O < ~ _x x~
O fH=_O ~}
OQO XH J=~Ô Q =iOk. |~# ~` #O_ " Q@_O ^ HhO O* iqÒ
Kx P# qOK_. W|O_ `=_ =^_` H J<H P# ~} OQO
Q ez#@W` _b O<xfl uiy O^=K< P` ~} OQO` K` He~. nO` |~
H~O WOH H+` ~ " O k. ""\ (Mewat) _Q < M< ""\ (Hasan Khan Mewati) _
~} OQO HO =OK_. ^^ =Y ~[` ~AO^~ (=~fi~, JO|~, Qfie~, Jr~,
KOî) ~} OQO JO_Q x H ^# O~.
D =O |~ ~ O_ JO _< ~. "^\ k HO^~ =Y P< ~~
|~# H =O ^_^ ~_, q^fi OH~_Q HH q*`Q QiOz `= `= |~ q^ `#
H\ O K~. "iH |~ J="# ^<# WK_. ~ O_=k |~ Z<fl Q# ^HOÒ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
162
K <fl_ . J`_ `# WOH [~OKe# @} #, ^~# b# ~z, "\x `= Pn#OH

`K H=_xH H=# HO` x H |Qxfl _ WK_. nO` "O@< b# `$K O k, |"#
~*# [~OK_xH H=# #`# =#~# J`xH JO^@H `K~.
|~ =i ~} OQ =^ Ô 1527 M}fi (PQ t=# XH Q=O) =^
[iyOk. |~ ~` H~O, ~} OQO # O ~ O_ H =OkQ L<fl~ . JO^ P<
=i "=\K O|_# J<H =Ok He L<fl~ . S` |~, ` = OY##fl `# |Qxfl
iQ}H fHO_ x@ Ô "_# =xfl JO> `= ^ ÒÒ, ` fl ^xfl
~ O Q#, L yOz ~} OQO q[O kOKQe Q_.
M}fi ^ ^#`, i}=

~`^ Ki`Qu x =i"# =Y ^ M<fiÔ ` O_ XH\ J#@
OÔ^. nx ~=#OQ |"# ~[` @q F_~Ok. _b # `<#O`~O
~[` }oH SH ~[` ~[H Pk` J=HO# D Ô qz#flO KO k. "" xH
" H ~[\<# PQ =~ qi O*
< H ~} OQO =~}O` <~" ~ O_ ~Ok. D
Ô |~ r=# Qu XH #`# \xH Q~Q xezOk. WH_ #Oz |~ `# JkH~
q~ } ~_@O, u~Q@^~# Ui" _O, `# ~[O Oux <H_O HO uflOK_Hx
O#O HO U<_ Ô K^. |~ JkH~ HOnH~} H| #O_ O^<xH
=~@O` D Ô <^#`# OìOKHOk.
M}fi Ô J\H _b PQ OÒ |~ #O ~H` O K#\H, J`_ PQ
`~Q ##fl Qfie~ ^` ~ H@ =^=# [~Oz `# <xfl =iO` \ + ~ K <fl_ .
J`_ <M < "=\ (Hasan Khan Mewati) #O_ Pfi~x Ju ^ Qxfl `# ~[O
qb#O K<fl_. P `~fi` =fi KOî < "kh~ (Medini Rai) Ô_u ^xx
=~KH<fl_.
QQ Ô (Battle of Ghogra 1529)
`~fi` |~ `# ^$+x `~ ~` x P< ~~ # OQnH#@O _O k. P<
JO` =O^ F_#\H "~ "Q # HO^ iQ ~^ . "" xH "~ ==^ _x
`= xQ H\ O z J`x <H`fi UH=~. P< ~~ OQ _Q #`
JO_Q xeK_. |~ D u@## x~H O KH_ H.. 1529 |~ QQ #k
X_# O_ P< ~~ =i OQ < #` L=_ < # ìq H\~ . Hx |~ D
^_ Z@=O\ Q q[# O^H_. c~ K QO P< ~~ Ku<
LO_~Ok.
QQ Ô ^fi~ P< ~~ fiÒQ "Q Pn#OH ~^ . x*xH J#u HO<
163
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
+~ <H`fi O P< XH =`~ HQ Zky #`#OQ Pq~q Oz# "Q =[O# XH

|"# "# q~~. Z@H |~ L`~ ~Ò x J`kH OÒ ~fi =`fixfl u+O K_.
1529 |~ `# _s ~H#fl@ ''O^< q+ Ju H+O g^ HO`=~ XH H=OH
`|_#q. S` x~O`~ ^ = |~ `# =[O# ~ i# ^fi~ ^$_ ~K HH _.
|~ ~`^ O "Q =[ # <k~~ "# x~`. J`_ "# <k~~ g^
`~fi` =z# = KH=i JH~. XH Q =[=< = = #O# xiOK_.
|~, ~`^ O _, ~[` #}z "Q =[ # K# OQ
KH=i. J`_ `= (Tulghama) x^ Ò`=# ` fl^ O , ~ O y Q# O^<
_` K# x@ Ô #, ~[` K# H}fiÔ # `~ Px < =i
OQ < #` K# QQ Ô # L yOK_.
~ O fl 34 Z
1.
2.
3.
4.
|~ `# P =# =^ P #O_ ~`^ xH =~H#@Q H~}"q\?

|~ Ô_ ` =O L`~ ~`^ O | =`xfl xOuOz# =_ =Y
"M Uq?
|~ # O W|O_ # O H<fl OM~O Q z#fl^# \H x@ Ô QkQ
x~OKH#|_\xH H~}"q?
x@ Ô `~fi` |~ ~`^ O Z^~#fl = Uq?
|^~ , +~` =< ~\

H.. 1530 |~ =~}#O`~O =< J`x "~ _QQ O#=k+O K_. J`_
O#=k+OK =O i` K ^~}OQ L#flq. JO`=O^ K#@ |~
=< XH ~ " # ^ XH H= û Q =[O# W=fi^ . =[O H =O x H
H g^ XH\ Q L#flk. Jk ^^ ~fifiÒ`Q ==iOK#fl "Q ~~ HO^ (beg or
Amir) H #xfl x
H ta~Q q_~ L#flk. #`# =[O# XH XH P^~" # # O qq^
*` =i `Q q=O. "~ ~ ~ q~^" # P Qey"i "i <@ qfiO
Hey LO_"~. J`x ~~ J`xH =u~HOQ }oH "Q~. "= ~`Ô
=< ^~ _ H| HO^ ~`@ H=< (Kamram), ~, =< # PHqOK_.
gi =< x H x=HxH JÒ` J#"# XH =Y O`xfl Q@ <fl_ . D
i` #`# "Q =[=# =^=# Hx `K JO`~ Ô # x"iOK@ =<
P OÒ# `# ^~ xH ^~^Ò K H` ^ .
=< WOH J<H `$ =~` ~_=# J=~O =zOk. Q[~` _# |^~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
164
kyfi[ =< XH f= "Q i}qOK~. |~ P< # iQ fiÒQ

J}z" H=_O = "~ uiy q[$OaOz "Q# ~`^ O #O_ ìq" < HOHO K~.
KK^ ~ # J<H =Ok P< ~~ ZC_ u~Q@ Ô Q LO_"~. J~` "~Oîh XH
`\H `z "Q "# q~Q e y# XH H= O`" # <_ H"e. P< J@=O\
H =i H}
yey# <_ +~M< (`~fi` +~) ~O aOK_.
"@" ^@Q =< `~# P< =# i+iOK x __ . 1532 ^~
(Daurah) P< ^ q[O kOz# =< =^_x *<~ (Jaunar) #O_ ~^_.
`~ "` P< ~~ +~M< #O_ K<~# =@_O K_. PQ =i `~ ^ =^ ~î
=i [=~= # xOu# fl |"# D H@ K HH #O LO_ '`~ ~` =Y
^fi~O (Gate way of East India)Q ~ QOzOk. <Q < y# K<~ =@_ `~fi` +~M<
=< XH JOwH~xH =K~. =< K<~ H@# +~M<H JyOK_. |^Q
+~M< "Q q^
_Q LO\#x "Q#O K_.
=< P qÔ Q +~M< `# =#~#, Hx OKH< J=HO# HeOK_ Jx
g~ QOKe. D ^ q[$OaOKK#fl P<# iQ J}z" `~ ~`Ô "Q
=*xfl ~ ~K @
O =< " O KO^_O J`xH ^~^$+H~ i}==x |A"O k.
=< P< H
# JOK<" @O q =_. L`~ ~`^ O "Ò KK^ ~ #
P< `Q "~, XH =H= O`" # <x P^fi ~O #~H " "Q =[O# XH "#
q~~. xH , [gO^~# =~ K Hx `= ## ~ ~K Hx "Q OM~O Q
"#H|_ L<fl~ . `~fi` D q+ xfl =< =~_ JH~ iQ J~O K<fl_ .
S` PQ i~ O` Q[~`< |^~ =i J`x H~H j OQ |O
OAH=_O` =< J=`"<_. D i` P< kOz# q[# _
iQ `# J#OQ =KHx =< PQ uiy " _xH LÒ K_. ~~
P^fi ~O K<~ =@_x H#yOz#@~`, `# # O# ql Oz#@=Ò^< L^ O` =<
^xH ^ _ ^ .
|^~ ZO^~ P< ~} ~ =i =< `$ = P qK_. ~w"i
O` J`_ XH H= O`" # ~ O y Ô # OkOK_. J`_ =fi# [~Oz z`~ (Chittor)
H@# =~ K <fl_ . (`~fi` HO "=_# Hxfl H^< # |\ |^~ =u~HOQ ""_<
~}H~=u (~} OQ=x ~) =< O H~Q, =< ^xH =uOz
=OkOK_. D q+ O iQ =~hO HH~#\H, iu x gHOK_xH J`_
PQ #Oz =z Qfie~ q_k K_. "Q D q+ O HQ* O\~<
O` |^~
z`~ #O_ "#kiQ_.
=< z`~ ~}H O K x~HiOK\xfl =~ q=iOK~. nx ^fi~
165
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~[` # ux H~xfl J=Hxfl =< H_. ~[`` " f ^#`#

`~fi` J`x =~_Q JH~ Q OK_. Q =< Qfie~ q_k K _O "#H J`_
|^~` ^xH J~+` ^y LO^x += QK#flk. =< OHO ^^ # _ ^x
QiOz PzOK_xH "QK "_. JO^=< |^~# "O@< J}z" ^ . nx= |^~
`~ ~[< `# ~[ q~ }
# H#yOK J=HO aOzOk. 1534 J`_ ~ O_=i z`~
^~= # =@_O K_. J^ =O PQ ^_ K =x W|O_ |O^ =Q ``~M < (Tatar
O# =~_.
Khan) P^ =i #
J_ =< fiÒQ |^~ ` Q `<x =keOKH"x x~OK<fl_ .
"^@Q J`_ ``~M < < xfl [~Oz# `~fi` J`_ =fi Ô_`_. J`_ z`~ =i
=fi =^ XH <xfl PHqOK_. P qÔ Q |^~# =fi #O_ "~ K_.J~< J`_
z`~ =OkOK\xH u~ iOK_. ""~ JO`~` OHO #_#flO^= Ô` fl
|OÔ H x H q= =< ^$+ fi"# k.
1535 =< |^~ < # =O^~ =^ F_Oz J`_ =O_ (Mandu) #O_
nfiO ~}
iQ " O` =~ "O@ |_ ì=_. O#fl
KO<~ (champaner) g^Q _
O`# =fi Q[~``@ Q[~` =O_ =i KO<~ xfiK# ^# ~#,
O^# =< KlHOKH<fl_ . =< |^~ Ô_ `# =yOK\xH _

=~ `~e "_. =fi = `` < "~ ` =< "#k~QH ` ^ . |^~
q+ O# =^ =ê" _O =< K# ~[H ` Ô.
=< |^~ Ok# q[O H =O `èH" # k. =fi, Q[~` [~Oz#O`
`fi~Q J`x K*i~. =< =^ OÒ ##fl =O_ K~x Q[~`# `#
^~_# Ji (Askari)H JyOK_. " ~~ q_~. Q[~f # iQ
riOKH#fl xH [` Z@=O\ O|O^ H =_O = Q[~` =i ""_ "Q
`= JkH~xfl ~ O K H=_O q =~. "~ " # '#=*x q^j (Detestable
foreigners)Q K_Q~. |^~ ~~ =~ * ~\, u~Q@ Jsx JOuH
QiK J`_ Q[~` #O_ PQ "O@< uiy " K~. D i` Ps PQ# PHq_<
O` =< =fi# =ke PQ K~ <fl_ . D qÔ Q =fi =i Q[~`# "Q

K*~<fl~ . =< u+ =i " =[ Q~"xH D #+O XH x~^HO =O\k.
"Q ~~ Hxfl =~ "~ =< Q i< ^H` O^ "e|K_O
~OaOK~.
=< Q[~`, =fi Q_# Hxfl +~M< `# |xfl OKH=_xH
qxyOK<fl_ . `# `# c~ u~Qx xQ K <fl_. P< < hfl J`x
"O@ #_K~. J`_ xiOK#fl u~Qx =#~` +~M< XH =|"# # O xiOz x~fi OK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
166
J`xH |^~ _ =OkOK_. =< PQ =~e#O`< +~M< |#"# OQ

~A# =^# F_Oz, J`_ ^ #+i~OQ 1,30,000 n<~ (|OQ~ <}=)
KeO KO^ Xu_ K_. P qÔ Q |OOAH#fl +~M< OQ# fiÒQ [~OK< L^ O`
~ O_= i ^x Ô_`_ . +~M< ^x ~[^x Q~ (Gour)# PHqOK_.
=< `~ ~Ò P< =Ô f=`# K POQ QOK_. J`_
+~M<# Z^~#\xH |^~_. S` =< =`H `Ô K_. J`_ <~Q
OQ ~[^x Q~ K~ O> +~M< }oH# Q fl O K Qey LO_"_. Hx ^xH |^Q
|e+" # K<~ H@# =@_O K_. P< D H@ \ + " # ~H}
Q #O_@O= ^xx =O
KH=_xH =<H P~ < =O \ Ok (1538). D H@# =O KH=_xH
=< K\ # n~ =O# +~ M< Q~#, ~\ (Rohtas) J< |e+" # ^~O #
=O K H=_xH L yOK<fl_ . P qÔ Q +~ M< xH =O =< x H =O
H<fl è"# k. ^" # ^x |A"O k.
=< c~ Hk\ q[xfl O^Qe Q_. P `~ "` J`_ OQ Ô_ `
#<fl_ . |OQ~xH, O#fl Lù^~, q^j "}[=# x"# OQ# J`_ +~M<
W=fi_xH =YOQ _ . Uk U"< =< OQ #Oz PQ i~ ~ =~
"O|_OK|__ . z=~ ~`^ xfl =êi_. J`_ 15 O=`~ ^ k=i (Wanderer)Q
rqÒ Q_ _. 1540 +~ PQ "t Oz# `~fi` ~ O_= P< ## ~OaOK_. P
qÔ Q ~`^ O |~ H~O <~" ~ O_ ~Ok.
=< t=# |^~`#, `~# +~`# ==iOz# f~# gHO K#@~`
Hxfl ~[H =i =`H ` ^ QKi~. XH " =<, +~ =i |^~
XH q^" # ~rH x~^H x, "\x J_H #H` Jq "Q ## qz#flO K Q=x iQ<
J~O K <fl_ . =~H" ~ # =Ô# TOKH =_O, `y# =O `Q x~

fH#H =_O =< ` ^.
"^\ k =< `# `$ =# XHHiQ `^=\O K^ . ^xH |^Q J`_ `#
q[# ~ ~ K HO_ H`" \ HO "O~__. J`_ Z<fl OH# Z^~x XHK\
#O_ =~H K@ ~ Q f= =zOk. P qÔ Q =< `# =#~#, =xfl =$^
K H=_" QH, `$ =# ÒK_. P qÔQ +~M< K<~ =^ J`_ Ok# è q[O#
~ ~ K HO_, Q[~`# [~OK_xH "Q K_. nx= +~M< `# =#~# |xfl
OKHx `~ ~`^ O XH |"# HQ ZkQ J=HO aOzOk. =< Wk ^~^$ +O Q
i}qOzOk. =< Q[~` ##fl _ _ |^~# `H}
" J}z" O_ J`_
~[ q~ }
H~H# H#yOK J=HO WK_.
~ O_=k, "Q =[ ~ ` xH , [qO^~ Ja=#O# O^@ J=~= x
167
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
`H=_O =< q "< _. KK^ ~ # P< `Q |xfl `#" uCH=_xH |^Q

=<, "~ +~M< <H`fi O #~HH~ }
O^_xH J=HO HeOK_. Q[~` Ò
J`_ Q[~` ZO`Q< Ja=## xH [# Q=_O "O KO^_. "~
" # q^jQ< K~. P< # Z^~#_xH ~[`` O|OÔ q=# =<
QiOKH _. z`~ ~}H x~H~} nxH XH L^=~}Q K =K.
=_=k, =< XH 'J=~ =H~ Jx |A= K <fl_ . +~ J`x }oHx
OQ Ô_ `# QiOz g~ WO`=O^ Kk"~. K, H<* ^ +~ XH =#fl`
< ^ _x |A= K <fl_ .
=< ~`^ O ~ O_ # Z^~#= =zOk. 1. Q[~` |^~
2. +~ <H`fi O `~ ~` #~HH~ } KOk# P< . =< `# `$ =# XHHiQ
J}z" _O q =_. J`_ XH OÒ kOz# q[=# ~ ~ K HH _.
JO`QH xH #, [qO^~# `# " uCH#H _. |^Q J`_ H` OH#
i+iOK uflOK_. z=~ ~`^ O `# ~[=# Q@<fl_ .
34 a ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
H.. 1530 =< O# =k+O z# `~fi` Z^~#fl ~ O_ = Uq?

=< z`_ xfl x~HiOK q=~ Q~ _. ZO^=?
K<~ q[O `~fi` "O@< P< <_ +~M<# J}KH =_O =< `#
fi ^$+x U qÔ Q |~` O K <fl_?
~`^ O ~ =OO `fii`Qu # `# O KO^_xH U ~ O_ H~}= îf~?
34.5 ~=O `# O, " JkH~ ##

+~ xiOz# P< =[O, J`x =~}#O`~O Z= HO x|_^. J`x qt+
=H` fi O H =_O, J`x "~ K =Ok |# H=_O, JO`~ ^ P< < =^
*u "+ = î f~. Wq "Ò ~*xfl J~KHO H Q~.
J="# i` 15 O=`~ q~=#O`~O =< "Q =[ #
u=HO# HeyOK~. `# F@q `~fi` =<, O^, i~ ~* u~Q` `#
~*xfl uiy ~|@H=_xH }oH ~z L<fl_ . z@z=~ J`_ i ~A P#O
P O Ok J`x H~O` H|, HO^ ~# 1545 #~HqOK_. S` =<
`# K# "Q#O# H^x HO^ ~# i ~A W=fi_xH x~HiOK_. P<\ #O_ HO^ ~
i , ~` =^ =Y q"^^ JOOQ =iOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
168
1554 =< ~# P~OK_. HO ^~ J< O*| u~Q@ ^~# ~[

uxk (P< K KH=iQ H\ O K|_#"_)x ~ O^ =^ Ô F_Oz, =< _b ,
PQ# PHqOK<fl_ . S` =< `# kOz# q[ # J#q OK_xH Z=
HO rqOK^ . J`_ 1556 =~}O K_.
=< =~_ JH~ P =O O* `# O~H _# ~ OM< =^ L<fl_ .
~OM< JH~# O^#~O =< "~_Q H.. 1556 H\ OK_. Hx
O^< " Pk` O, ~ ` |^~O LOk. ~ < Pk ~ =~ <x
S# = " <kiOK_. J`_ "^@ _bx " Q=~fl~# F_Oz _b, PQ#
=~KH<fl_. = Ki``H x@ ^~OQO# JH~ =i ~OM<# _H<fl_.
~ O_= x@ Ô (1556) "Q P< Pk` ~\xH ~HQ i}qOz z=~ P<
F@qH îfOk. " "#"O@< _b , PQ# [~OK~. P `~fi` JH~ "= "# #
q[# kOz " =[O# ~~K H O` =O^ #_K_. nx QiOz g~
`~fi` ~O K^ =O\~.
~OO :
|~ ~`^ O " =[ # K_. |~ \< PH<x 'U~< J<
z#fl O<xH _. J`_ =^ P ~[# K x H~<fl_. Hx LH , e_
HH i`Q^ . |~ H|, |_H<, HO^ ~# [~OK_. J`_ ~`" ~QqOK=
=zOk. ~`^ P~" # iO^ @ PHi`_< _.
~`Ô W|O _ `# ~sx JO`$x x~kOKH_. DQ `~
~Ò P# , t= ~Ò ~[` |_@O ~O" Ok. D i` JO`$#
_b ~~ |~# PfixOz, W|O_x `yOK=x "_ <fl~ . "~ |~# `# sfi_#
`= ~= H =O XH ^_^ ~Q< ~@ _~ .
|~ XH z#fl # O` ~`^ xH |^~_. P `~fi` J`_ =Oz ` fl ^xfl Ok
J<H #`# ^ Ò`=# L yOK_. |~ |Q H.. 1526 x@ ^ ~OQO
=^ W|O _ = < xfl Z^~<fl~. |~ < èHQ W|O_x [~OKQe Q~.
J`_ _b , PQ =~ O`xflO\x `# ^HOÒ K H=@"QH J~" # O^# _
O^_. S` WOH ~} OQ= Ox JkH~O HO^ L#fl ~[`# |~ J}K= LOk.
1527 |~, ~} OQ= O =^ XH x~
`H Ô [iyOk. |~ J=OaOz#
^ =O J`xx Q eOK~. ~} F__. ~[` =Y D Ô qa#fl" # , |~
O^#O ~ " # #O O^@O =# D Ô ^#`# OkOk. QQ Ô |~
P< |Q qt+ q*xfl #"^ KH ~#\H "ix x~kOKQe Q_.
169
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
|~ `~ fi ` = < J` x "~ _ _ . = < ~ O_ " #O_

=<^ ~#= =zOk.
1. +~ HO^ |xfl OAHx H= O`" # P< 2. ~[ q~ } ##fl Q[~` |^~,
=< K<~ ^~=# =@_Oz =O K<fl P<# `_z@^. ZO^HO> "~
J`xH q^
`# H\ O K~. 1525 =< |^~# [~OK_ Hx J`x q[`#
=^ < P" _. Ô` "Q [~Oz# W`~ O`# _ `fi~ "i K*~~. DQ
P< |O =~ OAHOk. =< K<~ H@=@_ #O_Q, +~ Q~ =i
~"\# @ <fl_ . =< OQ KKHx "o JH_ +~ LK zH_. =<
u~Q }O "Q < P# Ku KK^~ K|_~. =< K= `
H#fl@~#@ Ju H+O g^ ÒK<fl_. H<* Ô =< +~# ìq"
uflOK_ Hx z=~ J`_ F__. J`_ ~`^ O #O_ i~ Z@=O\ O#O,
~[O O_ 15 O=`~ Q_ = =zOk.
+~ =~}#O`~O ~ =[O Z= HO x|_^ . =< uiy =z O#O
PHqOK_. 1556 =< =~}O z J`x "~ _Q =~_ Q JH~ O#=k+O K_.
~ fl
1. 100 ^ *"|e=.
1. |~ Ô_ ` J#eOz# ~`^ ~[H i` Z\q ?
2. H}fi^ =Y` Z\k ?
3.
Q[~` < |^~ =< XH ^ # "Q Z@ =~_?
2.
|~# O^< Ô_ ` K @ (Xu_ K# ) iHe# H~}O Uq?
3.
~`^ Ki` "^\ x@ Ô ZO^ ^#O OkOk?
Ô_ ` |~ q[# =iO=?
4.
1530 =< O#"H =O Z^~#fl = Uq? J`x `# O# D
= ZO`=~ H~}=~?
5.
+~ =< =^ ~@=# =iOz, =< F@qHQ H~}# `=.
~ fl ["|
34.Z
1)
LH \< PH u~Qx <<~. |~ =~YO_# O^H _.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
170
2.
3.
4.
3 a) 1
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
|~ LH `Qx ^ q_` Qx ~@O KH_.

1. _b PQx _
2. `~ Px <
3. ~[\<, t= ~` ~} OQ=O_.
|~ `H =O^#, `= ^ Ò`=# LyOKQ _ #O ~`
O^ ^ ^` P^~_ ~ .
|~ `# ~~#, <xfl #flO KH= =zOk. iOKx ZO_"_, P~
^~ H~` = "~ ~`^ O ^s Ô_ ` Ô Q ~ . "~ H` OÒ
=i `$ ~[O #O_ "#kiy "x `K~.
|~ =ê"o# =[ |# <k
=<, J`x ^~ x =^ =[ q[ #.
=< `# O` H~} = ~[` H~O#, # ux O^ J=HO
Q@<fl_.
=<, +~M< `# =#~#, Hx OK< J=HqK_. J`_ z=iH
=< XH "Q =~_.
1. |#"# "~
2. JO`~` ~\, JO`~ Ô .
171
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
35
"Q =[ # -II
35.1 iK O :
WO` =O^ ~O P< #, ~[`# OQnH#fl |~, ~`^ O "Q =[
# K# @ g~ <~ <fl~ . S` JÒ` H= O`"# "Q =O _Q =`" |~#
~#O. J`_ `# "~ L^~}Q xez =~ ^~ #O K_. J`_ KH=i Q~= u+ ,
H =~ O P^~_ # =`~ , Ô`~ = _O x, H, O $` `qK ~*xH XH
H` x~fiK#qK_. |~ ~` PQ=#O` H|, HO^ ~ "Q =" < ~. Wk ~`^ xH
200 O=`~@ q^j ^_ #O_ ~H}
xK>QH P "}[O ^ # "\#
O^@@ KO k. P qÔ Q |~ J<H q^Q #`# Ki` $+H ~ (Path breaker) J_. D
O^~ O Q ~`^ O |~ PQ=# ^#`# D ~O q+ ^ O.
WO` =O^ ~O g~ |~ =~_# =<# ~`^ O #O_ " Q\
+~ ~ kfif P< =[O# O z#@ `<fl~ . +~ L`~ ~`^ O XH H= O`" #
=[O# OK>QH H=O 5 O=`~ J==k i< ==# "@Qey#
#` ^H Ok. "" xH JH~ +~ =~^ i Jx, i< ~" # J<H q+ # JH~ +~
#O_ <~ <fl_< q+ O QiOz HO` q"Ô LOk. D ~O +~ i< q^#O# ~ O_
^$H}O J^ #O K _O [iyOk. 1. _b # HO #O_ H#Q`#fl i< q^#O#
+~ U "~ =~_? 2. U "~ +~ JH~ =~^ ~ #O K_?
35.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ `HQQ`~.
1.
2.
Jd ~` =[ # |~ <k "_#fl q+ O.
|~ KH=i Q~= u+ # #u+O K_x, ^xx Yb` (Caliphate) #O_ fiÒÒQ
=~_#fl q=~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
172
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
|~ H , O $uH JOkOz# Ò.

|~ H|, HO^ ~# [~OK_O = Hey# ` e` ( [<).
+~ i< q^#O.
+~ " \# q t q^#O.
J Ln< db ^` # +~ J#iOz# xH O~}# QiO.
"~ , "}*a=$kH `__# +~ OH q^#O, H~h ^` =i * OH =
H~ QiOz QiO.
35.3 |~ ~`^ PQ=# ^#` :

|~ ~`^ O H J_y_@O Z<fl q^Q ^#`# OkOk. Jd ~` =[
# J`_ =~O Q=O K_. WO` =O^ ~O g~ |~, _#, ~[` @=
xfl qz#flO K_x `<fl~ . nO` |~ HO =~ L`~ ~`^ O ##fl | =``
(Balance of power)# `_z \_ . Jd ~` =[O O K|_O> x*xH WOH J<H W`~
J=~# i K = LO@Ok. P J=~# JH~ i K QeQ_. Hx ^xH H=#
"^\ J_Q# |~ "_.
|~ ~`^ O XH #`# ^` O `xfl " \_ . WO` =O^ ~O |~ q[xH
=O J`_ L yOz# `= ^ ÒÒ, ` fl^ , H$+ ~O Q "_HO J< =_O\ "
H~H Jx g~ `<fl~ . |~ J<H (700) |O_# XH^xHH\ [` K ^xx ~H}
Q_
(|~A)Qxe_. J^# ^` ^x =O^ XH HO^HO (trench / ditch) `qfiOK_. u ~ O_
|O_ =^ x "i `# xe H qÔ Q k= xiOK_. P qÔQ |O_ \ +" #
@Q xK~. W|O_ ~} OQO < # |~ # Ox ~ O_ qQ "#H #O_
H #O_ K@=\ ^_ K~. |~ x =O^ #O_ =~= OÒQ `# L yOK~.
`H =O^ JO` =O^ ~`^ xH è#\H, |~ q[~O~ ^x =iO` K~OH
`K~. P qÔ Q ` fl Ô =i JtfiH Ô XH }oH|^" # q=O U qÔ Q q[
kOKQ " |~ x~OK_. P qÔ Q J`_ \ ^< `# `yO K_.
~ * `QH =~}O #O_ ^#` H~# KH=i ^# Q~= u+# |~ #
u+OK_.
g~ WO` =O^ qQ HO ^~ _, =i W|O_ ~[iHxfl XH Q~= <xH
K~x uflOz#@ Kk"~. S` yi[# Q} fiÒÒ, =#`fiO J< "# K~OH
`z# P< Jg~ ^xx |OQ =u~HOK~. =~H" |~ =^ P x W^~ =Y
^ g~# KO y* M< =i `= ~ "~_.
173
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~[iHO =O~OQ LO_< KOy* M< q^<<fl |~ _ #=_. J^qÔ Q ~A

JkH~# Z=i`# OKH_^x `= ~ qfiO# _ |~ PK~}
\_ .
JO^H Jg~ U XH~ |~` =#`fiO# H~^ . O#O#H P_ ^ . `#
<xH U"< " JO@ LO> Jk `= ~ ~[ =~x#O_ LO_k. P qÔ Q P< i<
q^<# Z\ =~ K x |~ ~A, Jg~ =^ Q ~ ~ O|O^# OiOK_.
_ =kiQ ~A JOî (g~) XH_ J< q^#OQH, Jg~ q+`# xOuOK Q"_Q
J`_ qOK_. _b # <\ ~[iH ÔÒ |~ =~ K_. Yb POH =iOKx
XH =*xfl |~ O K_. g~ WO` =O^ qQ K^= #fl@ HO^~ _b #
Yb J#=u HO Y ~ ^xx Ok Hs\xfl î OK "~. 'Yb <` (Lieutenants of
the Khalifa) Q `= `= K<fl~ . =# =n ^$+
"i <xfl k ~K H#@,
W`~ =n ~*` =# ~H K~ H=_xH "iH Wk XH =O.
S` =OQ #O_, @~ #O_ #"# "~` fi O# Ok#@ |~, Yb` (Caliphate)#
Oê# J=~" ^# <fl_ . H|\ ~`^ xH P= L#fl =i Z=fiih JkH~ ^Qx
`# "iQ QiOK_xH u~ iOK_. `# W~<, @s, Dl # =# ~Q"_Q
KC <fl_ . P qÔ Q, + hM< (Shaibanikhan) J< L*H <x Z^~#_xH ' J< a~^
îOz# q_ _ i`Q_xH |~ _ 1507 H| '^ (Badshah) a~^#
îOK_. `# "~ '^ J< a~^# XH OÔQ JOkOK_. H|\ "Q
KH=~ O^~ '^ J< a~^ O^~. "Q ~fi=`fixfl JOwHiOz# =O`~A Ò
'< =O\ a~^ î OK~.
|~ ^$HÔ KC H^y# q+ O =` ^ Ô`~ =_ O H=_O. =Hb# =^
P i## W~<, `~< (Iran, Turan) x + hfl =` Y =^ Q Ô`~
O ~} qÒ K# @ g~ WO` =O^ ~ `<fl~ . S` |~ P #O J@=O\
Ô` q^ O_qH=. ~}OQ `#K# ^xfl 'l^Q H\ Oz# |~ `# J
# =O #x #qOK\xH =^ h `hfl ^fi OO K~OK_. `# q[O `~fi` ' l
J< a~^ O^_. S` nx "#H ~[H [<#fl=x HO^~ JaO. JO> x~Ò
L#fl `# x # `^ i ^ Ô K _O H" . JO`QH Jk ^H O H|\ ^"
^fi OO ` L^~} HkQ< Hx~.
|~ O $ux, e` H # *Q`Q ÒK_. J`_ fiOQ i <, J~aH =i
ì +# <~ <fl_ . O K
H", |~ *H # xHO K# '`*H|s
XH\ Q iQ}O K|_`#flk. P# W`~ ~K# ^ QO^"# '=flq (Masnavi) J< `s
J#"Ô _ L#flk. J`xH =Hb# =Y H=`#, HH~`# O|OÔ_q. `# QOÔ
"\x QiOz =iOK_. J`_ XH Q H$ u q_. ~`^ O J<H "H#, +=#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
174
"^\ Q iK O K# #` |~^.
PiH =i =`H ^$+` K, |~ ~`^ PQ=#O XH ^# @O. H|,
HO^~ L`~ ~`^ =[O JO`~Q#q. D OÒ #O_ ~`^xH ZC_
u @# Z^~`< LO_q. P i` # JkQq Oz# |~, J`x "~ ^^ 200 O=`~
@ q^j ^_ #O_ ~H} HeOK~. H|, HO^~ xO`} kOK@= PiHOQ
~`, q^j "}[O ~ ` fi O OkOk. K< =i =^^~ f~xH " =~H = (Caravans)
"i }xfl WH_ #O_ ~OaOK"~. P qÔQ ~`Ô P ( Trans Asia)
"}[O =Y"# "\ ^H OKHOk.
|~ <Q =Y ` P^~_ ~[ ( `fi) # K_.
1. ~A J`#fl` Q~=O, |xfl=fi_O.
2. =` =i Ô` =_ O H =_O.
3. H , O $uH `y# `q=fi_O.
4. =*xH "# ~H}
x=fi_O.
D `< J`x "~ _ `.K. ` O_ J#iOK~.
~ fl
1.
2. '
3.
4.
5.
6.
Jd ~` =[ x~} kQ |~ "# è J_Q Uq?

~[iH ÔÒ |~ U =~ K_?
|~ =` ^$HÔ Z\k ?
H|, HO^ ~ "Q xO`} kOK_O @ ~` Ok# [< Uq?
|~ ~OaOz# ~[ ( `fi) =Y H}
q?
Z) ~fi ` a) ^` O ` ~OQ=O^ |~ H$+ Z@=O\k?
+~ i< q^#O
~ =[O _b # # H#yO =i =yOQ K =K. HQ |~,
=< HO JO^ H =O q~= H. +~ J<H O=`~@ `# Ò_ *w~ <
==~= ~ "HO K`, c~ J#kH~ "_ (Factoruler) Q =Oz i<#= O
OkOK_. P qÔ Q J`_ i# xf~ u ^# Qi `<fl_ . H=# H =O S^
O=`~ < HO< J`_ XH KH x \ + " # i< q^#O# O KQe Q_.
< HO K~OH =z# H O^ i< ==< +~ H#yOK_. S` nx
QiOz# =K~O =# OH^. U Ki`H~_ J`x =O` QiOz ~#^. +~ =Ou
175
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=O_e J<k L#fl@ ^ . ^xH |^Q J`x P[# J=K @ J<H `fi Y J`_H
J<H H~^~O_"~. J`x z"O (Secretariat) L#fl Y D qÔQ L<fl~. 1.
k"<W=l~` (Diwan-i-Wazirat) nxH PiH H~îQ ==iOK =r~ (Wazir) JkuQ
==iOK"_. J`_ ~ "# ==~, H, ij# (Audit) "^# ==~ KK"_.
2. k"xWJ~ (Diwan-i-Arz) nxH Ji*W==eH (Ariz-i-Mumalik) Jku . x H H~îQ
J`_ +~ xH q^# x|O^# J= K@, xH x=H x|O^#, <xH H=#
U~@, "i r` "^# ==~ K"_. 3. k"<WW< (Diwan-i-Insha) `fi
`, ~[ < (Imperial orders) i # =^}, `fi L`~ ` `~ "^# "\x
KK"~. 4. k"<Wi` (Diwan-i-Risalat) =`==~, J~# =O_` , <
"^# "iH LH~ "`< U~@ =O\ q+# K<"_. 5. Q_K i qQO H~îx
|s^W==eH (Barid-i-Mumalik). W`_ ~[Ox u =Y q+ xfl +~ x"kOK"_.
J`x HO^ J<H =Ok @}
O`, `= =^ xqOK|_# J<H Q_ K~O_"~.
+~ `# JkH~ qugi# JkH~# JyOK@Qx "~ K~= fH#@Qx
=Y` K^ . Jxfl~H JkH~ ~A ^fi~ x~fi OK|_ XH #`# ~f x~O q^#=#
O Kx +~ `K_. =Hb# Ki` H~_ (Chronicler) =v (Mustaqi) ~`# |\ K
+~ ~uO|= ~[O QiOz# q+ ` fiH O_ LO_"_. ZC_ MmQ LO_"_ H^.
J`_ u Y# xtÒQ ijeOK"_. [ QiOz `H=_xH ^= O` uiQ"_. S`
KH=i ^Q~ ~fikH~ JO`x HOnH~} `~fi` HO |#` ="Ok. ^x H
^+i}=, +~ "~ i## xOuOKH i< OÒQO e#_
|@_~.
yi[# `Q <` xiOK|_ ~[O yi[# <, ~~ =^ ql OK|_ LO>
P< `fi q^#O# +~ "~` fi OQ O^_. J@=O\ `fi q^#O ~R # H ~fi
fiÒ` q^#= qsÒQ iy H O^ `fi LxHH =Ô `zOk. H O^ =i xH `fi
=^ "~kQ xK KH x ==H $ ` ~R# ^#`# +~ x~H O KH _. JO^=
J`_ ~R, xH i< == x JkH~#, q^ # xOuOK= =zOk.
_b # HO #O_ =#fl i< qQ +~ Z@=O\ =~ K^.
~ ~~ (Sarkar) ^ +H (Shiq) Q#, Jq =~ ~Q } (Paraganas)Q# ql O|_#q.
XH ~Q }
J<H Q=O_q. ~ 12 LO_q. Jq ~ O^, =fi, Q[~`, c~,
=< J=^, ~YO_, PQ, _b , *^ ~ =i z`~ . OQ ~RO ^~ OÒ#O_@O,
JH_ `~K u~Q@ [~QÒ__O = ^x `H ^$+ H#~z #@ Òk. Jk J<H=Ok
yi[# < HO^ z#fl z#fl QQ ql OK|_ LO_k Hx Jg< (Amin) "\ "Ò g^
~ "H}
=i J[=~+ K"_. +H ^ ~~ W^~ =* JkH~ x~fi} LO_q. 1.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
176
+H~ W+H ^< (Shiqdar-i-Shiqdran) ^~} # =i Ou ^` # ~ "HO K"_. 2.

^~}
=x =x< (Munsifi Munsifan) q t qkO, = KKH<"_. ~Q}
q+# +H~ ~"HOKQ, =x (Munsif) ^ Jq (Amil) q t qkO, =
H~H=# KK"~. H~< (Karkuns) i =i xH + J~# O^q JkHiH
H x~fiOK"_. M*< x~fi} Y*<^~ (Khazandar) ^ `^~ (Fotadar) Ku
LO_k. P qÔ Q +~ W^~ ^ `` JkH~# xqOK_. "~ XHi =~H~ x
LOK"~. JkH~ 'x~^ =` q^#O (Principle of Checks and Balances) JH~ _
J=OaOK_. Q= i< x\Q H#Q~. Q= Q= (OK`) LO_q.
^xH =Y H =Y^" (Muqaddam) J< Q= ^ LO_"_. J`_ `fixH Q=xH =^
"~kQ xK"_. J`xH Q= q=~ O|OkOz# `# ^~ K \fis (Patwari) J<
L^y _" _.
+~ q t q^<xfl ~OkOz J= K\ Q H$+K _. qt =kO
O~} " \_ . "= Q qx Hez ^x P^~OQ t# x~~ OK_. =# x#
<~`_ (")` HeK"~. q O# |\ =_ `~Q` Q ql OK|_k. Jq L`= ,
=^ =, <~H O =. kQ|_ ~ix =kO K \xH =_O@ kQ|_x fHx ^xx
=_K yOK"~. P qÔ Q =z# Q@ kQ|_ 1/3= =O` #flQ ( `fi "\)Q x~~ OK"~.
~ ` t# ^# ~OQx ^# ~OQx KeO K J=H=Ok Hx `fiO ^# ~O
= K \xH "Q Kk. +~ " \# XH =Y"# q^#O qt XH ^~ \ H #
` ~K @O. nx< ~ (ray) J<"~. nx `fixH XHH O@ KeO K=# t "Ò
"|_ LO@Ok. ^xx =~\ ^~# |\ #Q^H =kO K"~. Jk O`# |\
=~Ò_k. H~ = H$ u " s ` Oq Oz#_ P^H=_xH gQ aQ (Bigha) 21/2
~ (Seers) P^~ xk (Reserve fund) x = K"~. J=n< db _ ^<Q~=#
x~fiOz#@ g~ WO` =O^ ~ `<fl~ . Hx J`_ P ^<Q~=# ^~}
t# ^# ~O = K xO"_ Qx +~ = Z@=O\ J^# OH ^#O H^.
JO` =O^#fl ~ "# q^#OH<fl +~ " \# ~ "# q^#=H<fl ZO` "~Q #^<k
+O . "^\ Q q t# =~Q =kO K\xfl (HO\ Kankut) ^ H O< ql OK@O
(Ghallabhakshi or batai) =O\ "\x +~ H#yOK^ . S` H` H~O t# =kO K \xH
J#eOKx Hxfl O` Wk J= LO_k. ~O_=k, ~` `# O_OK O@ ZO`
#flQ KeO K<k XH JOK< LO_k. O@ q, O_OK O@ q=~, KeO K=# t "^Q
q=~` _# XH \ (Patta) J< Ò ~ ` W=fi_k. ^xx ~ ` q=iOz, ~ ` ^xx
JOwHiOz#@ HO #fl KeO K#@ H|e` (Qubuliet) J< Ò O`HO ^ "e =^
fH<"~. =_=k +~ `= Z@=O\ J^# = K=x g WK"_. Jqhux
177
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JiH@@Q# H`^~ =i t= JkH~ (Collectors) "`< _ x~~ OK|_#q.

^ [< s` +~ ~ ` OH = O J`=H q+OQ iQ}OK_. ~` Xu_K
Jk "i = î fO^x +~ `K_. ''Ô XHi tk", x~#+"`, Jk =~
=O H"O> K HO _ Òk. P qÔ Q H~ =, J<=$+ =O\ = ~ `
`fi" ^# O, = =y JO^*k. Q +~` < xfl ~` O@# ^fi OO K =^x ,
XH" P qÔ Q [iy#@~` "iH "O@< i~q"fix ^ P[# *s K_.
S` +~ ~ "# q^#O ` xiQ JO` =O^ q^#O H<fl "~Q # ^ J~#\H JO^
Hxfl H ^ . =^ ~HO =i <~H O = QK ~` "iH O_# O@
JkH QO tQ KeO K= ~Q L`= ~HO = Q K ~ ` ` = "\ KeOK"~.
JO`QH ~ ` KeO K=# t `n \ H (Ray) J<H ~ K POQ q_^k. nO`
#fl = K @O L^Q H+= =fi_"QH ~ ` K W|O^ _= =Kk.
+~ ~ "# q^#O JH~ ~ "# q^<xH ==x JO\~. S` JH~ ~ "# q^#O
+~ ~ "# q^< O H<fl Jxfl q^ JO> H`, =sH~ }
, `fi "\, "^# JO ZO`
O (Scientific)Q `|Ô(ration)Q LOk. ZO` "~Q#k. "\ Hxfl D HO^
L^ iOK|_#q. 1. +~ HO qx H=_xH x# <~`_# L yOK"~. Jk "`=~}
i` # |\ =~` LO_k. JH~ HO ^xH |^Q "^ ~ OQ W#iOQ `yeOz#
H =O < fi=O#
`<[s (tanab-jarib) J< ^# OQ "_"~. 2. +~ = =sH~ }
|\ L`= , =^ =, < J< q^Q [iQk. S` JH~ HO =sH~ }
q Q K# HO#
_ iQ}#H fx * (Polaj) ~ \ (Parati) KK~ (Chachar) |O[~ (Banjar) J< q^Q
[iQk. nO` Jxfl ~H =, `fixH KeOKe# "\ Jxfl~H = =#OQ
LO_k.
`# q =[O# ~ ~z , ~ # ##OkOK@ +~ ^ # O# U~@ K_.
fi= < |#`# J~O K Hx# +~ J Ln< =kiQ< <~ Q x H x=H
K> # . `# ` H Jn#O +~ ^~} < xfl +OK_. u x _x Q}Q}# ijeOz#
`~fi` xqOK"_. ~H (ÔQ) x# x~kOKO^ u x_H `# q=~` _#
JkH~ Ò (K Chehra) LO_k. <~H O Q~# =Oz Q~` =i_ K O_ x~kOKO^
u Q~xH ^Q (dagh) J< =[ zflO ""~. W^ û x JLn< db J#iOz#@ g
QiO_ LO@Ok. XH H="# ==k #O [~# fH#@"QH XH xi+" # `xv _
x~fiOK|_k. x r` ^# ~O KeO K|_>QH "\x +~ fiOQ x~~OK"_.
J~` x *w~Q W<OQ W=fi_O _ J#"~fQ LO_k. *w~s q^#Ox Hxfl
~+" # q^<# =i"_. S` nxH ~ # P^~O ^. +~ xH O~}# =iO`
OiOz, Ja=$k K JH~ H#yOK_. +~ =HQ ` #O H 50 " =Ok JtfiH Ô
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
178
(cavatry), 25 " =Ok û Ô (infartry), 5 " Q[ |O, XH ~ (park) `fl Ô

(Artillery) LO_q. # O JtfiH^ xH J`kH ^#` LO_k. ~[^x ^~} # O`@Q
+~ qq^ HH O` x H =~# U~@K_. nO`@ * ^~ P^fi ~O |"#
~HH ^ _ LO_q.
=[O Ou ^` ~ "H} Q# +~ XH =~= O`" # b ==# U~@K_.
ÔQ, ^_^ ~, #fl ZQ" # , `fi L`~ fi# LO Oz# [qO^~ @ +~ Hi# OQ
==iOK"_. <~ xH JkH~ ^ K q^#O J= LOk. JO> <~#
@H_xH, ÔyeOK|_# `# uiy OkOK\xH Q=kHi (Muqaddam) =i [qO^~#
^ K"~. "~ P qÔ Q <~ # @H#H ` ÔQ qkOK tH "iH qkOK"~.
+~ HO <\ XH Ki`H~_ W J<fl_ . ''|#"# XH =e ` O `# <u# |@xO_
|OQ~ P~ }
` Z@=O\ Ô
O O_ }O K Q iu LOk. ZO^HO>, +~
qkOK Hi# tH ^_z U ÔQ _ P" ^Q~ ~QeQ "_ H^.
+~ Yz`" # , xH `" # < ##OkOK_. <~ =~ < , ^# =O`< `fi=~O
"~< , `# |O^ =< , `# `Q" ~< "ix HK H Hi# OQ tHO K_#_xH J<H P^~<fl~.
~[^x =Y Mr ^ ^~` @ qq^ O` <# HO J<H= Ok Mr (Qazi)
# xqOK_. xH" # q, Hq# H # Q= OK~f i+iOKq.
+~ "~, "}[O# ÒK ^= (Currency), OH (tarif) O~}# " \_ .
+~ JkH~O K\ # _ H~ h q=_ ~ LOk. <_ qq^ <}O =^ ~" # x+u
^ . JO` =O^ "# <}O _ K=} L#flq. q= _ ~# H~ h #O
J`_ UHH$ ` q= Qey# |OQ~, "O_, ~y <}=# ^ OY q_^ K_. +~ `~fi`
`@ "Q HO#, `~fi` 1835 O=`~O =~ DO _ HOh HO K=}
##fl +~ "\# "O_ ~~ <}O (~) K =# J`x #` J~==Òk.
=["Ò XH H="# UHH$ ` `H, H` q^#O# " \x uflOK_. `#
=` =[O ~ H=O ~O_ ^ 1. `~# HQe (Sikrigali) 2. _=~
O^ #k =^ =`" OHO = K |_k. ~ ^~ "O@, Qe, | H@ =^Q x, @}
Qx
=~_< Qx OH = K @ J#=uOK|_^ .
`# ~[O =K~ == Ja=$kH +~ ZO` ^ H#|~K_. J@ "~ "}[O#
ÒK@ W@ x H ~H}
~OQxH Wk L Q_ O k. Ô x J<H =Y O`xflO\h
|O_" # ~ î ==` He_. J`_ "# <Q =Y ~ ^~ "^\ k W\H xz
L#fl 'QO_ @OH ~_ (Grand Trunk Road)Q =|_ OQx <~Q" (Sonargoan) #O_
PQ, _b , ~ g^Q O^ #k =~ " |_# ~î. ~ O_=k PQ #O_ *^ ~, z`~#
Q[~`x F_~ =# <~ Q He ~ î. =_=k t= ^ =^ P " "~
179
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
= (Caravans) =< #O_ | ^~` ~ H|\ ~ #O_ < " |_# ~ î.
<=k PQ #O_ =O_ (Mandu) =~ " |_# ~ î.
* OH = xH +~ K\ # H~H= =MOO u |K
\xH L Q_
` (~) x~}O. JO` =O^ g\ QiOz# Z= ^, }oH " ^ . +~ =[O
"Ò =~ 1,700 ~ H\ OK_. D ~ K@ Q=# xiOz, D ~
x~fi} Y~ HO` qx _ H \~OK_. u ~H x~fi}kHi + fl (Shahna)`
@ J<H =Ok H^~ LO_"~. =K~O# XH K\ #O_ =~H K\H K~"
@O D
~ =Y `< +OK~. Jq _HKH (Dak chowkis) (` _ )Q# "~ H OÔQ#
L Q_ # q. ~[ O|O^ ` WH_ LOK|_k. `~fi` HO D ~ K@ Y
"e~. =~H "}* ^ Z`# [iQO^ Wq `__<~.
(Qashabas) J#|_ =~H @}
+~# `~K Q JH~ =~^ ~ _Q ~#@O [~QÒk. J`_ " \# O~},
PiH O~}, xH O~} JH~ =Q xeK~. J~` JH~ O^ =O
" H ` kQ XH #`# HxH <Ok eH_. +~ =` ^$HÔ iq`" # k =`". J`_
Z@=O\ #`# L^~ q^<# ~OaOK^ . O^= #O_ ll #fl = K @O
H#yOK_. UkU"< +~ kOz# #` ` "qH^. H =O S^ O=`~ fi ==k
Q Q O~}# J=[i =[O# \ + " # XH KHx i< ==# JOkOK_.
~OO
|~ ~`^ PQ=#O Z<fl q^Q =Y`# OkOk. JO`QH J`_ "@" ^\
"Q =O _ QH Jd ~` =[=# <Ok eH_. |~ ~`^ = XH #`#
^ Ò`=# iK O K_. `= ^ =# L yOz |~ _, ~[`
K# Ô q[# O^_. J\ #O_ ~`^ O ` fl^ O, `H=O^, JtfiH^ O
~`^ O K~OxH =K~. |~ PQ=#O ~` ^xH XH #`# ~[H ~ ` #
WzOk. |~ ~`^ O <QH, ~`^ O " Q_ ~A <xfl u~ iOK_. J`_ Yb`
(Caliphate) QiO HO uflOK_. `# `# '^Q H\ OK<fl_. |~ ^$HÔ
=YOQ KC H^y#k J`xH =`, Ô`~ =_ O H =_O. |~ q^=O`_QH fiOQ
=Oz ~K~`. J`x =Y QO^"# 'ÀHW|s O^< J`xHQ JaO#
q=iO k. "Q ~H XH #`# =i O#fl" # O $uH HxH <Ok eH#k. |~
JOkOz# ~[H , PiH ^` XH H= O`" # "Q ~[O U~_\xH LHiOzOk. ~ =O
_# +~ i< q^#O# ZO` H$+ K_. J`_ =[O# H= OÒ K Z<fl
J^~}, #`# ^` # " \_ . +~ JkH~hfl KH=i Ku HOnH$`= qÔ Q XH
HOnH$` i< ==# "\_. J`x J[=~+ J<H H~^~ qq^ Y#
~ "HO KK J`x P[# J= _` xK "~x Òk. ~*xfl +~ '*u ^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
180
'~~ (+H)Q ~Q }
Q ql OK_. iQ} i< x~fi}, #fl = K@
W^~ L^QO_"~. D L^Q XHi JkH~ =~H~ x ""~.
+~ "\# qt q^#O K k KOkOk. J\H J=##fl =~Q
q q~ O x~~ Oz t = K û H fi K +~ <~`_` qx HeK q^<xfl
" \_ . qx =_ `~Q ` Q ql Oz =_O\ Q@
Lù =_= =O`# ( `fi
"\) q tQ x~~ OK_. nxH XH \ H (ray) Q_ ` ~K |_Ok. \ =i H|e`
= ~ ` `= KeO K=# #fl QiOz J=Q# U~_Ok. g\ J<H ^` # `~fi`
JH~ Hxfl =~` J=K_.
+~ "_Hx ^Q (dagh) =i K (Chehra) ^` # #~î OK_. x H x=HO
_ H OnH$`" O k. HH < xH =~ U~@K |_#q. +~ =~= O`" # b
==# _ <H_. J`_ ^_ ÔQ =i u~Q@^~` K Hi# OQ ==iOK_.
`# ~*xfl J`_ O~H` O Q K_.
+~ ^= (Currency) =i OH (tariff) O~} K\ _ . nx= "~O Ò
OkOk. q= _ ~# H~ hx #gHO z, |OQ~O, "O_, ~y <}=# =kOK_. `H,
H`# _ =}HO K\xH uflOK_. #fl, OH qkOK q^#O _
sHiOK|_Ok.
* # +~ JÒ` ^ H#|iK_. J`_ Z<fl ` H\ O K_. =[ ~[^x`
Jxfl ~ ^~# He +~ =K~ ==# Ja=$k ~K _. P ~^~ <\ Hh "_H ##flq.
JO
100 =@ ["| "=:
1. ||~ ^ ^` |~ " \# #`# ^` Uq?
2. =Ò |~ JaO Uq? ~} OQx J`_ K# ^=# 'r^Q
ZO^ ~<fl_ ?
3. =~H "}[O# ÒK@ +~ K\ # K~ Uq?
4. +~ K# x H O~} Uq?
2. |~ ~`^ PQ=# ~[H =O Z\k ?
3. |~ ~`^ Ô_ ` ~`^ Ki` #`# ^ NH~O K\O ^< q+xfl
L^~}` q=iOK=.
4. +~ q t q^# ##, D q^#O +~ JH~ ZO`=~ =~~ ^ _ _.
5. ~A JkH~# ` HOQ q=i +~ i#x H O^ OÒQO# =iOK=.
181
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
D q^#O +~ "~ HO ZO^ q "O k?
J^# =K~O
'ÀH |s Q Ki`H q=Q QOÔ . rq` Ki` ~O "|_# D QOÔ ,
|~ =H`fiO# O^< J`xHQ JaO# q=iOk. D QOÔ "^@ ì +
"|_ `~fi` i < +H J#=kOK|_#k. |~ `# ij## "\xH ~ " # , \ #
e x "__.
J`_ O^< x [O`=, K@, \ H # _ |~ WK_. S` O^<
[ QiOz J`_ ZO` x~Ò# Q~ _. J`x JaO H~O "i ^ } HeOK=.
JO`QH "_, ^= ^~}OQ LOk. |~ ^$+ JxflO\H< fl ~`^ ` H PH~ } ^x iO^ .
P# W "_.
''O^< =Y"# #` U=#Q Jk K q"# ^" QH |OQ~, "O_` xO_
LOk.
|~ `# fiÔ = O_, H~ *, ^H =i J<H # QiOz `KHO@
kQ` "_. H|@ |~ 1530 =~}O z#_ J`x =$`^ xfl H| fHx "o `#
qOK =i K@ =^ Y##O K~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
182
36
"Q =[ ~`
36.1.iK O :
WO` =O^ ~O H. 1526 |~ ~`^ O "Q =[ # K_ Jx
g~ K^ =<fl~ . Hx W`_ =*xfl ~ O K H =O^ =~}O K_. W`x "~ _# =<
`# =*xfl |=O`_# `= +~ ~ Ku Q@ <fl_. ~ =[O qz#fl" # `~fi`
=< _b x uiy fin#O K HQeQ_. W`_ =*xfl ~O K H=O^ =$`= W`xx
H|oOzOk. #fl=_# J`x =~_ JH~ =< "~ _< _. D qÔ Q JH~ XH
xi+" # O` x =*xH "~ _< _. D ~O "^\ qQO JH~ `# `=`
ZO` èq`@` ==iOz "Q =*xfl qi O* _ K^ =`~. ~ O_ qQO "Q
=[ q~ }
[Ow~, [< `# QiOz K^ =`~. z=i qQO JH~, [Ow~,
[< "= i^ q^#O =^ P q^<# QiOz K^ =`~.
36.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ Ò\~.
1. JH~ U i` KH=iQ H\ O K|_<_ QOK@
2. ~~ O|OkOz JH~ è^ Z^~x# =# QiOKQ Q@
3. JH~ # "Q =[ è q~ }
# Q OKQ Q@
4. "Q =[ q~ }
[Ow~, [< `# QiOKQ Q@
5. "Q =[ ^` O|OkOz "= q^#O =Y`# `H#@
6. JH~, [Ow~, [< "= i^ q^#O =i =^ P q^<#
q=iOKQQ@
36.3 JH~ O =i \a +HO :

=< +~~K `~= |_#_ J=~H@ _# ~} q~(virsal) =^ P O
183
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
Ok#@ Q~O _ LO@Ok. H. 1542 JH|~ JH~ WH_ [xOK_. `# `^ "O ^<
"~ Ki#_ =< kx u L<fl_, D H~xfl P#OÔQ Q__xH `#=^
Ugx =< `# =~x Hi u+, Mu O K=O` H i i=O "OKx
i XH z#fl H i LO_# Q H\ `# J#K~ OK_.
O JH~ K^= _O, "_O Z= ^ K"_ H^. Hx Q]fis, Y_ K#O
PHx K"_. `fi~ < J`_ x}_# ^ _Q ` ~ _. JH~, x H ta~O =<
_Q LO_"_. JH~ `# ~OM<` HO^~ ~x "O\_` L#flC_
H#~(O*) =^ `# Ò_ # =< =~}"~# q<fl_ . ~ OM< `H}
K~ # fHx
13 O=`~ JH~# KH=iQ H\ OK_. `# `< J`xH O~__. xi+ iH
OÒx =*xH "~ _# O^= O<~} =O JH~ u JxtÒQ LOk.
O<#flk~ Oz# JH~ Z<fl =#, H# Z^~#= =zOk. "^\ k +~~
"~ ~`^ O #O_ "Q# ìq "_xH f=OQ H$+ K LO_"~. HO^~ ~
O* <xfl =~Hx JH~# Z^~#_xH ÔQ L<fl_. ~O_=k Pk (K#~
#O_ OQ i^ =~ Q O`xfl Pn#O K Hxfl +~~ "#_ ) =Ou J~# =
_b =i PQ# fin#O K Hx L<fl_ . =_=k O*, _b # PHqOKx L|@ _ `
L#fl J`x ^k J~# g~ H" Pn#O H| OÒ LOk. <=k, #fiÒÒ Ok#
~[` ^xx =^H=_xH Ô Q ~ . S^=k Q[~` =fi D iu x P~Q fHx
`= fiÒ`xfl H\ O K<fl~. "~ WO` =O^ =< Ku F_~# ". P~"
^~ ^H}
~` i "Q KH=iH Z\ ^#`# W=fi@O ^ . g\H `_ qq^ *`
q=O J~# ~~ qfixfl O^@O JH~ JO`~` O Q Z^~O@#fl JuH+ =.
13 O=`~ _H W@=O\ H+ iu x Z^~=_O Hi# H~O. U^"< JH~ `#
^~ O, =~` ` D u x Z^~=_xH x~~OK<fl_ . J`xH `# qfi `_# O~ _#
~ "M< O~ =^` aOzOk.
~ O_= x@ Ô (H. 1556) :

JH~ O<xfl ZH =O O* HO ^~ ~x "O\_`#fl q+O g Q~O _
LO@Ok. JH~ [O^~ x H ta~O L#fl _ = _b , PQ# [~Oz# "~ J`xH KiOk.
= # O "Q # O HO> K ^^ # \H ~ OM< _b PQ# fin#O KH=_xH
x~~OK<fl_.
H. 1558 #=O|~ JH~ = # O Ki``H ^ H `" # x\ =^ _H<fl~.
= [~OK iu L#fl _ ZH_#OK Qi ` =z# }O ^ Qux =i"O k. P }O
= HO\ QKHx J`xH $ O_ KO k. J`x # O `# <_ =~}O K_#Hx
O`, KK^~ Jxfl k i~. "Q x i`#fl = x#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
184
"O\_~. z=~ = "QK OiOK|__. DqÔ Q ~ O_=(x@) Ô "Q

q[xflzOk. q*` # "Q _b PQ# PHqOK~. D Ô "Q ~ = u+ #,
Hx W#=_OK O k. | \^~# = J_ `y# `~fi` "=\ =^ u~Q@ KO^
^H " # fl = J#Oîh JH~ J}z"_. WH_#O_ W`_ J~ O^# HQ\,
^xx _b PQ Hx~. Wk J`x PiH u x "~QizOk.
36.Z ~ fl
1. JH~ [xOz#_ =< L#fl i` q?
2. JH~ ZC_, ZH_ KH=iQ O#"H_?
3. JH~ L#fl =O\? U"< ~ O_ =# ~#O_.
4. ~ O_= x\ ^ e `" q?
36.4 ~~ ` ~@O, ~ OM< `# =Q@ :

H. 1556 1560 =~ <Q O=`~ JH~ O~ _# ~ OM< =[ ==~
Pk` O =OK_. ~ O_= x\ Ô J`_ ^ # `# +OK_. J`_ =*xfl
# O K_" HO_, = |O^ = u~Q@# _ J}z" HO ^~ ~ JH~ ~fi =`fixfl
JOwHiOK@@ K_. fin#O KHx# O`, Ou ^`# <H_. JH~ HO
*< ~ Qfie~, Jr~# [~OK_. =~ q[ ~ OM<x ^~ OHiQ =~~. nx`@
~ OM< '+ Y KOk#"_ H=@O` 'hfl Y KOk# P# b#(~~ ) J`_ `#
=~O "ix Ja=$kH `K K#fl@ qOK~. "~ W`xH q~Ô Q @ #fl_O ~OaOK~.
JH~ `# ~[ ==~# fiOQ KH @HQ =_< _. i## iQ `#
KuH fH"x Ja+OK_. J`_ Pw #O_ _b H Ki H~xfl `# fin#O K =H
` " =x H~` _b #O_ ~ OM< Y "_. =H " O^ `fl K H<O^
~ OM< ~ O^ |^~_. Hx W`~ ~~ #O_ x~O`~" # Xu_, J==#O W`xx JH~
u~Q@ KO^ ~OK~. Hx P~< `~fi` J`_ |OkOK|_ JH~ Z^@ [~
~K | __ . ~ OM< =# ^$+ LOKHx JH~ J`xx HqOK@" HO_ P#O L^QO
K _" , =H " _" ^xx W+ _ `_ K=x tflOK_. ~OM< ~[` ~[O, Q[~`
QO_ =H " _xfl ZOK<fl_ . S` J`_ =~H J< XH P< ~ < Ku KO|__.
JH~ W`x =~}xfl QiOz ZO` ^dOK_. J`_ x~^ u L#fl ~OM< @Oxfl
"#H eOK_. P @OxH JH~ ^ "#xfl q^Q O K_. W`_ ~OM<
=~_# J| ~ O M<WM#< (khan-i-khanan) a~^# |HiOK_.
185
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=O JOQ (Maham Anga) =i P" |O^ = #O_ fiK :

~ OM< `# O `~fi` =O PQ (JH~ O_è) =i P" |O^ = H= O`Q
ZkQ~. P" =~_# PÔM< J`~ _ J`#fl` <xH ZQ^=h P_ _ . PÔM<
hK`fi O ^ #=Oux =kOK ~H KiOk. JH~ P^#fl#iOz PÔM<x ~[= #O H C #O_
_ ^~. J`_ `H}
" =~}O K_. D ~ì}=xH q ~# =O PQ Hk~A `~fi`
=~}O zOk. P qÔ Q JH~ qq^ =~ @, Ò` #O_ |@__ . S` WOH Hxfl
=j"# =~ qy L<fl~.
L*H, g~ J}z"` :
P< # J}Q^H_O L*H ^ #` +OK~. "~ `~ L`~ ^ , c~, =fi
L#fl` < LO_"~. ~ OM< u~Q@ =O "~ XH |"# =~O Q ~k^ <fl~ .
H. 1561 1567 =^ g~ ~ u~Q@ K~. Hx JH~ "\x J}z"_.
"~ 1565 =~ u~Q@ K~. DQ ` L`~ ^ OÒ g~ _ u~Q@
K~. L*H JH~ #Ò_ =~_ (`=_) H| Q=~fl~# g~ H" x `= i_Q
H\ OK~. L*H# J}Q^H=#< ^$_ xO` JH~ *<~ K~<fl_. Hx g~
H" O* =~ ~QqOK_x q#fl JH~ "#kiQ_. =fi, `~fi` Q[~` i~#
g~ H"# W`_ F_OK_. g~ H"` ==~O i J~# `~"` "#uiy *<~
K~<fl_. H. 1567 L*H# iQ J}z"_. D Ô JkH OM L*H
OiOK|_~ . D qÔ Q JH~ H k#k<a=$k KOkOk.
36.a. ~ fl
1. ~ OM<x =keOKH"x JH~ ZO^ J#<fl_ ?
2. P<^Q ~ OM< ZO^ =u~HOQ LO_"~?
3. ~ OM< ZO^ u~Q@ K_?
4. PÔM< ^ #=Oux ZO^ =kOK_?
5. L*H Z=ix `= xQ QiOK~?
36.5 "Q =[ q~ }
:
~ OM< O~ _Q L#fl =O _b , PQ` @ *< ~, Qfie~ =i Jr~
_ [~OK|_<~. =[ HOH~ _# JH~ XH ^H O H~O =*xfl qi OK |$`
H~xfl K\ _ . ^= OQ W`_ L`~ ~`^ xfl `# fin#OH `K <fl_ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
186
=fi (H. 1560 1562) :

=fi i_# * |^~ XH P< *u"_. W`_ Ow`, ` _.
*|^~, ~} ~=u =H^ | K~O O^~. ~} ~=u `# O^~xH
=`" HH `# Ow` ` < }xH _ Mu KOk#k. P HO (=fi ~[^x #)
=O_ XHQ Ow` HHOÔ * |^~, i# @ ^ KH =_O = ~[O |#"O k.
D iu x J=HOQ fHx JH~ =fi# fin#O K H=_xH PÔM< =i ~ ==^
<H`fi O < xfl O_. = [~OK|_, i# ~ ==^ Pn#OH =zOk. Hx
HO`HO `~fi` * |^~ =fi# uiy PHqOK_. H. 1562 =fi# # fin#O
K H=_xH JH~ =iH < xfl O_. J#uHO< * |^~ JH~ Oy_.
JH~ =fi# "Q =[O He" , B^~O` * |^~ XH =# ^q x WK_.
QO_fi< kyfi[ ` (H. 1564) :

~} ^~=u QO_fi< i~. P" `# #fl=_# g~<~} O~ ~.
PM < <H`fi O "Q # O QO_fi< ^_K O k. ~} ^~ OQ "Q < xfl Z^~Ok.
~} F@q ^^ x~
" ~#_ J==<xfl @|_\xfl ` OK<O^ `## `# Hu`
_KHx =~}OzOk. D qÔQ "Q QO_fi<# PHqOz J~ ^#~# _
=~K<fl_.
~[` ~* :
JH~ =*"k, ^~^$ + Q _. J`_ ~[` H~ x^ ~`^ O
"Q =*xfl ~ O K _O H+ ^ =x Q OK_. H=# W`_ ~[`` fl O|O^#
U~~K H< q^<xfl J=OaOK_. g~ "~H ~O JH~ ~[` q^<xfl Qi q=~OQ
K^ =`~. WH_ ~[` ~* QiOz OHO Q ÒÔ.
H. 1562 JO|~` fl O :
JO|~ ~*# ~* ~= (Rajabharamal) `# `=` Ô K K J_.
W`_ JH~ Jr~x +H =~xn< z+ ^~ fl f~
` =z#_ J`xx He_. H. 1562
[#=i W`_ JH~ ~fi=`fixfl JOwHiOz `# =~# JH~Hz q"O [iOK_. JH~
~=, J`x =~_ Q"<^, WOH J`x =#=_# ~*=<OQ `# P#O
L^QeK_.
z`~# fin# ~K H#@ (H. 156768 =i 1576)

J<H H~} = JH~ z`~# [~OKx ^$_O Q x~OK<fl_ . `## KH=iQ
JOwHiOKx ~}L^ OQ JH~ (x H) Ô_ ` K~OK_. ~} L^ OQ `# qfi`#
187
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
<` *= (Jaimal) =i \ (patta) # JH~ < xfl Z^~#_xH qxyOK_. ~[`

`= < P^fi ~O |OQ "Q < # Z^~#fl \H z`~# H~.
~} L^ OQ "~ _ ~} Ò _. W`_ "Q` ~\xfl H#yOK_.
H. 1576 "Q # O M` b \(Haldighati)Ô ~}`x F_Oz#q. Hh ~}
Hk =Ok J#K~ ` ` OK<fl_ . H. 1590 J`_ =~}OK =xH z`~, =O_ ~
=i Jr~ ` qye# ~[=O` uiy fin#O K <fl_ . W`x =~_# Jg~O Q K D
~@O H#yOK|_Ok.
~}Ô ~ q[` (H. 1568)

z`~# [~Oz# J#O`~O ~}Ô ~# H q#O K @ JH~ XH Ô_ ` K_.
~}Ô ~ _# ~*~< ~ (Raja Surjan Rai) i ~@O K O_< Oy_. P
qÔ Q "Q ~}Ô ~# PHqOK~.
HeO[~ fin#O (H. 1569)

z`~ =i ~}Ô ~ q[O = JH~ u+ W#=_OzOk. W`_ HeO[~x [~OK\xH
< xfl O_. P =O HeO[~, ~[~=KO^~ Pn#O =#flk. ~=KO^~ z`~, ~}Ô ~
q +` QiOz J=Q# L#fl"_# O^# <==` u @#xz H. 1569 HeO[~# fin#O
K_. HeO[~ "Q=[O K~|_Q ~*H J^ ^Q~ XH *w~# WK~.
=~fi~ JyO` (H. 1579)

*^ ~ _# ~* =" (Maldeo) =~}#O`~O KO^< i_< _. W`_ "Q
Pk` O u~Q@ K Q *^ ~ ~[O JH~` q" O|OÔ <H#fl W`_ ^~_
LÔQ JyOK|_Ok. aHh~, *b~ ~* Q_ JH~` fl O|O^
U~~K <fl~ . D qÔ Q H. 1570 z=i<\H ""_ ` qye# ~[` ~*=O` JH~
~fi=`fixfl JOwHiOK= =zOk.
Q[~`x [~OK@ (H. 1572 1573)

=~fi~# fin#O K Hx# `~ "` JH~ ==, ~=O`= =i "~~ O Q
K =Y"# Q[~` " ^$+ =~_. H. 1572 Q[~` kyfi[ ` `# <xfl
#_O K_. Q*~` _# =[~ `H}
" JH~ ~fi=`fixfl JOwHiOK_. JH~ "#kiy
"o# `~ "` =[~ fiÒ`xfl H\ OK_.
=~\ O=`~O JH~ =[~ # [~Oz Q[~`# "Q =[O H<fl_ .
D q[xH $u zflOQ JH~ HH '` ~ HQ <=H~}O K_. J`_ JH_ =Y ^fi~xfl
_ xiOK_. Wk |O^ ^~fi*Q Mu QOzOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
188
OQ, c~# [~OK@ (H. 157476)

OQ =i c~ i_ H. 1572 JH~# ~fi=_Q JOwHiOK_. J`x
=~}O `~fi` J`x =~_# ^=^ fiÒÒ H\ O K<fl_ . JH~ =~Hi ^xx PHqOz
`# =~ < ku =<~"M< (Munaim khan) Pn#O LOK_. =<~"M< =~}#O`~O
^=^ u~Q@ K_. Di JH~ J`xx F_Oz OQ c~# "Q =[O He" _.
^=^ OiOK|__ . DqÔ Q JH~ z@z=i P< ~*xfl q[=OÒQ ~=_.
36.. ~ fl
1. JH~ [~Oz# ~ O_ L`~ ~ Uq?
2. =fi |# i# H~}"k?
3. ""_# [~OK_xH H~}Q h= "\ x K`=?
4. JH~` "" H O|O^# <H#fl ~[` ~* ieî x ~#=.
36.6 [Ow~ =i [< <HO =[ q~ }

:
[Ow~ O =i O#=k+O K@O :
JH~ bO, =~^, _x J< =Q~ =~ LO_Q, "i =~^, _x
JH~ rq` HO< H#fl=~. H|\ (1605) JH~ =~}#O`~O J`x =~_# ==^
bO '#~n< [Ow~ a~^` O<xfl Jk+O K_.
==^ bO H. 1569 [xOK_. J| ~ " =O\ =~ # Q~= W`xH @s,
i <, J~aH, On, Q}` O , Ki` "^Q "\x kOK~. bO H ` HOz z`H
g}xfl OkOK_. 12 O=`~= =< W`_ ^ <fl_ . bO Z<fl~
u~Q@ K< z=~ W`_ KH=i J_.
u~Q@ J}z"`, =[ q~ }
:
JH~ ""_ (Mewar) # `# O~ Pk` xfl <HH ~# q+ xfl Q~ `K HO_.
~}`H J`x =~_# J=~O Q "~ _< _. W`_ "Q` `# ~\xfl H#yOK_.
[Ow~ ""_ Z<fl Ô_ ` K_. Hx q[xfl kOKH ~<_. 1615 [Ow~
J=~O Q L#fl Jxfl =#~# ^fi OO K J`_ OkH =K@@ Xu_ K_. "Q ~[`
q^<xfl J#iOz [Ow~ J=~O Q` Q~=^" # =~O ==iOK_.
O*x HOQ J^ "# ^~O Q iQ}O K|_k. J\ =~ _b < Hh, "Q
Hx ^xx [OKH ~<~. [Ow~ HOQ ^~xfl [~OK_xH `# =~_# Y~"x
xqOK_. J`_ Z<fl < =@_ `~fi` HOQ ^~xfl fin#O K H<fl_.
189
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
"Q ~[H #~ < =O :

H. 1611 [Ow~ "~hfl J< (O^~ ~t #) qÒ`=# q"O K <fl_.
P" '#~= J< a~^# WK_. HH=O Wk ''#~[<Q =iOk. D" O^~ O`
@ =Oz |k `, j Q}H Qk. HO`=Ok O_` JaO H~O #~<
i< ==~ H jHOQ <k . `# "xfl OOkOK<O^ D" `# Ò_ #
S`^^ (Itmaduddaula) =i ^~# W`^M<(Itmadkhan)PM<(Asafkhan)
L#fl`^QezOk. D" `# =~ J~# _ Q" # (Ladli Begum)[Ow~ =~Oî
z#fl ~=~_# +i~ (Shariyar)` q"O KO k. D" [Ow~x xOuOz =[Ox
Jxfl ~[H O @## <~ ` x~fiOKQe y# ''#~ < AO~ J< =xfl U~@ KO k.
nx e ÒQ P#O #~ < =~ , P" ` ~ J< ~ O_ =~ J=ìOK~. ~O^
~=~_ Y~" (`~fi` [<) _ D" =~O < LO_"_. Hx =iH O_` =~O
'#~ < O^, H #`# s`# " > x x=Qfl" LO_Q [Ow~ =*xH
H j Jk<` J~ LO_=K#x q~ . #~ < [Ow~H Ki J~#\H J`_ P"
P^~_ " _ H^. J#O`~ O=`~ ~=~_ Y~" K# u~Q@ J`x =HQ ` J`
e Ò. [Ow~H g\x QiOz i i*#O LO_k. Y~" `=_# +i J`x J`#
J^ K x `K"_.
H. 1622 i _# J HO^ ~# PHqOK_. Ô_ ` <H`fixfl
=Oz HO^ ~# #~HqOK =#kQ Y~" x P^tOK~. Hx JkH~ ~ xH ^~OQ
" _O W+O x Y~" `# ^~ i` HiH f~x^ `# HO^ ~ " #x x~HiOK_. D
HiH # = ~fik` =, O* xO`} "^# q L#flq.
Y~" u~Q@ :
H^" _# [Ow~ (`# =~_# ) Y~" x `# # O` `# =O^ [~ H=OkQ
P*O K_. D i` xfl`` fixfl J~O K Hx# Y~" u~Q@ K_. J`_ ~* HQ~xfl
fin# ~K Hx PQ" ~QqOK_. ~=~_ ~fi* =i < ku =|` M< J`xx
_b gO x=iOz, ^H}
xH " @@ |=OÒ K~. ^H}
xH K~ Hx# "O@< Y~" =m
u~Q@ K_. Di J`_ `~Q =O^ #_z OQ, c~# PHqOK_. Hx =|`M<
W`xx [~OK_. D u~Q@ =~Q <Q O=`~ yOk. nx e ÒQ "Q
HO^ ~x H~. =i Z<fl ^H}
k ~* `= fiÒ`xfl H\ O K~. H. 1625
Y~" Oy~ `# =~# ^~ =i B~OQ*| # [Ow~ |OnQ JyOK_.
=|`M< u~Q@ :
=|`M< XH =~_ # <u Jx g Q~O _ LO@Ok. Y~" ~=~_ u~Q@
K# _ W`_ ^ # ` +OK_. J`_ `# |xfl OKO@ L#flO^ =# Hxfl =~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
190
"~ W`xH =u~HOQ @ K _O "^ \~ . P#O `# =YO# ~=x =|`M<x

[Ow~ P^tOK_. ~ =# ^$+ LOKHx# =|`M< H. 1626 u~Q@
K_. =|`M<, H| " `#fl [Ow~, #~ <# rO#k ^Q~ |OkOK_. Hx P~<
#~ < `# OÒQO` =|`M< |O^ #O_ |@ =zOk. P" J`x =^` ^~#
=Okx `# Pn#OH `K#flk. eÒQ =|`M< QÒ`~O H ~H i=
=zOk. `^ W`_ Oy~ H= aH# JiOK_. [Ow~ J`xx Hq OK_. `^# O`~O W`_
O^ "o, Y~" q``fixfl OkOK_. Wk [Ow~ XH #`# =# `z\O k.
36. _ ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[Ow~ JH~ ~[` q^<xfl H#yOK_x KO^ XH L^~}# W=fiO_.

"Q P#O #~ < `# QiOz O_` U=x q~ ?
HO^ ~# Q@H#_xH H~}"q?
~[H ~OQO #~ < | e `q?
Y~" ~=~x u~Q@ H~}"k?
36.7 [< O =i O<~}O :

Y~" [Ow~ =_= =~_. W`_ 1592 ~ [xOK_. W`_ =~_,
=i "^q. W`_ L#fl` q^=O`_ HH Q ^ _. H. 1606 [Ow~ Y ~=~x
u~Q@# J}KO^ " =O =[ ==~# KO^ XH =O_e(Council)U~@
K_. Y~" ~=~_ nxH Jku. W`_ i< q^# q[=OÒQ x~fiiOK_.
Y~" (#~ < ^~ _ PM < =~ J~#) J~= <(=O`* =)x q"O K <fl_ .
W`x u~Q@# QiOz g~ Wk=~H Kk"~.
O#O HO Y~O ~@O :

H. 1627 [Ow~ =~}O K_. P =O Y~" ^H}
Ô L<fl_. ~=~_#
Y, ~ fi* JO` H`" =~}O K~. Y~" ~[^x x =xfl J=HOQ fHx#
#~ < [Ow~ z=i =~_# (`# J_# ) i~# KH=iQ H\ O zOk. =~" # PM <
(`# J_# ) ^H}
Ô L#fl Y~" x eOK_. PM < ~ =^ +i~x F_Oz J`xx
JO^ } K_. H. 1628 [#=i Y~" ^H}
Ô #O_ =K_. W`_ |n<(Shah-bud-din),
==^ [<(Mahammad Shah Jahan) a~^` O<xfl Jk+O K_. PM < `# K#
= ^$+ LOKHx [< J`xx `# =r~ (=Y=Ou)Q xqOK_.
36.8 "Q "=, =^ P q^#O :

~`^ Ki` "= i^ OÒ =Y <xfl PHqO k. D OÒ Z<fl
191
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
H#= L<fl~. D H#= ~`^ O =^ P =^ "~kQ xK K#flq. p#HO

#O_ =~ , PH=}^~ D H#= L y< LO_". "Q _ ~`^ O `=
i## O K_xH D =~O ^fi~< =K~. O#fl" # , ~=O`" # HO^ ~ PiHO Q
=Y"#k. Wk ~`Ô, =^ P =^ =#+, ~ }OK =~=Ô
L#flk. ~w"~ O^ ==Ô Pk` O = LO_@O =# i JO`~` OHO
<HOk. =~ ="= Q@ (=~\) HO^ ~ qHe ~H` " # #O. =H " u
=~O`~O J=@O = _ HO^ ~ =Y H O^=~Ok. nx`@ WH_ Hxfl J= O Q L#fl
yi[# Ò_ LO_q. g~ `= fiÒÒ @ ^~a= #O` f= "" i`" L#flO^= P
O` ZO` =^H~Q LO_"~. "= i^ O`# Ô Q J^[H
`K H#@ D J<QiH `Q # J^ K _O P=H" O k.
"Q "= i^ qÔQ q^#O \< P <(=^ P )x hfl L*H
JkH~O, i < + , hfl P\=< `~+ J< =_ | ~* =^ | =Ò
|\ x~~ OK|_k. L*H =^ P #O_ |~# |+iOK_O = "Q [ `=~.
L*H , g^ W~=~ Y~<(khurasan)x H~`#flO^ =#L*H "i` q^ LO_q.
i^ `Q^ (HO^ ~ ` ) x g^ =i "Q ~ ~O " u K<fl~ . Wk
t=# J\=< `~ + #O_ i<# ~HO KQ, "Q# `"H~ L*H # Z^~# =#
u #O_ |@ _ H ~. "Q _ i < q~Ô Q J\=<, L*H, "Q
` HH " u HO> _ JkH~O =`xH ^<`xK~.
|~ H|x H. 1506, HO^ ~x H. 1522 PHqOz# q+ O g~ Kk"~. S`
D =^ HO i < Wz# H~O "Q g^ =^ fl O^xfl <HeOk.
=< _ i < #O_ x H xfl O^_. S` `~fi` , =<x
HO^ ~ H@# fin#O K =x H~_. =< H|, HO^ ~, ~`^ O x =iHxfl
Q# [~Oz#_ HO^ ~x i < fin#O K #O^ Hq OK=x JiOK_. H|\
> =(Shah tahmasp) < xfl Ô K H.1558 HO^ ~x PHqOK_. J~<~ "i=^
$^ ~fiH O|O^ H#Q~.
JH~ L*H Ô_ ` #O_ "Q =*xfl ~HO KO^, "= i^ ~#
J^ LOKO^ q^<xfl J=OaOz# "@"^\ "Q KH=i. JH~ i<
HO L*H ~*# J|M<` `~K Q =K~xfl WzKH=_ LO_k. H. 157273
J|M< "Q, L*H =^ `~K Q J\=~ L=_ = ~` ~H` ^ O (buffer
state)Q L#fl (Balkh)x,PHqOK_. nxx iQ}#H fHx J|M< "Q` "ux
PH K_. H. 1677 J`_ i Ô_ ` <H`fi O =Oz ^xx + #O_
q_O K=x JH~ ~~O O_. q ^$HÔ Q JH~ W@=O\ =z` =` qK
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
192
q`_ =H H^. Jx g~ `. JO`QO_ ~[H OQ L*H # x=iOKO^ H= O`" #

i<# <H\xH JH~ JH K_ .H|\ JH~ i< + q~ÔQ `HH
hfl " uH L*H # x~HiOK_. H. 1585 J|M< ~`Q |_H <(BadakShan)x
[~OK_. Ô F_# |_H < ~= JH~ P qK_. DqÔ Q JH~ =^ P
==~ `# PHx î OK_.
DQ J\=< `~+ `=(Tahmasp Shah)=~}#O`~O JO` H` `#
==`#fl i "t OK~. J^ =O J|M< Y~<(Khurasan)x PHqOK_. JH~
D ~ O_ K~ # f=OQ YO_ J|M< Y "_. Hxfl +~` # KiOKO^ J`_ `#
uxkx O_. D W~=~ "~ O^+(~fi `#) `= W~=i =^ i^Q K H<@@
XH X_O|_H =K~. `` e ÒQ "Q , |^H}
g^ PHx =^H#= ~Q, L*H
H| HO^ ~ #O_ ^~OQ LO_e =zOk. D X_O|_H "Q O^+ ~fi `
~H}
Q"# i^# WzOk. W_ JH~ HO^ ~x PiOK_O ^fi~ XH
~H}
Q"#
i^# kOK_.
HO^ ~ PH=} (H. 1595) :

i < HO^ ~x H. 1558 PHqOz# OQu g Q~O _ LO@Ok. =`HOQ#,
"}[ ~O Q# ^#` Q HO^ ~x PHqOK O_ H|x [~Oz#O^= [#=O_^x
Q Oz# JH~ HO^ ~# PHqOK_xH P`` __ . H. 1590 i < i # L*H
#O_ ~HO KH=_O x=Qfl_ L#fl@ JH~ H#Q<fl_. D iu x J=HOQ fHx JH~
HO^ ~x PHqOKO^ uflOK_ Hx q _<_. HH" } i _# HO^ ~
Q=~fl~~# =*~ < g~` Ò|O^xfl H#yOKH _. H. 1595 =[~
< g~ `# `# HO^ ~x "Q =OK, "Q H= K~_. JH~ W`xx 5000
=#Q Q~qOz O x *w~Q WK_. `# W`~ = =xy L#flO^=# i <
HO^ ~# #~HqOKO^ Z\ `flO K ^ . Hx "Q, i < =^ O|O^
$^ ~fiHOQ< H#Q~.
JH~ "= q^#O "Q =*xH ^tH [< Hx `zOk, i^
OÒ ^x <xfl =iO` ~H` O KO k. JO`QH "Q u+# OzOk.
HO^ ~x Q@H#@ :
H. 1605 JH~ =~}#O`~O, i< H. 1606 HO^~ XH q`flO
K~. Hx D =@_x QiOz è#@ #\ , [Ow~` fl O|O^xfl H#yOK_.
P# 1611, 1613, 1617 =i 1620 J="# H#H` <Q~ ~~# O_.
[Ow~ i < fl ~fiH Pfi<xfl (`HOz #~< Ò_ i KOk#"_. H#H `#
193
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
i xfl `_x qOz#O^=) JOwHiOK_. HO^ ~# uiy fin#O KH=_xH

`fl K K#fl q+ xfl [Ow~ Q OKH _. H. 1622 HO^ ~x ^_K
[~OK_. `# ~H}
QiOz ^ @x [Ow~ W`~ ^` O|O^xflO\x x~H O K D ^_
Z^~#_xH Ô HH _. S` Y~" ~=~x u~Q@ O @#, [Ow~ J<~QO
O_ LO> D iu KH k^| _k. D qÔ Q HO^~ i < Pk#" ~Ok. H D
K~ "Q i < =^ L#fl fl ~fiH O|O^ ^|u<fl~.
[< HO HO^ ~ PH=} :

"Q =[ ^` =i "= i^ O`xfl =~OQ J^ LOK_O #
HO^~ L#fl =Mxfl [< QiOK_. H=# W`_ HO^~x #~HqOK_xH
x~OK<fl_ . W`_ HO^ ~x uiy fin#O K H<O^ ^`xfl LyOK_. HO^ ~#
e# fl i < Q=~fl~ Pb=~<x (Ali Mardhan) HO^ ~x "Q fin#O K =x J_Q_.
Pb=~< HO^~x "Q =O K\xH x~HiOK_. [< xH ~"# `fl
~OaOK_. nxx K# Pb=~< i < x x H O O=x JiOK_. nxx U^
^~K#Q fHx Pb=~<x |OkOKO^ XH xHkHix OOK_. nx=# Pb=~<
HO^ ~x "Q fin#O K \xH x~~ OK<fl_ . H. 1638 "Q HO^ ~ ^_
K~. Pb=~< Z@=O\ u @# O_ HO^ ~x fin#O K_. [< Pb=~<x J=
^# O^ |=<` L#fl` Q~=O` ` iOK@" QH J`xx O* Q=~fl~Q xqOK_.
[< =@_ :
[< O<xfl Jk+O z#C_ W`_ L*H #O_ xH P# #O_, `Q
#O_ =*xfl ~HOKO^ H$`x__. [< HO^~x WO`H`" [~Oz L#fl
q+ O g `. ` O J`_ L#fl `## J}Q^H= L#flk. xH _#
<[~ ==^ `# =~_# J| Jr* u~Q@# J}Q^H_xH [< xfl
JiOz#_ J`xH D J=HO =zOk. [< =~^ ~=~x P^fi~O Q <xfl
qxyOK_. <[~ ==^ *e K=h, Juxx `# L<uQ =K =x H~=h [h
=~^x P^tOz#\H, =~^ <[~ `# O K~OK_O ` qQ u# <[~ i_. DqÔ Q
"Q, iq`" # H~, x` U=Ò QiOx ' LO_ = =zOk. q
rq`xH J"@ _ '=~^ ~=~_ uiy ~Q ~=~_# B~OQ*| J`x #OH "_.
D =^ HO J| Jr* <H`fi O L*H < x =@_O K~. U^" < B~OQ*|
< k` O +" # ^x |A" "~ ~OQ F_~. 1647 j`HO J\H <[~ ==^
#O U W`~ # xx "Q x`=~ == _ aOKH "#k~Q = =zOk.
L*H Ò_ "i g^ _ "iH s #xfl HeyOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
194
=@_ q"^xfl $+O zOk. Yz`" # x H ~O Q K "Q x [~OK~.

H=# Jk q[=O`" O k. "Q JH_ `= Pk` xfl xHH ~. H|\ Jk q "O k.
"#k~Q_ O "iH XH ~[OQ qyeOk. ~[H [<xfl K ~^ . Wk D OÒ
~f ^= q[O J=@O = "Q ^# Oz#\H Ô [iy# xH,
P^, ^# #+O s K xk.
HO^ ~x Q@H#@ :
DQ i< HO^~x uiy fin#O KH=_xH ^ <fl K_. 1648
j`HO HO^ ~x =@_O K_. "Q D iu x ^~ OQ Z^~<fl~ Hx =z`
O aOKx H~}OQ "~ HO^ ~x JyOK= =zOk. D qÔ Q H. 1649
i _# HO^ ~x PHqOK_.
[< HO^ ~ Ô_ ` :

HO^ ~# i # [~OK_O "Q ta~O ~ J==#H~ O @#Q `zOk.
HO^ ~x uiy fin#O K H=_xH [< =_ =@_ # K_. H. 1649 " B~OQ*|
HO^ ~ H@# # O` =@_O K_. Hx i<K H@ \ + O Q ~H` O Q LOk. 3 <
~ OÒ y# D =@_ = P~ # , ^# #+O [iy#k. H. 1652 " B~OQ*| <H`fi O<
~O_= Ô_` yOk. Hx +"# i< ~Oy Ô` @ HO^~ H@ ^$_`fiO =
"Q =@_ x+[#"O k. H. 1652 PQ Ô_ ` ^ ` ^~H JyOK|_Ok.
W`~ K x xx `# K#x ^~, [<H "Q#O K_. [< W`xx `~`#
^# ~`# =OK`_ . H. 1653 ^~ HO^ ~x =@_O z K@H L#fl q Qxfl
O^^ K_. Hx J`_ Ug kOKH _. HO^ ~ Ô_ ` P qÔ Q x+ "O k.
P =_ =@_ =# ^# O, = iQ =$^ J~#k. =[ HQ~O Mm J~Ok.
g\H qOz "Q =[ u+ =H iOk. g\ ^fi~ "Q J* H~ Jx èOk. Wk
"Q i # K~x ~A= KO k.
B~OQ*| i<HO HO^ ~ q+ O =ke" |_Ok. B~OQ*| i <` ^`
O|O^# # ~OaOK_. "Q i < O|O^ =~H ^ #"# O @# 173839
<k^ O^<x Ô_ ` K# _ Oq OzOk.
"Q "= q^j (i^) q^#=x ^# H}

:
1.
| =`xfl \OKO^ "Q, i # =^ fl O|O^ <H_O [iyOk.
2.
L*H #O_ ~`^ xfl ~HO K@ "= ^ i #

"# i^# U~~K @
H| rfl HO^ ~ "Q ~H}
== x "^\ } H =K~.
195
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
3.
4.
"Q "} [< =$k. H|, HO^~ ~`^ xH =^ P ` "~xH

[O@=Y ^fi~Q =|_~.
"Q =^ P x `= J# fi g^ # uiy O^< HiH# ^ ^
"e|K~. Hx "~ ^x x~~H`fixfl QiOz ^xx XH ^`~ Z`Q_Q =`"
LyOK~.
36.W. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
JH~ H|, HO^~# [~OK_xH U H~} iH~?

L*H "Q ZO^=# [ `=< ~?
[Ow~ <HO "Q HO^ ~x ZO^ H~?
i < _# Pb=~< HO^ ~# "Q ZO^ fin#O K_?
"Q PYiiQ HO^ ~# ZC_ H~?
~OO :
JH~ H. 1556 `# 13= @ ~OM< O~H} O<xfl Jk+OK_. JH~
, JO`~` `=# Z^~= =zOk. Ju^ u @# _b , PQ# fin#= KHx#
= #O_ =zOk. Z@H JH~ H. 1556 ~ O_= x@ Ô =x [~OK_.
`~fi` O=`~ JH~ JO`s# OQ `# u x ~ O K H<fl_. J`_ ~ OM<x ^g ^ `
#O_ `yOz, `# O_ è
# =OPQ @ #O_ |@__ . `# =u ^~ _# (half
brother) g~ H" x `# ZQ^# L*H g~# _ q[=OÒQ J}Q^H_.
JH~ `# =*xfl qiOKO^ qQ P`` K_. W`_ =fi, QO_fi<#
[~OK_O ^fi~ `# q[`# ~OaOK_. z`~, ~}Ô ~ =O\ ~[` ~* ^#
K_. HO`=Ok ~[` JH~` q" O|O^# U~~K H#Q, =i HO`=Ok x~kOK O_<
Oy~. 1572 =i 1576 =^ JH~ Q[~`, OQ, c~# _ [~OK_.
[Ow~ JH~ "~ _< _. D HO ""_ =i HOQ "Q =[O JO`~QQ
K |_~. [Ow~ #~ <x q"=__. HO`=Ok O_` H~O J#iOz, "= OQ
`fi i< Q P" Ku LO_q. D" XH ~O\(=~) U~~K HOk. JO`QH Y~"
([<) u~Q@ #~ <` \ e `" . S` Wk "= O JxOK^ . [Ow~ =[ ==~#
`< J^ K"_. WH Y~" u~Q@ ^~O, J^ O J~# HO^ ~ =@_x W+ _H
=_O =< HH Wk J`xx O#O #O_ ZO`^~O LOKÒ^< =# _ H~}O.
H. 1628 [< O<xfl Jk~OK_. W`x i< HO "Q q^j
q^#O J`#fl^ ^ K~Ok. O^< "= i^# ~HOK=# P=H` e`"
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
196
"Q qÔQ q^#O. "Q J\=<, b_, L*H =^ | =`xfl H_O^

_ uflOK~. JH~ H|, [h, HO^ ~ =~, HH `|^ i^ Jx qOK_.
J`_ 1585 H| =O K H<fl_. Hx i + =u~HOQ hfl `HH @q
K~# #fl J| L*H HiH# ÒKO^ x~HiOK_. HO^ ~ H HH, PiH ~"#
=Mxfl QiOz# JH~ ^xx H. 1595 =~ K H<fl_ .
[Ow~ i< HO "Q, i < =^ O|O^ fl ~fiHOQ LO_q.
Hx 1620 i _# J PH HOQ HO^ ~x fin#O K <fl_ . Wk "Q
i # =^ K #O` ~Q_ Q =i~Ok. [< i<HO (HO^ ~x e# fl) i <
Q=~fl~ "Q Oy~#C_ HO^ ~ =m "Q KuH =zOk. nx `~fi` XH fl i`
ix (Balkh) u+O K_O ^fi~ L*H Ò_# Pn#OH `K H"x [< `K_.
=~^ ~=~x <H`fi O "Q # O "t Oz ^x _# <[~ ==^x `#
Z^\H ~=x H~_. <[~ "Q ^H xfl q^ OO K i_. =~^ uiy ~Q B~OQ*|
P<xfl s K = =zOk. "Q x PHqOz#\H j`HO ~Q< x`=~ ==
H~` = ^~xfl =^HH ` ^ . D # O uiy =K@C_, Jk `=# L*H `~e Ok.
DqÔ Q =@_ "Q x H, ^# ~O Q Q #xfl HeyOzOk. DQ 1649, i <
HO^ ~x uiy fin#O K <fl~ . [< 1649, 1652, 1653 HO^ ~x =~ K H<O^
=_ Ô_ ` P^tOK_, Hx J=hfl x+[#"# q. [< "~ _# B~OQ*| "=O
^~# i` q^<xfl H#yOK^ . W`_ W~<(i )` ` O|O^# H#yOK_.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
O<xfl Jk+O KQ< JH~ `H}

O Z^~=# JO`s# =q?
~ O_= x\ ^xH H~}, e ` Uq?
JH~ HO "Q =[ è q~ }
# QiOz "=.
"Q ~[H rqÒ #~ < ` Uq\?
"Q "=, =^ P q^# =Y H}
Uq?
"= i^ @ JH~
q^<xfl ZO^ J=OaOK_?
HO^ ~ q+ O ` HOQ ~O@ "Qi< O|O^# QiOK=.
=@_ "Q =*xfl Z@ qO KO k?
197
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~ fl =^#O
36.Z. ~ Ox fl =^<.
1.
2.
3.
4.
JH~ [xOK =xH +~~ Ku ~*xfl H~ =< aHiQ u~Q`

=O_"_.
H.. 1555, H<~
+~ "~ . Jk =Ou J~# =
H.. 1556 x@ Ô `~fi` " ~[#
36.a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
JkH~# fin#O K x fiÒ` _ H"#<fl_ JH~.

~ OM< q"^^_Q =i L#fl` ^= ~K_.
W`~ JkH~ `# `# O K~OK_xfl OKH ~ OM< u~Q@ K_.
PÔM< =r~ ^ #=Ou H"#<fl_ .
Q[~` Q=~fl~ g~ HO
36..
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q[~` =i =fi
=~ # H =_O, *|^~ Z= =O ` H~H H\~OK_O
=["^ q^#O
JO|~ KOk# ~=`, "~ KOk# L^ OQ
36._.
1.
2.
3.
~} J=~O Q` [Ow~ Ô K_. F_~# `~fi` Q~=OQ K_.

(a) #~
< XH =~# U~@ K Ok. [Ow~ P" =O =O_"_.
(b) [Ow~ #~
< |_=<fl i< q+ fiÒ` x~
f<"~.
~ # =xH O JO^H =_O = Y~O HO^~ K~ H _.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
198
37
JH~, [Ow~, [<
kOz# q[
37.1 iK O :
=O~OOQ JH~ aOz# ~[O J<H `# QiOz g~ Q` JÔ Kk"~.
Ô_ ` K _O` @ qq^ q^<# J#iOK_O ^fi~ q"# ~*xfl O K_O `
@ ~[ s H~}
kOK_. ` JÔ JH~ KH=i ~[ s H~}
HO J#iOz#
q^<, HH q^#O, qq^ =` =^ =~ O kOKO^ K# `fl`@ [Ow~,
[< kOz# #H~, q[# K^ =`~.
37.2 H :
D J^xfl Kkq# `~fi` g~ D q+ # J~O K HQ~.
1. ~[ s H~}
kOKO^ JH~ J#iOz# q^<
2. ~[Ox qq^ =`, =~ =^ =#`fiO kOKO^ JH~ f#fl K~
3. JH~ =` # q^#O# J#iOK_xH Q H~}
4. =` =~ =O Ò, tH, z`Y #O UqÔ Q =Ok J#fl q+O
5. [Ow~, [< kOz# #H~
37.3 =[ \ + ` K\ # K~ :
_b # #HO # ~[q~ }
HO # O# P^~_ # q+ O g
Q~O k H^! J~` ~[s H~}
, =~ O kOKO^ H =O ~[H SH` =`" K^h =`,
O H " H ` kOK_O J=~= < q+xfl JH~ KH=i QiOK_.
~[O, # SH`# kOKO^ JH~ ~`^ O q"# O`# K H=_O`
@ =~= O`" # i## " \_ . Ou ^` # ~HO KO^ OÒQxfl #~î OK_.
~xfl, O_O @# P^~OQ K x qt# x~~ OK_. =^ P ^` "~
199
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
O|O^# "~Q~ <O^, "= O` ~H}

HO H|, HO^ ~# PHqOK#fl
q+ O Q~O k H^! i^ ~* |~H= Hey# ~*=<O Q, c~ =O\ L^Q#
O_. =` fiK q^<xfl J#iOz ="`~ qk=#fl ll#fl, `#fl#
~^ K _. nx= `# =O , =" `~ XH> Jx K\ K_. =" `~ "i =`xfl
q=H, J==#O HeyOK ll#fl ~^ K _O ^fi~ "i Ja=<xfl K~Q<fl_ . ^ Mn #
=O =ÒxH =~ q^<xH _ JH~ fi eH_.
ll#fl =" `~ qkOK #fl. Wk =`# fl H^. x H=~# ^$+ =OKx
< xH xH~x "i#Oz D #fl# = K"~. JO^= , =$^ , qHOQ #Oz
D #fl# = K"~ H^.
=`fiK q^<xfl J#iOz# JH~ O^=, W`~ =` #`# P#
xiOK<O^, `"\x =~=` K<O^ J#=`xK_. JH~ fiOQ HOQx
*fi^q PxH |OQ~ Q_Q# =iOK_. t Q~"# Q~~"^ S^=O^ aQ
(bigha)
qx ` = ~ @ ~K_. D O< Q~~=^ J=$`~ x~}xH OY#
K_. Q~~=^ "~ JH~ O* O` ~ ` #fl#Oz XH O=`~O q#~O#
~K_. W`~ =` O_Q, L`"# [~<O^ i fiK x=fi_O ` @, ~[=Ok~O
^~ , n=o, o, ~H |O^# O =O\ "_ H# [iOK_.
JH~ ` = OY =#fl `~+, q*, L*H L^Q #Oz =#fl =^xfl QiOz
="`~ xfl O^x x~~OK<fl_. ~[`` @ O^ x` fl
O|O^# U~~K<fl_. JH~ ~[` q^<xfl QiOz ~ ~ g~ K^=`~.
~[` flxfl OOkOK<O^ "i` #q^<xfl J#iOK_O` @, `#
~fi=kH~xfl QiOz# ~[` P#O L#fl` ^= xz ` iOK_.
n<WW (` ^WW) :
JH~ n<WW (` ^WW) J< #`# =`xfl O K_. Jxfl =` =#fl
=Ozx WO^ Q OK_. qq^ =` =^ =#fl ^fi+ "xfl `yOz, O H =#`fiO, ^~
=O OOkOK_O ^fi~ =#"a=$k kOK_" D =` H O. D =` Ô`# J|[
q=iOK_. nx H~O ^=_ XH_! (UHfi ~^#). JH~ J`x uxk J<k ^#"# ÔÒ.
=` Ô`# ` H ~O g~ K^ =`~. D =Ò Ô x qq^ =`, `Q =^ #"xfl
Ja=$k KO k. =lH #_=_H =~ `K O^ H$+ KO k.
=Hb# Ki`H~_# '|^x #`# =`# K# JH~# q=iOK_O `@ 'H~ Q
~<fl_ . |^x q=~ J`# JH~ =`xfl iQ J~O K HH =_" H~}O. JH~ =`kHi
H^. Q =[ x~`, i< ^_. ^ q*`. ="`~ JkHOQ x=t =#fl
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
200
~`ÔO\ Ô `# Jxfl =` KOk#"_Q QiO|_`< ~[ sH~} kOK_O

g=Ò^< q+ xfl JH~ Q OK_. fi=à=#O = HeQ ## JH~ QiOK_O = `#
O z# =Ò K~= x Z=ih =u_ K ^ . "" xH ije JH~ Ô =#fl =O #,
=" `~ =^ ^~xfl `yO z "ix XH\ KO^H n<WWx O K_.
37.4 PH~ H O $uH q[ :

JH~ [Oî Ou` q^#O <H<O^ H$+ K_. , O^ PK~#
#^\g^ uH^ ~}, `~O, ` H ^~# q^<# J#iOK_. nxH `_ O^ =^ ~}#
JKH<, +~fi} îOz [efl PH@<fl_. OH ^~K~# q", fQ=#O
x+^xH H$+K HO`" ~ q[O kOK_. JH~ O $uH ` ~OQ J<H q[#
kOK_.
Ò :
JH~ x~H~ _ J~< H=, O_` , Ki`H~# +OK_. à=$kH `xfl
JOkOK_. JH~ Hxfl =^QO #~r=# QOQ HO^~ O_` ~<fl~. JH~
HO On, i `` @ xH + Ò =$k KO^~. D# <HO
=~Ò , ~=}O =O\ O $` H" @s i +xH `~ = K |_~. D
HOx ~K# J|[ "# ''W<WJ|[ J< L`~ OH#O ^ #"# k. J|[ #
q=iOK B~OQ*| _ D ~K< e x "KH=_O D ~K# Q^<xH x^~ #O. i < Ò
H$ ux, O^~xfl =iOK ^ Ò ^# <xfl PHqOzOk. ^, q^j H=, O_` JH~
+}# JO^<fl_ . S<WJHs 59 =Ok i H=# QiOz ~Ok. "i y*b, r ,
=^ < =i ^ [=n< Ls "^# "~ ^#"< ~.
Ki`H ~K# :
JH~ Ki`@
Ja=<xfl H#|iK_. Ki`H~# +OK_. JH~ HO J<H Ki`H
~K# "QxH =K~. "\ J|[ "# S<WJHs =i JH~<= ^ #"# q.
JH~ i#, q^< Wq JÔ \~.''|^x ~zOz# ''=O`HL`sM JH~ =`
q^<xfl q=iOz# ~K# . P HO nxx ~ OQ ~zOK_. JH~ q=~<`H "^xH Wk XH
=Oz P^~O. x*=n< J^ ~zOz# '`|H` WJHs JH~ kOz# #H~#, q[#,
q=~OQ ~O@=#fl QOÔ . "~ O=`~ =O =`Ki ` ~zOKO^ JH~ #rH<, `\
KOk# ==^, ^<fi ~ KOk# *~ Q ` XH Hq\x xqOK_. =< î
J~# Q^<QO ''=<#=# ~zOK_. ~O^ ~zOz# 'JH~<= ^# Ki`H
~K#.
201
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=O , =" `~ =^ =#fl ^~xfl `yO KO^ JH~ K# H$+ g Q~= Ok H^!

JO^HO J<H H"# J#=kOK _. JO^H~ ` H J#"^Y# U~@ K_. J|
~ O, M<WM#<, |^x, J|[ , l "^# "iH J#"^Y# JyOK_. ~=}O,
=~Ò , J^~ fi }"Ô , b=u, ~[`~O y}, i=OO =O\ ^ O`$` ~K## i
xH J#=kOK _. g\H` _ J|[ 'OKÒ Ò# l ''#^=Oux i +xH
J#"Ô K~. |~ fi Ki` ÀHW|s `s + #O_ i +xH J#=kO|_Ok.
On Ò JH~HO fi~
QO. J<H= Ok OnH=, O_` JH~ +}#
JO^<fl~ . JH~ P#Ox =O`, L#fl`^Q, J<H= Ok OnH= O_` H=_O
q+O. J| ~O, M<WM<, c~, ~*`_~=, ~*=<OQ "^#"~ =Y.
J| ~ O, M<WM< ~zOz# ^ <\ H K~O =<fl~.
JH~ HOx =~ ^ Hq ''H `^. D# ^ ~K# '~=Ki`=#. D
H=O ~=_x XH P^~ =O`_# `_Q, ^~ _Q, fl`_Q, ~Q , ~AQ =iOzOk. JH~
HO H$+ H Hq J~# ~^ a* + ''~Q~ J< H"xfl ~zOK_. #O^^, q~ <^ _,
~= #O^^, g~~, ~M < "^# "~ D HxH KOk# H$+H H=. ~M< [#`
=n_# H$+_. P# H$+_x Hi ''="\HJ< H"xfl ~zOK_. D HO"_
J~# H =^ Hq , ~=KOkH, ~H J< H"# ~zOK_.
x~} tH
JH~ HO tH L#fl` u H KiOk. =# x~}O @ JH~ ` H ^ =OK_. _b
# HO tH# i< û "xfl g~ Kk"~ H^ ! J~` JH~ HO
i < =i O^ tH " #O` #`# tH Ja=$k KOkOk. tO#, x~}#
XH" Q=\, q<~= O\ i < ^` # J#i< =~" JOH~}
O^ ^` #
J#iOK_.
JH~ _b `# i# è~A =< =kx xiO* _. Wk i û
=Ok. fi ~ "H}
JH~ PQ H@# xiO*_. J<H = < Q PQH@ Z~x WH~~`
xiO|_Ok. H@x [Ow~= i O^û xiO|_Ok. PQH@ Qfie~ H@
#=<` LOk. JH~ ~ H@# xiOK_. PQH@Q xiOz# D = <x JOH~}

O^ x~} û Hx O k. D x~} JH~ =`fiK q^<xH <xH `~}. JH~
x~} JÒ` < }O Hk J`x #`# ~[^x# ` ~ H. =_" `qk ^fi~`
Q_, =~" H<~ ` x~}O yOk. k"<WP", k"<WM, OK=, *^~ =,
c~| = #O, |O^ ^~ fi*, QO^ = #O =O\q ^ # x~<. JH~ x~} ~ xflH
H#flk +H bO z+ =k. JH~ PQ `# =k x~}xfl ~OaOK_ Hh, ^x x~}O
[Ow~ HO ~~ Ok. D =k JH~ HO<\ x~} Q^<xH x^~ #OQ x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
202
=Ok. JH~< HO xiO|_# JO|~, aHh~, *^ ~, F~, ûx = < "

=O Hx O k. JO`HO_ D HO<\ ^"# _ " tH =O Hx
=O__O q+O .
z`Y #O :
JH~ HO z`Y #O i <, ~f ^` "qO` #`# " q^#O
~k^ Ok. ^< WJg~ #, `sMWMO^<W`= =i JH~ <= z`Y #Ox
i=}xfl ``<fl~. z`Y #O# ÒKO^ JH~ ` HY# U~@ K_. Mfi*J|
=^ D Y Jku . W`_ =`` O|OÔ O_ u# \ z`H~# xqOK_.
JH~ P#O ^, q^j z`H~ =O_"~. ~ MQ , [fiO`, |"<g~, ^ Pb "^# "~.
JH~ HO ^ z`H~.
37.Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
=` #q^# J=~xfl JH~ UqÔ Q Q OK_?

ll#fl# =" `~ ZO^ =u~HOK"~?
JH~ =` # q^<xH ~ O_ L^~} ~=fiO_.
W^` M< ZH_ U~@ K |_Ok?
`^WW =Òx ^ # H}
Uq?
JH~ HOx W^~ H= ~ Ò_?
J| * ^ ~K# Uq?
37.5 [Ow~ kOz# q[ :

[Ow~ HO<\ Ja=$k ^ #OQ H , OwÒ Hx O k. " z`Y #O [Ow~
HO L#fl` ^ K~Q , #~ < #`# ^` #, =~=_# " \O k.
Ò :
[Ow~ fiOQ Hq. O_` _. P# ''ÀHW[Ow~ ~` fiKi`# ~zOK_.
Wk x~_O|~`fixH, "q H` , e H JÔ _ Òk. `~O Q< HO_ Ki`HO Q _
Q ~ OkOk.
=Oz ~K# K# ~K~`, H=# [Ow~ ÒK_. D HO<\ ~K#
WH<=W[Ow~, =~ W[Ow~, A|L`sM =O\q k KOk#q. g~ Q ,
#HM<, J| ^ fi "^# Hq O_` [Ow~ P#O =O_ +}# JO^<fl~ . U"# \H
[Ow~ HO J#"^ Y L QO O_ ~Ok.
203
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
x~} tH
JH~ HO` e [Ow~ HO x~}, tH "#H|_O^x K =K. z`Y #O#
[Ow~ JkHO Q ^ H#|~K_ " JO^ H~}O. z`Y #O, L^#=< @ [Ow~ ^ H#|iK_.
J~#\H PQx W`^L^^ =k, JH~ =^ [Ow~ HO<\ x~} Qq.
W`^ L^^ =kx #~< `# Ò_ *H~O fi ~"H} [iyOk. D =#O
=~~~x LyOz xiO*_O` @ `^~ J< `H ~OQ ~# JOH~}
L yO* O k. JH~ fiOQ ~H# K #fl =kx [Ow~ iK _. Wk ^ q~xfl
e# x~}O. ~ gOx ^~ #~ < [Ow~ =kx xiO* O k. `x ~u`
xiO* "i H` nxx JOHiO* O k.
z`Y #O :
[Ow~ fiOQ z`H~_ H#H z`Y #O @ tH HO> JÒ` ^ H#|iK_.
[Ow~ O^ =n z`H~# +OK_. PQ~*, J`x =~_# J| <,
L^= #~ [Ow~ +}# JO^#fl =n z`H~ HQ, O^ z`H~ a<^,
`, =<~, =^= , Q=~< ^#"# "~. [Ow~HO z`H i < =O #Oz
|@_ iQ ~f OÔ yOk. z` = <, , P, , [O`=,
H$ u ^$ ^ #"# q.
37.6 [< kOz# q[

" # [<HO L#fl`" # k. tH, x~} D HO L#fl` u H K~ <fl~.
Ki`H~ [<# Q x~`Q =iOK~.
Ò : [< tH, x~} @ ` H ^ H#|iz<, H=, O_` # L^~OQ +OK_.
[< HO Ki`H~_# J|g^ ^<=#, W<` M< ''[< <=#,
Jqx Mlfix =~ '^<=#, =ê 'P"WM*gx H"# ~zOK~. W=hfl
[< HxH JÔ > ~K#. [< ^ =~_# '^~+H J~c, i, O $`
+ Q O_` _. Hq. D# '=*"L| <, H< `LPe H"# ~zOK_.
Wq ``fixH KOk# ~K# HQ, O $` H" J~# Q=n`, Lx+`, Q=t+O#
^~+H i +xH J#=kOK_.
On + [Ow~, [< H +}# O^_O ` @ Q Ja=$k KOkOk. O^~,
<u, +}, ai "^# "~ D HO<\ ^ H=. gi ~K# <\ H QqQ ~O^~.
H.. 1634 O^~ ~zOz# 'O^~ +OQ~ H=O Q~# O^_" HO_, P# Hi u+ #
`z\O k. O^~ 'Hq~, '=Hq J< a~^xz [< ìOK_. H$+H Hq J~#
<u ~zOz# 'Hq`~`flH~ ^ H "Q# iOzOk. +< ~K# g~~ O ^#"#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
204
JOO. O^= SH`, g~`fi O, HqÒ Hx Ok. 't=~* +} D# ~K# ^ " O k

ci ~K# JOÔ ^ #"# JOO. ' ` cs ~K# ^ #"Ok. WO^ U_=O^ ^
=<fl~.
x~} tH :
[< x~} ` H ^ H#iK_. < }`, JOÔ D HO<\ x~} ` H`.
D# Z~ WH~~ #O `x ~~x x~} L yO* _. Q_# |OQ~O,
"O_, =*, q"# ~` JOHiO*
_O` @ Q_# JO^" # H$ u, =$H, [O`=,
z`Y #` JOHiO* "_. [< Q = # x~`. PQx `*=, PQ H@x
"f=^, _b x Z~H@, JO^x *q =^, <=e O#O [< HO<\ x~}
~ xflHQ # flq. g\H `_ [<^ #Q~ (_b) x~}xH [< <^ "_.
37.a. ~ fl
1. Mm iOKO_.
Z) ÀHW[Ows ~K~ `
a)
<HO A L`fisM ~zO|_#k.
) ^<= ~K~ `
2. ^~ H ~zOz# ~ O_ ùfiH ~K# # q=iOKO_.
3. D HO^ Hxfl x~} ~ ~=fi|_#q. "\H Z^~Q "\x xiO*# "i ~
"O_.
i) W`=^L^^ =k
ii) Z~H@
iii) [Ow~ =k ~ gO
iv) HO
^~x JH~ =k
v) [< xiO*
# = <x ` H H} Uq\?
~OO :
~`^ Ki` JH~ Q #O =Ok. _b # =ki HO_, Ô JkH OM#
=" `~ xfl f<fl_ . Ô ~[H , i< " H ` HO Ô x J<H O`#
PHqOK<fl_ . =~ # QiOz q"# ~*xfl U~@ K _O`@ Ou ^` # ~HO K_.
~xfl \ qt# x~~OK_O`@ \ +"# i< OÒQxfl U~@ K_.
q^j Ô_ `#Oz ^xfl H_O^, H|, HO^ ~# PHqOz, ^x# JkHiH =~_ #
205
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~*=<O Q# xqOK_.
JkH OY =#fl =" `~ xfl OÔ^ =~` ^#` xK_. =" `~
= K =O_# ll#fl, ` #fl# ~^ K _O`@ #`# P# xiOK<O^
`"\H =~=` K<O^ J#=ux ~K_. L^~OQ x^# ~K_.
=Ò |O^" # "_ H# fiK Q [~HxK_. ~[`` fl O|O^# U~@ K H=_O`
@ "ix ,=` ^ O_ =~` P^~OQ L#fl` ^= xqOK_. JH~ J#iOz#
L^~ q^#O Ô Ou ^` <H<O^ ^^_ O k.
JH~ [##O, iy# "`=~}O J`x =` <xH `__Ok. O^ =i Q~=
^# JH~ L^~"Ô, =` #O =O\ " HeQ O^ H~}O H=_O`@ =O ,
="`~ =^=#fl ^~xfl `yOKO^ ^Ô K~. D i` JH~ rqÒ, ~[O,
# "xfl H#|iK~.
H.. 1575 JH~ ` ~ H #Q~O 'W^` M<# U~@ K_. è~A =O
=`^ WO^ [iQ K~ <" ~. z#fl z#fl q+ @ "i` U~_` =#fl q^
=O\q JH~ x~# qy~. nx` Jxfl =`"iH W^` M< " xfl HeOK_. H=OQ
Jxfl =`# =OzH}
=<fl x, =Oz"~ =<fl~< q+ xfl JH~ QiOK_.
H.. 1579 JH~ XH q^# H@# (Mahzarnama) q_^ K_. H.. 1582
` ^WW J< #`# =`=~O # O K_. Jxfl =`x Q q+ D =` =~O
=Ò =<fl~. Hh q^#O ^ . D =`xfl K~O K _OQh, |=OÒQ [# D
=ÒxH =~_OQh JH~ K ^ . J~` O^"^ #Oz JH~ q=~# Z^~<e
=zOk.
JH~ HO O`$uHa=$k [iyOk. JH~ HO L`~ , ^, Ki`H ~K# ,
J#"^ ~O i < Ò Ja=$k KOkOk. JH~ J#"^ HO ` H Y# U~@
K_.
JH~ HO tH Ja=$k KOkOk. i< =i ~f x~} e "qO
" x~}û J=H =zOk. JH~ P^fi ~O z`Y #O qHO KOkOk.
JH~ "~ HO _ Ò H , =$k KO^~. Q = # x~`Q k KOk#
[< HO Q Q x~} K |_~.
JO
1.
2.
~[O# ~ ~ K <O^ JH~ f#fl K~ Uq?

=n, =n`~ =^ =#`fiO kOKO^ JH~ ZO\ K~ f<fl_ ?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
206
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
JH~ L^~"Ô, =` #O HeQ O^ U H~} ^Ô K~?

'n<WW JO> Uq\? ^x ^ # H Uq\?
P^ xH HOx HH q^<xfl JH~ HOx HH q^#O` e K_O_.
ZO^= JH~ Hxfl '`#~r=#O Jx JO\~.?
z`Y <xH [Ow~ K# =# q=iOKO_.
[<# 'Q x~` Jx ZO^HO\~?
~ fl =^#=
37.Z
(i)
7.
~[ \ + ` =" `~ H~O J=~= x QiOK_O.

z#flK K|_# =i ##`=O
ll#fl, `#fl# ~^ K _O
`~ H
(i) K~ ^fi~ `<fi+}
(ii) Jxfl =`x Q q+
# Q OK_O
(i) J|~ ` OM< M<
(ii) ~M
<
JH~<= =i S<WJHs
1.
(a)
(ii)
3.
4.
5.
6.
37.a
2.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
4.
[Ow~
(b) [Ow~
(c) J| g^
(i) =[<L| fi<
+H<`LP
(i) #~ <
(ii) [<
(iii) [<
(iv) [Ow~
JOÔ =i xfl`` fi O
207
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
38
B~OQ*| #
" =[O
38.1 iK O :
[< <HO =~ " ~[O [iy# Ja=$kx Q` JÔ `<fl~ .
D JÔ B~OQ*| # [iy# ~[H O @#, " ~[ q~ }
, =YOQ [iy#
u~Q@# QiOz K^ =`~.
" ~[O KH=iH =u~HOQ @Oc u~Q@ K _O OÔQ =i#
q+ O g Q~O _ =O@Ok. JH~ =u~HOQ J`x =~_# [Ow~, [Ow~ =u~HOQ
P# =~ Y, Y~O K# u~Q@ JO^ L^~}. J^ qÔ Q [< _
WO\ i` Z^~ O k. [< J<~Q q+ O èQ<, P# #Qi =~ Z=iH "~
O#O PHqOK<O^ `fl K~. z=~ B~OQ*| O<xfl =O K<fl_ .
B~OQ*| # ~[O Q qi OzOk. ^^ ` ~`^ = O` B~OQ*| ~[O
qi OzOk. B~OQ*| x HkHi J~# g~ A= Kc~, P" ~* q[# kOKQ
=~ JkHi ~M< ~w, J~Hh ^_ ÔQ =~# fin#O K <fl_ . D q[
q^j "}*a=$kH ^Ô K _O`@ `~ OQ == q~ } ^Ô K~.
U"# \H, B~OQ*| HO xH <kH~O HO fiKHO u~Q@, L^=
[iQ~. *\, `# g, P< , t, =~s B~OQ*| q^<#, < xfl =u~HOK~.
D u~Q@ qq^ "\H H~} =<fl, "Ò g^ " ~[O POuH H~}=~.
38.2 H :
D ~xfl Kkq# J#O`~O g~ D HOk q+ # J~O K HQ~.
1. ^~+H, +*, B~OQ*| =i =~^ O#O HO K# @ gi =H` fi
H}
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
208
2.
3.
4.
"~` fi ^ q=~
g~A=, ~M < `~ ~`^ O kOz# q[
B~OQ*| HO K~ y# qq^ u~Q@
38.3 "~` fi Ô :
`# =~ HiH Q è# [< "~`fi Ô O#O HO [~QÒ^x
_" _. "~` fi Ô QiOz `< =O^ [< #Qi =~x qH}

"#
H}
# `H"e# J=~O LOk. D q+ "~` fi Ô "#H=#fl q+ #, H~}
`<O^ ^Ô K~.
^~+H :
[< ^ =~_. W`# q^"`, O~O Q"_. i <, `s, O $Ò, On
+ O_` _. [< ^~# J`#fl`" # J~"" =#^sH JkHiQ xqOK_. Jxfl
=Y q+ [< W`xx OkOK"_. K O` ^~ Q=~fl~Q xqO|_<
Z= =O ~[^x< Q_ "_. =` #O Q ^~ Ô` @ PH H#|iK"_.
=z
J< S~ u_ ^~ =H` fixfl, O~xfl "K<fl_. D =OzH}` @,
^~ Hxfl _ K@K<fl~. ^~ [< =#fl Ja=#O, = ^~
Q~fixfl OK~. nx` L#fl` =~O HO^~ ^~ ^~=~. nxH `_ J`x x H H}
,
~[H K` ~`, <H`fi H}
OK~. g@xflO\ = =~_ , K` ~_ J~# B~OQ*| #
Z^~#_O q =_.
+* :
+* ^~ e. è"# "_. fi` Q ^ ~ $^ _. W`# PH~ }
"# =H` fi O O~O
Q"_. fi=à=<xfl =`^fixfl =u~H =O__O = W`xx O^ hfl=`
=u~HOK"~. W`# H~ =O`" # q=O`" # rq`xfl Q_ "_. @ #fl_O #, J=
K _O# <~ i. P#Ox "ix `#" uC<O^ "iH OK# ~K"_. P#O
[iQ q+ # +* ux^ Z\H C _ P# è"~. "~` fi Ô =xH
+* OQ Q=~fl~Q =O_"_.
B~OQ*| :
W`# [< =_= =~_. ~[H K` ~_. =O JkH~# ^~ =u~HOQ
`#" uCH=_O q[O kOK_. W`xx =`qfi, O^ `fiO =O
209
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
L= W`xH =^` eH K~. i` # J#OQ =OK<O^ +*, =~^`

OkO [~` =O_"_. +*` Q O|O^# ^$_` ~ O K <O^ +* O`<xfl
`# O`<xHz q" [iOK_. ^~ =u~HOQ =Q~ ^~ K #fl @# [<
Q Oz K~ f< `flO K_. ^~ " "Q K`#fl q+O QOz# B~OQ*|
Z\H < O#O HO Ô ` ^x `x fiO` <xfl U~@ K<fl_ . W`x î
~+< P#O [iQ q+ # Z\H C _ è W`xx P=`_ x K =O_k. B~OQ*|
=~=O`_# x_. <# #__O <~i. J<H ^ <H`fiO =Oz J#=O
OkOK_. KHO ^H < Q=~fl~Q xK_O i<#= O HeQ KOk. Ô
^~ Q B~OQ*| i< q+ O #fi"xfl J=~K<fl_ . B~OQ*| Z=ih
#""_ H^. `# P P # <~"~ < q+O Hi# OQ ==iOK"_.
=~^ :
W`# [< <Q= =~_. W`xx qa#fl Q} Q"_Q HO^~ O_` ~<fl~ .
W`x ^~ =<fl H~ =O`" # q" # rq`xfl Q_ O^ ~+ _ " _. W`x xfl`" # ,
=O`" # H}
=<fl x H H}
H~=_~. [OQ "O_@Q W`# i#
=~_ H^. z#fl = JOîh O Q #" H}
O Q"_ H=_O =< B~OQ*| Ku
"_. [< J<~QO =xH =~^ Q[~` Q=~fl~Q xK =O_"_.
H. 1657 O |~ < [< ~`Q "kQ _ J_. "k f=`~" H<
J=H O_ ~. WO\ u ~[Ox JkH~, x =HO [< `#
"~ _Q ^~+H# H\ O K_. ^~ `# Ò_ [|_# q+ xH ^#O O_ KO^,
=~Q# _O ^ `flO K_. Hh ^~ ux^ P#O =O__O = Jk ^ O H^ .
~+<~ P#O [iQ q+ # Z\HC _ B~OQ*| K~" =O_k. KH=i =$u KO^_<
=Ô` _ "OK~. WO\ "~ # qO@< +*, B~OQ*| , =~^ "~` fi Ô
HO U~@ K HQ~. D q+ O +* HO`=O^ =<fl_ . ^ #O` _b K~<fl_ .
~*[fiO` OQ, =<+H <H`fi Ox " ## <~ gOx |^~~ =^
Z^~x F_~ +* OQ i_.
DQ i` # B~OQ*| Hx\= O_ H.. 1658 |=i ^ #O` B~OQ*|
#Oz |^~_. =~= ^ ^| ~ =^ =~^ B~OQ*| ` K` He_. Wî OH
< # ~*[fiO` OQ <H`fi Ox " < ^~ ^ =^ Z^~<fl~. D O^~ O
cH~ " # Ô [iyOk. " x HkHi MOM< Ô #H `@OQ =O__.
B~OQ*| #O ^\H O^# Q~# " #O i~Ok. z=~ " #O
F@q HQ, J<H= Ok x =~}O K~. ~*[fiO` OQ f=OQ Q__ . D q[O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
210
B~OQ*| # O#, =~O # <u H |xfl HeyOzOk.

^~ ` F@q `~fi` ^~ fiOQ B~OQ*| # Z^~<O^ #fl^ _
_. D =xH
[< _ HHx ^xH " O^ ^= _ Hh ^~ JO^ JOwHiOK^ . ^~
# O` B~OQ*| # Z^~<O^ '=~ K~_. B~OQ*| , =~^ # O = ~ KiOk.
^~ ^ #OQ ~[`, W`~ # P^~_ _ . YbM< =O\ x HkH~# B~OQ*| `#"
uC<fl_ H.. 1658 " 29# Ô ~O"Ok. cH~"# Ô ^~ F_~ ^
q#Oz i_.
J#O`~O B~OQ*| 1658 E< 1# PQ Ki H@# fin# O K <fl_ . [<# |OkOK_.
H.. 1658 E< 10# [<~ #Qi ^~ =^ ~[OHO K u^# KO k Hh B~OQ*|
^xx u~ iOK_.
Ô F_~ i~# ^~+H PQ K~_. PH_ #Oz ~ K~<fl_.
J`xx |OkOKO^ B~OQ*| |^~M<# O_. YbM<# O* Q=~fl~Q xqOz
|^~ M< HiOK=OkQ P^tOK_. qq^ O` u~Q` ^~ z=~ ^^~ x
`# q`_# =eHr=< =^ K~_. #=HÔ` J`# ^~#, J`x @Oxfl |OkOz
|^~M< JyOK_. "ix _b H ~ Oz Mfi*~ |OnQ =OK~. DQ B~OQ*|
=~^# _ |OkOz Qfie~x * =_ O=`~ @ |OkOz =OK_. J#O`~O
J`xx KOOz _\_ .
=~ ~ Ô B~OQ*| J#OQ =y, O#O PHqOK<O^ ^Ô
KO k. Wk H =O "~` fi Ô =`" H^. " ~[O J= i` # HeyOzOk.
^# } #xH H~}"O k. *< `# z=i Zxqk O=`~ r=<xfl * < Q_ _.
38.Z. ~O fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
"~` fi Ô #fl ^ #"# ^~=fi~?

[< `# "~ _Q Z=ix xqOK_.?
qq^ ~ Q=~fl~Q xqO|_< ^~+H ~[^x< ZO^ =O_"_?
=~ ~ Ô ^~ F@qH H~}"q\?
= ~ Ô H ~[H =O Uq\?
OQ, J` B~OQ*| O|O^ :

OQ +* fin#O =#fl@ gik=~H Kk"~. J`# i#@ KOz# P<H
i## |#izOk. "~` fi Ô = Jk =iO` ^| uxOk. "~` fi Ô = U~_#
211
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J= i`# P~Q Kx JO KOk# J"*u "~ H=~~[ ~[^x

Qu, i~ O`# fin#O K <fl~ . K c~ _# "~< HO` " ~*xfl
fin#O K <fl_ . H#H " D O`# ^$+ iOK~. HQ, PiHOQ, L#fl`" #
OÒ H#H " ^$+ \# @Q HO^~ O_` Ja_~. D OÒ U#Q,
lOH, B+^" H k KOk#k. D O` O^# Hey =O_"~. K< ` "~O D
OÒ QO_< Q` LO_k. g@xflO\H `_ B~OQ*| =["k H=_O =~ H~}O J~Ok.
H.. 1660= O=`~O g~A=# OQ Q=~fl~Q xqOK_. A= =O^Q K
c~ Ô_`_ . ^x _x F_Oz ^xx " ~[O qb#O K_. J#O`~O J"
~[O Ô_u ~[^x Q~<# fin#O K <fl_ . D q+ = ~[O qiOK_" HO_
" |Q~" =$k KO^~. g~A= JO ~[^x fin#"` K<fl_ Hh..."~
Q i ^ ^` ` " ~|O^ HeyOK"~. =~, =~^ = _H` O|O^
P@OHO HeyOk. P~ H~` _ U~_Ok. WO\ u J" uiy "i O`#
PHqOK<fl~ . PQ < "Oz# JO@"k = =^ ~~ OÒ f= [# #+O [iyOk.
i` "~Q_H H.. 1663 |=OÒQ OkH J"# JOwHiO* ~. nx H~O
J"~A `# =~ " JO`~xH OOK@ +~` qkOK_O `@, s ^ #+ i ~O
qkOK~. u O=`~O H O KeO KO^ XOÔ k~~. J~` D [<# fiH"
O^QeQ~. g~A= ~`Q =$u KO^_O` P@OHO U~_Ok. H.. 1667 g~A=
=~}OK_O` J" uiy "i O`# O^_O`@ Qux _ " #Oz
PHqOK<fl~. Kc~ #Oz _ "# ìq"~. Wq ", J" =^
KHO Ô [~Q_ xH H~}=~. KHO " # <H`fi O =Oz# JO|~
KOk# ~*~"OQ Qf PH=} K# `fl q =~.
B~OQ*| OQ Q=~fl~Q ~M <# xqOK_. M< =O^Q c~ `
XOÔ ^~<fl_ . J#O`~O ^H}
OQx J~h, ~w "i ^$+ iOK_. ~w
"ix F_Oz `#" uCx HO` =# O^_. z@QOQ =^Q J~h "i <H#
H..1666 =@_O K_. <H# <#O K_O Ou ^` ~H}
^Ô KO k. g\ e ÒQ
== L`` ~Q_ O ` @ "~O HO =Ô `~= |_Ok.
38.a. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
B~OQ*| Kc~ g^ ^$+ iOK_xH H~}O Uq\?

JO Q=~fl~Q g~A= kOz# q[ Uq?
" ZO^= JO OÒ JkH~xfl ~ O K HH ~?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
212
4.
5.
~M < ^H}
OQ Z^~# = Uq?
~M < ^H}
OQ f#fl K~ e ` Uq\?
38.5 *\, `< q, |O^ u~Q@ :

O<xfl Jk+ < B~OQ*| J<H ~[H = Z^~<e =zOk. ^H < =~s,
L`~ ~`^ O *\, ~[`, "=O t #Oz B~OQ*| =# Z^~<fl_.
g\ Hxfl H` = HH~< #`# ~xfl OìOK<fl~. ~[`k "~` fixH
O|OkOz# =HQ, =~sk xH fiÒ`xH O|OkOz#k. *\, `<qk ~`
u~Q@ HQ, t u~Q@ =Ò ^#"# ` +Oz#k. *\, t L^=
Of fiÒ` ~* U~_O^ ^Ô K~. PiH, O H H~}` @ Of
fiÒ`xH O|OkOz# #=H u~Q@ ^ # H~} J~. =~s, t L^=#
QiOz g~ `H ~O K^=`~. WH_ *\,`<g, |O^ u~Q@# QiOz
Ò\~.
*\ u~Q@ :
"^\ iQ B~OQ*| HO *\ " q^ ~O=~. O*|,
L`~ ~[`#O, L`~ ^ x L`~ OÒ#, =^ ^ *\ Q\ @
=Ok. *\
H+r =. ==O gi ^ #=$u. g~ Ou H= Hh B~OQ*| HO #fl = "i
@ " J#iOz# q^#O "~ =u~Q =~O^ H~}O J~Ok. qt q^#O
B~OQ*| K# =~ "i JO`$x HeyOK~.
H.. 1669= O=`~O u` [gO^~ Q <H`fi O =^ ~ OÒ èiQ,
*\ u~Q@ K~. " *^~ D u~Q@# J}z"O^ uflOz q _ z=~
`# }# H~. D O @# *\ q[$O}
# ÒzOk. nxx OKx B~OQ*|
gix J^ KO^ H.. 1670 < PbM<# xqOK_. u` gO [iy# Ô
J<H= Ok x , @O| ` @ Q x~O kO|_, `~fi` KO|__ . J#O`~O "
Ou ^` # H_~, Hh P `flO O H^. HO`HxH *\ ~*~" <H`fi O
UH" Q i ^ ^` # J#iOK~. g\x J}K_O PQ Q=~fl~ HM < K# `fl
q =~. JO`~` H ~*~" =$uH H~}=~.
*\ q[$O}
# JiH>O ^ B~OQ*| JO|~ _# a<O Q` OkO [i~.
a<O Q =^ ~ *^~Q xqO|__ . D =O ~*~" |O^ "# 'K~=< *\
<_. " J<H J@OH# Z^~x z=~ Ô =^ ~# PHqOK<fl~ . Ô
J~"# } #xfl HeyOzOk. H.. 1691 ~`Q a<OQ ^_K Q~# fin#O
213
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K H=_O` K~=< J*Ò H "_. Q, ~*~" HO> ^~ , K`~`, =O^K

Q K~=< B~OQ*| =u~Oîh UHOK <xfl `~K<fl_. ~*xfl HQ\_.
" =O`, L^Q# _ J`# =ke\^ . K~=< q[$O}
B~OQ*| "~ HO
JkHO Q [iyOk. U"# \H *\ q[$O}# B~OQ*| iQ J}z"H=_O = "~
B~OQ*| "~ J<H H# HeyOK~.
`< g u~Q@ :
H.. 1672= O=`~O <~fl `flg B~OQ*| =u~HOQ u~Q@ K~.
OuH=# `flg ^ = =ki ^ # î OK =`qfiO H"~. gi Z==Ok
==^~ =i Ku=$`"~. HO^~ "~O _ K"~. <|^"# r=#O
yOK"~. xH " JkHi` [iy# ~} XH `flq }xfl H=_O "ix
u~Q@^~Q =iOk. "~ xH _x KO"~. iu J^` Ok. +H^~ _ Ug
K H _. `flg <~fl *^~# JO`" OkOz ^xx PHqOK<fl~ . _b gO
=O__O = u~Q@# J}z"O^ B~OQ*| ` H ^$+ \_ . Ô `flg F_~.
K =Ok `flg KO|_~ . qye# "ix J}z" _O` `flg u~Q@ JO`" O k.
|O^ u~Q@ :
=^^ `~ OÒx J_=, HO_ ~fi`` _#fl OÒ x=tOK
[ |O^, "~ H.. 1602= O=`~O JH~ =u~HOQ u~Q@ K~. nxx |\
" giH ZC_ ` O|O^ =< K =K. B~OQ*| HO KO`~ <H`fi O
O^ J`xH =u~HOQ u~Q@ K~. Hh ~x ~OQ " KO" ~. nx
P# =~_ K` =i JOQ^ ~** O Q # O K~~. H..1665 t"r` K#
Ô K` q+ u H#|iK_. ^=~ =@_ k~H<` @ <fl_ .
K ` ^$_H OHQ =H. `# u " #O` QiO H=_O` #O#Oz
|@ =K_. t"rQ fiÒ` ~[O U~@ K #<fl_ . |O^ YO_#Oz " #
=u~HOK=x ~z# t"rH HiOKO^ K` uflOK_. O^= P#
<#O K =x B~OQ*| P^tOz# =O |O^YO_, =fi [ u~Q@ K K`#
<H`fi O =Oz ~HO K=OkQ PfixOK~. F~ KOk# [<O Q " =u~HOQ
~ H~O KO^ ^= _. H.. 1697 <\H K` |xfl U~~K x J<H O`#
fin#O K x `~ =fi fiÒ` ~*xH <^ "_. B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O _
" K` W|OkQ ` ~ _. H.. 1771= O=`~xH, J`x =~}O HO> =O^
J`# |O^YO_ #Oz "Q# iQ ìq"_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
214
B~OQ*| =`q^#O D u~Q@ H~}"< , *Q`Q ije K` Q fiÒ`

~[< HiH _ JO^ ^Ô KO ^x J~= =Òk. i` , t"r fiÒ `~[O K`#
Òz K` P q[O kOKO^ ^^_~.
38.. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
" < *\ =^ q^ HQ_xH Q "= H~} Uq?

`flg Z=~? "i H~#O ZH_ =Ok?
U |O^ <_ fiÒ` ~*xH <^# "_?
~OO :
"~` fi Ô [< #Q~ =~# ^~, +*, B~OQ*| , =~^ =^ [iyOk.
D Ô ^~ =Q~ ^~ # Z^~<fl_ . ^~ [< ^ =~_ ^~ O~=O`_.
L^~ " Q"_. J~` `## Ò_H Q = J`x Q~fixfl OzOk. ^# #__ O #,
K` ~` # ^ H#|~K ^ . [< ~ O_= =~_# +* ^~ Qx =i`. W`#
@ #fl_O , J= K _O <~ i. OKxz JkH~# `#" uC<fl_ . [< =_=
=~_# B~OQ*| <H`fi H} Q"_. i< ^_. ^_. ~[H K`~_.
L=, JkH~ =^` # O^_. [< <Q= =~_# =~^ ^~ Hh qrq.
O Q q`_ J H}
O =#fl W`xH J<H = Z^~ ~.
"~` fi Ô ^ #OQ |^~ ~, ^~ \, =~ ~ [iyOk. g\ =~ ~
Ô x~
`H" O k. nx B~OQ*| q*`. ^~ ^ q#Oz i_. Hh `~fi`
|OkO|_ tH Q~ _. [< PQH@ |OkO|__ . B~OQ*| PQ, _b # fin#O
K<fl_.
B~OQ*| # `~OÒ " H~H JkH= ~. g~A= K c~#
" ~[O qb#O K_. J" ~[^x Q~Q <# _ PHqOK_. J~` ^x "
xHH ~. =~, =~^ = " # O #xH Q~ O k. U"#\H J"` Ok
KH=_O g~A= q[O kOK_. `~fi` HO`HxH g~A= =$u KO^_. `~fi`
Q=~fl~ J~# ~M < ^H}
OQx ~w, J~h "ix J}z"_.
B~OQ*| # =Y u~Q@ [iQ~. qt q^#O = JO`$ # *\
B~OQ*| =u~HOQ u~Q@ K~. Q <H`fiO [iy# u~Q@# "
J}z"~. uiy "~ ~*~" <H`fi O u~Q@ K~. nxx J}z"O^ B~OQ*|
a<O Q` OkO [i~. K~=< <H`fi O u~Q@ q`$ `" O k. "~ B~OQ*|
215
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
"~ J<H =# HeyOK~. B~OQ*| `flg u~Q@# Z^~<fl_ . OuH=#

`flg xH " _` U~_# q^ = u~Q@^~Q =~~. "i u~Q@
J}z" |_Ok. |O^ KO`~ , K` <H`fi O u~Q@ K B~OQ*| =#
$+OK~.
JO :
1.
[< =~ =^ "~` fi Ô [~Q_ xH ^Ô K# i` # KiOKO_?
2.
"= OÒ " ~[ q}

g~A= K# H$+ Uq\?
3.
B~OQ*| HO [iy# ^ # u~Q@ Uq? *\ u~Q@# q=iOKO_.
~ fl =^#O
38.Z.
1.
^~, +*, B~OQ*| , =~^. J~< ^ # \^~ =i B~OQ*| =^ <
2.
^~+H
3.
[< ^~# QiOz Z= ^ H#|iK"_. ^~ `#` xflÒQ =O_x

qOK"_. # f<"_.
4.
1) ^~ O QO J#= O H =_O
2) B~OQ*| ^~ , < xfl QiOz ` =Q JOK<" _O
5.
B~OQ*| ^ q*`Q xez KH=i J_.
38.a.
1)
Kc~ _ " O`xfl PHqOK_.
2)
~=O`" # OÒ H=_O
2.
g~A= K c~ =i J" ~*# PHqOK_O ` " ~[O qi OzOk.

|Q~" =$k KO^~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
216
3.
1) JkH =~ " f=#+O HeyOK~.
2)
JO Q i ^` ^fi~ " = $+OK~.
4.
J~h, ~w "~ "~# ^K<"~.
5.
^H}
OQ Ou ^` U~~K| _ ==a=$k, <H"}[O Ja=$k KO^~.
38..
1.
qt q^#O =~.
2.
OuH=. Z==Ok ==^~
3.
K`
217
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
39
B~OQ*| # "
=[O (2)
39.1 iK O :
[< #Q~ =~ ^~, +*, B~OQ*| , =~^ O#O HO |^~ ~,
^~ \, =~ ~ ^ K# @, D "~`fi Ô B~OQ*| q[_ O<xfl Jk+O z#@
Q` JÔ g~ `<fl~ . J> B~OQ*| HO [iy# qq^ u~Q@# QiOz Kk"~.
g\H PiH, O H i` H~}O.
D ~O "~` fi Ô B~OQ*| Q O^_xH H~}, qq^ u~Q@ =Y`#
g~ K^ =`~.
39.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ # J~O K HQ~.
1. "~` fi Ô B~OQ*| UqÔ Q q[O kOK_#fl q+ O
2. *\, `flg =i |O^ u~Q@ =Y`# JOK< " @O
39.3 "~` fi Ô B~OQ*| Q O^_xH H~} :

[< #Q~ =~ O#O# PtOz# q+ O Q~ =Ok H^! J~< ^ #"#
\ ^~ =i B~OQ*| =^ < yOk. èq`@, ^ , *e =O\ =OzQ} ^~ =<fl
^ < }O, ~[H K` ~` OK~. Ò_ `#@ î OK =a=< ^~# Qifi+Q
` ~K~. ^~< fiOQ x~
f<"_. L#fl`kH~# OkOK"_ H^. JO^=
J#= O Q JkH~ ^~O H=_O`@ "i J#= = ^~ L Q_ O_ ~Ok.
Wk =O_Q B~OQ*| J<H= Ok JkH~, < kH~ =^` OkOK_. D H~}O =
B~OQ*| Ku ^~ F@q J_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
218
B~OQ*| =`q^#O = q[O kOz#@ HO^~ O_` P~OK~. B~OQ*|

O^ =n_. x~_O|~ q` rqÒ Q_ "_. =`"O Q B~OQ*| ^~ L^~"^xfl
JOwHiOK^ . JO`HO_ =O , Jg~, L#fl` L^Q D q+ O ^~# =u~HOK@
K_. O^ "^# =n Jg~, L=, L#fl`^Q [ B~OQ*| =^`
eH~. ^~ F@q `= =`xH J#=~=h, B~OQ*| = `= =`~H} [~QÒ^x "~
qOK~. nxx B~OQ*| ~[H [#HOQ =~<fl~. JO` ` "~`fi^xfl
=`K O^ , L^~" ^ [iy# Ô Q ~#=. Wî < # O^=, =n
=<fl~< q+ xfl Q OKe.
B~OQ*| qq^ O` Q=~fl~Q xK _O =, qq^ Ô_ ` <H`fi O =OK_O
= i<, ^ ~OQ J#= O OkOK_. W`# èqQ x HkHi. < xfl #__ O #,
^ =hfl #fl_O # B~OQ*| <~ i. ^ ^` `. W=hfl B~OQ*| "~`fi Ô
q[O kOK_xH ^Ô K~. =~" ^~ qq^ ~ Q=~fl~Q xqO|_<, Z=
HO ~[^x< Q_ "_. JO^= i<#" xfl O^H _. JO`HH, < xfl #__ O
< }O OkOKH =_O` @ J`x H=tH}
_ OzOk. ^~ # O qq^ *`,
, O`, =`"~ x Q =O__O = "i SH` OzOk. "~ ZC_ `=
^# ^$+ =OK<"~. JO^= W`~ HO^ xK"~ H^. g\H `_ < xfl #_
JkH~O ^~ XHiH ~=fi^ . JO^= # O H=tH}
O_ ~Ok ^~ _ < xfl
#__ O #, ^ < }O O_ ~Ok.
B~OQ*| ^~ =O`_, ~ z `_ . U^< XHx x K_` ^$_ xO` K"_. J@=O\
H}
^~ =. D q+ ^~ B~OQ*| \~_. B~OQ*| "~` fi Ô q[O
kOKO^ [< H~ _x HO^~ O_` Ja_~ . J`_ =~ ~ ^ ~OQxH
~^ . XH" [< ^~ O QxH =z#@~` J<H= Ok x HkH~ KH=i` @ Ô
<" ~. JC_ B~OQ*| , =~^ # O F\q Jk.
^~ J#iOz# èq ` = q^< _ "~` fi Ô F@qH H~} J~.
^~\ " #O F@q H |^~~ Ô +*# F_Oz ==#fl `#
=~_ =< +H, ~** O Q HO "z=O_H `<H_ =~ ~ K~ <fl_. JO^=
"i J#= O Ô aOK^ . ^~ B~OQ*| HO> K=O^Q =~ ~ K~_ Hh B~OQ*|
# O =< "O@< ^_ K ^ . HO`HO "z =<fl_ . JO^= B~OQ*| =O aOz
^ U~@ K HQeQ_. ^ =O ^~ U#Q HxOKH =_O` x ^~ =$u
KO^_" ^ i=_" [iy =O@O^x qOz i=_O ~OaOK~.D qÔ Q U#Q
#Oz kQ_O ^~`@ < xH H# `z \O k.
219
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
B~OQ*| ^H< OkOz# ~OyÔ q[O kOK_O ^#` +OzOk.

J#=A# WOw+, Oz JkH~# OkOK_. "~ ^ ~OO ~OQ#
LyOKO_ J=~"#C_ LyOK~. J~` ^~ #O ~OO< ~OQ#
L yOK_O [#O O_ KO k. D qÔ Q ~ O yÔ ^~# F_OK_O ^ #`#
+OzOk.
B~OQ*| Q ~[H K` ~_. =xz J<H= Ok x HkH~, Jg~# B~OQ*|
`#" uC#fl OQu gik=~H Kk"~. ^~# W`~ ^~ #Oz ^~OK UHHQ xe_.
`# ^~ # +*, =~^# B~OQ*| `#" uCH_O` @, "i #Oz `## H_<O^
"i` xÒ OkO [i"_. D =Q~ ^~ @qx J_ <O^ [< uflOK_
Hh q _ _. B~OQ*| K` ~`` PQ H@# PHqOKx [< JkH~xfl `# fin#O
K =u_ `K_.
^~, B~OQ*| x =H` fi O, H}
# e K B~OQ*| Q`#O JOwHiOKH `^.
[< < HO< B~OQ*| `# u# , Q^<xfl K@<fl_ . B~OQ*| è"# "_,
Q\ "_. +*, =~^ q+, x~ `# `<fl_ Hh `# q+ "iH
èh^ . H+ = _ qQ KO^"_ H^. z=~Q B~OQ*|x ^~ ,
FH, ~[H K` ~`, ^$ _ qfi Juxx q*`Q xex K =K.
39. Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
^~ ~[H , i<#= O OK_xH ^ # H~}O Uq\?

L= ^~ ZO^ =u~~?
"~` fi Ô B~OQ*| q[O kOK_xH Q H~} Uq\?
39.4 ^ # u~Q@ =Y` :

*\ OuH=, ^~ =O` J< q+ O gik=~H Kk"~. "i Jk ~ ` .
H#H " qt q^#O K# =~ "i JO`$x HeyOz ^H < =i t=f~
~ = " ^ #=~O *\ =O__O = "i H~O " J=~O .
Q <H`fi O *\ u~Q@ K Q, =^ ~ *^~ J}z"O^ q `flO
K =$u KO^_. nx` " < xfl O_O Jx"~"O k. J~< "~ ~*~", K~=<
<H`fi O u~Q@ K~. ^_H ^ # H~}O PiH ~ " # k. î ^_ K *\ " #
W|O^ QiK~. *\# J}z"O^ " J<H `fl K~ Hh "i H =$^
J~Ok. J~< "ix iQ J}z" H ~. z=~ " ~[ ^ #QO *\
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
220
fiÒ` ~*xfl O K<fl~ . *\ u~Q@ XH" " |#`# K\ K Q, =~"

=# ~Q`=#fl O`$H JÔ \ O k.
`flg =`xfl J#iOK OuH=x g Q~ =Ok H^ ! gi Z==Ok
==^~ =i Ku=$` "~. "iH Z@=O\ =` ^ Hh, `_ Hh, JO`~
Hh =. XH `flgx " JkHi KO" _O` " @ "iH =u~H` ~O" , Jk
u~Q@ î fOk. u~Q@ f=`~O H=_O` B~OQ*| fiOQ "o u~Q@#
J}z"_. u~Q@ iQ J}z" |_Ok Qh " f= #xfl HeyOzOk.
JH~ HO#OK " |O^ =^ ``fiO =Ok. B~OQ*| <HO
KO`~ <H`fi O |O^ u~Q@ K Q, " # O ^xx J}z" KO`~ x
KO" O k. nx` J`x =~_ K` " # O K~_. J~` JH_ QiO H =_O`
|@ =z fiÒ` ~*xfl O Kx qOK_. t"r` ` O|^# U~@ K <fl_ .
H.. 1697<\H |=O`_ _. B~OQ*| =i J`x "~ =Q ` ~ _. 1731
<\H K` =~}O KO^ =O^ |O^YO_ #O_ " # iQ ìq" fiÒ` ~*xfl
U~@ K_.
D u~Q@# ije "\H ^ # H~}O PiH i` ! *\ ==^~ H#H
B~OQ*| qt q^<xfl =u~HOK~. `=# _ =#fl@ qOK~. JQ |O^ u~Q@
_ fiÒ` ~[ U~@ î fOk. D u~Q@ B~OQ*| =` q^#O = [iy#@ HO^~
qOK~. D u~Q@ " =[O J=xfl HeyOK~. =~ u~Q@,
x HH~H PiH u "xfl H#|iK~. PiHO Q ~[O |#"O k. D u~Q@
x H H~H " ~*xfl |#~K ~. ~*xfl ~HO K_O B~OQ*| "~ H+` ~ O
J~Ok.
39.a ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
*\ u~Q@ H~}"q\?
" # O K ` ZO^ O`$ KO^^ ?
u~Q@ = ~[H =O Uq\?
~OO :
=~ ~ ^ q[#O`~O B~OQ*| PQ H@# PHqOKx [<# M^ K_.
"~`fi Ô B~OQ*| xH <}xfl, i<^H`# K\ KOk. `# ~[H K`~`,
221
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
L=, Jg~, JkH~ H~O = B~OQ*| "~` fi Ô q[O kOK_. B~OQ*|

=~= O`_Q x~OK<fl_ .
B~OQ*| HO [iy# u~Q@ " ~*xfl |# iK~. Wq " =[
PiH u x `~=~ K~. g\H W`~ H~} `_=_O " =[O z<fla#flO H=_xH
H~}O J~Ok.
JO :
1.
2.
3.
"~` fi Ô B~OQ*| q[O kOK_xH H~} Uq?

^~ f#fl èq`= x~ J`x F\qH H~}=x h= JOwHi"? Hxfl
L^~} ~=fiO_.
*\, |O^ u~Q@ = Hey# ~[H =O Uq\?
~ fl =^#O
39.Z.
1.
2.
3.
^~ ZC_ ~[^x =O_"_. W`# Z=Q ^ #^. U ~hfl

^Q~ O_ ieOK^ .
^~x L^~"Ô =
B~OQ*| ^ < }O, =O, ~ y Ô` @ B~OQ*| ^~ , @^ ,
~[H K` ~`
39.a.
1.
2.
3.
PiH q`
=[ HOH fiÒ` ~*xfl U~@ K #H=_O
" ~*xfl |# ~K _ O ` @ PiHO Q H$OQn~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
222
40
~[`, t` "
O|O^ (1)
40.1 iK O :
~[`#, "iH `~+` =#fl ``fixfl QiOz Wk=~H g~ Kk"~. ^~
Q ~[` ~[` #O fiÒ` ~* U~@ K#fl q+ O g Q~O k H^ !
""~, =~fi~, ~}Ò~ "^# q ^ # ~[` ~*. gi` " O|O^ =#^
Ki` ^ # ` +OK~.
" i< HO =#Ô Pq~qOz# =~H =~O t. g~ Q~<#H
J#K~ . t L^=O "i Q~ ~O ~ P^~_ =Ok.
D ~ O_ J^ " ~[` =i " , t =^ Q O|O^x
qq^ H}# K^ =`~.
40.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` D HOk q+ Ò\~.
1. |~, =< HO ~[` O|O^
2. z`_, ~}Ò~, ""~, W`~ ~*# [~OK_xH JH~ f#fl K~
3. " ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOKx n~ _ ~}` J< q+ O
4. ""_ PH=} [Ow~ J#iOz# q^<# q=iOKQ Q@
5. B~OQ*| HO ""~ " ~ O|O^ `y=_xH Q H~}
6. JH~ <HO " t Q~= =^ Q ` O|O^
7. [Ow~ HO Q~ J~< # tHO K_O t `= H=_xH ^Ô K# q+ O
8. t, B~OQ*| =^ q^
9. t ^= Q~= Q~ QqO^ HO t L^=O =z# =~# QiOK_O
223
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
40.3 è O|O^ |~, =<

|~ ~`Ô K# Ô_`# è JÔ g~ Kk"~. " PH=}
"^\ x@ Ô ^ #"# ^ Hh H}fiÔ |~ ~`^ PH=} ^ÔK J`x
q[xH H~}"O k. D Ô ~}OQ <H`fi Ox ~[` @q qz#fl" O k. =<
HO " < XH" Q[~`x |^~`#, =~" `~ +~`# Ô
=xy~. D =O z`_ JO`H [~Q` =O__O = "i ^$+ \e#
J=~O ^x =< qOK_. |~, =< HO xi+" # ~[` q^#O ^ .
~`^ O JkH~xfl ~ ~ K H=_O " =xy~.
40.4 JH~, ~[`, z`_, ~}Ò~ PH=} :

H.. 1556 " O<xfl Jk+O z# JH~ ~[O H=OQ H#QO> ~[`
H~O J=~O Jx QiOK_. z`_, ~}Ò~ ~*# [~OKO`=~ ~[` #O `=
JkH~O <H#^x QiOK_. ""_ ~[ ~[^x z`_ |"# ~[O. Wk =^ ~[< HH" #
OÒ. PiHO Q, =`HOQ PQ#Oz Q[~` D =~O K ^Q~ . g@xflO\H qOz ""_
~[O ~[` ^~ x^~ #OQ xez " JkH~xfl tfl =O_k. |~ HO
J`xH =u~HOQ ""~ _ ~}OQ U~@ K# @qx QiOz K# ^xfl QiOz g~
Wk=~H Kk"~. g@xflO\ = ""~ PHqOKH=_O ` H J=~= h, JC_ W`~ ~[` `#
~fi=kH~xfl QiOKQ =u_ K =K#< q+xfl JH~ QiOK_.
H.. 1567 JH~ ""~ ~[^x z`_ Ô_`_. ""~ _ ~} L^ OQ
z`_ ~H}# ~[` <k`# *=, \ JyOz P~=o ~fi` `^K<fl_.
*= (Jaimal) , \ (patta) ^~ ` ~_ P~< @ H@# " # O #Oz
~HO KQe Q~. z=~ H..1568 z`_ H@ " =" O k. ~[` ^ OY =~}O KQ
~[` xC ^H Pù (Johar) K <fl~ .
z`_ PH=} J#O`~O JH~ ~}Ò~ ^$+ xe_. ~}Ò~ |"# H@. nx
_# ~*~# ~ H..1569 Oy~, " P#O K~_. g\ `< #O`~O HO |~,
aHh~, * b ~ JH~ ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOKQ, JH~ "i` fl O|O^# U~@
K <fl_ . "~ " ~[O =#^~ J~.
~}`, JH~ =^ Ô :
JH~ z`_# PHqOz#\H, ""~ ~[Ox K O` ~[` Pn#O< =<fl~.
L^~, ^x K@ H O` ~}` fin#O =<fl~. H.. 1572 LÔQ
=~}#O`~O J`x =~_# ~}` O#O Jk+Oz "` ~@O K_.
~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK=x JH~ =^ =<O Q, Q " < ^, `_~=# =^=~Q
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
224
O_. ~} `# =~_ J=~O Q# " ^~~ O_ Hh, Wî =^ XOÔ ^~ ^ .

PH~ PtOz# Q~"xfl ~} JOwHiOKH =_O JO^ ^ # H~}O HQ, z`_# `# fin#O<
=OKH"< JH~ x~
xfl _ ~} JOwHiOK=_O =~ H~}O!
`## kH i =#fl ~}`# F_OK< JH~ HiH b+ \ Ô <~" i Ok. b+ \
Ô ~}` F_~ i_. ""~ ~*xfl " PHqOK<fl ~}`
JH~ OQO_ fiÒÒ HO ~@O H#yOK_. U"#\H K ~[` ~*
" ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK_O = ~} ~\xH J~O O_ ~Ok. nxH `_
JH~ ~[`` ` O|O^# U~@ K <fl_. U"# \H ~}` kH~O W`~ ~[`
~* HO`" ~ "xfl H#|izOk. JH~ ~}`# "O\_`< =<fl_ . ""~# UHHx
KO^ "i q`` fl O K<fl_ . a H~O` Q i ^ ^` " #
~|O^ K Q_ ~}. JH~ H..1579 #Oz H..1585 =~ c~, OQ u~Q@
=xy=O__O =# g~ HO O* Ô_ ` K _O = "= i^ JH~ =#fl
=O# ~}` O ~` @, z`_ i~ O`# J<HO #~HqOK<fl~
Hh z`_# PHqOKH _. ~}` 1597 =~}O K_.
JH~# =~fi~ _ =u~HOK~. " Q[~` " =~O =#fl '*^ ~#
fin#O K H=_O J=~= x JH~ QiOK_. =~fi~ _ ~==" =~}O = "~#
KO^< J`x ^~ =^ U~_# JO`H# P~Q K x JH~ =~fi~ *HO K <fl_ .
KO^# O#O Jk+O z<, " =u_ = ~*xfl ^~ OKe =zOk. nx` KO^<
u~Q@ K_. nxx P~Q K x =~fi~# iQ PHqOK^ z# JH~ L^ ~ ==~#
K<O^ ~OQ aHh~x xqOK_. KO^< Q i ^ ^` # J#iOz " `
~__. W`_ H..1581 =~}O K_. nx` JH~ *^ ~# KO^< ^~_# LÔ Q
=~ [Q` *^~x JH~ `# =~_# bO([Ow~) ~z q"O [iOK_. B~OQ*|
HO =~ =~fi~ " ` ` O|O^# H#yOK~.
40.5 [Ow~ ""~ OQ@ :

JH~ ~[` q^<xfl [Ow~ H#yOK_. H..1605 [Ow~ O#O Jk+ <
""~# PHqOKH=_O ^$+ \_. ~}` =~}O `~fi` J`x =~_ J=~O
" ` ~\xfl H#yOK_. [Ow~ ""~ =~Q =_~ ^_K q "< _.
nx` H..161375 =^ HO ""~ [Ow~ <` Ô_ ` K~. =~A Y~"
# <H`fi O =Oz ^xfl #__. H@ =#fl ~[@OxH < xH P~^ ~,
~ JO^ O_ K O@# <#O K z=~ ""~ ~A OkH JOwHiOK K_. 1615
Ok [iyOk. D Ok H~O J=~OQ " ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK_. `# =~_
225
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
H~< O Q# " ^~~ O_. [Ow~ _ "i@ fl xfl î Oz H~< OQ# Q~qOz
5000 =#^~Q xqOK_. D =# WO` =O^ *^ ~, aHh~, Jr~ ~[` ~A
H=fi|_Ok. ""~, z`_ ~} uiy W=fi|_~.
40.6 [<, ~[` :

[< ~[`` Ò|O^# H#yOK_. ~[` _ "
HiOK_O ` @, ^H <# "= O`# [iy# ^ " `~ # ~_~.
J~` U ~[`~A _ U ~xH [< HO Q=~fl~Q xqO|_^ . "i` q"
O|O^ _ [~Q^ . ~[` ~ #O =O^x " qOK_" JO^ H~}O.
J~` *^ ~, JO|~ ~A J`#fl` =#^s# ~=fi_xH JOwHiOK_.
40.7 ""~, =~fi~, ~*` B~OQ*| O|O^ :

B~OQ*| O<xfl Jk+O K HO <\H M` ~[` ~A JO|~, * O Q, =~fi~
[fiO` OQ, ""~ * O Q g~ B~OQ*| `= =^` . H.. 1678 ~*[fiOÒ Q =~}O K_O `
B~OQ*| =~fi~ JO`~` ==~ *HO K H=_O` " ~[` =^ "~ O ~O" O k.
~*[fiOÒ Q "~ O_ =~}O K_O` ~ O_ ~Q }
q# ~[^x *^ ~`
"Q ~[O (khalisa) qb#O K_. ^x i# " JkH~# O_. [fiOÒ Q
" JkH" Ò |H~__ O _ ^x qb<xH H~}"O k. *^ ~ O<xH "~ _
H =_O = B~OQ*| P O`xH `=# *w~^~Q xq~< P ~}Ò~, * b ~
HeyOk Hh qb#O "i x~# qyeOk. U"# \H, B~OQ*| x~
O ~^_#
HOKi zOk. `= [# q, `= u+ zfl"# *^ ~# " ~[O qb#O K _O `=
Q~"xfl iOK_" #x "~ qOK~. *^ ~# H_H<O^ =~fi~ "`xfl =^H<O^
"~ ^" < ~. W^HH WOÔ Q =~fi~ *^~} O^^ . [fiOÒ Q =~}O K<\H Q~ = `Q
=#fl P# ~} W^~ =Qt=# q OK_O ` J = ù O k. "~ ~< H~}O
=iOK^x " QOK~. "i XH~ =$u KO^Q, =~H~ JlÒQ `## "~_Q
QiOz ~*xfl ~=fi=x B~OQ*| # H~_. J~` B~OQ*| nxH JOwHiOKH [fiOÒ Q =#=_#
WOÔ Q " "Q K_.
HO^~ Ki`H~ H~O JlÒ Q WO=Ò fiHi ~[O W_x B~OQ*| +~`
qkOz#@ Òk Hh, nxH O|OkOz =Hb# P^~ Ug=. B~QO *| JlÒ Q ~[^x
=#^s W#x H\ O K_x Hxfl ~[h QO^ ~<fl~.Dq^" # B~OQ*| q^<
=u~# ~[` ^~^ <H`fiO UH=~. ~} =i P" =~_ JlÒ Q#
PQ =ke " ~^x B~OQ*| P^tOK_. ^~^ "i`@ ` OK<fl_ . nx` "
~[` =^ Ô ~O" O k. ~^~ u~Q@# J}z" *^ ~ fin#O K <fl~ .
^~^ JlÒ Q ""~ i~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
226
WO\ u ""~ JlÒ Q =^` Q Ô <fl~ . JlÒ Q è, ~} Ok

=~fi~ ~} HH ""~ =~} _. ""~ ~A ~*OQ _ ~[` JO`~` q+
B~OQ*| *HO K H=_xfl OKH _. nx` ""~ B~OQ*| =^ ``fiO ~O" O k.
1679 " ""~ Ô_`~ . ~}~*O Q HO_H i~ " Q i ^
K_. " D Ô ^Q ^ H#|~K ^ . z=~ ~=~_# JH~ Ò_ B~OQ*|
=u~HOQ ~[`` K` He_. J~` "i fl xfl Q fl OKO^ B~OQ*| @ <fl_.
Hh @# QiOz `#fl ^~^ JH~# ` Oz ^H < =Oz O`xH K~ O^ HiOK_.
JH~ ~[` @ L^~ q^<xfl J#iOK_. fl ~fiH XO^, x H q[
^fi~ ~[`# [~OK_. [Ow~, [< _ JH~ q^<< J#iOK~. B~OQ*|
~[`# Q~qOz<, =~fi~ ~[q+ *HO K H=_O " ~[` O|O^
P@OHO HeyOzOk.
40.Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
JH~, ~}` Ou` XO^xH ZO^ ~H ~?

b \ ^#O`~O " # W|Ok >O ^ Z@=O\ ^ ^` # J#iOK_?
1615 Ok H~O ""~ ~[O "Ò uiy ~z " |_Ok. J~` ~[^x z`_# =Ò
~KO^ JOwHiOK^ . JO^ H~}"q?
*^ ~# " ~[O qb#O K < B~OQ*| x~
xfl ~[` ZO^ PQ xfl
HeyOzOk?
40.8 t` " O|O^ :

Q~<#H (14691539) ^# #Oz t=Ò Pq~qOzOk. Ò, Ou#
kOK_O `@ ^=_ XH_ J< Ô`xfl Q~<#H K~O K_. `# =~}xH =O^ Q~<#H
`# t+ XHix Q~=Q xqOz `# Ô` K~=@@ K_. t L^=O Q~~O ~`
=__ =Ok. k=Ok t Q~= " # =Hb#. Q~<#H `~fi` t=`
Q~"# Q~JOQ^ Hxfl ` H ^` # U~@ K_. =YOQ XH =H [## U~@
K_. D q^#O t =#`fixfl K\ K _O` @ "i SH` U~_O^ ^Ô
KOk D HO t=Ò J#iOK "i OY JkH"Ok. =_= t Q~= J~# Q~
J=~^ `<H_ " J#K~ ^# K _O H+` ~ O Q QiOz t# Hxfl QQ ql Oz,
"\ JkH~# xqOK_. ^# K _O, =H [ x~fiOK_O , H#H =
K _O gi qk.
JH~ =` q+ #, `` fi q+ # =#fl PHx QiOz Q` ~ g~ Kk"~.
227
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
q, L^~ "` O^ =O =^ JH~ " H ` kOKx qOK_. JH~ tQ~"#

Q~J=~^# H<fl_ . =H [# JH~# qÒ K~. nx 84 Q=#
Q~J=~^ =~ ccxH H#HQ JH~ ~K_. Q~ J=~^ `~fi` J`x J_# Q~~=^
t Q~= J_. Q~~=^ # JÒ` Q~=O Q JH~ 500 aQ xfl ~=~ x~}xH
^#OQ ~K_. JO`HO_ #`# #Q~ x~}xH Q~~=^ <^ "_. Jk t
q` "O k. ^xH '~=^~, Q~HH J< ~ =<fl~. D# HO #Oz Q~~O~
=O~O~ "O k. Q~~=^ `~fi` Q~ J~< (15811606) t Q~= J_.
Q~ J~< t Q~"# è~A O* OÒx " JkH~ Q~~=^ ^
=~_# $nfiKO^ Q~= H"#<fl~. ~=^ z#fl =~_# J~< > PH H#|iK_.
JO^ J~< x x~_O|~`, xHH =H`fi " H~}O. WO\ q+ # JH~ \ O KH^ . `#
rq`H=O` JH~ t` ` O|O^< H#yOK_. JH~ Q~J~< # H#@ i<
~K# "_ O K~.
JH~ =~}O i` =~ `zOk. t " =^ q~Ô ~O" O k. è
tQ~= =`^ Qh ~[H *HO K H^ . H.. 1606 =~A Y Ò_ #
lxy~ =u~HOQ u~Q@ K_. Hh u~Q@ F_~ O* i_. JH_
t Q~=# H Pj O^_. Q~ J~< =u~#"~, xH " JkH~ D
q+ xfl < [Ow~ K~" ~. nx` Y u~Q@ "#H Q~J~< ` =O^x qOz#
[Ow~ Q~ J~< ~[^ <~xH ~ O_ H ~ [i=< H@=x P^tOK_. nxH Q~
J~< =u~HOK_O ` J`xx |OkOz =kOK_.
nO` t "Q =^ "~O ~O"Ok. Q~ J~< ` `~fi` t `=#
JO`" kOK_xH " #H<fl~x QiOz t Q~"# J`x =~_ Q~~ QqO^
t# J~< `~fi` x HH Q ` ~ KO^ uflOz "iH tH} xOK_O ` @ P^#
_ =~_. ^ <"xx ` ~ K _O` @ #`# q^<# 'qi =i i
J#iOK_. qi J#Q ~*kH~O. i J#Q PûHH . J=$`~ J#O`" # O<xfl
(Timeless god) # `
~ K @" HH, < xH " =u~HOQ tH}
xK_. nxx OKx
[Ow~ Q~~ QqO^# _b ^~~ ~Oz, Ò_ `~ # [i=< H@=x Qfie~ H@
x~O kO* _. Hxfl O=`~ `~fi` [Ow~ =n Q~= q<qQ =i
KO^ (Q~<#H =~_) "~ Q~~QqO^# q_^ K_. J#O`~O Q~~ QqO^,
[Ow~ =^ fl O|O^ <H#fl@ i<, t P^~ "_ =<fl~.
[< HO " , t O|O^ "~O `< #_K~. "i =^ ù# q"^
}#xfl HeyOK~. ~Q` =#fl t |xfl " JkH~ OKH~. 1634
#Oz 1635 =~ t <#, " <# =^ ~@O yOk. U"# \H ~QqO^
x H ==~, u~Q@ XH H=û =. JO^ H~}O Jq xH H~}` =__
LO__O H~}O.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
228
Q~~~ (164461) t U_= Q~=. D#HO OuÒQ Q_ _ O ` @

" ` ` O|O^ H#Q~. [< ^ =~_# ^~` ` O|O^ =O_q. L^~ "
Q ^~+H Q~~~x OîOz Q~= =~^# î OK_. =~ ~ Ô F@q
`~fi` O* u~Q`=#fl =O ^~ Q~~x He_. Q~~~ ^~ O
K_#_xH ZO\ P^~ H ~< P \ H =^#O ~=fi=OkQ B~OQ*| Q~~~x
P^tOK_. P# `# ^ =~_ ~=~x O iu x q=iOK_O ` B~OQ*| Q~~~x
=xflOK_.
=^ *\ (1669) <~fl `flg u~Q@ (1672) " `<Q =iOk
t #O_ _ =C =O^x " qOK~. Q~~~ =~}O` t "~_
q+" q"Ô U~_Ok. ~"~ `# ^~_# ~H+< =u~HOQ B~OQ*| xfl
H~_. z=~ J`x ^~ _# ~H+ < B~OQ*| =^` ` Q~= J_. B~OQ*| ~H+<
Q~=O` ~[* O QH ~H} Q _b H O_. _b ` fiK~ =|_ Q~^fi~ Q~~H+ <
=HO "_. J~< Q~ ~H+ < B~OQ*|# HHH _. ZO^HO> _b JO@"k
"OK_O = JkH 1664 ~H+ < =i}OK_.
Q~~H+< `~fi` Q~ `*|^~ (H.. 166476) t Q~=_. JO|~ ~A
~"OQ =^ Ki JO K~_. J#O`~O \fl HO`HO Q_ O* K~_. O* JO`
~ \Oz ~ ` u Q` # ijeOK_. J}Qi# "i ^~ xfl xO_. W`_ `#`# x["#
^Q KH<fl_ . fiÒ` ~[ U~@ "ix ÒK_O` @ < xfl ` ~K_.
nx` Q~ `*|^~# B~OQ*| _b H ~ Oz tHOK_. z=~ ` #iH_. nx` t
f==~, ~A@ =`~ H` HeQ~. Wk t L^= Q`x =i"O k. D q+ O ~ ~O
Ò^=.
Q~`* |^~ `~fi` Q~QqO^~ 1676 t Q~= J_. ^g ~_, <x
H=_O = ''< ~ J< ~O^_. `=O> PH Hey# W`# Q~ fis P^#
L yOK_O # k@. 'M q^<xfl " \_ . ~ "#H 'OQ # K~ < O^xfl
"^\_ . nx` D#~ ''Q~ QqOÔQ J~Ok. `* |^~ =~}O `~fi` B~OQ*|
t ^$+ @^ . B~OQ*| 1679 ~[< JH_ #Oz ^H < "o# =O Q~
QqOÔQ |xfl OA<fl_. xH HO_*u ~A` ^ K_. "iH xH "
JkH~ O aOzOk. t P^~ H~O " JkH~ t @ J#i# fl J}z"`
q^<# QiOz Q~ QqOÔ Q B~OQ*| L`~ O ~_. JO^ =HQ ` O Q H==x B~OQ*|
=^#O ~=fiQ, Q~QqOÔQ ^H< |^~_. DQ B~OQ*| =~}"~ èOk.
1798 Q~QqOÔ Q ^_H Q~ =~}O K_.
Q~ QqOÔ Q` Q~~O ~ Py~<, "i |O H#yOk. t q`QOÔ Q~
QO^ t L^=`` fiO `Òk. `~fiuHO ~* ~OlÒ Q <H`fi O t JkH~O
L#fl` u H KiOk. D q+ xfl `~fiu ~O K^ =`~.
229
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
~OO :
|~ H}fiÔ ~[`# F_OK_. ~[< x JkH QO JH~ fin#O KHx
L`~ ~`^ O JO` " JkH~xfl ~ O K_. 1567 z`_# JH~ =@_O K_. J#O`~O
~}Ò~# PHqOK_. qQ` ~[`~A# HO*~, aHh~, * b ~ ~A JH~ ~fi =kH~xfl
QiOK~. J~< 1572 ~A J~# ""~ ~}` #Oz = Z^~ ~. g~`fixH,
fiÒ`K ~}` zflO. K ~* JH~ =O J=fi_O = ~} u~Q@ P ~[`
~* HO`" ~ =`" "xfl H#|izOk. [Ow~ JH~ q^<xfl H#yOK_. =_~
""~ Ô_u J=~O Q# OkH JOwHiO* _. [< _ "= ^H < Ô_ `
~[` <H`fi ^ ` JyOK_.
B~OQ*| <HO ", ~[` O|O^ ^|u<fl~. =~fi~ ~[ "~`fi
q+ O B~OQ*| *HO K H=_O JO^ H~}O ""~ _ J^î #_zOk. ~[`
Q i ^ ^` # J#iOz " < xfl W|O^ QiK~. `~fiu HO XOÔ
ki<..O|O^ P@OHO HeyOk.
Q~<#H ^# = t=Ò Pq~q OzOk. t Q~= Ou, `# K~O K~.
Q~~O ~` t L^=O =__ = Ok. è Q~= L^= x~}xH ZO` H$+ K~. OQ~
û t=` \ + ` =O^ H#H = K \xH U~@ K~. è~A "
KH=~ tQ~=` ` O|O^# U~@ K <fl~. JH~ qx ^#O ~K_. Q~
J~< # He_. Q~ J~< # [Ow~ tHO K_O ` " t O|O^ ^|u<fl~. [<
HO " JkH~ t` xH q+ = ^ K~.
t L^=O B~OQ*| HO |`"Ok. 1676 B~OQ*| Q~`* |^~#
JO`"OkOK_O t " O|O^# =uOk. t xHHQ `~~.
Q~QqOÔ Q Y û x " \_ . xH HO_*u t =^ ^ [iQ~.
" JkH~ xH # =iOK~. *\, `flg` @ t _ B~OQ*|
W|OkH~O Q ` ~ ~.
t =`xfl Q~<#H O K~. è ~A " t =^ ` O|O^ H#Q~.
t |O B~OQ*| W|O^ `zOk. t# J}z"O^ xH ~A " O
K~.
40.a ~ fl
1. t =` _ Z=~? t q` QOÔ Uk?
2. Q~ ~=^ ` Uq\?
3. Q~J~< UH~}O = tHO |__ ?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
230
4. gi, i =Y` Uq\?

5. xH ~A t UqÔ Q =u~H` îOK~?
JO :
1. 50 ^ =^#O ~=fiO_.
Z) " ~[` O|O^ H}fi^ ^#` Z\k ?
a) z`_ PH=} " UqÔ Q =Y"O k?
) t L^=O ''OQ~ q^#O Uq\?
_) [Ow~ HO " t O|O^ ZO^ ^|u<fl~?
2. JH~ ~}` =^ ~\xfl QiOKO_.
3. [Ow~ ~[` q^#O ^ # q*# q=iOKO_?
4. " ` =~fi~, ""~ ~[ O|O^ U H~}O = ^|u<fl~?
5. è " , t O|O^ "i "~ HO HO> `_Q =O__xH H~} Uq?
6. è Q~= t L^=xH K# =# q=iOKO_?
H~H= :
~[` Ki` g~z`"#k. ~[<x *#^ @ ~[` ^~
@==` =O\~. QOÔ #Oz H `KHx $kfi~*K<, ~}OQ, ~}`,
~} H~fl=u rq` q# K^= O_.
~O fl =^<
40.Z.
1 W^~ =["^. JH~ Hi# =HQ ` Q~"xfl ~}` u~iOK_O
2. Q i ^ ^`
3. z`_ |"# H@. Wk ~[`# |=O`# K O k.
4. *^ ~# `= H#flè Q ~^~ qOK_O , B~OQ*| x~
O ~^~# kOzOk.
40.a
1. Q~<#H, Q~QO^
2. H#H = K _O, t=`xfl lOK_O

3. Y u~Q@ H~O JOkOK_< <O `
4. ~*kH~xH gs zfl" ` PûH "xH i zflO
5. " #Oz x H xfl H~_O ^fi~
231
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
41
~[`, t` "
O|O^ (2)
41.1 iK O :
" ~[` =^ O|O^ Ja=$kx g~ Q` ~O `<fl~ . ~[``
` O|O^# @ #fl "@" ^\ " KH=i JH~ J< q+O g Q~ =Ok H^! `#
q^#O = " ~*xH ~[` H~xfl OkOK_. "~ Q ^ Q, iQ
x~OK<fl~ . JH~ "~ _ D q^<<fl J#iOK~. J~` D ` O|O^ B~OQ*|
HO P@OHO U~_Ok. D ~O ~[`` O|O^, JO^= e `# Ò\~.
J> t " =^ O|O^# QiOz J^ #O K~ . g Q~O k H^ è~A
t " ~ =^ ` O|O^ =O_=x g Q~O _ LO@Ok. J~` B~OQ*| HxH
=K@\H t |"# =~OQ `~~. t xHOQ, |OQ `~.. "`
~[H , x H ~\xfl yOK~.
41.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# J#O`~O g~ D q+ # J~O K HQ~.
1. JH~ ~[` q^<xfl J~O K H=@O
2. ~[`# q[O kOKO^ JH~ f#fl K~
3. " ~[`=^ O|O^ = W~=~ aOz# L Q
4. B~OQ*| ~[` q^#O = " ~[O =O
5. " #, t =^ è~A =#fl =u~H` =Ò |O^" # k H^ =HQ ` " # ^#<
q+O
6. B~OQ*| HO t L^=O =z# =~ H~}O
7. ' M U~@ Q~QqOÔ Q `# JOK< " @O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
232
41.3 " ~[` O|O^ :

JH~ ~[` O|O^# Kk"=O^ ~[`#O QiOz `H"e# J=~O =Ok.
~[`#O Z_ix e# OÒ. PiHO Q \ J~#k H^. Hh ^`~O Q ^ #"#
OÒ. =fi, Q[~` =O\ "~, iqH H O^ ^Q~ =Ok. D O` g^ i
JkH~O K~OKO> ~[` <xfl fin# O =OKH"e# J=~O =O^< q+ O# KH=~
QiOK~. QOQ=< JO`~ fik OÒ =i Q[~` =^ "~ O|O^ =~O ^H}
~[< QO_ Q` =O__O = POÒ ZO` ^#`# Hey =Ok.

~[` #O =u~H` x^~ #O. _b ## x~O`~O =u~HOz# q+ O, ~[`,
# =^ ~@O q+ O g~ Q` JÔ Kk"~ H^ ! < ~[`# F_Oz<
iQ J}z"H~. _b |#"# =#flC_ ~[` fiÒ`xfl
H\ O K<"~. H#H ~[` #O PH=} HO x~O`~O ^ Q`=O_q. H.. 16=
`|O JH~ O#O Jk+OK<\H fiÒ` |O iyOk. g@xfl\ = ~[`
fiÒ`Q =O_O`=~ "Q ~`^ O i JkH~xfl O^_O |"# ~[O# U~@
K _O H+= < q+ O +" O k.
~[H OQ, ^`~O Q ~[` #O ^#`# JH~ QiOK_. H#H ~[` <`
" O|O^xH H` x~fiK#O Kx qOK_. JH~ ^`~" # H |k, ~[H i*#O
Q =H J< q+ O gik=~H Kk"~. qÔ ~[O xiOK_O =#fl H# JH~ QiOK_.
~`^ O x O^= HO_ =n _ " # q^jQ< q< fl~< q+ xfl
JH~ Q OK_.
JO`HO_
1.
2.
3.
4.
~[`# J}z" O_ U |"# PH=} =O_^ .

~`^ O qq^ *` =` =^ SH` k ` " JkH~O ~ O H^h, |"#
~[O U~_^h , nxx ~[` H~O O_ kOK_O Ô H^.
H =O x H ~" # q[O = ~[`# J}z" _O, OQnH=_O, "i H~xfl
O^_O ^ O H^. "i@ Q~= ^~ #, "i@ =#`fi "xfl î OK_O #
Qfi= K _O =< "i H~xfl O^=K.
t+ =~O @, Ò`#Oz ~H}
OÔ^ ~[`# q"# fl =~O Q U~@
K<fl_.
D q+# Q=xOz# JH~ 1. fl~fiH O|O^# U~~KH=_O ^fi~ "i
233
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
q[O kOK_O . 2. Ô J}z" _O J< q^<# ~[`` J#iOK_.

JH~ `# JkH~xfl QiOK=OkQ ~[` # P^tOK_. Z=~< nxx JOwHiOKx
"i Ô H\ O K_. WO\ u z`~, ~}Ò~ JH~ K# ^# Q` J^
Kk"~. ~}Ò~ JH~ JkH~xfl QiOKQ, "~ " P#O L#fl` ^=
xq`~. ""~ _ ~}` " JkH~xfl JOwHiOKH =_O` ^_ K~.
~}` ^~ xfl, x|^` # "K<fl JH~ q^< ~} =u~HOQ x|_x q+ O
Z=~ H^#^ . ~}` ~\xH Uq^" # H~O aOK^ . ~} XO\i~@O ~[`
JkH~xfl H_\xH i_ ^ . H#H ~}` Of fiÒ Ò x@H=_O H O K <fl_ .
HQ =~" JH~ ~`^ O q ~*xfl O K_" H O K<fl_ . ""~ XO@i~@O,
W`~ ~[` H~O H =_O = ~[` ~[H kH~xfl |#iOk. `# [<
~H}
~[` " ` K` He~. b \ Ô# QiOz g~ Wk=~H Kk"~.
~*=<OQ <H`fiO J<H=Ok ~[` < ~}ÒQ =u~HOQ JH~"
xez ~@O K _O D ^ q+O . ~[` < ` @, HOM< ~ <H`fi Ox P<
# O D Ô JH~ =u~HOQ ~__O = b \ ^xfl O^ =O =^ [iy#
Ô JxHh, ~f q^j =^ [iy# Ô JxHh K g ^ .
JH~ ~[` ^ # <` q" O|O^# U~@ K <fl_ . =O ,
O^ < =~ =^ q" ^~"# q+O H^. ^=yi_ ^=~=
KO^_ `# ìx JLn<d bH ~z q"O K# q+ O gik=~H Kk"~. J~` JH~
q" O|O^ JO^ a#fl" # q. ~[` @O` =HQ ` O|O^ U~@ K H"x
qOK_. Wk ~[` <` O|O^# |~ O ^x Q OK_. `# O^ ~
JH~ i =` fiKx =fi_O` @, "i |O^ =# L#fl` ^= xqOz Q~qOK_. JO|~
_ ~* ~= =~# q"O K#fl JH~, P## Q~qOz ~ Q=~fl~Q
xqOK_. P# =~_ Q"<^# 5000 =#^~#, =#=_ =<OQ#
7000=#^~# K_. H| _Q, c~, OQ Q=~fl~Q xqOK_. WO\
J~^# Q~=O `# O_ ^~ _# g~ Jr* M< HH =`" WK_.
JH~ ~[Òî`# q" O|O^# ` xi K ^< q+ xfl g~ Q~O KH"e
~}Ò~ ~[`` JH~ q" O|O^ H ~< ~[~< O Q ~H\ OQ O`xH
JkHiQ xqOK_O ` @ 2000 =#^~# K_. JO`HO_ ~, |#"~ ~[``#
q" O|O^ =. JH~, ~[` =^ O|O^ =HQ ` " # q. JH~ `# _# =~_
_x# JO|~ OHxH ~= ~=^ O_. ~=# PQ i# K__xH
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
234
`# Q[~` Ô_ ` "o# O^~ O xqOK_. H.. 1573 JH~ fiOQ aHh~x
~*~OQ WO\H P# J_ Kx~# =O "o F^~_O` @ P# `~
f Q=<xfl K HO_ K ~HO K_.
~[` <# J`#fl` =#^~Q xqOK_" HO_ # +} *w~#
_ ~K_. =O~O~ OQ "iH aOz# "i ~*# "i #O< =OK_. "i fiO`
~*HO> *w~#OK JkH PÔ ~[` a =O_k. " P#O K~_=<k
PiH [<xfl aO*
_" HO_, # O# OKHx `= JkH~xfl q $Ò KH<O^
~[` L Q_ O k. D qÔ Q "Q# qk Oz ~@O K _O HO> "i` ` O|O^#
U~@ K H=_O ~[` _ [<xfl HeyOzOk.
JH~ =O~O~ OQ aOz# ~*# ''Q~*Q iQ}O K"_. "\#Oz aOK
PÔ #Oz KH=iH |=<# KeOK_O ` @ H O (++ ) KeO Ke =O_k. ~}`
JH~ =^ KHO ~@O Q_xH ++ KeO KO^ ~} JOwHiOKH =_" J< q+ O
g Q~Ok H^ ! =#^~Q xqOH~#\H ~[` xH O Ke
=O_k. x H O KO^ x~HiOz#@~` " JkH~xfl kHiOz#@Q, u~Q@
K# @Q qOz "i JH~ K~ f<"_.
JH~ ~[` ~fi=_Q =O@, =O`, `=~# ` =#flO` =~ "ix P
^= H#QxK"_. =O~O~ q+ *HO K<"_. JH~ a~^xz# "i<
~* Jx J<"~. D q^#O ~[` u~Q@ K O_ =O_@@ Z" "~ JH~
JkH~xfl JOwHiOK@ KO k.
=` #O, ~fi =#= =#`fiO, qfiOu " #" JH~ ~[` q^#O. Wk ~[`#
JH~ ^Q~KOk. H.. 1564 ="`~# _ =O_# ll#fl# ~^K_. `#
i##, ~[q~ }
# `=`@ =#OQ O@ =#fl "i Wk J<"# #fl
Jx JH~ qOK_. JO` =O^ JH~ `#fl# ~^ K _O` @, ^M n =`=i_H
fi eH_.
"Ò g^ JH~ ~[` q^#O " ~[O`@ ~[` _ [#H~O Q
=O^<k +O . " # O ~[` Qfi=~. " ~[ q~xH, ~`
~[` g~zÒQ, #=HOQ ~@O K~. nxH `_ ~[` #O Ou` i`
U~_~. `= ~*xfl QiOz O^# O_ Ôx J<H O` ~[`
=K QeQ~. g\H` _ "iH " P#O L#fl`" # ^= # O^~. "iH H \~Oz#
*w~= ~[H OQ, PiHO Q "iH ~H}
K iOk.
235
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JH~ ~[` q^#Ox ` H H}

:
1. `# ~fi=kH~xfl QiOK=x P^tOK_. JO^ JOwHiOKH ` Ô H\ O K"_.
2. ~[`` q" O|O^# U~@ KH=_O` @ =HQ` O|O^#
\ + ~ <fl_ . O^ ~ =` fiKx =fi_O` @, P" |O^ =# L#fl` ^=
xqOK_.
3. PkHOY ~[` <# " ^~~L#fl` ^= xqOK_O` @
"ix " JkH~` =#OQ Q~qOK_.
4. =O~O~ OQ ~[` aOz# ~*`@ "iH *w~# H \~OK_. e ÒQ
~[` P^ =#~iQ~.
5. q"# =` # q^<xfl qfi=#= =, Ou# =" `~ [# K_.
6. "~` fi OQ JkH~O ~K # LyOK<fl_ .
"~` fi Ô B~OQ*| ~[` JkH~# ~** O Q, g~ ~[* O Q , ~*[fiOÒ Q
=O\ "i H~xfl O^_O q[O kOK_.
B~OQ*| O<xfl Jk+O z# è~A ~[`` ` O|O^# H#yOK_. [<
HO` e B~OQ*| HO< Hxfl q+ ~[` iu "~Q =O_Ok. [<
<HO U ~[`~A# 7000 =#^~Q xqO|_^ . J~` B~OQ*| HO
~*[fiOÒQ, ~*g~ *OQ 7000 =#^~Q xq`~. ^~` Ô
B~OQ*| =u~HOQ ~_<, `~fi` B~OQ*| HiOK +* =u~HOQ Ô K_.
Q[~` Q=~fl~Q ~ O_~ xqO|__ . H=O =~A =`" a = #fl ^H< ^~
^q B~OQ*| *OQ# xqOK_. JO`HO_ ~[` x _ L#fl` ^=
B~OQ*| HO aOK~.
=Hb# O z u_# sfl ~ B~OQ*| L^~"^xfl QiOK_. B~OQ*| ~[`
<# J<H= Okx `# P#O L#fl`< xqOK_O ` @ =n JkH~`
=#OQ K#@ ifl ~ ~<fl~ . 1679= O=`~O B~OQ*| ll#fl# #~î OK_.
""~, =~fi~ = B~OQ*| q^#O =~ =z#@Q HO^~ O_` ~<fl~. J~`
B~OQ*| H O =~fi~ ~*xfl ~ O_ QQ ql Oz |# ~K _ " Qh =Ò = H^x
K =K. D ~*# W`~ JyOK~. `~fiu HO "~` fi q+ *HO JkH" Ok.
1679 `~fi`< J<H= Ok =~+ " JkH~Q K~~< q+ O Q=xOK=#. JO^=
24Ò "~ [< HO =#fl O^ JkH~ OY B~OQ*| H 33Ò iyOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
236
=~fi~, ""~` " O|O^ ^|u#_O = ~[Òî` O|O^ `y^ .

Z==Ok ~[` D q+ O *HO K H^ . ^, HK<, u, |Hh~ ~^_
" ` ` O|O^ Hey "i =< HeQ~. ~^~` [iy# ^ " # O
HO`~[` #O _ #_O Q=xOK^Qk. JO`HO_ ~[` JkH~ "`
` O|O^# H#yOK_.
B~OQ*| =~fi~, ""~ ~* @ J#iOz# q^#O ~[H q[` OzOk.
g\= " Ug [#O H Q, =~" D ~* q+ O " F@q "
~[ u+# ^|fOk. JH~HO ~[` " #=HOQ =O_"~ Hh, B~OQ*|
=~# , ~[` ~A @ JQ~= =O "i J#=HxH H~}O J~Ok. nxH `_ =~fi~,
""~ ~*` O|O^ P@OHO HQ_O " ~[` O|O^# |#iK~. Wq
*@, t "^# "i ~\xH ix K~. JO`HO_ O^, =O JkH~` _#
|"# H=~O U~_O^ _ Wk J=~^# HeOzOk. " ~[` H~O
OK_O = =~+ ` K~ [~_O H+` ~"Ok.
41.Z ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
b \ Ô ~ O_ =` =^ [iy# Ô H^ J<^xH XH H~}O Ò_?

JH~ U~~K #fl q" O|O^ QÒ [iy# q" O|O^ HO> UqÔ Q a#fl" # q?
B~OQ*| HO =~fi~, ""~` " O|O^ P@OHO HeQO^ ^#"#
H~}O Uq\?
40.4 " t O|O^ :

B~OQ*| HO>=O^ " t =^ Z@=O\ =u~H iu ^ . t Q~=
"xH < JH~ "i` ` O|O^# U~@ K <fl_ . Y u~Q@ HiOK_<
L^ O` Q~J~< # [Ow~ tHO K_O ` "^\ iQ =u~H` U~_Ok. `~fiuHO [Ow~`
P# ` O|O^# U~@ K H<fl_ . [Ow~ Hj~ " =O "O@"_. J~` [<`
q^ U~_~. D =xH t Q~= |O U~_Ok. [<` q^ H~}OQ tQ~=
O*x ~fi Ò` "o qO` r=#O Q_ Q_.
W D =O O^= <Q x|_ J=HO H ~Ok. t "
=^ U~_# =#"# =u~H` ~[H~"# =i =HQ`"#^ Hh, =`~"#k
H^. t " O|O^ iQ `yO^ Wq H~}O H^ . tQ~= 'K^(x["#
fi=_) Q =|__ . "iH `y#O`=Ok J#K~ =<fl~ . xs` ^ # î OK_O ` @
237
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=^ P OÒ #Oz OkOK~. '^=O^ ~` PÔ ^= =O`# `= J#K~ #Oz

= K"~. ~[H , =HQ ` q^ q~ÔQ `~fiu " HO =~~. "~
JH~ =ki L^~"^ HH=_O Q=xOK=#.
H.. 1675 Q~`* |^~# Lif_O` B~OQ*| t =^ # ~@O ~O" O k.
è~A B~OQ*| t` ` O|O^ =O_q. t Q~= @O|Ox "~` fi `Q^
B~OQ*| t =^ "~ xH HO`=~ H~}=~. J~` Yz`" # H~}O q+ " +`
^ . t OÔ H~O t Q~#O HO ~"~ K# @ "~ xH H~}O H=K.
nxH `_ x["# ~fi=_Q =|_ tQ~= # O` ~A= r=#O yOK_O , Hj~
O^=# |=OÒQ =O Q =~_xfl =u~HOK_O _ H~}. HO^~ =O t
Q~= J#K~ Q =~_O B~OQ*| HH~}"O^x HO^~ ~<fl~. Q~= J#K~ s
"Ò #fl = K _O B~OQ*| Hxfl ÒzO^x =iHO^~ JaO. ~ `
=[O HO L^q# fl t Q~=` J}Qi# =~"~, qx"~ He, fi=, JkH~
~`fixfl q=iOK"~. Wk _ B~OQ*| HO ` OzOk. g@xflO\= t" =^
"~ O f=`~" O k.
Q~QqO^ OQ <H`fi O t L^=O =~ =zOk. Q~`* |^~# tHOK_O
t# "~ =u~Q =iOk. Q~#, P^# |=`Q fH=_O
Q~QqO^ OQ ~OaOK_. |"# < xfl U~@ K_. JO^ J<H= Ok *@ K~~.
H.. 1699 M# " \_ . Wk Q~<#H ~OaOz# q^#O =~ zflO. "^\
S^=Ok Q~= ^=_ XH_, qQ ~^#, *q^#O J=~O ^x ^# K~. "^\ iQ
P~= Q~"# ~QqO^ "^\ iQ x # U~@ K _=<k H=OQ M îfOk.
M J}z"` q^<# =u~HOKO^ ^# "O k. J~#\H t L^=O t =O
=^ H^<k Q~O KH"e. Q~QqO^ ~K# Qx, t ~K# Qh ZH_ fH~O# QiOz
HxOK^ . Q~QqOÔ Q =O @H x, =Ò @Q h =u~H` ^ . `# # O S^=O^=Ok
~ < =O *f =O__O J< x*xfl =~z~^.
HO_O`x xH O^ ~A t Q~= =^ q^ U~_~. t Q~=
|=O`=`~x `= \ J=`~x "~ qOK~. `= XH~ t` ~@O KH
B~OQ*| H~xfl H~~. ~Q` =#fl t |O` H` KOk# B~OQ*| _ "iH
HiOKO^ JOwHiOz xH ~A O K =x " Q=~fl~# P^tOK_. ^~ O QO
Q~= `# W^~ ^ =~# H_. =~ W^~ z#fl =~# " JkHi =r~M<
|OkOz tHO K_.
D =O _ Q~QqOÔ Q B~OQ*| # HeO^ uflOK_. " JkH~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
238
^ ~# B~OQ*| q=iOKx qOK_. H.. 1706 B~OQ*| Pfi#O "~ ^H <=#fl

B~OQ*|# HeO^ #=_. D Q< B~OQ*| =~}OK_. =~\ O=`~"
Q~QqOÔ Q _ =~}O K_. fi` Q " ~*xfl kH iOKQe y#O` |"# u~Q@
H^ t u~Q@. *\ u~Q@Q ~Q`=#fl =u~H` x^~ #O. Wk " Q~"xH
HO`"~ OQO HeyOK~. O^ =u~H q^<, B~OQ*| =~# = D u~Q@
[iy#@Q HO^~ Ja_~. J~`"~, ~[`, O* HO_O` ,
QOQ"^ #Ox O^ ~ ` D L^=xH ^~OQ =<fl~< q+ xfl QiOKH ~.
è<\ t L^=O Ou`" O k. U"# \H ~ ` , Ku=$` "i ~Q`=#fl JO`$
|xfl K iOk. Q~`* |^~# =kOK@O B~OQ*| t# =u~# KO k. nx`
L^=O x H~ OQ =iOk.
41. a. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
[Ow~ U K~ t HH~}"O k?
M# U~@K# t Q~= Z=~?
" t =^ ~@O =`~ " # k H^ PiH ~" # ^#_xH H Uq\?
~OO :
~[` H~O O_ " ~[ q~}
, s H~} ^ O H^x QiOz# "^\
" < JH~. JO^= `# ~[O K~ O^ "ix ÒK_. "iH ~[O #
L`fl` ^= # ~K_ "i` q" O|O^# U~@ K <fl~. `# O^ ~ =`
fiK # ~K_. JO`QO_ ~[`` JH~ =HQ ` ` O|O^# U~@ K <fl_ . ~[`
_ JH~` H=_O = `= L QO Jx QiOK~. J~` ~}` O\"~ " #
kH iOK~. "ix J}z"O^ JH~ x H K~ f<fl_. ~[`` ` O|O^ "
~*xH ZO` L Q_ ~. J~` B~OQ*| HO D O|O^ ^|u<fl~. =~fi~ "~` fi
q+ O B~OQ*| *HO K H=_O "~ =u~ H=_xH H~}O HQ, =~fi~` @ ""~
_ B~OQ*| =u~HOQ =iOk. B~OQ*| q^#O J<H= Ok ~[` =u~# KO k.
Wk Wî =^ ^~xfl Oz " ~*xH H# HeyOzOk.
B~OQ*| i# ~OaOKO` =~ " t =^ ` O|O^ =O_q. Q~J~< #
tHOK_O t =u~H` H~}"< "i =^ O|O^ iQ `y^. J~` Q~`*
|^~# B~OQ*| tHO K_O t L^=O =~ H~}"O k. Q~QqO^ OQ <H`fi O
t x HH Q ` ~ ~. M U~@ K |_Ok. nx` Q~= |O iyOk. J}Qi#
=~ <H`fi O =Oz O*x HO_O` =u~HOQ ~\O ~OaOKQ,
239
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
B~OQ*| "ix J}z"O^ xH O K_. fi`Q t L^=O "

~*xfl kH iOKQ |"# k HH~< *\, P< L^=O Q< =[O JO`$H x^~ #OQ
K=K.
JO :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
JH~ J#iOz# ~[` q^<xH ^ # H~} Uq?

~}` ^~ e J~# Q_ J~< xH H~}< x|_@ H~}O Uq?
JH~ ~[` q^#Ox ^ # H}
Uq? Jq ZO`=~ q[O kOK~.
B~OQ*| ~[` q^#O JH~ q^#O HO> ZO^ q~^" O k? Jk " ~*xH
UqÔ Q x HeyOzO^ q=iOKO_.
B~OQ*| HO> =O^ t L^= H}
# =~# q=iOKO_?
~ fl =^< :
41. Z.
1.
2.
3.
JH~ < ~[`_# ~*=<O Q <H`fi O =OKQ, ~}` <

P< J~# HOM< ~ <_ H=_O
a JH~ `# ~ =` fiKx
K_.
b `# ~ |O^ = L#fl` <# ~K_.
c "i` =HQ
` ` O|O^# U~@ K <fl_ .
~* [fiOÒ Q =~}#O`~O =~fi~ "~`fi O q+ O *HO K H=_O
41. a.
1.
2.
3.
Q~J~< # tHO K_O

Q~QqO^ OQ
Q~QqO^ # O P< =O__O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
240
42
" ^H< q^#O
42.1 iK O :
~`^ O x ^H < OÒ L`~ ^ # ZC_ PHi =O_k. _b # HO
J=n< db ^H < O^# O^_O ` @ <==` ~fi=kH~xfl OkOK_. =n<
`QH #HO ^H < K O` _b # ~[O qb#O J~.
H.. 16= `|O ~OO MO^+, c~~, J^#Q~, c*~, QO_, c^~, q[#Q~O
J< U_ ~[ =O_q. 1664 q[#Q~ ~[O `# "O k. c~~# c*~, c^~# J^#Q~
# fin#O K H=_O` c~~, c~^ ~* _ JO`=~. JH~ i# K> < \H
^H < x*O fin#O J^#Q~, Jk fin#Ox c*~, ` fin#Ox
QO_ ~* =O_q. D =_ ~* _ ^H < Pk` O OkOK_xH `= `=
HOKO@ =O_"~. D =Qi H `_ =~+ _ ^H < J=ìOK~. ^H < ~[O
Wk qa#fl" # k, " =u~H" # k. H|\ " ~* gi` ` HO uflOK"~.
^H <x O @# H~}# D ~OO J^ #O K~ . ^H < "
~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK_O = JH~, [Ow~ O`$ KO^_O g~ Ò\~. J~`
[<, B~OQ*| =iO` f="# ^H < q^<xfl J#iOK~.
42.2 H :
D ~OO Kkq# `~fi` g~ D q+ # J~O K HQ~.
1. J^#Q~ q+ O *HO K H=_O JH~ H
2. MO^+, c~~, \\# PHqOKH=_O#, P^#Q~ PkÒ OkOKO^
PH~ f#fl K~ g~ J~O K HQ~.
3. ^H < ~[H J^#Q~ _ =eH JO|~ `
241
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4.
5.
6.
JH~ ^H < PH=} q^<xfl [Ow~ H#yOKH =_xH H~}

[< ^H < q^#O J^#Q~ qb<xH UqÔ Q îf# "# O
c*~, QO_# " ~[O qb#O K _O B~OQ*| J#iOz# q^<.
42.3 MO^+, c~~, \ =i J^#Q~ @ JH~ q^#O :

H.. 16= `|O JH~ L`~ ~`^ xfl iQ fin#O K H=_O` @ ~[s H~}
kOK_. H|\ JH~^$+ ^H< _Ok. JO`HO_ q ~`^~[O PK# Wk

^^_ O k. `# ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK=OkQ ~~# ^H < ~* O_ Hh
L QO ^ . ^H < ~* " ~fi=kH~xfl QiOK> x HK~ ` ^x Q OK_.
H. 1576 =fi, Q[~` PH=} `~fi` " # O MO^+ Ô_ ` KO k.
MO^+ z#fl ~[" J~< ^`~O Q =M"O k. ~=O`" # OÒ HH~<, =fi, Q[~f
" =~O =#fl HH" # OÒ. JO`HO_ ^H< Ô_`, H~H "
Wk HH" # OÒ. " JkH~xfl JOwHiOK=OkQ MO^+ Xu_ `K_. U"# \H
1586 #O_ 1598 =~ ^H < JH~ Z@=O\ Qu kOKH _. ^xH JH~ "=OÒ
q+ O fiH H =_" H~}O.
H. 1591 JH~ =~i `# ~fi=kH~xfl QiOK=x ^H < ~* ~~O
O_. J~` Z=fi~ JOwHiOK^ . MO^+ =`" < xfl OO_O` " ~fi=kH~xfl
QiOK_. c~~# O^# H=_O J^#Q~ ~[O JH~ *HxH ^ #"# H~}O. c~~#
W\= J^#Q~ PHqOK#fl q+O Q~Ok H^! =i \# _ fin#O
K H"#<fl_ . J^#Q~, Q[~` =^ Wk HH" # OÒ H=_O JO^ H~}O. J^#Q~
_# |< xMO 1595 =$u KO^_O ` O#O HO [iy# \x P^~OQ K x
JH~ J^#Q~ *HO K H<fl_ . |~ < =$u KO^_O ` ^~~x JkH~ =~Q q_~,
XH=~O XHHix O#O HO ukOKyOk. HO^~ |~ < î J~# KO^ca =i
c*~ _ W|O Pk |~ < =~_ |^~# O#O Jk+O * O^
uflOK~. c*~ *HO`
O^# Q~ # HO^~ J^#Q~ JkH~ " xfl
H~~.
Q[~` Q=~fl~Q =#fl =~A =~^ =i J| ~OM<WM#" <H`fi O
" # O MO^+ "i H~O` J^#Q~ Ô_ ` KO k. D Ô_ `# KO^cc
<H`fi Ox J^#Q~ # O Z^~Ok. J^#Q~ H@ =@_ <Q <@ yOk. z=~
1596 W~=~ OkH JOwHiOK~. nxH~O c~~# " ~z"_O` @
J^#Q~ " ~fi=kH~xfl QiOK~. u OQ |^~# J^#Q~ _
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
242
" QiOK~. J~< J^#Q~ = i+iO|_^. c~~# " ~"fi<

KO^cc Jaxfl ^~~x |"# =~O =u~HOK_" HO_, c~~ " JkH~xH
=yO Hx qOK~. nxH c*~, QO_ _ HiOKO^ ^= ~.
c~~ " fin# O =O__O ^H < |xfl OKÒ^x, JO^= q +` `= ~*#
" ^_ KO^ J=HO HQÒ^x "~ qOK_O JO^ H~}O. 1597 "
# O J^#Q~, c*~, QO_ OH # O# F_OzOk. Du c*~, QO_
H~xfl LO iOK_O ` J^#Q~ XO@iQ xezOk. QÒ [iy# OkH O QO HeyOk.
nx` 1599 J|[ <H`fi O " # O ~ O_=i J^#Q~ Ô_ ` KO k.
H.. 1600 O=`~O KO^ccx JkHi XH~ `K~. " J^#Q~# =@_O K~
Qh " =[O ^x qb#O [< HO Hh [~Q^. |^~ Qfie~ H@
O|__ . \ OÒ " ~[O Q" O k.
`~fi` JH~ =fi, MO^+ Ô_` K_. MO^+ _ JH~ OQO^
ÔQ _. JH~ MO^+x |"# H@ J~# J~ H@# fin#O KH"#<fl_.
" "^@ MO^+ ~[^x ||< ~# fin#O K<fl_ . J ~ =@_ O=`~O
@ yOk. z=~ 1601 J ~ H@ " fin#"O k. nx` MO^+ " ~[O
qb#"O k. ^H < Ô_ ` Wk ^ # H O^" O k.
MO^+, c~~, \ fin#O, J^#Q~ Pk` O ^H < JH~ kOz# q*.
J~< JH~ ^H <# JkH~xfl, ~ ` # kOKH _. MO^+ # q[O `~fi` =~A
bO u~Q@ = L`~ ~`^ xH "_. H.. 1605 JH~ =$u KO^_. D =^ HO
^H <# ^$+ iOK gH ~Ok. J~` ^H< =ixfl q[ kOKO^ JH~ `#
"~ îx Q=O K_.
^H < " JkH~xfl O^x JH~ qOK_. JO^HO ^`, x H~ " # K~ f<fl_ .
J^#Q~ U~_# Jxt` iu JH~ J=Hxfl ~zOk. MO^+, c~~, \ O`#
=O K H=_O` @ J^#Q~ Pk` O OkOK_.
42.4 [Ow~ =eHJO|~ q[$O}

:
JH~ =~}O " JkH~ Jxt` iu H H~}"O k. ^H< " u "
JkH~ =^ q^ = |#_O k. ^H < s H~}
kOKO^ " K# `fl
J^#Q~ =eH JO|~ q[$O}
P@OHO HeyOzOk. =eH JO|~ =~~ KOk# |s # O
H~xfl O^Qe Q_. g~ Q i ^ ^` x`. Q i ^ û " è^.
243
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=eH JO|~ c*~ _ W|O Jk H~O aOzOk. c*~ " =^

J^#Q~ XH |"# J_Q _Q qOK_. Jk ÒQ}x HO^~ H@# =eH JO|~
~=fi_O`@ k" JtfiH^ xfl =eH JO|~ ~K_. q" O|OÔ ` D Ok =iO`
Q\ _ O k. D qÔ Q ^H < " =u~HOQ @q =~i U~_Ok.
è^ " =eH JO|~ q[# kOK_. M<WM#< |=OÒQ
|< ~ #Oz O"
__ . ~ fi* ~=i_ <H`fi Ox < xfl =eH JO|~ F_OK_.
" J^#Q~# H=_O` @ ~ fi* W+O x OkH JOwHiOK_. DqÔ Q 1610
<\H JH~ kOz#=hfl ^H < " H~.
=eH JO|~# K ~ kOK J=HO " =eH JO|~ c*~, =~~
K#fl XO^ |# ~_O` aOzOk. D iuH =eH JO|~ J#iOz# q^#"
H~}O. Q^=i, HOH} q+ " J^#Q~, c*~ =^ =#fl `Q H#yOk. nxx
P~Q K x M<WM#< " " Q uiy ^H < O|__ . Jax, =~~
JkH~ q[O kOK_. "i O` J^#Q~, c*~, QO_ OH < #
F_OK_. W`~ u~Q@# J}K LÔ` [Ow~ Y~O <H`fiO ^ <xfl ^H<
O_. i` # J~O K #fl JO|~ 1618 " ` Ok K <fl_ . W\= J^#Q~
PHqOK#fl \ OÒ "Q ~z" |_Ok. J^#Q~ x H@` @, HH" #
O` " ~ "H}
HOkH =K~.
J#O`~O ~ O_ O=`~ @ =eH JO|~ OuQ =O__. uiy 1620 #Oz
"# W|Ok @Q_. nx` " < J`xx J}z"O^ [<# O_.
[< x*O #`# ~[^x Hix ^fi OO K_. J^#Q~# @H=_O` JO|~ OkHO
iOK_. ^H}k ~* ^ i~xfl ^ "Ò KeOK~. ^H< @q Z=HO
x=^. c*~ q~qOKH=_O` =eH JO|~ c*~ ^_ K_. W|O Pk
~[^x <~< ~# ^QO K_. 1622 `~fi` =eH JO|~ "Q fin#"# O`# uiy
O^QeQ_.
JH~ q^<xfl [Ow~ H#yOK_. " ux^ 1618 =i 1620 ^H < @q
q[O kOz<, "i u x s HiOKHH ~. J^#Q~ KOk# =eH JO|~ O\
=~ ` [Ow~ # O O`$ KOkOk.
42.Z ~O fl
1. ~ # =^<xfl QiOKO_.
1. JH~ ^H < q^#O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
244
2.
2.
3.
4.
Z) O` _#k
a) PHqOK_O
) ~[ q~ O K _O
_) =[HOH
^H < " s H~}
q O H=_O
Z) =~~ H=
a) c*~ ~[H =
) =eH JO~ q[$O}
=
_) " x HkH~x q^ =
J^#Q~ ~[ q+ JH~ *HO H Uq?
" ~ MO^+ UqÔ Q =Y"O k?
1618 Ok +~` Uq?
42.5 [< J^#Q~ PH=} :

H. 1627 [< " O#O Jk+O K <\H, "iH c~~, \ =#fl
JkH~xfl x*O kH iOK_O ` @ 1600 O=`~O [iy# Okx kH i =<fl~ . =~AQ
=#fl =O [< ^H < xK# q+ O g Q~Ok H^! ^H < [< i J=Q#
=O__O ^H < ^$+ iOKO^ J=Hxfl HeyOzOk.
"^@, [< M<W[<_ J< " JkHix x*O #Oz O`# uiy
OÔ^ O_. Hh q _ _. J`xx "#H _O` [< =u~HOQ u~Q@
K x*O` K` He_. D u~Q@ "Q JkH~xH kH~O. nxH`_ c~~,
\ " JkH~xfl x*O QiOK_O ^ . nx` J^#Q~# iQ PHqOKO>
` "Q ^H < q[O kOK~ < q+ xfl [< Q OK_.
J^#Q~# ^`~O Q, x H~ O Q UHHx K _O ^fi~ ^x PH=} [< `fl
~OaOK_. `# Hi J^#Q~ ~[O =_=QO c*~ ~#h "iH KQ
c*~ Jk JO^ JOwHiOK_. =~+ H =~# QiOz# [< "ix "
^~~ K~=OkQ PfixOK_. JO^ JOwHiOz =~+ <_ r# "
H= K~Q , 5000 =#^~Q xqOK_O ` @ <*w~# [< ~K_.
J^#Q~x JkHO`# PHqOKH=_O` [< q[O kOK_. Hh "i
245
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
Hxfl i K H ~. JO^ c*~ J^#Q~ " =~_O H~}O. ^xH H~}O J^#Q~
PH=} `^fi~ " ^$+ `= _Ò^x __ " HO_ " g ~z#@Q
c*~ J^#Q~ O`# ~=fiH=_O JO^ H~}O.
HQ, J^#Q~ JO`H " =Oz J=Hxfl ~K~. =eH JO|~ =~_
`M< "` Ok K<O^ <# JO`"OkOK_. z#fl"_ J~# =~A#
O#O ~O_\ `# KC K` =OK<fl_. J#O`~O " ^~~ K~Q QÒ
r< ~z# *w~# ` M < [< WK_. nx` r< " # =u~HOz
c*~` K` He_. H. 1632 ^H < ^`# =|`M< =ke [< ^H <#Oz
"o_. DQ ` M < u~Q@ ^~_Q =~_. D =O =|`M< ^`^
=@_ =O__O = c*~, =~+ kH~O J`xH =ixfl H# `zOk. 1633 OK`
` M <# OQnHx q[O kOz ^`^# " fin#OH `K_. x*O Qfie~
O|__ . nx` x*O JkH~O JO`" J^#Q~ " ~[O qb#"O k.
DQ r< x*O =~A# _Q H\ Oz J`x ~g^ ~@O
K Q_. JO^ Jk O K Q~. nx` 1635 [< ^H < =K_. r,
c*~ =^ OkH O QO HeyOK_O J=~O Q QiOK_.
H.. 1636 c*~, " Ok K<fl~ . nx H~O " ~fi=kH~xfl
Jk JOwHiOK_O ` @ 20H ~ H O KeO KO^ JOwHiOK_. q +` QO_`
U~_ q^ # i+iOK JkH~xfl " JyOK_. r< HiOK O_ =O_O^
JOwHiOK_O` @, XH" r c*~ H= Ki` " i^ ^~OQ J`xx
JkHiQ xqOKO^ JOwHiOK_. nxH u OQ 80H ~ q=K J^#Q~
O`xfl " < c*~ Jk fin#O K_. J^#Q~ x qQ` O`# "
PHqOKHQ, ^xx c*~ QiOzOk.
[< QO_` Ok K <fl_ . " JkH~xfl JOwHiOK_O ` @ 8 H ~
H O KeO KO^ QO_ ` JOwHiOK_O ` @ i ~ |^
" < ~# K~ O^ JOwHiOK~. u OQ c*~ ^_#Oz QO_# ~HO KO^
[< JOwHiOK_.
H. 1636 Okx LO OK _^x ~#fl\H ^H <x i` "# W|O^
QiK~. c*~, QO_ ^H}
O^ O` ^_K ^" Ò =#
fin#O K H=_O` @ Hxfl O`# _ PHqOK<fl~. J~` ~[HOH~ # r,
g~A= =O\ JkH~ = D ~* |#OQ< =<fl~. " Ô_ ` K# =O
`= `@O Q =#flO^ r, g~A= HO` =# " #Oz PtOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
246
H.. 1653 B~OQ*| ^H < ^~ J_. g~A= xfl OkOK_. |H~

=<fl~< H~}O` QO_ Ô_ ` K_. ^ "Ò =# fin#O K <fl_ . 1657
c*~ Ô_ ` K Q, c*~ #`#OQ Ok K x 1636 Ok` Ok# J^#Q~
QxflO\h " ~z"_. J~` g\x B~OQ*| J= K H _. JO^
L`~ ~`^ O x [iy# O @# H~}O. [< J<~Q=O`_ H=_O` O#O HO
^xH B~OQ*| "_.
[< =~= O`" # ^H < q^<xfl J#iOK_. " ~[O J^#Q~ qb#"` "
JkH~O ^H < \ + _Q ^x qOK_. 1633 J^#Q~# qb#O K_. c*~, QO_`
Ok K <fl~ .
42.6 B~OQ*| c*~, QO_ PH=} :

B~OQ*| " O<xfl Jk+ < ^H <" ^$+ iOK_. 1657 Ok +~`#
c*~ J=~K H x*O ~[Q Pk` xH `fl KOk. " ^H <
J~+` H#QÒk. JO`HO_ t"r <H`fi O =~+ " i^ q[$Oa
" ^_H `fl K =<fl_ . WO\ u B~OQ*| ^H< ^$+ iOK_. ^H <
^~Q xK _O = P# J=Q# LOk. < J~# `~fi` K *Q`` _# ^H <
q^<xfl J#iOK_. 1) 1657 Okx Jk K` J= iK K _O 2) Jk OQ@
t"rx J}z"O^, " O` #Oz ~fi x*O ~* #Oz ìq"_xH
L Q_ Ò^x qOK_O B~OQ*| ^H < q^<xH ^# H~}O. u O O_ "
Okx Jk JOwHiOKO^ ^ _ ^ . Wk B~OQ*| HxH H~}O HQ, c*~, =~+
g^ K~ B~OQ*| ~* * O Q# O_.
^H < ^~ J~# * OQ ^H < Hi# q^<xfl J#iOK#<fl_ . ^H < "i HiH
`=OKH, ^H < ~* =^ q^ $+O z, "i H~O`< =~+ ` ~_x qOK_.
c*~ PH=}, H~@H ^H < Pk` xH <k Jx B~OQ*| *O Q Y ~_. J~+O Q<
B~OQ*| c*~ Ô_ ` JOwHiOK_.
1665 c*~ * OQ K# Ô_ ` q "Ok. JO^`# fin#O `y#O` #O
H =_O` ^H <"~ J#iOz# Q i ^ H~}O. Z@=O\ [< O_ * O Q
Ok K <fl_ . 165868 =^ HO H =O z#fl z#fl q[# " kOK~. JO^
^ #OQ ~ fin#O KC H^yOk.
c*~ ~[H =~ J=Hxfl HeyOK~. Jk =~}#O`~O HO ^~ _ _.
QO_ _ JkH~xfl JH#fl =^#fl K~ =<fl~ . g~ " =u~HOQ c*~,
247
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=~+ # Hx @qx U~~KO ^ `fl K Q~. nxx J_ <O^ B~OQ*|

c*~ q^ *HO K x XH =~xH O K Q_. JO^= "~ =~+
=u~HOQ `# HiOKQ ~x QO_ O K~x qOK_.
`# q^<xfl J= iKO^ H. 1673 |^~M<# ^H < ^~Q B~OQ*|
xqOK_ c*~x JO`H# `# J#OQ =K<O^ uflOz q _ _.
nx` 1676 c*~ Ô_u Q~, #^~ O`# PHqOK<fl_ . D PH=} c*~,
QO_ Ô_ ` =~xfl Q=O K~.
J~` D q[` `$ _x B~OQ*| |^~M< #O P< *f_# k~M <#
^H < ^~Q O_. c*~# PHqOKO^ k~M < uflOK_. Hh =~+ QO_
H~O c*~ aOK_O ` Jk ^ O H^ . e ÒQ B~OQ*| k~M <# "#H ~ OK_.
H. 1666 ^H <#Oz * OQ# "#H ~ Oz#\ #Oz 1681 u~Q@ K#
JH~ ~=~_x "O\_` B~OQ*| ^H< K~O`=~ " ^H< ^ q[
kOK^ < K =K.
B~OQ*| ^H < =z< ^H < q^#O =~^ . =~+ ^_H ^H < ~* xfl
O^x B~OQ*| uflOK_ Hh LQO O_ ~Ok. JO^ =~+ `=
~H}
H=K=x "~ qOK_O H~}O.
=~+ # J}z" O> c*~, QO_# PHqOKeO^ Jx qOK_. c*~
< Jk# =O`_Q qOz# B~OQ*| `# <xH P~^ ~# ~ ~ K =x,
< xH c*~ #Oz î ~=fi=x, " =u~# H=#Oz `yOK=x, =~+ `
~\xH S^" #Oz P~" =Ok x# ~~ K=x J_Q_. JO^ Jk
JOwHiOK^. J\H Jk QO_ =i Or` ~H} Okx U~~K<fl_. nx`
B~OQ*| ^_H ^= _. QÒ OHO Q g~ " # q[=OÒQ Z^~#fl \H
` O |"# " # O ^\H x|_H ~Ok. c*~ Ô_ ` z=i^ B~OQ*|
fiOQ <fl_. 18< =@_ `~fi` c*~ " fin#"Ok. c*~ J#O`~O
" QO_ g^ 1687 ^_K ~. 6< =@_ J#O`~O L^Q @ = QO_
B~OQ*| fin#O J~Ok. D q[# x H~ O Q Ok< ~[H OQ q ~ ~. x HH ,
=` @ Z=HO ^H < PH=} H \~OK_O " `< xH <Ok eH~. WOH
q=~OQ =K JÔ i ~ .
è^ *Q`` _# ^H < q^<xfl B~OQ*| J#iOK_. =~+ q[$O}
B~OQ*|
Hi# "Y i J#iOK@ KO k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
248
42. a ~ fl
1. [< ^H < q^#O PH~, [Ow~ q^<xHO> qa#fl" # k?
2. 1636 Ok LO # îf# i` Uq\?
3. ^H < q+ O * OQ ^$+ B~OQ*| HO> UqÔ Q a#fl"Ok?
4. =~+ =u~HOQ B~OQ*| HiOKO^ ^H< ~* ZO^ ~+_ ^ ?
~OO :
L`~ ^ O JkH~xfl \ + ~K O@< JH~ ^$+ ^H}
Ô _Ok. `# JkH~xfl
JOwHiOK=x ~~# ^H < ~* O_. Jq q O KO^~. J^#Q~ O#O
q+ O JO`H U~_# u x P~Q K x " # O J^#Q~ Ô_ ` KO k.
KO^cc Ô_`# Z^~#fl z=~ J^#Q~ Oy c~~# " Wz"Ok. nx`
xH Q~# ^H< ~* J^#Q~ O K~. nx` =~i J^#Q~ 1600
O=`~O Ô_ ` K~. 1601 MO^+ " fin# "O k J~` \ + ~ KHH ~.
[Ow~ J^#Q~ =eH JO|~ #Oz f= =u~H`# Z^~<fl_ . =eHJO|~ "^\
J^#Q~ O` #Oz ìq"_. 1661 " J^#Q~, c*~, QO_ OH
< # F_OKQe Q~. `~fiu HO Q i ^ =, " JO`H = "
J<H O`# Q@ <fl~ .
J^#Q~# qb#O K O> ` ^H < JkH~xfl OkOK_O ^ O H^x [<
QiOK_. [< c*~ xfl Ok J^#Q~ Ô_ ` K_ Hh c*~ J^#Q~
" " _O` J^# PHqOK_O ^ O H^. `M < qfi `HO = 1632 J^#Q~
" fin#"O k. DQ t"r <H`fiO =~+ |_~ . 1636 [< c*~,
QO_` q_q_Q O^ # K x Ou` i` # <H_.
B~OQ*| O#O Jk+ < c*~, =~+ # Z^~"e =zOk. J~` P =O
B~OQ*| Hi# "# q^<xfl J#iOKO^ Ô Q _ . JO^= * OQ c*~ Ô_ `
K_ Hh iq`" # =#~ = q "O k. DQ QO_ |O iy, c*~ ~[H
*HO K H=_O ~OaOzOk.
H.. 1677 " Q~, #~# c*~ #Oz fin#O K <fl~ . Dq[O
iq`"#^ ! DQ =~+ |O Q iyOk. 1689 <\H c*~, QO_#
PHqOKHO_ ^H < `# H# kOK_O H+` ~ O Jx B~OQ*| QiOK_. 1686 c*~#,
1687 QO_# " fin#O K <fl~ .
249
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
JO :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1601 <\H MO^+, J^#Q~, c~~# PHqOK_. JO^ îf# i` #

q=iOKO_?
^H < [Ow~ q O H=_xH H~} Uq?
^H < ~[H =eH JO|~ `# q=iOKO_.
^H < q+ O [< H Uq? U qÔ Q q[O kOK_?
B~OQ*| H 30 O=`~ `~fi` <~" i Ok. P H Uq\? Jk <~" ~ _ O ^Ô
K# i` q=iOKO_?
JH~, [Ow~, [<, B~OQ*| Z=~ ^H< =~# q*`Q xeK~
q=iOKO_?
~ fl =^<
42. Z.
1.
2)
3.
4.
(i)
=["Ô
(ii) =eH JO|~ q[$O}
c~~, | \# JH~ O^#H=_O

MO^+
Z) ~=O`" # OÒ
a ) =fi =i Q[~` =~O
) ^H < " H~H= ^# HOÔ
\ " fin#"O k. nxH `_ J^#Q~ =i |"# H@ "
~ "H}
HOkH =K~.
42. a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
[< |"# q^<xfl J#iOK_. `= ~fi=kH~O JOwHiOz#O` =~

^H < ~*# JH~ [Ow~# =ke"~. J^#Q~# PHqOK_O ` xi Jx
JC_ ^H < Pk` O =O ^x [< qOK_.
c*~, QO_ ^H < O` ^_K fin# O K #fl =, PHqOz# O`
Qxfl " ~ H~~.
^H < ~*# F_Oz PHqOz `^fi~ =~+ # J}z" x * O Q qOK_.
" i#Oz ^H <# H_ ~H}
H=KO =~+x ^H < ~* qOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
250
43
" ^H < q^#O JOK<
43.1 iK O :
" ^H < q^#=# QiOz gik=~H Kk"~. MO^+, c~~, \# PHqOK_O
JH~ q[O kOK_O ` @, J^#Q~ Pk` O OkOK_. [Ow~ ^H < PH=} q^<xfl
H#yOK^ . " ^H < q^#O *< HO f=~O ^Q Jk J^#Q~ fiÒ `~[OQ
Pq~q OKO^ H~}"O k. 1636 Ok ^fi~ QO_, c*~ ~* [< ~fi=kH~xfl
O^_. =~+ JkH~xH =yO eH L^ O` B~OQ*| c*~, QO_# "
~[O qb#O K_.
XH " < ^H < kOz# q*# g~ Q` JÔ Kk"~. D ~O
" ^H < q^<xfl JOK< "_O` @ ^H < Ô_ ` e `# Ò\~.
43.2 H :
1. ^H < q+ JH~ *HxH îf# i`
2. ^H < JH~ kOz# q*
3. [Ow~ ^H < PH=}# H#yOKH =_xH H~}
4. [< ^H < q^<xH H~}, e `
5. c*~, QO_# " ~[O B~OQ*| qb#O KO^ îf# i`
6. ^H < PH=} 1684 =~ x~
O fH=_O` B~OQ*| *O KO^#fl u
43.3 JH~ :
JH~ ^H< q+ *HO K<O^ îf# i`# =O^Q q+OKe#
251
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J=~O =Ok. L`~^ PH=}, " ~[sH~} kOKH JH~ ^$+ ^H< _, ^H<
JkH~xfl O^#<fl_ . JO^HO ^` ^` << , ^ ^` << L yOKH"#<fl_ .
~ O_=k Q[~` <H H O^ " =~xfl ~HO K_O ` @ Q[~`, =fi, MO^+ ` _#
~` JO`~` QO Pk` O kOK#<fl_ . =_=k q, h\ ~Q`=#fl ~w
H~H = H` KO^_. * u# ~w "~ W|O^ K"~. Z~= Ô
JH= ~"} K"~. "i J#=u x <H# fin#O K H=_O ^ HQ@_O Hh K"~.
WO\ q^< JH~ #K^ . nxH `_ "~ ^ # QO# , =YOQ ~` # Pk` O
kOKO^ ufl =<fl~ . nx` ^H < Pk` O OkOK_O, PiH xflO^_O ^fi~
~w "ix H@_ K =Kx qOK_. <Q=k ^H < ~* JO`H, =`H
K@ K O@ =O_q. ~*# qi OK<O^ "i =^ ^ [~Q` =O_q. ^H <
"iH #`#OQ =z#"iH =^ H [~Q` =O_q. ^H<< Jax "~, P<
q_q_ =~Q U~_~ . D =~ q^ ~[H H î f =O_q. QO_ + =`xfl
J#iOKk. c*~, J^#Q~ ~* JC_C _ + JkH~O HO '=^q ÔÒ
_ ^H < K~O =O_k. O^"^ '=^qx f=OQ =u~HOK"~. JH~ ^" O Q
(Sulh-ikul Universal Peace)Ou#
, =~ O kOK#<fl_ . ^H <x =` ^ H=OQ
L`~ O`xH H " ~[O OuH O QO "\Ò^x JH~
_ =O_"_. WO\
i` JH~ ^H <` *HO K H"#<fl_.
"^@ JH~ `# ~fi=kH~xfl JOwHiOK=OkQ ^H < ~~ O# q+ O
g~ Q~ `KHO_. MO^+ ` ~~ q=~. nx xHK~ f<O^
J=H=O HO JH~ Z^~ K_Q_. J^#Q~ O#O q+ " x*O U~_# q^
JH~ P J=Hxfl HeOK~.J^#Q~, c*~# HH=_O ^H < q[O kOK_xH
J=~= x QiOK_. JO^HO =~A` @ J#= A# " JkH~# ^H < O_O `
@ i` # fiOQ ijeOKx JH~ _ ^H < "_. " # O MO^+, \,
c~~# PHqOKH=_O q[O kOzOk. J^#Q~ Pk` O OkOzOk. 1600 O=`~O
Ok H~O |"# H@ " fin#=~.
^H < ~[H c*~ ^ #` + O k. Jk ^ #"#^h, c*~` XO^xH
= ` ^H < " Pk` O OkOK~ < q+ hfl JH~ QiOK_. " =u~HOQ
KO^cc K# ~\xH c*~ O K _xfl g~ Q~ `KHO_. " =u~OQ
c*~ P" < xfl _ OOk. H#H, J^#Q~ O#O HO [iy# ~@O J^#Q~
Pk` xH c*~, " ~@OQ K =K. JH~ c*~` q" O|O^# U~@
K H=_O ^fi~ ^x H~xfl O^=K#x qOz 1602 =~A ^x ~ O_= W|O
Jk =~` q"O [iOK_. J~` 1604= O=`~O ^x =$u KO^_O = nx
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
252
e Ò ^Q ^ .
JH~ <HO ^H < Jxtu J= i` H#Q~. HO`" ~ JH~
Yz`" # q^#O H =_O H~}O. JH~ i =xfl ^H< H \~OKH _.`# Hxfl
^H< iQ kOKH=_xH "= O` ^$+ xe ~=_O ^# H~}O.
12O=`~ ^H< ^~OQ "=O< =O__. `# fiO` =~_ bO kH~O,
u~Q@ _ ^H < Pk` O kOKO^ P@OHO HeyOzOk.
JH~ ^H < Ô_ ` " JkH~ =^ q^ H~}O J~. J^#Q~
Ô_ ` =~A =~^, J| ~ OM< WM#" =^ q^ îfOk. WO\ `<`<
JH~ "iî x "# ~ Oz J| [ # JH~ ^H < OOK_.
g\H` _ J^#Q~ ~[H iu x `= J#OQ =~HH ~. J^#Q~#
^\ ^H < =O^_ Q " _O JH~ W+O ^ . |~< x*O ~ # "~_x "
QiOKH ~. J^#Q~# Pn#O =OKH=_O` @ " ` ` O|O^ H#yOKQ
_ J=~O . nx`, ^H < = i~ ^` [Ow~ =ke" |_Ok.
^H< JH~ *HxH îf# i` :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
^H < Pk` O U~~Ke# J=~O

Q[~` f~xH =#fl "~ îx ~HO Ke# J=~O
q, h~ ~w =^xfl JiH\e# J=~O
^H}
k =~ ~\#Oz L`~ ^xfl H__O ` @ ^H < iu x "~Q ~ _O HO
qfi=#=Oux ^H}
k U~~K< HiH
43.4 [Ow~ :
è~A [Ow~ ^H < J<H =# Z^~<fl_ . ^ #"O k =eH JO|~ q[$O}
.
=eH JO|~ ^g ~_. ~@\ = Q"_. |k HO =#fl"_. =~+ *u "~ P#
# O =<fl~ . =eH JO|~ J#iOz# Q i ^ q^< ^fi~ " ~|OkH Q~ ~.
c~~, \, J^#Q~ Pk` xfl x@H=_O " H+O Q =iOk.
=eH JO|~ W|O Jk` i H~O _ aOzOk. QÒ " ` K #fl
XOÔ ~^ K x cE~, J^#Q~ =eH JO|~ iQ HiOK_. HO^~ H@#
~=fi_O` @ k" JtfiH^xfl =eH JO|~ ~=fi_O, =eH JO|~` q" O|OÔ
U~@ K H=_O =O\ JO# XHi Q~ `K HO_. W=hfl =eH JO|~ W|O Jk`
Pj = [iQ~.
253
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
=~+ , c*~ H~O " JkHi M<WM#"# |~ < ~ #Oz OOz

"O^ =eH JO|~ ^Ô KO k. U"# \H ~Q`=#fl =eH JO|~ |O, ^H<
J^#Q~# |"# ~[OQ K #fl J`x HiH, Q^=i, HOH} O` Pk` O QiOz
c*~, J^#Q~ =^ =#fl q^ =O\q c*~ J <xfl HeyOK~. 1618 =i
1620 ^H < OH < " q[, 1600 O=`~O [iy# Ok QiOz#
i^ # ^\ ^H < qi OK _^< [Ow~ JaO " =u~H ^H < @q#Oz
c*~# q~qOK KO k.
H.. 1623 c*~ " ` Ok K Ok. gi^~ OH =eH JO|~ ^_x
~OaOK~. J^#Q~ #Oz Hxfl O`# O^=K#x c*~ PtOzOk. U"# \H JO|~
^ < }O, [Ow~ J<~QO, =~A [< u~Q@ J= i` # U~~KQ ,1600
O=`~O Ok ^fi~ Ok# ^H < O`# " H~.
H.. 1600 O=`~O Ok Ok# O`# ^\ " ~*xfl qi OKO^ [Ow~
q=Y` K_O |#`=<, x H J=~` =< H^< q+xfl Q~O KH"e. Wk JH~
q^<xfl H#yOKO^ J#iOz#k. ^H < " q~ }
H~HH=_xH, Jk x~O`~O
c*~, QO_` xÒ ^ îfO ^x Q OK_" ! `# q^#O ^H < ~* " `
Ou q^<# J#iOK KO^x qOK_. `# D q^#O ^fi~ Jk`# Q~qOz,
c*~ Ja=<xfl O^_. ^H < =~+ ^#`# QiOK_O , "i q[O kOK_O
[Ow~ q^#Ox =~ ^<OO. DqÔQ ^H< PkÒ H#yOK#<fl_.
JO`HO_, J^#Q~ x H@, ÒQ}x HHO` `# O O^#<fl_ . JO^=
L`~ ^ O PiH` HO P^~_ e# J=~O =O_^x qOK_.
43.Z ~ fl
1. ^H < q+ *HO K H=_Ox JH~ L^ O Uq\?
2. JH~ f#fl U K~ ^fi~ ^H < q+ c*~ ^ #"#^< q+O Òk?
3. 1600 O=`~O " J^#Q~ q[ e ` Uq\?
4. [Ow~ HO ^H < " ^ # `= Z=~?
43.5 [< :
[< HO " ^H < q^#O f==~ =zOk. M<W[<_ u~Q@#,
c~~, \ " JkH~xfl x*O QiOKO^ =u~HOK_O # gik=~H Kk"~.
JO`HO_ " =u~HOQ ~_O^ D O` x*O M<W[<_x OOK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
254
J^#Q~ Hi# "Y ix J=Oa< ^H < " |O xO ^x [< QiOK_. JH~

HO 1600 O=`~O K #fl Okx kH iOK_" J^#Q~# PHqOK<O^ [<#
iHeOk. J^#Q~# PHqOK_O ` qQ` ^H < O` " JkH~xfl qi OK q+ O
^H#|~K^.
J^#Q~ Ô_ ` HO> =O^ [< c*~, =~+ xfl O^Qe Q_<
q+ xfl Q~ K HO_. " J^#Q~# =@_O z# è^ c*~ `@O Q =O_Ok.
1629 " J^#Q~# iQ PHqOKO@< c*~x JkH~ " `~fiu
Ô_ ` `=# < qOK~. nx` c*~ J^#Q~ HiOKO^ x~~OKOk. `~fi`
~ c*~ =O K |_Ok. DqÔ Q J^#Q~# OÔ^ XH" " =~"
c*~ \ _~.
c*~ =~+ #Oz _ xfl OkOk. [< è~A r< *w~#
~K_. J~` ^xx `~fi` ` M < ~z"_. D K~ r "~ ^~O H=_xH
^Ô KO k. " # Z^~<O^ rH, Jk HiK_. x*O JkH~ _
r K` He~. c*~, =~+ @qx q_ne# J=~xfl [< QiOK~.
H.. 1636 QO_ =i c*~` " Ok K H=_O " ^H <
q^#O #`<^ xH <Ok eHOk. Wk [< q[` x^~ #O. nx` JH~ HiH J~#
^H < " ~fi=kH~O J<k <~"i Ok. ^H< " i^ ~HO|__O `@
^H < Ou <HOk. D O^ ^fi~ D ~ O_ ~*# " Ô_ ` K ~ J< g
~K~. [< J^ =O `# "e =^` _# XH ~*[# *iK Okx LO OK#x
g ~K_. D O^ " ~fi=kH~ |Q~"# OOkOK O k.
H..1636 x O^ " ~, ^H < # HO` qOux ~K~. ^H <
~* " HO_ W`~ ^H}
O`# O^ q+ O ^$+ \~. " `=
ux^ # ^H < O_O ^fi~ `= JkH~xfl ~O K <fl~ . QO_ ~H` OÒ J~Ok.
Jxfl q+ " < `` =O_k. D qÔQ " c*~ |_ `=#
=u~HOK O_ K QeQ~.
H.. 1636 O^ 1657 <\H LO # Q~ # @ gk=~H Kk"~. JO^ J<H H~}
=<fl~. c*~ =i QO_ ~* ^H <" qi O |__O ` @ PiHO Q _ ~.
"i JkH~O J`#fl` u H KiOk. WO^ " Qxfl H~<fl~ . H#H `= `@`
" =# PtOz#@ HO^~ O_` ~<fl~ . ^H <x " i< O
"iH PiH #xfl HeyOz#@ =iHO^~ Ja_~ . JO`HO_ ^H < " # OH J
Y~ JkH" O k. ^H < ~* #Oz aOK = JO^ ik H^. q^j "}*xH @H=
255
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J~# H~=O_ O`xfl "~ PHqOK#H=_O _ H~}O. =^ P [< q `

_ 1636 O^ ~^~ O^<O ^ ^Ô KO k.
D qÔ Q [< HO ^H < q^#O =i# "Y ix Q=xOK=K. 1657x O @#
= " @ "i XO^ @ ^H < ~* #=Hxfl Q\~. q+` " ,
^H < =^ ` O|O^ U~_ J=H =$Q=~.
43.6 B~OQ*| :
^H< B~OQ*| H~H# gik=~H Kk"~. 1636 Ok c*~ ~z#
J^#Q~ O`# uiy O^#H=_" 1662 HO> =O^ " H O, J< q+ O g~
Wk=~H Q=xOK~. `~fi` 166884 =^ HO =~+ # J}z" _O, c*~, QO_
O =~+ aOK O_ K _xH " H$+K~. 168487 =^HO c*~,
QO_ PH=} ^$+ \~ . =~+ # J}z" O> =O^Q D ~ O_O\x PHqOKH"#
H=_O JO^ H~}O.
B~OQ*| O#O Jk+O K<\H x*O ~[O z=i^ K~ Ok Hh Jk J^#Q~
Q# =^H=_xH x~HiOK_. D u ^H < K~ f<O^ B~OQ*| q=Y`
K_. nxH Z= =O J=~= =Ò^h, JkH "Ò # O = J=~= x qOK_.
JO`HO_ Ô_ ` |"# <_ ^ =~A J=~O Jx QiOK_. |"# "_
J~` " JkH~ =^ q^# `yOz, =~=OÒQ <kHiQ ==iOKQ_x
qOK_. J~` B~OQ*| ^Q nx ^ @^ H `< fiOQ "x _ J#H^ .
B~OQ*| è"# ^H < q^<<fl J#iOz< Jk q[=OÒ H^ . DQ =~+
~Q` =#fl |xfl QiOK_O ` @ "ix J}z"O^ ^H <~[O H~O J=~O Jx
qOK_. J~` ^H < ~* HiOKO^ =u~HOK~. H..1636 Ok ~^ `~fi` " ,
^H< ~* "~ UHO H=_O J<k =#HOQ ^~^. QO_ =O`# JH#fl,=^#fl
t"rH HiOK_O B~OQ*| HH~}"Ok. t"r |O xH c*~ " O ^h, QO_#
=~+ `# O <HO@O^h B~OQ*|
__ . JH~ ~=~_ B~OQ*| =u~HOQ
u~Q@ K# C_ Or J`xH P O HeOK_. nx` c*~, QO_# PHqOKHO_
=~+ # J}z"_O ^ O H^x B~OQ*| Q OK_.
J~` * O Q K #@ ~ O_ ^ HÒ K e# ^H< PH=}# 1684 ~OaOK_O
= J<H ^+e ` " HeQ~. D ~ O_ ^ HO =~+ J#OQ |_~ .
Q i ^ ^` Pi`~~. H~fl@H kfif} <H`fi O |`" Ok. P`qfiO iyOk.
t"r \a +HO K H=_O = u~Q@^~_ JxHO_ KH=iQ QiO O^_. e ÒQ
^H < ~* t"r H~O HO, fl O HO Lgfi~~. *a=<xfl K~Q#fl =~+
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
256
q[$O}
# B~OQ*| JOK< " H ~. e ÒQ B~OQ*| J<H `C K_. t"r
flOQ =O__O =x, =~_x Ò "O\__. nx` =iO` ^$_OHO` "`
~__. JO`HO_, D =O |"# ~A`# ^~O K<fl_. _, |O^,
~^_ =i HK" |Q "` ^H< Ki< "iH ~# <_ _. Q, ^H<
PH=}<\H _ U |_Ok. c*~, QO_# PHqOz< = i~O [~QH Q
#`# = L`#fl=~. *w~s OHO , J= " # " # " =[ ~ `
Q_e @Q i}qOz " ~[ `<xfl "Q= OÒ KO k. " ~[`<xfl QiOz WOH
JÔ K^ =`~.
c*~, QO_# qb#O K x B~OQ*| x~~ OK_xH î f# i` .
1. =~+ |O ~Q_ O
2. t"rH QO_ "i O
3. c*~ t"r |O HOkH " O ^h, QO_ =~+ `# O <HO@O^x
__ O
4. B~OQ*| =u~HOQ u~Q@ K# JH~ ~=~_H Or P O ~=fi_O
43.a ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
J^#Q~# qb#O K x [< x~~ OK_xH H~} Uq\?

B~OQ*| # " ^H < ~* =^ $^= O|O^ U~_ iu H =_xH
H~}O Uq\?
|"# =~A# ^H <# OO^ B~OQ*| ZO^ ^ =OK^ ?
B~OQ*| ^H < q^#O " i#g^ K# ~ O_ "# q=iOKO_.
~OO :
JH~ ^H < q^<xfl ~OkOK_. " ~fi=kH~xfl ^H < kOK#<fl_ .
Q[~` =~O ~H}
, ~w =Ô #Oz H_H=_xH ^H < |O OkOK_O
J=~= x JH~ qOK_. ~fi =#= Oux ^H< _ kOKx JH~ J#<fl_. MO^+,
c~~, \# PHqOK_O JH~ q[O kOK_. H..1600 Ok " ^H<
|xfl HeO zOk. D O` q+ " ^H < ~* JH~ "~ HO ~@O K~.
c*~` q" O|OÔ U~@ K H=_O ^fi~ "i xfl O^##fl JH~ =O
eOK^.
[Ow~ JH~ q^<<fl H#yOK_ Hh =iO` =O^ " `flO K ^ . [Ow~
J^#Q~ =eHJO|~ #Oz =u~# Z^~<fl_ . JO|~ `# <xfl ~ O K <O^
257
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
" ` x~O`~O ~@O e_. [Ow~ HO ^H < q+ =~+ ^#`

aOK_O ~O" O k.
[< HO ^H < q^#O i=~ K@K <fl~. H..1600 O=`~ Okx
J^#Q~ LOOK_O` ^xx PHqOKx [< x~~OK<fl_. H..1636 [<
c*~ QO_ q_q_Q O^ K <fl_ . Hh Jq Z= HO x=^ .
B~OQ*| #HO ^H < ~[H =iO` =Q ` ~ ~. "^\, 1636
Ok c*~ ~z# O`# uiy O^x B~OQ*| uflOK_. =~+ =u~HOQ
c*~ QO_ #Oz O O^##fl B~OQ*| `fl q =~. =~+
q[$O}, " HiOKO^ c*~, QO_ x~H~} B~OQ*| ^H< q^<xfl
=i"O k. =~+ K~ HO> =O^ c*~, QO_# qb#O KH"#<fl_ . `#
i# z=i ^ B~OQ*| J<H `C K_. B~OQ*| ^H< Ô_ ` " ~[xH
## HeyOK~.
J :
1.
2.
3.
4.
^H < q+ JH~ *HO K <O^ î f# H~} Uq?

[Ow~ ^H < q^#O JH~ ^H < q^#O` UqÔ Q e=Ok?
1636 O^ =Y`# q=iOKO_. " ZO^ g\x ~^ K~?
c*~, QO_ ~*# PHqOKx B~OQ*| x~~ OKO^ îf# i`
Uq?
5. 1684 c*~, QO_# PHqOK_xH B~OQ*| x~~Oz# =O Z^~#
= Uq?
6. JH~ =i B~OQ*| ^H < q^<# O_.
~O fl =^<
43.Z.
1.
2.
3.
4.
JH~ ~`Ô "Ò ~*xfl U~@ K#<fl_. ^H< ~* "

~fi=kH~xfl QiOK#<fl_.
JH~ `# =~_ _x W|O Jk =~ xz q"O [iOK_.
c~~ =i \# " qb#O K<fl~ .
J^#Q~ =eH JO|~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
258
43.a.
1. (i) " x _ M<W[<_ u~Q@ K Q J^#Q~ < P qK_.
(ii) c~~ =i \ " Jk H ~xfl Q i O K _ xH J ^ # Q ~ <
JOwHiOK^.
2. 1636 Okx LOOK=x " < ^H< <# gx ~K~ Hh
LO OK_O ` " #=Hxfl H~.
3. ^H<x |"# " #O <_Q U ~=~_x JOwHiOK^. JO^
`# =^=x qOK_" H~}O. QÒ [<, B~OQ*| ^H< ^~Q
xK J#"xfl OkOK~. " O#O Jk+OKO^ Jk "i HO`
^^_Ok.
4. (i) *w~s == OHO U~_Ok.
2. (ii) PiH û = " # J=#^ K~ Ok.
259
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
44
=~+ q[$O}
" ,
=~+ O|O^
44.1 iK O :
H. 17 =i 18= Òx ~[H =~+ |O ~Q_ O XH ^ #"#
JOO. =~+ SH` t"r ^ #"# `î. ~[H , OH, O $uH i` t"r
q[xH H=e# i` # HeOK~. D i` # fiÒ` =~+ x~}xH J#Q}OQ
t"r =K<fl_ . g~ D J^ O =~+ q[$O}
# ^~ e J~# x _Q < }O
Hey# ^`"`Q , ~[H K` ~_ J~# t"rx QiOz g~ K^=`~.
^H < =~+ q[$O}
" H# `z\Ok. JO^=< t"r, Or,
~*~"# B~OQ*| J}z" x qOK_. J~` =~+ ^~ ` B~OQ*| #
kH iOz P# `fl# == K~. D ~O ", =~+ =^ O|O^#
K^=`~.
44.2 H :
1. =~+ q[$O}
^Ô K# i`#
2. t"r èrqÒ, c*~ t"r O|O^
3. B~OQ*| t"r` Q O|O^
4. t"r H ~[H , O H =Y`
5. t"r `~fi` Or, ~*~O, `~~ =O\ =~+ ` B~OQ*| K# ^
44.3 =~+ Pq~=O :

H. 17= `|O =~+ |"# q[$O}
~O" , 18= `|O z=i<\H Ô
|"# ~[H HQ Pq~q OzOk. O H =i ~[H q+ ^ #"# JOO z<fla# flOQ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
260
=#fl =~+ # UHO K# #` t"rH ^ Òk. JO^ J=~" # i` # Hxfl

~[H , O H, O $uH H~}# HeOK~.
t"r HO> =O^ c*~, J^#Q~ ~* i<, x H ==~` xK _O
^fi~ =~+ i< x H J#" xfl OkOK~. D J#= O `~fiu HO fiÒÒQ
==iOKO^ J=~" # #=Hxfl HeyOzOk. " ^H < ~QqOK_O ` =~+
|O, |O iQ~. ^H < #, " _ =~+ xfl PtOK~. =~+
q=# QiOz# [Ow~ =~+ |=O`, Ô u @# ^ #x `# *H
"<fl_ . =~+ x |s# JO|~ `##O JkH OY K~ <fl_ . HO^~ =~+
< =~ Q QiO|__" HO_ r M<~ O\ "~ *w~# _ O^~. ^H <
" q~ }
# J_H =_O x*O r ^ # P J~ xeK_. x*O z=i ^
J^#Q~ JkH~ KHO u_. J^#Q~# [< qb#O K #fl J#O`~O r <
1636 c*~ H= Ki H~fl@H *w~# O^_. Jxt` i` # P^~OQ K x
` H ~*xfl U~@ K <O^ `flO K_.
=~+ q[$O}
H L^=O HO`" ~ ^Ô KOk. D L^=O *#^"( 11296)
HO ~O" `H~O (1608)` L#fl` u H KiOk. D L^=O H =O Hxfl =~ =`"
iqÒ HO_ =# Ò HOk. P_O|~"# *q^<#, ==#, [#`
U~_# `_# H L^=H~ =u~HOK~. D L^=O =~+# K`# ~K_" HO_
=~+ =*xH Hx zOk. =~s + H L^=H~ "# H @, Ò JOîH
J~= =# + =O_ [Oîh qÒ K~.
WO\ u t"r =~+ x qq^ Y, =~# XHK@ Ki SH` kOK_O `
@, J}Qi# "~# Oc, Hb =i =pb OÒx qq^ HO_*u "i` He @q
U~@ K QeQ_. D @q L^=xH q`fixfl HeyOK_O ` @ |"# kQ ` ~ O k. D
q^" # =lH =~O` _# =~+ < xfl 18= `|O z=i ^ K_=K. qq^ Ku
=$` "~, "~, ~ ` =O\"~ P # O Qfi=~. D qÔ Q =## "iH
L#fl` < aOK_O ` L^=O =iO` f=`~" O k.
=~+ L^=xH qHO K# ~@O |xflzOk. t"r HO Ki# "@" ^\ " ~
== O`xH KOk# z#flH~ ~ ` . g~ ZC _ ''^=M< fi= ^ ^H}
P^~_ rqOK"~. D '^=M c*~ xfl ÒQ =O_"~. t"r ^=M#
qfiOKH "i H@, =# fin#O K<"_.
=~+ QoH i` =~+ =H`fiO, Ki` `s f= "xfl H#|iK~.
=~+ x JkH QO HO_#fl ~ =` _Hx =Ok. D u Q i ^# J#iOKO^
261
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
_O k. Q i ^ q^< =~+ ^ . ~=OÒ Hh, O@ iQ O_x

<, ` = =~Ò, == L`` `= H=_O =~+# |"#"~Q, Q\ " ~Q
` ~K~. gix L^=xH L yOK<fl~ .
=~+ L^=xH B~OQ*| J#iOz# =`q^#" H~}=x HO^~ Ki`H~ ~<fl~ .
nxH Ki`H P^~ =. r<, t"r P^fi ~O [iy# =~+ è q~ }
[<
=` # =O< [iQ~. "^\ =~+ q^ ^H < =O ~*# c*~`<
Hh " =u~HOQ H^< q+ O Q~O KH"e. Wk=~H =~+ @O x^ ,
=# ^H < #Oz O^~< q+ O Q=xOK^y Ok. t"r L#fl` u H K~ O^ J^#Q~
=eHJO|~ K# Jk=#O _ H~}O. \a +H =O `## O^ ^~ ~H _Q t"r
KC <fl O^, =O eî h ^K<fl_< q+ O =~=~^.
=~+ q[$O}
H~} :
1. =~+ ^H< ~* H=#, #O# L^Q K ##, xH
==~# J#" xfl OkOK~.
2. H L^=O ==# , =~ ^ # =u~HOK_O ` @ 'fi~[ J=~xfl K\Ok. `
$+H L^=O H~}" [ K` < xfl HeyOzOk.
3 J}Qi# =~ t"l XH @qx ` ~K_. Wk =~+ L^= <^# q $Ò
KOk.
4. q HO ` = =#fl ^=M t"r` He JkH #fl ^=M`
~_~.
5. QoH i` =~+ Q i ^ ^` # Ja=$k ~ K<O^ ^Ô K _O`
@ "ix |O Q"iQ ^~ ~Q ` ~K~.
44.4 t"r q[$O}

:
^H < ~* |#O J=fi_O q ~*xfl U~@ K J=Hxfl t"rH HeyOzOk.
J^#Q~ H#=~Q=fi_O, [< q^< = c*~, QO_ " ~[O` H=_O,
=^ Jk =~}#O`~O c*~x JO`H t"rH J=Hxfl ~K~. c*~
|#`# P^~OQ K x KH< , ~O^~, `~fl, , OQ~, HO_< H@# t"r 164547
=^ H fin#O K <fl_ .
t"r H. 1656 =~~ <_# KO^<~= "~#Oz ~OQ *"b O`xfl
PHqOK_. JO^ t"r <H`fixfl =u~H =O__" H~}O. nx` =~fi O`xH t"r
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
262
u~Qx <_ J=fi_O` @ `~, =i HOH} O` fin<xH =~xfl Q=O

KO k. "~ _\ # M*<x ^# O t"r PiH u x L#flÒ KO k. ==b û Ô t"r
# O ^ # `^ i J~Ok. t"r D K~ # " Ô_ `# Z^~#_O =xy=#fl
c*~ J_H H ~Ok.
B~OQ*| L`~ ~`xH uiy"_O, c*~ JkH~ =^ q^ t"r c*~
OÒ =iO` |_O ^ g# HeOK~. PiHO Q =#fl`" # H}, c"O_` @ =b
H@ =#fl L`~ HOH} OÒ# t"r fin#O K <fl_ .
" Ô_ `#Oz `èHOQ |@_# , JO`H #Oz H#fl c*~ t"r
Q\ K~ fH<O^ x~~ OKOk. ^ c*~ <<_# J M< <H`fi O c*~
^ < flxfl t"r H OOk. t"r Z` Z` " O` J M<# JO`" OkOK_.
J M< F@q t"r u+# OzOk. < x c*~ # O q~K_ "i P^#,
=yx fin#O K <fl_ . =~+ # O <fi H@# @ x, ^H}
HOH}, H ~
l" ~QqOz PH=} KO k. nx` t"r Qg~_Q ~ O^_. J<H= Ok [
t"r # O K~ O^ ~=_O "Ô k. QÒ cE~ xK# P< *f ` O t"r
# O K~~.
=~+ JkH~O, |O ~Q_ O t"r ^ # `^ ~_. |"# < xfl =~x
J<H H@# fin#O K <fl_ . t"r c*~, " |"# `=Q ^H < ~
O^_.
~ fl
~ # =^#=# QiOKO_.
1. ^H < =~+ q[$O}
HOk "\ Uk Z=Q _O k?
Z) ^H <x =O ~*# PHqOK_O
a) "ix L#fl` <n Q xqOK_O
) i< =i ^ ~OQ "i tH}
_) =[O =#`fixfl \OK_O ^ H#~K_ O

2. t"r " =u~HOQ ~__. JO^ ^ #OQ
Z) JkH "Ò PÔ O^#H=_O
a) fiÒ` =O ~[# U~@ K < PK#
) " Pk` O #Oz O^=# ` OK@O
_) " # q^jQ qOK_O
263
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
3.
4.
["b PH=} t"r x H H~H= ~OO J<O^ ~ O_ H~}# Ò_?

t"r x H q^#O QoH i` ^ #` +OK<O^ ~ O_ H~}# ~#O_.
44.5 t"r` B~OQ*| O|O^ :

H. 1661 `~fi` t"r ^H < " # Z^~<e =zOk. =~+ q[$O}
#,
" i^ =~ "i JkH~O qi OK_O # B~OQ*| P`$`` Q=x =<fl_ . c*~`
U~~K #fl O|O^ = t"rH =u~HOQ K~ fHH _. Wk t"r q[$O}
# =iO`
ÒzOk. t"r JkH~O q $Ò H=_O J`x K~ B~OQ*| # L^_ x KO k. nx`
1660 `# == J~# ~M<# ^H < ^~Q t"r q[$O}
# JiH>O ^ xqOK_.
~M < =iO` |O K ~_xH [fiOÒ Q# J`xH OQ O_. " c*~
xfl O^Qe Q~. è^ ~M< <, KH< H@# PHqOKx H}`
L`~ HOH} Pk` O OkOK_. " #Oz == #fl =u~# QiOz t"r c*~`
~ XOÔ K <fl_ . nx` t"r ^$+ "Ò "H =oOk.
" # Ô Z^~#x t"r 1663 <x ~M< x"O ^_K
J`x =~_` J<H= Ok J#K~ # JO`" kOK_. ~M< }` |@__ .
nx` Hk_ # B~OQ*| # OQ |kbK =~A '=["# ^H < uxkQ xqOK_.
t"r ^~ "# K~ = " f="# J==#O [~QQ, t"r |Q~" iQ~. t"r
=~ ^~"# K~ K\_. 1664 ~` ^_K HQ\_. t=f~O ^H"#
<HHO^" # ~`# Oz ^ "Ò # fin#O K<fl_ .
~M < q O `~fi` |=O`" # JO|~ ~A ~** O Q# t"rx Z^~<O^ ^H <
O_. * O Q =~~ =u~HOQ x H, ^` q^<# yOK_ `# =O^"i HO_
=O^Q t"rx UHHx K `flO K_. J<H=Ok =~~ <#, c*~ <#
`#" uC<fl_ . nx` t"r |xH ^|`yeOk. t"r =M=~" # ~O^~ H@# ~** O Q
^_K
^z, H@# =@_O z,=~+ u @## Z^~x z=~ H@# @<fl_ . ~O^~
`# O` OuHO OkO [i |=OÒQ t"r ~O^~ OkH JOwHiOK_.
1665 K #fl ~O^~ Ok H~O :

1.
2.
3.
t"r 23 H@#, O=`~xH <Q H P^xflK O`# " fin#O K_.

t"rH H =O XH H #fl (huns) PÔ =K <fl O_ H@ =`" qy|_~.
c*~x HOH}, \ O`# " t"rH ~z, nxH u OQ 40H
#fl# t"r#Oz O^~.
t"r =~_ OrH 5000=#^s ~=fi|_Ok. g\H `_ ^H < [iQ Ô_ `
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
264
`# fiOQ " " O\#x g ~K_.

~O^~ Ok * O Q ~[H K` ~` x^~ #O. c*~ O`# t"rH ~=fi_O ^fi~
t"r c*~ =^ q~^xfl $+O KHe Q_. c*~` [iQ ^ |"# `"# t"r
H~xfl O^Qe Q_. t"r` Ok " c*~ PH=}` è J_Qh =i ^H<
"Ò ===Ò^x qOK_. XHi Wk [iy`..t"rx Z\H " J#OQ
=OK=Kx qOK_.
U"#\H ", =~~ c*~ ^_ q"Ok. *OQ t"rx " ^~~#
OîOKO^ JOwHiO* ~. JO^= t"rB~OQ*| e^~ OuOKQ ~x, c*~ =~i
Ô_ ` KO^ Z= x H |# ~~x * O Q PtOK_. U"# \ H t"r PQH@
O^~ # q "O k. t"rx ^~}OQ PfixOz 5000 =#^~Q xqOK_. Wk t"rH
J==xOz#@~Ok. Hk_ # t"r ^~~# |+iOz, H=# u~ iOK_. nx` t"r
M^ K |__ . J~` t"r M^ #Oz èqQ ` OKx ^H < K~_.
t"r PQ ~ @# q O H=_O ^ # @#. " , =~~ O|O^ Wk ^ #"O k.
t"r KH#Q qOK_O B~OQ*| K# ~[H ` Ô. 1668 B~OQ*| t"rH '~* J<
a~^# ~=fi_O`@, t"r =~_ OrH c~~ *w~# ~K_. nxfl t"r u~ iOK_.
JO`HO_ H..1670 #Oz uiy PH=}# ~OaOK_. ~ O_=i ~` ^_K HQ\
^ "`# fin#O K<fl_. ~O^~` J<H H@# <Q O=`~ HO
PHqOKH=_O` @ " O` ^_# ~OaOK_. H..1672 ~` #O_ K`#
= KO^ uflOK_. "= O` P< q[$O}
, " JkH~ =^ q^
" # |#izOk. c*~` ~\xfl ~OaOz, <fi =i `~# PHqOz
Hx~ g^ ^_ K_.
=~+ t"r Q"_. ~[q~ }
|"# # =` ^H< < ` =#~x
O^_. `# ~[H xfl "_ O KO^ ~ _ H..1674 fiÒ` ~fi=_Q
\a +HO K <fl_ . ''K ù J< a~^xfl fiHiOK_. '\a +HO J<H q^Q ^#"# k.
fiÒ` _x Wk K\K Ok. H#H c*~, QO_ "i` =#OQ ==~ #_= K#.
u~Q@^~Q<, =~ ^=MQ< K=} H=e# J=~O ^. JO`HO_ t"rH Wk
L#fl` <xfl WzOk. QOQ\ J< |} O_` _ \a +HxH ~Ò =Oz t"rx H u_x
H\ O K_. D \a +HO =~+ =iO` *f`# OOkOzOk. W@=O\ i`
HeOz# |xfl P~Q K x ~ =Mx ^H < = K_. Wk " =*xxH "
qi#@~Ok.
H..1676 t"r QO_ ` H~O ` c*~ fin#Ox H~fl@H Ô_ `
265
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K "~, lOl# c*~ JkH~ #Oz fin#O K <fl_ . H~fl@H Ô_ `#Oz uiy
=z# HO` HxH H..1680 t"r =~}O K_.
^H < PH=} s H~}
t"r H~O J=~= x B~OQ*| QiOK^ . Q t"rx H=O
XH z#flH~ ~ ` Q qOz B~OQ*| J}z"O^ K_. JO^= t"r` fl O K =#fl
* O Q # \OK^ . W K _O B~OQ*| ~[H ` Ô.
~ fl
1.
2.
B~OQ*| PK# " @q q+ O ~** O Q PK# HO> a#fl" O k. JO^

~ O_ ^ #"# q+ # q=iOKO_.
~M< t"r K# ~`^ _ t"r Q~"xfl UqÔ Q OzOk? JO^= aOz#
~ O_ [<# q=iOKO_?
44.6 Or, ~*~", `~~` B~OQ*| O|O^ :

t"r =~}#O`~O i< ^`# J`x =~_# Or fiHiOK_. è^
" O` ^_ K _O ^fi~ B~OQ*| =u~HOQ u~Q@ K# J`x =~_
JH~ P O ~=fi_O ^fi~ " # ZîOK_. J~` Ò_ =ki =~_ H^. Or
^ < }O ^ . QO_, c*~ B~OQ*| Ô_`` Ug kOKH _ =i
JH~ ~=~_H iQ HiOKH_. eÒQ JH~ ~=~_ u~Q@ q"
J`# W~< i_. nxH `_ c*~, QO_ PH=} =~+ ^$+ iOKO^
J_Q xeK~. H..1689 ~`Q " ^_K Orx, O"fi~ =^ |OkOz
u~Q@^~_ ^ ^ Jx KO" ~.
Orx KOOK_O B~OQ*| K# ^ ~[H `Ô Orx KOOK_O =~+
xfl \ O ^x qOK_. J~` Jk =~+ =iO` u~Q@ ^~}x OzOk.

J#O`~O ~*~" =~+ _ J_. J\H =~+ ` K~ [iO^
B~OQ*| ^ _ ^ . =~+ ~[^x ~Q_# " # O =@_O KQ, ~*~" ` OKx
lOlH i~ JH_#Oz " ` ~\xfl H#yOK_. J~` Or =~_ #
" |OkOK~. lOrx =@_O K_. Wk Zxqk O=`~ @ yOk. ~*~O lOl
#Oz ` OKx `~ K~_. ~*~" " ~*xfl " JkH~, ~~ Oz~K_.
"~ " ^_K =O_"~. =~+ qq^ O` OKi # O# OKx
^~O` _ ^_ K"~. ~*~" "~ fiÒÒQ ^_ KO^ JOwHiOK_.
~*~" J<H H@# uiy O^_O ` @ MO^+, c~~, |OQ< O`# K`, ~ =M#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
266
qkOK_. nx` B~OQ*| fiOQ ^_ K 17001705 =^ HO J<H H@ fin#O

K<fl_. s P^ =y, x O OK_O i~ J=Q# O =O\q
" # _O K~. nxH `_ " JkH~ q^ , JO`$ iQ~. K=Ok *w~~
~ OQ =~+ ` XOÔ Kx K` H>O ^ JOwHiOK~. *OQ t"r kOz#
q[O #~=$Ò H^ . H#H H =O K~ [~_ " B~OQ*| =#fl UHH = ~O.
H.=. 1700 ~*~" =$u KO^_O` J`x ~ z#fl "_# `# =~_ ~O_=
t"rx O#O ~O_\ i< ^`# K\ O k. B~OQ*| ` OkH ^ _ O k. "
# O 5" =Okx +OKO^, 7H@# B~OQ*| ~KO^ JOwHiOz `# =~_x =~+
_Q QiOK=x, 7" =#Q xqOK=x u^# KO k. `= fiÒ`xfl, K` =
xe"` _ `~~ ^ _ O k Hh B~OQ*| OkH JOwHiOK^ . `~~ u^##
P" |#`Q qOK_O ` @, HkHO Q\Q =O> =~+ `# Pn#OH =~x qOK_.
H..1703 =~+ ` B~OQ*| K~ [~_ O ` @ XH XO^xH _ =K_.
# q_^ KO^ 7" =#^~Q xqOKO^, # t"r fi~[# ~=fi_xH
^H < # ~ =M # ~KO^ ^= _. J~` z=i =O K~ # =yOK_.
JO^ =~+ # J#=#O =i "~ ^_K ~< J#=H" H~}O.
" , =~~ OuHO K# `fl O HH=_O` `~~ <H`fi Ox
=~+ q=s`" # |xfl =~x, ^H< # H~. =fi, c~~, Q[~`
Ô_` K_O`@, H..1706 J^#Q~x < ta~O ^_K~. DqÔQ
=~+ # J}z"O^ B~OQ*| K# `flhfl q =~. xH fiÒ`xfl H~#fl
"~ " JkH~xfl ZîOK_O q[~.
=~+ # J}z" < B~OQ*| `flO q "O k. xH fiÒ`xfl H~#fl =~+
" # ZîOK_O q[O kOK~. B~OQ*| # O< P^~_ _ Hh, =~+
L^=O [#Oz [xOzO^< q+ xfl =iK_.
44. ~ fl
1.
2.
Orx J}z"O^ B~OQ*| # Òz# O @# Uk?

Orx JO`" OkOK_O = B~OQ*| @ =~+ =z# =u~H` Z\k ?
~OO :
=~+ q[$O}
~[H , O H, PiH i` ^Ô K~. ^H< ~*
L#fl` ^= # x~fi OK~. J#= O OkOK_" HH JkH~ "# =~+ OK<fl_ .
267
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
H L^=O =~+ =*xfl |~K Q , H L^=H~ =~+ ~[ =Mxfl K@_O`@

"i K` < xfl HeyOK~. ^=M _# =# ~ ` L^=O K~ O^ H~}"O k. QoH
i` =~+ # |=O`# K~.
t"r <H`fi O =~+ QHQ J=ìOK~. "^\ c*~` ~\ [i~.
t"r J<H H@# fin#O K <fl_ . P# ^~ "# PH=} P## Q"_Q HiO * ~.
t"r " < # ^H < Z^~<fl_ . ~M< <H`fiO J}z"O^ < xfl
O_ Hx Jk O H^ . J#O`~O B~OQ*| * O Q <H`fi O < xfl O_. =~+ `
~\xfl xflÒ Q K_^ . t"r =u~# UHO KO^ uflOK_. J#O`~O ~O^~
Ô_ ` K_. H. 1665 t"rx |=OÒQ OkH JwHiO* ~. D H@` @ J<H
H@ =i = " ~z " e =zOk. " =~+ @q ^H < q[xH
H~}==Ò^x * O Q PtOK_. t"r " ^~~# OîOKO^ * O Q JOwHiO*_.
J~` D ~ @# q "O k. JO^ B~OQ*| t"rx 5000=#^~Q xqOK_.
nx` " =~+ O|O^ ^| u<fl~ =i t"r ~O^~ ` J<H
H@# uiy O^_. 1674<\H Q |=O`_ _. \a +HO K x K ù J< a~^xfl
fiHi OK_. Wk ^H < t"rx u~Qx <_Q x\ O k. ^H <# ~ =M # B~OQ*|
O^_. `~fi` Z=HO t"r rqOK^ . H~fl@H Ô_ ` #Oz uiy =z# `~fi` H..1680
t"r =~}O K_.
t"r `~fi` Or =~+ _ J_. ^~=O`_ J~< Ò_x ~[H
< <}O OrH ^. W`# z#fl q+ `# Hx HOnHiOK_O " =Oz
J=Hxfl HeO zOk. H..1689 " ~`Q ^_K Orx |OkOz JO`" OkOK~.
D O @# " =u~HOQ ~_x =~+ =iO` Q\ x~
O f<fl~ .
J#O`~O ~*~O O<xfl Jk+O K_. ~ _ H@# " =@_O K_O ` ~*~O
lOlH ~ JH_#Oz ~@O _. =~+ PiH û x `x ~*~O =~+ O`xfl
x HkH~ Jg~ =^ OK_. "~ " # ^KO\~x W|O^ K~x qOK_.
D qÔ Q " L^=O q $Ò HQ, B~OQ*| =~+ |xfl QiOz =~+ # J}z
" _O JO` ` ~ O H^x x~~ OK<fl_ .
H. 1700 OII ~*~" =~}O z< =~+ L^=O H#yOk. t"r II # O#O
~#\ `~~ < ^ `# fiHi OzOk. =~+ |O ~Q yOk =i =~+ #
J}z" < B~OQ*| HiH f~^ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
268
JO:
1.
=~+ |O ~Q_ xH Q H~}# Ò_?
2.
=~+ " O|O^# ijeOKO_. =~+ # xOuOK_O B~OQ*| ZO`=~
q[O kOK_?
3.
1665 ~O^~ OkH îf# i` Uq? Ok +~` # q=iOKO_?
4.
t"r \a +HO H O H ~[H ^#`# q=iOKO_?
J^# =K~O :
c*~ <x P M< ` :
^H < qi # fl t"r xfl QiOz J`xfl JO`" kOK_xH c*~ ~[O #HOk.
D xH H..1659= O=`~= =~ <x P M< JyOK~. t"rx |OkOK_xH K
@ QOQ H$r ~ J< =~~ }x ^fi~ uflOK_. t"r P @# Q \ _ .
Wî =^ XH ="O P M< Q_~xH, t"r H@=^ U~@ K~. W~=~ W^~ JOQ~H `
~"h t"r P^ O_ ~"h +~` qkOK_"Ok. Hh t"r `# =HO^ ~H}
H=Kxfl, `Q HO^ L t~}xfl î OK_. Z_=Ku Q LQ, _Ku z#flHux
x "_. PM< t"rx PeOQ#O Kx TiO_ K `~fi` Hu` _"x
uflOK_. Hh t"r `# ~H}
H=KO` ÒKx Ku W#Q#yOz PM< #
Qi KO" _. t"r ^Hx L#fl`# # O O` <_ x c*~ < xfl F_Oz
x H Q_~xfl ^fi OO K_.
" ~[^~~ #O_ t"r ` OKH#@ :

H. 1665 ~O^~ Ok^~#fl `~fi` JO|~ ~*# *OQ PQ ~[^~~#
OîOK=OkQ XOK_. | t"r fiOQ " KH=ix He `# Q@#fl
H@# uiy t"rH Wz"_< k * O Q L^ O H=K. t"r ~H}
Q `# =~_# ~"OQ#
O#x *OQ K_O` t"r `# =~_# Or` He PQ "_. ~OOQ t"rx
KH=i =O^ " @Q KH=i ^ \ O KH^ . Q t"rx JkH~ =^ ~=x P^tOK_.
t"r J==#OQ qOz ^~~# =ke"_. KH=i ~OOQ, W`~ JkH~# O, J`_x
|[yOK `flOQ Q~= zHOQ L`s xfl OQ t"r `# ` H ^~ #O Hh, =#| Hh
=^h , WO\H uiy"x K_. B~OQ*| nxfl JOwHiOz @
# W`x x"OK@ xqOK_.
J`x < xfl "#HO O rx, t"rx Q$ x~O Ô K_. t"r `# rqÒ =Ô
LO^x Q OK_. B~OQ*| P#O K=Ok JkH~ t"r t~K ^ # O K x zOz<
269
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
J`_ Ò^~@ x~O fH^. t"r ÒKH=_xH ^HO "_. `# J<~Q=x

H~}O K } QOHn q~~ ^#O K x K_. HO`HO @
QO#
`xv K~ Hh, HO`HO `~fi` `xv f=` `yO KQ ~ O_ QO ^Hx ` OK<fl~ .
`~fi` J`_ O rx =^ ~ =ke < "+O =~+ K~_. PQ `= t"rH u O
H ~< t"r xH fHQ xezOk.
~ fl =^<
44.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
(a)
(Z)
(a)
a
(Z) *"b PH=}` =~fi OÒ t"r =O J~Ok. `~, HOH} O`
q~ }
Jk î KOk.
"~ _\ # ^# O fin#"O k. Jk q +` ^ L Q_ O k.
t"r Q i ^ KO^ QoH i` O K~.
~[ ~H}
L Q_ ~
44.2
2.
(Z) B~OQ*| t"rx z#fl~ ` J#H=_O = flxH ~+ _ ^ .

(a) t"r` OkH ^H< PH=} <OkQ *OQ qOK_O` @ t"rx J^
=OKO^ ^# O Jx J#<fl_ .
(Z) ~M< F@q J`xx ^H < #Oz OOz " _xH HO_, " |#`
x^~ #"O k. =~" t"r |O W#=_OzOk.
(a) ~M< kOz#q[O ~` ^_K ^KH=_O ^fi~ PiH= $k kOKO^H
HO_, |Q~" iQO^ t"rH ^Ô KO k.
44.3
1.
2.
u~Q@ K# JH~ ~=~_ Or P xfl O^_

(Z) =~+ =u~H` Jxfl O` HOk.
(a) =~+ =u~H` H#yOKO^ H~}"Ok.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
270
45
t"r i# "
=[ `# O
45.1 iK O :
t"r Q ^g ~_. < }O Q"_. ~[H K` ~_ J< q+ g~ Q` JÔ
Kk"~. t"r Q i_ _! D ~OO t"r ~, x H < q^#Ox qq^
H}# g~ J^ #O K~ . =HQ , ~AQ, i_Q, x _Q t"rx JOK< " _O
[~QÒk.
B~OQ*| ~[`, ^H < ~*, =~+ , =" `~ ` J#iOz# q^<# g~
Q` J^ Kk"~. B~OQ*| K# `C , `# J#iOz# q^<` ~[h`*` OK_O ,
=O\ "\` @ "\= ~[~ ` , SH` ^|u#_O# g~ JOK< "~ . J~` H =O
XHi< " =[ `< xH ^ _x K _O Ki`H J"=O. " ~[ `<xH OH,
PiH, i<, ==# "# H~} J<HO =<fl~.
45.2 H :
1.
t"r i< q^#O
2.
=~+ JkH~xfl |ÒK# Qg~_Q t"rx QiOK@O
3.
" ~[ `< xH B~OQ*| ^ `
4.
" ~[ `< xH îf# PiH, =lH, i< H~}
45.3 t"r i< q^#O :

t"r H =O Q ^ q*`, < }OQ"_, ~[H K` ~_ =`" H^, Q i_
_! ^H < ~* i< H=< t"r i# #_z<, " q^<# J=~" # "~
271
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
KOK_. t"r HO ^ # JkH~` _# =Ou=O_e ^ J+ ^ # JO> fi,

=AO^~, ^c~ "^# @=O\q t"r HO> =O^#OK ^H < J= =#fl"! t"r U~@K#
i< qQ J~# , O`, @~, =[ =O\q _ J= =#fl@=O\"! t"r U~@
K# i# == ~A W~ =O\"_. ~A H~x~fiH, # x~} Y i JkH~
=<fl~. P# ~fi<^_ =i L#fl` <n_. t"r U~@ K# <q^#O
=~_# _ = \ +OQ J= [~QÒk. t"r =i J`x "~ =~Q
=#flO`=~ Q xKO k. `~fi` |"# "~ _ H =_O = U~_# #`# fi
=~= OÒQ s K ~.
i# t"rH HiOKO^ =Ou=O_e =O_k.Zxqk =Ok =O` =O_"~.
giH J+ ^ # Jx~. gi ^ # ^ ` x=fi_O. "iH fiÒÒQ x~ f<,
J= K JkH~O ^. "iH XH Y H\~OK|_Ok. "~ ~A` `H O|OÔ Hey
xK"~.
J+ ^ # q=~ :
1. fi ^ ^ #=Ou :
^~} i# =i *OH = # K"_. JOîHO> W`xH HO` Z= JkH~
=O_q Hh, "iH JkHi =Ò H^. ~A x =O `fixfl #_"_.
2. J=` ^ PiH= Ou :
~[ P^=# ` ~K _O, [=Y~ H ` ~K _O W`x ^ # xk.
3. =Ou ("Hfi <) :

~A H~H=, H= [iQ ==~, qk q^< ed` ~fiHOQ ^~ K _ O W`x
^`.
4. z=_ :
KH=i H # L`~ ` `~ [~_ O, =`, ~Q}
*= Y~# `xv K _O W`x
^ # q^ .
5. =O` :
W`_ q^j ==~ =Ou. q^j ==~ ijeOK_O OkO, ~~
yOz O|O^ <H_O W`x ^ # qk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
272
6. <u :
W`_ ~fi<^_ H^. xH ==~ =Ou. x x=HO, tH}, x~fi}
=O\q K _O` @ # O ~ ~ K _O W`x ^ # qk.
7.O_`~= ^ ^<^_ :
^#^~ # ~ "HO K_O ` @, =` O x^ ~=fi_O =O\q W`x q^ .
8. <n_ :
<Y Jku .
O_`~= =i <n _ q# qQ` =OÒ^~ < ==~` @
x H q^ <" ~. HhO =Q~ i< qQ Jk` Q xqO|_"~.
t"r x H =i ~ q# # ^ #"O k. t"r HO> =O^ # O JtfiH^ O ^ #OQ
=O_k. ^ # O =O_k H^. "~ P~ <@ == H~H= K x qQ` P~<
# O xK"~. t"r ^ # O# U~@ K_. t"r # O = "#Oz #" =~
JtfiH^ O , k" HO =O_k. giH`_ t^~ J< # O _ =O_k. JtfiH^ O
Hxfl Q, LqQQ ql O|_Ok. JxflO\HO > z#fl qQO 25=Ok JtfiH^ O ` _x
=O_k. nx JkHi =`^~. S^ =`^~# XH A=^~, 10=Ok A=^~ XH *s,
S^Q~ *s# XH OK *s, =O_"~. OK *sH "`# O =~ 2" #fl =O_k.
t"r <H^xfl _ U~@ K_.
x _|~O "`< KeO K"~. J~< Hxfl = JkH~ =#
O^"~. H=tH}
\O|_k = ^ <@H` # # O`@ J#=uOK"~ H^. ^
=O u x _ fin#O K #fl "`xfl YzÒQ `fi Y*< [=K"~. `=
Ku |OkO|_# x @O# ~HO K"~. JO^=< t"r |"# , H=tH}
Q < xfl
U~@ K H=_O q[O kOK_.
H@# ~ "HO K_O t"r x H # ^ #JOO. =" û Ô , ~ O y Ô
JO^ qxyO|_"~. H@x xH Ô qq^ KOk#"ix =OK_O` @,
H\< ^ `# =## =Q~ JkH~ JyOK"_. "i x H q^ # x~fiOK
=^~, ~, ~ "# i# x~fiOK ^~ ^# , ^<Q~ JkHi =O_"~.
i< O HO, qt = HO i< qQ U~~K| _~. ~[O
O` Q#, OÒ iQ} =i @~ Q ql O|_~. Q=O i< == JÒ`
z#flk. J= =#fl #fl q^<xfl ~^ K , ~ ` #Oz `fikH ~ <~ Q ~ ` #Oz #fl=
273
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
K q^<xfl J= K_. "iH ~ ` # JkH~O Qh, "ix tHO K JkH~O Qh ^ .

t"r qx ~ fi K~Oz, qt# O@ 30%Q x~~ OK_. `~fi` HO`HxH
W`~ #fl# ~^ K qt# 40`xH OK_. qx HeKO^ Yz`"# H|^#
L yOK_. QÒ =#fl `_# ~^ K ''Hk J< H_ H|^# `~K_. nx` `=
ZO`#fl H\eOk ~` èOk H#H "~ "#HO["H KeOK"~. ^#~O Qh,
^#~OQh #fl KeO K=K. q`< H#Q, [O`= H#Q ~ ` ## ~z
==a=$kH t"r H$+ K_.
^ OY ^ < xfl (Standing Army) +OKO^ ^ "Ò = J=~= k.
JO^ ~[ PÔ ik H^. nx` i^ O`#Oz 'K`, '~ =d ~`
=# = K"_. 'K`# = K _O WO` =O^ #OK Ô J= =Ok. 'K`
L^ xfl QiOz Ki`H~ qa#fl Ja<fl~. U"#\H x H H~H HO ~=fi|_
= <Q= =O`Q =O_k. Of <_# ~ =M #Oz kÒ J^#OQ =
K# <fl '~ =d. =O~O~ OQ ~ =d ^q aOKk JO^= nxx = K"~. D
#fl = = W`~ ~* i^ O` =~+ =O U~__O` @ O Q
PHqOK< J=HO HeQ k. D #fl t"r ^ # P^ =~ J#_O Z@=O\ J#=#O
^.
t"r x~}`H" # "^q, ^, x H =H~ =i HH " Q"_ Jx t"r i<
q^#O "_ = Ok.
1. x~}`H" # "^q : t"r H=û Hey# i< q^<xfl U~@ K_. J+ ^ #,
~*xfl O` @~ Q ql OK_. nx= t"r H =O ^_ ^~_ =`" H^x
~A= K <fl_ .
2. x H ^ K` ~_ : # O =~= OÒQ xK _xH J=~" # Z<fl O~} " \_ .
^x ^fi~ `# ~[H Hxfl <~" ~ HQeQ_.
3. HH " Q"_ : L^Q ~=fi_O O^, =O J< `_# H#|~K ^ .
45.Z) ~ fl
1. `# # O t"r Z=Q ^#` xz#k.
Z) ~ O yÔ
a) ûÔ
) <HÔ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
274
2.
3.
_) H@
K`, ~ =d# x~fizOKO_.
D HO^ HO^~ i, "i ## QiOz Hxfl "M< ~=fi|_~. "\x [`~ O_.
Z) XH z#fl *y~~ =~_ ~#Oz KH=i ~H Zky#"_
a) =Ou =O_e x H q^ # _ x~fiiOKQ Qe.
) x H <^ g^ U~_# ~[O x HH =< <#"O k.
1. JLn<
2. +~
3. t"r
45.4 t"r #` :
=HQ , i_Q t"r H. 17= `| Ki` fi` <xfl OkOK_.
z#fl *y~~ _ =~_ ~#Oz K ù ~H `# ^~ èq`@ =< Z^Q_O `
@ " ^ # `= J_. z<fla# fl"# =~+ JkH~xfl XH Q_Q HOkH `=_O
t"r kOz# Q #H~O. t"r ~[O 'x H~[OQ q=~# Z^~Ok. i# # O
^ #` +OK_O =< J [ikOk. i^ O`# x^ HO ^K<fl_ . J~` Wk
~ # ^$HÔ H^. t"r U~@ K# ~[O xH" #^< , *a=<xfl K~QOk. "
PH=}# =u~HOK ^~} [ PH#Q}OQ =O_ Q ~ `K<fl_. t"r
=`" ~ _ H^. Jxfl =` =Ozx Q OK_. } O_` , =O < @ =#
Q~=O î OK"_. =Hb# Ki`H~_# H+M< t"rx '"xH \x Jx q=iOz<,
W`~ ~* ^_K # =O =^ , Y~<, = ^_ K =^x t"r J#K~ #
OK"_x O OK_. ZC_< Y~< HO `# K` H = ^x@ Q~"xfl H\ O K_"
HQ, *Q`Q =O J#K~ ^xx JyOK"_.
`# Q i ^ ^` ^fi~ " < xfl ^|f_. Jk " ~[O |#==fi_xH
H~}"Ok.
45.5 " ~[ `< xH B~OQ*| ^` JOK<

H.= 18= `|O ~`^ Ki` " ~[O `#O KO^_O ~O"Ok. nxH
~OO B~OQ*| < HO [iyOk. B~OQ*| ~+ q^<, x~` @
=~+ , ~[`, =" `~ , ^H < ~* " SH` , ~ ` P@OH HeyOK~.
275
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
" `<xH O H, PiH, ~rH , ==~ " # H~} J<HO ^Ô K~. =#^s,
*w~s q^<x , ~Q`=#fl PiH, *y~s q^ i## |#iK~. ~ `
u~Q@ = U~_# =lH J ^`, qtkH ~ =^ q^ , ==O, "~O, i=,
OHuH ~OQ Py~# Ja=$k =O\q _ H~}. \ + " # " PiH, ~[H ~OQ
D =xH =K@\H J=~ f~H ~. H =O B~OQ*| `< xH H~}O J< ^$+
HO_ `< xfl PiH, ~[H , < ~O Q JOK< " e.
B~OQ*| =~+, ^H< ~*` èqQ =iOKH_. =~+ xH
fiÒ`xfl B~OQ*| iQ JOwHiOK^ . "ix J}z" #<fl_ . ^H <# PHqOKO^,
JH_ JkH~ \ + ` =~+ fl O J=~= x QiOKH _. c*~, QO_ PH=}
`~fi` =~~ fin#==Ò^x `C Q PzOK_. =~+ =u~H` " |Q~"
#+O "\eO *
_" QH PiHO Q _ iQ ^|fOk. ^H < ~* PH=} =~+
xH `= O_ K, "~ iQ "< q[$OaOKO^ H~}"Ok. B~OQ*| ^H<
Ô_ ` 25 O=`~ @ y ^# } # H~}"O k. x~O`~ ^, x H H~H
= ==, "~, iqHa=$^ Py~. c*~, QO_ qb#O = "
~[O qiO|_Ok. nx` J\ =~ =#fl ~[H, PiH i` i_H W|OkH~"#
i` U~__O ` @ xO`} OzOk.
=~fi~, ""~ ~* @ B~OQ*| q^#O =^# `z\O k. ~[`~A |xfl,
JkH~xfl `yO KO^ B~OQ*| K# `flO "i JO`$x HeyOzOk. g~ Wk=~H =~fi~
O#O q+ O B~OQ*| *Hxfl QiOz Kk"~. D *HO =~fi~ ~^~, ""~, tk
=OO "~ u~Q@ KO^ H~}O J~Ok. Wk " ~[` O|O^ iQ ^|fO^
H~}O HH~< ""~ =~fi~ ^ " |Q# H ^~ =oOK~. "
<u H` ^| u#flk. " ~[`# ^~O KO k. ~[` B~OQ*| @ J#=#O#
Hey=O__O ~O" O k.
B~OQ*| =` O^ `fiO " ~[ ~ ` # ^|fOk. ll#fl qkO,
O^^"# <#O K _O, O^= xO`} =O\q =O =" `~ =^
^~xfl OK~.
B~OQ*| q^< ^ #OQ =[`< xH ^Ô K~. Hh "\=< Jx =Ò
J#_xH g^ . B~OQ*| q^<# J`x =~}O `~fi` ~^ K < , " ~[ `# O PQ^ .
H#H J`< iQ H~}O Jx ~#_O =OH^.
xt` ij# K " =[ `< xH O H, PiH H~}O Jx Ò k.
"^\ ==~ " # O =#, *w~s q^< i#, PiH, x H, ~[H s H~} =#^s
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
276
=i *w~s == xf~ P^~_ =<fl~. J~` J^ =O D ~ O_ q^< PiH,

~[H = H~}=~.
# +} HO =#^~ *w~ ~=fi|_~. *w~ #Oz =K P^xfl x H +}
L yOKe. J~` *w~^~_ ~#~# ~ ` #Oz JkH" ` #fl# = K _O
~OaOK~. P "`xfl x H=~ L yOK O_ =HQ ` q L yOK"~. JO^=
~ ` ~O _O k. x H|O ~Q^. *w~~ JH$` = ~` JO`$ JkH" z=~
" ~[ `< xH H~}"O k.
" `fiO _ ~#~# JkH "Ò t= K _O` ~ ` [gO^~,
*w~~ Ug KeO K# @=O\ iu U~_Ok. nxH `fi #fl q^#" H~}=x "~
`fiO @ JO`$<~. D qÔQ `fiO, [gO^~ _OK_O` ~` u~Q@
^~} |eOk. JO^ *\, `< g, t, =~+ K# u~Q@ L^~}Q
K =K. D u~Q@ fiÒ` ~* Pq~"xH îf~. fiÒ` ~* Pq~=O` `fi
PÔ =iO` _ ~Ok. z=~ " =[ `< xH îfOk.
*w~s == U~_# OHO `fiO f= "xfl H#|izOk. c*~, QO_
PH=} `~fi` JH_ t+= ~xfl O`$ i KO^, "~ ` ta~OH " O_ =O_O^ B~OQ*|
"iH *w~# ~=fi_O ~OaOK_. J<H O=`~ ^ = ==xH f= P@OHO U~__O `
"~ L`~ ~`^ O x *w~# PtOK~. "\x OkOKO^ L#fl`kH~ OKeKO^
_ ^= ~. nx` J\H L`~ ^ O =#fl [gO^~, =#^~ `= *w~# H~
JO`$ ~. *w~ OY `y =_O` @, "\#Oz `fixH =K PÔ `Q_ O , t+= ~O
Y~ JkH= ~. WO\ u *w~^~ =^ U~_# \ =~ U~_O^ îfOk.
t+= ~O "~ *w~^~# =O~O~ O K `flO K~. `= Y~ J#Q}OQ `fi =#
(He) PHqOK<O^ _ L#fl` =~ "~ "#H_^ . Wk `fi PiH OHxfl =iO`
f=`~O KO k. nxH `_ x H OY# _ "~ `yO K_O ` x HOQ ~[O |#_O k.
=~+ # JO`" OkOKe# ^H <x " *w~~ "i` K` He~. HO^~ *w~~
`= Z= "Ò =# KeO z# "iH *w~# ~K"~. *w~# Ok# =^ =~ ~ ` #
_O z #fl = K"~. B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O *w~ W`~ ~=fi_O JkH" O k.
""xH *w~s OHO XH =lH =. |ÔQ =~H"~ Ja=$k
KOk#@~` #`# OH PiH == U~_ D = i~O aOKk. fiO =$^
Qg} PiH === =~H "~ Ja=$k Ô H^. 17= `|O ~O_= QO =~H
"}* =#fl fi=` \ _Q eQ =~O U~_^ .
277
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
" =*xH "<fl =HQ xK# t+= ~O U~_# q^ " =[ `< xH

^ #H~}"<~. qt+= ~O q^ U~__xH ^ #H~}O B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O =~_ #
" KH=i H =_" ! JkH~ `= `= HOKH=_" HH z=~ # `#O
KO` =~ ZkQ~. g\x P~Q fx xH fiÒÒQ ==iOKQ~. HO^~
u~Q@ K fiÒÒ H\ O K<fl~. JO^ OQ, ^~^, J^ "^# O`
^ #"# "~. H=H=OQ " < JkH~O _b i~ O` =`" iq`" O k.
=~fi~, Q[~`, |O^YO_ `k`~ O` =~+ fin#=~. <k~, J^ Jb
Ô_ ` " ~*xfl HHx ^|f~. z=~ a\+ "i ~H` " =[O `#
" xfl iQ H~Ok.
"" xH a\+ "i = " ~[ `# O [~Q ^ . " ~[ `# O = U~_#
#`#
,OHuH, PiHa=$^ kOz# POQ
_~. "i q^< = ~f
=[O ="# =~ K@K <fl~. D =~ = ~f =[O J==<xH PiH
X_^ _ <O k. U"# \H D =~ <^ O Pq~q Oz# #`# =~ P^ xH ~f
=*xH <^ "~.
(Z) B~OQ*| ~+ q^<, ~[Hq[` OK_O, ~[`, =~+, ^H<
~*, =" `~ @ J#iOz# q^#O = "~ ~[ ~ ` O QO HeyOK~. ~[
`< xH O H, PiH, ~[H , ==~ " # H~} ^Ô K~.
(a) 1. *y~s, =#^s q^< x
2. ~Q` =#fl PiH J=~, *y~i q^ i## ^|f~.
3. =lH JO`$ ~ ` L^=~xfl êOk.
4. qt+ =~O x =~ ~@O ~[q[ # îfOk.
5. ==, "~, iqH,
a=$k Py=_O.
45.a. ~ fl
1. " =[ ~ ` U ~ O_ q^< P^~_ =Ok?
2. ~ ` _# # *w~^~ ZO^= J#iOK~?
3. [gO^~ `fixH =^ q^ U~_\xH H~} Uq?
4. B~OQ*| ^H < Ô_ ` =O ^H< Z =Ok?
5. " =[O t+= ~O q^ "xfl q=iOKO_.
6. " , a\+ =* =^ =#fl ^ # `_ Uq\?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
278
~OO :
t"r \ + " # i< OÒQxH <^# "_. i< == Jxfl JkH~#
Hey# ~A ^ #"# "_. ~A HiOK_xH =Ou=O_e ^ J+ ^ # =O_"~. fi,
J=`, =Ou, z=_ =O`, <u, O_`~=, <n _ =Ou=O_e . ~A
x=fi_O "i ^ #qk.
t"r # +} K_. JjfiH^ O `@ ^ < hfl U~@ K_. # O _
=O_k. JtfiHÔ, ûÔ Hxfl qQ, LqQQ qlO|_Ok. #O H=tH}
\O|_Ok. x "`< # KeO K"~. x HkH~ =# ~z# iu _ =Ok.
H@ ~H}
@ t"r ` H ^ H#|iK_. H@ ~H}
=~= O`"# JkH~# xqOz
P^, P~ =Q# JO^@ =OK_.
i< O HO t"r ~*xfl O`, iQ}, @~ , Q=Q ql OK_.
~ ` #Oz <~ Q #fl =K"_. qt# H=û OK_O = ~` ~O _k
H^. i^ O` #Oz = K K`, ~ =M ^fi~ _ `fixH PÔ aOKk.
D qÔ Q PiHO Q x HOQ ~*xfl \ + i K_.
B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O " =[O `fi~Q `# "Ok. ~[` @, =~+
@ B~OQ*| J#~O z# q^#O " ~[ u+# , PiH u x ^|fOk. B~OQ*| =`"O
PO`~OyHOQ ~*xfl ^|fOk. nxH`_ PiH, OH i` _ =[`<xH
H~}=~. =#î =i *w~s == `= Hxfl kOKH ~. ~Q`=#fl
PiH J=~ JO`$H H~}=~. *\, `flg, t u~Q@ JO^ L^~}.
*w~s fi HO _Q~. *w~~ `= *w~# ^" Ò KeO z# "i~O K"~.
*w~~ =^ \ ~O" O k.
B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O JkH~ =^ U~_# q^ ~[O q_=_xH ^Ô KO k.
P"^# JkH~ fiÒÒ H\ O K<fl~ . |"# JkHi H =_O ~`^ O a\+
"i JkH~O <H#_xH H~}"O k.
JO :
1.
2.
3.
t"r i< q^<xfl q=iOKO_. |"# =~+ ~[ x~}O ^x`#

KiOKO_.
~AQ, _Q, x _Q t"rx JOK< " O_.
K`, ~ =M# QiOz OH O Q "O_.
279
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
4.
5.
B~OQ*| J#iOz# =~+ q^#O " =[ `<xH H~}O J#_O ZO`=~

=O[O.
" =[O J<H O H"_xH *w~s, =#^s q^< ZO`=~ ^Ô
K~?
H~H= :
t"r i< q^<xfl q=i K~# ` ~K O_.
J^# =K~O :
JjfiH^ O :
25=Ok x ` U~_# qQO JkHi =~
1= qQO 2= qQO 3= qQO 4= qQO 5= qQO
D S^ qQ JkHi A=
10 A= He JkHi *s
5 *s He JkHi O\ *s
JjfiH^ xHO`\ H ^ # JkHi ''~W<|`
ûÔ :
ûÔ z#fl QO
nxH JkHi '<H
5 =Ok < JkHi =^~
5 =Ok =`^~ JkHi A=^~
10 =Ok A=^~ JkHi *i
7 =Ok *s JkHi ~ W<|`
~O fl =^<
45.Z.
1.
2.
H@
xH H~HHO `fiÔ #Oz H\~O|_# 1/4=O` = ''K`.
=O~O~ JkH~O Hey# ~ =M #Oz = K 10Ò J^# #fl ~ =d
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
280
3.
1. JLn<
2. +~
3. t"r
Z
a
45.a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
=#^s =i *w~s q^<

*w~~ |kb q^#O = *w~ H~` U~__O ` @ H" ~ ~ ` # ^K<fl~ .
qt q+ " [gO^~, `fiO =^ q^ U~_~. `fiO Z= "Ò
~ ` #Oz = K _O = [gO^~ = K <O^ ~ ` ^Q~ Ug
qQ^.
B~OQ*| ^ ^H < [##xfl HeyOK~. ^xH `_ ==, =~H " }*
^|u<fl~.
" KH=i J=~ H=_O = t+=~O `#O K~OKk. fiÒ`~*#
U~~KHQ~.
a\+ =[O
, OHuH. PiH ~OQ Ja=$k KOkOk. " =[O p#
fi= ^ < =Ok.
281
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.II
46
_b #, " ~ QO
i#, x H q^#O, x H U~@
L^`= :
12= `|O z=i <\H `~+ ~H` L`~ ~`^ O XH H= O`" # , H OnH$`" # ~[OQ
Ja=$k KOk#k. 1526 " ~ F_OK=~ _b # QO H#yOk. _b #
QO H` i< q^<xfl, ~H` [ r=# q^<xfl " \O k. `QH i# `~"`
_b # qz#flO ~O" # \H "i i< q^#O =Ò `~ "` =~ H#yOk.
" ~ _b # i< q^#O J#iOK~.
`^ i ~ _b # Yb =^ Q O|O^, _b # i# J=iH#
J#Q H O^ `fiO, Of `fi, xH U~@# Qi J^ #O K~ . `~"` "
H O x qq^ ~ H i < O , " \ = # ^ s q^ # O #
qÔ Q _b #, " ~ =[= =^ `~`= O O Q `H=K#.
46.2 H :
D ~OO# J^ #O K# `~ "` h= HOk q+ Ò\~.
1.
_b # Yb =^ O|OÔ q=~}.
2.
_b # H O^ `fiO q=~}.
3.
_b # x H U~@# [H `K H#Q=.
4.
" HOx i< q[ ## QiOK@O.
5.
"Q H O^, ~R ## =iOK@O.
6.
=#^s q^#O# fi=O# `H#@O.

1
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
46.3 _b #, Yb
_b # ` = ~ [ O Yb < H ` fiO WO = [ O
KC <fl~ . JO^=# g~ Yb ~fi=kH~O# QiOK~. nxx uaOaOK@ (zfl=Q,
Q~Q ) Yb #O_ ^ # Q OK@, Yb ~ <}= =^}. Yb ~ '` KkqOK@
" ^ # q. 1 2 2 9 W@ \ q + J _ Yb# O _ '< O \ P k ~ `
O^#. Wk W@\q+ z=i =~ ~H}
Q =#fl J`x Q~=O# kfiQ}H$ Ò K @ QH `$ =
H#fl =Oz u LOz#k. JLn< O\ H= O`_ _ 'Yb _ [O Jx H\ O KH<#.
~OO ==^c< `QH <} Yb ~# `yOz#\H u~Q@ K~ Q@` uiy
<} Yb ~# uiy =kOK #. Wk =O X H =~O "C O^@ ==^ c<
`QH ~ * `QH Dl Yb#O_ `=# O^#.
_b # `= JkH~=# Yb ^fi~ QiOOki. Wk ^~} =O ^$+
|_Q =x qOzi. W`~ =O ~* ^`~O Q =#`fiO# O^@, "i a~^
O#O |_ @ L Q_ # k. <`# =O L= H~O# _ O^Qe yi.
_b # ÒQ Yb Oy L#fl \H, "= OQ fiÒ`. _b #

xH x O ` . W` ` q + Yb # O _ Q ~ qO | _# O Q _
`@\~OK^ . Q^# ^fi OO K Yb# KO# Q J#K~ # _b # fiQÒ
eHi. nxx |\ _b # ~[H J=~H#fl =`, xH J=~ Z= H^x `# flk.
J L n < db Q " ~ # W M < ` O | O ^ O H ey L O _# . W
JLn< db Yb == =# =Oz Q~"xfl Oki. J=~ # =~H db =Ò
# J# ~# f" YbQ H\ O KH<#. ~`^ O JH~ HO ~[iHO iQ
fiÒ`" # k. D û x JH~ "~ J#iOzi. JH~ HO #O_ " KH=~ Yb
JkH~=# Oki. JO^=< `= ~[^x ^~Ld` Jx H\ O zi.
"" xH _b # Yb =O ^. Hx _b # Yb ~# "i JkH~=#
|O K H#@ O^|^ # hfl =## Q KH#@ qxyOzi.
46.4 _b # H O^ `fiO
_b < HO`=Ok =O` O` ieOK_" _. =O`# < ZOH K H<_
"_. < `~fi` =r~ =Y_. W`_ PiH ==~ (k"<W=r~`)K_"_. DY
PÔ, =#, ~ "# ==~ Kk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
==^c< `QH ~ q#Y K ^#`xK_. ~OO _b # QO

=r~ ^Q ^#` ^ . <, JLn< fiOQ< D q^ # x~fiOK_" ~. J=~ ,
J#= Ox HO =r~ JO`x JkH~O# OkOK#. ~ * `QH HO 18
O=`~= n~ HO xK# M<W[< =H =r~ Pk` =# =Oz L^~}. =r~
H= O`# J#K~ LO__" ~. ^ # `#H K @ H~ =+~ W==eH (Accountant
general) = # i jeO K @, = W=
(Auditor
= general)
H = AO ^ ~ [
O|OkOz# ~}=, |H~ =O^ KeO H O|OkOz# iH~ ^~ K @, MrHkHi
(treasurer) Jg~WH, |O[~
=# `fi Ò` == QO K OK@
xK# .
x H QO# k"hWJi* Jx eK_" ~. nxH Ji*W==eH JkHi. _b #k

x H ~[O. H=# k"<WJi* ^ # qQO. x x=HO, ~H}
P^ =~@,
x r` KeO K@ nx =M q^ . < "@" ^\ iQ ` H Ji* Y# ~OaOK#.
`~ "` JLn< db nx ` H ^ =OK#. < n~"# H"` ^fi~ #O# `H" #
~=# WK#. ^ P OÒx Q=# x r` KeO xqÒ H \~OK@ <
~ O aO K# . g\ x x " ~ ` fi Q qO z i . JO ` H O _
L^Q=# =^H#@ W+ _ ^ . JLn< db # Ji* Y xf~ "~Q~ |_Ok.
JLn< db s OY ^ # O# x~fiOK#. u~A <xH =~ " q^#O, Q~
^Q JO> =sH~ }
(ZOH) q^#O(for landing of horses)# J#iOK#. < ~HO Q~# =~
~ O _ x" i O z # k. x r` ez # " ^ \ # J L n < db.
= # W< O Q W= fi\ xfl xe" # . Wk = = ^ c< ` Q H
x~fi} _= û x J#iOK#. L^~} 100=Ok x < kHi n, "~=Ok
x *~. D q^#O# =OQ #O_ Q OK@ [iy#k. ~ * `QH HO x
rèK û x f" *w~# =OE~ K û x #~î OK#. ~ * `QH k"<WJi*
Y# O~O Q xsfi~O K#. D q+ =# =O^Q J^ #O K
<fl~ .
_b # # WOHH =Y"# Y k"<Wi`. nxH Jku ^~ L^~
Wk =` JO#, ^<, ` ~ "HO K_k . nxH ` H" # Y*< LO__k . Wk [H` #fl#O_
iQ = Jk =M ^~ <ku Q(Quasi Mumalik) _ ==iOK"_.
~[ L`~ ` `~ = # x~fiOK@ k"<WW< LO__" _. < H~ W`~ ~*
~ A = ^ = i < kQ = JkH ~ = ^ ~ L `
x~fi OK_" _. #Q~ =O`` @Q J^# Y LO__q . "\ "= ~[ =K~=#
3
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
è* Q_K~ qQO i^W==eH <H`fi O LO__k. xH =K~O# K~"

@
i ^ J# L ^ Q L O __" ~ . ~ A ^ ~ ~ (Vakil
Odar)
| O kO z #
KH<_" _.Wk < =HQ ` H~#, ^~~ =~^ x~fiOK@ K_k. Wk <
J= ~ = = = , H ~ # ` ~ K H ~ < # ~ " H O
x ` H Y# U~@K#. x # K |_# H~< xK_"~. ~ * `QH
H=, ~_, = # x~}= H~ ` H" # Y# <H#.
_b # J< H = O k JkH ~
^~ L^~, k"<WW<, i^W==eH
O ` eO z i . " i = r~
46.5 _b # x H x~fi} :
=O "^@ "~O H~ ~`^ O =zi. HH"}Q fiÒ` H= O`" # ~[O
O zi. _b # JO`~O yH, q^j = ^$ ^ # P=H`# QiOzi. q^j ^_
=OQ^_ ^q . x~O`~O Q =OQ ^_K _b < J~ #+= # HeyOK_" ~.
=OQ ~`^ O ~ _ # \H "i ^_ <, JLn< db HO =OQ ^_
x"~} K~ K@
_ O [iy#k. JO`~OyHOQ O^ xH = `~+ ~H iOKx
~[` `~K u~Q@ Ki . WnHH _b # "i =~O #O_ "~` fi =# Z^~xi.
=O~O~ q^#O #O^# f `~+ _ "~ O#=# J~_# Jx qOzi. JO^=#
H= O`" # ~~ # xOuOK@ uflOzi. D JOOhfl _b # < k` #,
^ P^= H= O`" # ^ <#,(standing army) =~H#= =z#k. =
=# JLn< db i# O~}# " ># . W^ JO=# WO` =O^ ~O J^ #O
K
<fl=. WO^ _ J^ #O K=.
=O^ ~O x H qQO Ji*W==eH <`$ `fiO LO__k . Jq Kkq <fl=.
~fi < ^ _ < Jx Q~ K H= #flk. < Ps L#fl` ^= L#fl"~ =b,
WH^~. Hxfl Y ~RO#, i^ #, qQ` "ix < =^ xqOK|_q. <
^ O _ ` K# _ L # fl` ^ = L # fl ~ ~ ` = ` = #
< # O JtfiH^ O , HO, Q[|O LO_e. JtfiH^ O # ` H #O LO__k . < =~,
~H O|On ~~ Q LO__" ~. H@ _ =Y ` =OK_q . H` H@ x~}O `
H@ =~=` , x~fiOK_" ~. H@ =~= O`" # # =# LOK_" ~. =OQ ^_#
uH@@ uH@ H`fi J# Jku xqOK|__" _. Hxfl O^~ H`fi` @
~~# _ xqOK_" ~. H`fi q+" # JkH~ LO__q . P^ =~=` =i _
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
J# L ^ y L O __" _ . X H M r, q ~ ~ # _ x q O K_" ~ . =
J#O^#O K |_ "\ x~fi} H@K x~fiOK|__q .
< =~= O`" # # J=~xfl QiOK#. =OQ^_, JO`~O yH u~Q@ =^=x

qOK#. JO^=# x H qQO (n"<WJi*) # #~=H i OK#. Wk < Q~==#,
Hx Oz#q. u Ô_ ` =O^ `~"` =~ fH|_Ok. H=tH}
LO# Hi# "#
tH qkO K| _O k. x Q x, < k` Q x qk x~ fi } xH ~ H
K~OK_" _. ~~ , WH^~ K~# ZC_HC _ è*@ =~=O`" # Q_K~
qQO# U~@ K#.
JLn< HO x H O~}# K># . =OQ JLn<# _ pH ># . nx
H~}OQ ^ # O# U~@ K Hx, ^Q, e# YzÒ Q \OK#. x rèz#
"^\ < JLn< db. u x xH xf~# H=|nHiOz, x H#Q Hx OK#.
+An< `QH HO ^Q e# YzÒQ J= ~K#. x

=~=OÒQ#, x*~fQ# rqOK@ PiHOQ x O`$ KO^@@ K~
fH<#. JLn< K\ # ^`# ~* `QH J#iOK#. x *w~#
WK#. "i L^Q =O~O~ O K#. L#fl` =~O "iH (Khan, Malik and Amir) HO^
Y*< #O_ HH `fi PÔ "\ W=fi|_Ok. . ~ * `QH ^ ^_ 1/5
=O` ~[xfl "\Q x~iOK#. Wk JLn< db HO 4/5Q LO_k.
WH# Qi Kkq<fl~ . Wk J~aH Ô . nxx `~+ ~`^ O f=zi. *w~#
WH JO\~. g\x HeyL#fl"ix WH^~ JO\~. WH^~ fiO`# O Hey LO_k.Wq
|kb K|_#. WH^~ `= P^ = PkÒ LO_k. WH^~ OHO
JkH~# xqOK#. Wk < HO OaOz#\H ==^ a< `QH HO L#fl` ~H
K~ Hx#k. ==â< `QH , JLn< WH q^#O# ~^ K# \H, 1351 ~ * `QH nxx
#~î OK#. *w~ fi` û qt# x~~ Ozi. nx *w~~ O K i#k.
WH# |kb K @ H+" # k. WH^~ "~`fi û H =zi. x PÔ H \~OK@
_ ~ *M< `QH ~OaOK#.
< JLn< < xH ^#`# Wzi. H=tH}
# YzÒ Q J= izi. =~ ,
e, K ~ q^<# J=Ki .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ fl 46.5 Z.
1.
_b # HO ~[O J`#fl` <ku Z=~?
2.
_b # HO i# < HiOz# =Y =O` Z=~?
3.
U _b # HO r` *w~ ~O KeO K@ P" #. ?
46.6 " H O^ `fiO :

W\=~ _b # HO `fi q^#O x H x~fi}# Kkq <fl~ . WC_
" HOx Y xf~ ije=.
HO^ `fi x~fi} JH~ `H ^# =OK#. W`_ H^ Q _b #
q^#O# J#iOK#. _b # HO|#_# `fi=# uiy "~Q~K # . JH~
*Q`Q qq^ Y xf~# "~Q ~K O ^ Hi# "# qk q^<# ~OkOK#.
JH~ ~ O_OK q^<xfl J#iOz H O^ `fi OÒQO# H= OÒQ K#. qq^
Y =^ JkH~O# ql Oz, Z\H C _ xO`} K~OK_" _. JH~ HO =H JkH~O
`yO K|_Ok. J`# ~[ Q~"kHiQ K_|__ . ZO^HO> ~ OM< =HQ xK q+" #
Jiq` JkH~# K~OK#. =r~ H<fl H= O`_Q K=} J#. D L^yx D ^q
J<H JkH~# xqOz< # "~ JO`Q OKH^ . JH~ HO ~^ K H
H =O <==ÒQ H#yO|_Ok. "iH ^, Q~=O, Q`#O LO__k Hh JkH~O LO_kH^.
KH=iH ^` =OK_" _.
_b # QO =kiQ =H` @ ~[ ^ `# #Q~ =O` x~fi OK"~.
P #Q~ =O` ~*xH <Q O O\"~. "~
1.
k"< ^ k"<W W`xx =r~ Jx _ eK_" ~. W`# qt, PiH ==~

K_"_.
2.
g~ |H x H i# x~fiOK_" _. (~H}
=Ou)
3.
^~ < M=Ou.
4.
g~ =< `fi=K x~fiOK|_ H~Q~=, (i=) "~= =Ou. =O`

`# D kQ= ijeOK^~ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
k"< :
~[, P^ =# K_"_. W`# . Yb, *w~ `fi = J[=~+ K"_.
n"< L#fl`" # ^ Hey LO_"_.Hh W`~ Y ^~= Q ~ "H}
JkH~O W`xH ^ .
g~|H:
x H x~fi}, i#, ~H}
=Ou. =#^s q^#O# " @@ g~|H ^ `
iy#q. ~[Ox JkH~O^~ "i x fi=O` O|OÔ O_, =#^~Q
H\ O K|__" ~. =#^~ x=HO H~ Qx "i ^#fl` H~ Qx `Q ~
g~|H ^fi~ =`" KH=iH OOKe. X Hi D ~ KH=i JOwHi Wk =r~ O|_
x~~} K |_ "iH *w~ H \~OK|_Òk. g~|H Qx, k"< Wî Z=~ X H~ =#^~#
ZOH K |_#. L#fl` ~ L^yx =`" =#^~Q xq~ . g~|H W`~ q^ #
x~fiOK#. Q_K~# (Barid) =i uH qY~(wazir, Nazir)# =*=O`\ xqOz,
"~ HiOz# =K~O# g~|H ^fi~ KH=iH ^~~ =iOK^~ .
=Y Mr :
JH~ HO =iH ` HY <Y. Mr, = =i W`~ <Mk H~#
x=HO# ~ "HO K#. Hxfl O^~ Mr ^q =M^~ ^ ^~ L ^~ ^q
H_k. W`# ^~} =i =`, ^#^~# ^# ~}, W<= ~} K @, =i
q^Y# ~ "H}
K_"_. JO^=# =M Mr ^ #` =OK#. JH~ HO D qQO
OK` K_ ~ `K H<#. `# |O^ =, q` ^~ "`# =#, # H\ O K@`
`# JkH~# îfixQO K#. ^~ L= JH~ HH q^#O# ^|fi. JO^= ^~
JkH~# xOuOK@ Hxfl x~
fH<#. "\ "^\ k =[~<= H~O L=
=^ L#fl K\xH q=~} Wz J=H=# ` Oz `< ~[ =[`^Q H\ O KH<#. ~ O_=k
^~ =# =OE~K `fi L^y ^# `yOK#. <~"# H=tH} ikxH
f=K#.=_=k JH~ i# 26= O=`~O =[O# P~ Ô `Q ql OK#. D
qÔ Q <Yx OKQO_#`#O "O# JOÒ K#. P qÔ Q ^~ =# `# W+
H~O =OE~ K @# x"iOK#. Jxfl =OE~# KH=i =# Ok =Ou ^fi~ "\x
O} K e. `# Jn#Ox xkx Y~ K @ P_\ ^`x K#.
" HOx =iH =Y JkHi g~= <. W`# ~[ J=~, ~[Q$
J=~ O|OkOz# ~ ~ ~ == JkHi. W`# M~< xf~# ~ "HO K_" _. D
H~< JO`~ " qxyOK == ` ~K ^~. ^~~ O^`<xfl î OK@
=Y ` =OK@, KH=i JOQ~H # x~fiOK@ gx qk. Wk JH~ =O` JkH~=#
7
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
iqÒ K @ `#v K iK @ uflOK#x `# flk.

=O` JkH~O# kOK@ JkH~# i# J[=~+ K @ xqOK#.
g~ ~[ ^~~ J#OkOK|_ "~. HO^ `fiO U Y KOk# "~ H^. KH=i =H Q`
J[=~+, `xv =O` Q xO`}# +O K K#flk. KH=i JkH~`#, L#fl`
^= L#fl"i`# OkO [~@ =# K=Ok KH=iH =HQ` O Q iK " =O`
J#=~ ^#`# `yO KK#flk. [~MW^~ <, k"<WP" KH=i [ ~ ^#
fiHiOK_"_. KH=i qq^ O`= OîOK#_ =O` JkH~ îfixQO KH=i
ij#H =K#. D H~H= =# KH=i ^ ` JkH= #. KH=i J=`` #, =~` #
L#flO` HO Jhfl H=OQ< [iy#q. KH=i J`fi O |e` JkH~ îfixQO [iQ_k.
" HO H O^ i< OÒQO ~ O_ =M q^<O_q Jq. JkH~ qHOnH~}
,
J[=~+. < #Q~ =O` Jn#O H#Qk. "~
1. k"</k"<W/=r~ JiH, qt# ~"HO K"~. (PiH= Ou)
2. g~H , ~H}
=Ou
3. ^~ <Y
4. g~= < i=, Q_#, y_O Q JkHi
46.7 " H= ~ i# :
J|[ H~O JH~ =*xfl 1580 12 Q ql OK#. Jq OQ, c~,
J^, J^ , PQ, _b , ~, =<, H|, Jr~, =fi, Q[~`^H < q[ =#
c~~, MO^+, J^#Q~ ` He 15 . [Ow~ 15 , *< HO Hj~, ^\ ,
X i` 18 , B~OQ*| HO QO_, c*~` He 20 . D q^" # ~[H
q[ # i< O H~ =i =`H=Q# K |_#.
" HO ~ ~Q#, ~ ~ ~Q}Q#, ~Q} Q=Q#
ql OK|_#. i< OÒQO H O^ `fi=# JÔ >_ k . <ku ,
~/ #["/^ ~. W`# KH=iH ~A uxk =O\"_. O~O Q ^ ` =OK_" _.
Ou ^`, ~H}
, PiH i` # K_"_.
[gO^~ #O_ H O = K_"_. Hxfl ` H" # JO=` KH=i P^~a=#=
O^_"_. ~A `_~= Q[~` ^~Q =#flC_ ~[` OQ@# JOwHiOK
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
J}=`x He=O_"_. "i` O^ KH<_"_. "ix =#^~Q xqOK"_.

Q=~fl~ xx x~fiiOK@ *w~~, W`~ JkH~# HiOK=x KH=i P*OK#. W`~
JkH~# tHO K"_ `_~= .
Q=~fl~ Q~=O` <@@ K, `~"` "~ fiÒÒQ xK@@ K#. ~RO
k"< i[~ " JkHi. Q=~fl~ =^ xK #. W`# fiÒ`_. W`xx ^~~#Oz =Y
k"< xqOK#. Q=~fl~ J#K~ _ H^. =Yk"< P[ |_ xK # u q+ O#
=Y_Q ^` =OK_"_. ~RO k"< JkH~= == =# qiOK@,
x*~f~ _# Jg~, ` ~ # xqOK#. W`# ~ ` #fl KeO K@@ K #.
~ ` #O_ q_z@|_# # KeOK@@ K#. `Hfiq ~}# uiy KeO K@@ K#. ~xH
O|OkOz# qq^ Y Y~# H \~OK@, Y*< "^g# Q=xOK@ KeO q+ =
i # KeO u O_ KeO # xOuOK@ "^# JO k"< u~Qx JkH~
HeyO_#.
~R i# Q=~fl~ U q^" # JkH~= Hey LO_< JiH ==~ k"< J@=O\
JkH~# Hey=O_#. e ÒQ ~RO =O`~O Q ~ O_ fiÒ` O LO_q. X Hi X H~
x LO_, X H~ WOHH~ ## KH=iH fiÒ ÒQ èK_"~. X Hi` X H~ HiOKHH`
"ix |kb K @ Qx, H O^xH eOK@ Qx KH=i K_"_.
~RO =iH =M JkHi ^~L+^~ ~ HO^ `fiO ^~#
xqOK_k . W`x q^ , *w~, L=# ÒK@, r`= =i W`~ PiH =
K_"_. *w~ "~`fi = ù` "\x i+ iOK_"_. x <Y Mr
<H`fi O` LO_k. ^~, Mr H~= X HiH JyOK"~. H O^, ~# H` |H
LO_"_. W`# qq^ ~ =#^~#, # O# H=tH}
` x~fiOK_" _. W`x =Y
qk x # ZOHK
@ x H x~fi} K_"_. H=O Ò_ sH x~fiOK@ =~,
J=~ x# Ui"@ `y# K~ fH<_"_. =#^~ r` a =OE~
K_"_. ~RO [~Q`#fl JO# H H O^ `fixH èK_"_.
~ =~= O`" # # H~ # ~Q#, ~~ H~ x~fi}kHiQ
*^~# xqOK#. x ~ q^#, ~ ~ *^~ x~fiOK"_. ~ ~
Ou^`# x~fiOK_"_. ~q# = Jg~Q __"_. ~ ~ i^#,
Qg} O`# ~HO K"_. *^~ `èH # =` ^ b q^ x~fi} K@@
JyOK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ ~ *^~ `~"` =Y JkHi Jg~ / J=Q*~. ~ ~x ~"#Y#

x~fiOK#. k"< J[=~+ ` HOQ xK #. W`# ^ "# O` qx, QxH `K @
uflOK#. <}"# O@# O_OK@ H$+K
#. nxH~ ~ ` ~}=# =OE~
K uiy "~^ = K #. Jg~ ~ ` ` <~ Q O|O^= @H<_" _. Q=ku ,
W`~ JkH~ " O O_ K#. nxH~ K@ q~^" # "ix tHO K@ JkH~O O^#.
Y= qt = K Y*< [=H>_"_. H=# " i# Jg~ /
J=Q *~ JÒ` HH" # JkHi. D X H JkHi ^fi~ H O^ `fi= [<_x #Qx
`^fi~ Qg} O` PiH ~ ` fi = @_# .
H`fi "l\ q^ Hey LO\_. ~~ @} =# i~ O` iq`" LO@Ok.
b q^ x~fiiOK#. W`xx H O^ `fiO xqO k. @}
Ox JOî [ q=~=
"~ "sQ HiOK#. @}
O Q_K~# _ LOz "i J=~= # Qi `Hx,
=~ @# H=|nHiOz `H, H` Hbx x"iOK#. [ <uH q= OO^@@
K #. ~Q }
x +H~ x~ Hq# "l\ Q ==iOK#. Mr =Y qk <#
x~fiOK@. =` O O|OkOz# q^ # xOuOK#. B~OQ*| HO [H`, ll
#fl = H`fi JyOK#.
~~ `~ "` ~ Q }
LO_k. ~Q }
#Q~ =M JkH~O_"_. 1. +H~, 2.
Jg, 3. H#OQ, 4. Mr ~Q }
=M JkHi H~. ~~x *^~, H`fi q^ # +H~
iQ} x~fi OK_" _. +H~ ~Q } Ou ^` #, Hq#, <=i q^ # x~fi OK"_.
J=~" # O^~ Jg qt = __ " _. Hxfl iq` JkH~` Hq#
"l\ Q ==iOK_" _. Jg, H#Q =# ~fi K @, qt# x~iOK@, =
K_"_. Jg ~ ` ` ` H O|O^ Hey LO_"_. +H~ Q= Ou^` q+O
__ " _. Jg Q=kHi H~ O|O^= Hey LO_"_. <~ # tHO K JkH~O#
Hey LO_"_. ~Q }
Mr =Y <ku .
~Q } Q=O_q. " HO Q=O `fiO` X H OQ QiOz#k. Q=kHi
=MkHi. W`< Q=xH, `fixH "~kQ LO_"_. qq^ ^ O Q=kHi< \, =H^",
K^s J< ^= "_|_q. Q=kHi `Q= # i+iOK"_. b q^ x~fiOK"_.
qt = K_"_. Q=kHi `~ "` \fii. W`# JHO>O\ q^ ` @ Q qH
O|OkOz# iH~ #, ~ ` H=`#, O@f~# | J# il~ #"^ K_"_. `fi=K
=Y il~ Q QiOK|_#k. Yz`" # =K~= H~ #=^y# il~ Q JOwHiOzi.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
10
Q= x~fi} Q=OK~f x~fiOKk. OK~f x= x|O^# [

\OK@@ K#. g\`@Q q^, iÔ, H~H= K@#. Q=x
O_Q, x~fiOK@ q"^= i+iOK@ Q= OK~f K #.
# qQ=
1. ~R= /
JkH~
1. ~ ^~
2. k"~
3. |H, =H <q
4. ^~, Mr
2. ~~
1. *^~
2. Jg (^) J=Q *~
3. H`fi
4. Mr
3. ~Q }

1. +H~
2. Jg
3. H#OQ
4. Mr
4. Q==
1. =H^" , K^s
2. \fis
~ fl 46.a :
1.
JH~ HO ZO^=# =H ^q JOH~ "# k?
2.
" HO =Y"# ~R< q[ # Uq?
3.
~~ U Y Jg Q*~ J[=~+ =O_q?
11
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
46.8 " H=x =#^s q^#= :

=# J# ^= # ^, ~, H= Jx J~= H=. " # Wk X Hx
~x, O H ^x JkH~ ^ Q`#=# =#^s q^#O zOK_k . =#^~
xi+ OY Q x r`=# x~iOK|_Òk. Q~, P^= =#^s q^#
=O. _b # Q=x =OQ HOx Ô q^#= x~fiOK|_ x H q^#=.
nx ` = H ^ . JH~ H= ~OaOK|_# =#^s q^#O J<H ` HO=
H=. =O^ `~= "iH<fl.
"^\ k : =#^s q^#O K q $`" # k. J#Q nx ~[=Oj, L#fl`^Q, L#fl`
xH =~= nx JO`~Q" =@=# WOHH q^=Q KO> #O, ~[=Oj
i<kH~, =#^s q^#=x K |_#k.
~O_=k: " =#^s q^#O =#^~O^~ KH=i` <~Q O|O^=
HeyO_i.=#^~Oî Jxt` Y~ =#OQ H\~OK_"~. u `~Q u H ` H" # fiO`
Jxt` QO@ LO_k.
=_=k: " =#^~ =^ Q x , Q~ q+ O `H OY ~HO x~iOK|__k .
Jk E\, "s L^~} 1000 / 100 ^ 3000 / 3000.
E\, "s J~O q+ O qa#fl Ja= H=. g\ JOwHiOK|_# JaO
H~O E\ J#Q =#^~ u x L^Q "~` fi =#, ~ " # r`= `# `#@O|= x~fi }#
zO k. "~ J#Q =#^~ x~fiOK=# Q~ ^ O Y# èK O k. JO> E\
=#^~ ^#, u x è*, "~ =#^~ xHu x è* O k.
Sh JH~ H~= 66 `~Q ` =#^~ LO_"~x èK K#flk. D ~ 10
=Ok x #O_ 10,000=Ok x =~ LO_q. 5,000 E\ "s OY Q =#^~#
3 ~H= Q =sHi Ozi.
1.
E\, "s OY i=#=Q =O> "^\ =~O .
2.
E\ OY "s Q= ^ Q= H<fl Z= =O> ~ O_= =~O .
3. E\ OY "s OY Q= H<fl ` = =O> 3= =~= . "s OY E\ OY

Q= Qx, Q= H<fl ` = Qx LO_e. Z@=O\ i` # Z= OY LO_=.
=_ `~Q ` =#^s "i ~x |\ r`= LO_q. "^\ `~Q u H ~ O_=
`~Q u H "i H<fl ~ O_= `~Q u "iH =_= `~Q u "iH<fl Z= r`=O_q.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
12
"s q+ O ` H H}
O LO_k. 10 "s OY 20 Hh, 22 Hh Q~# =#^s
x~fiOK"_. nxH â+ q^#O J<"~. 1020 x+u` "s JtfiH OY L#flO`=~
" # O K H= OÒQ =O_k.
" HO q=*u, =`# =# x~fiOK"~. x~i` OY # =# Hey
LO_"~. " # O W~h, `~h " , ~f =O , ~[` =O_"~. Wk
*u~" # =# \OK K SH=Ò# kOzi. Hxfl ` H O^~ ", ~A`
=#^~ "i "i x # UH*f=Q =~H<_"~. `~ "` HO q= x H
q^#O ^~}=Q =i#k. "~# xqOK@C_ L#fl` L^QK K *Q` fH<_" ~.
J#Q J#==# ^#` WK"~. "~ ~H} i`~x x~iOKH<"~. x
O|OkOz# Jxfl q=~ #"^K"~. (K~O ) Q~ =^ " @ ^fi~ ` H QiO#
U~@ K"~ (^Q) x~i` HO `xv x~fiOK"~.
Sh JH~ r` q^#O# Qi q=iOKK#flk. =#^~ r`=, *w~# x~fiOz,
Q[Ô #, X O> Ô #, Q_^ #, |# x~fiOK_" _. g\ ^fi~ x ~"} K_"_.
" # =#^~ r`= Z=Q< KO K_" ~. 100 x Q =#^~
< ~.500/, 1000 x Q =#^~ < 8,200/ 5000 x Q =#^~
~.30,000/ KeO K_" ~. =#^~, *w~ ~=#, ^# ~=# KeO K|__" _.
[Ow~, [< HO =#^s q^#O Hxfl =~ K |_#q. [Ow~ _J,
+J q^#=# " ># . J#Q 2 ^ 3 Q~=# X H x _ Hey =O_@. D q^#O
` HOQ ZOH K |_# ~[@Oc =`" D ~H" # #O# x~fiOK_"~. gi =^Q
E\ OY# OK"~ H^. _J, +J #OQ =#^~ ~O_~@ x
KeO K|__" _. nxH "iH H \~Oz# "~ OY# P^~OQ qOK_" ~. E\ OY 3000,
~ _J, +J 3000 H =#^~ 6000 # O# x~fiOK= LO_k. Wk "~
OY Q" JO`H< fl Z= H_^ .
[< HO ` H POH (=~`) ^# E\, "s ^# =~ "~.
Dq^" # ^# ` H JkH~# *^~ ^ d^~ WK"~. J`x q^ # =~=OÒQ
x~fiOK@ J`x =^ =#fl <xH J^#OQ HO` #O WK"~. nxH J^# *w~#
H \~OK"~. P û H#Q=~ =`" D q^" # U~@ K"~.
[< HO Hxfl x H O~} " ># . X H =#^~ # O 25% `y#\H
i # =# rÒ O^"~. nxx x"iOK@ Hh Ò < xfl x~iOK#. J| s
JaO ~RO `# *w~ xKK#fl =#^~ 1/3 "s J^#=Q x~fiOKe.
13
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~R= " xq 1/4 "s# |, |^H< J~` 1/5 "s# x~fiOKe.

[< HO =iH ^# JO=. =#^s q^#O# < =}= J#Q
*w~ H PÔ JOK<# "= OQ = J~# "Ò # K `_# |\ =#^~
x~fiOK=# # O#, Q~# `yO K#. =#^~ rÒ <"i ukH# KeO K"~.
10 <, 8 < JO` ` = Hx nx H~O "~ x~fiOK=# "s OY# kOzi.
nx=# 3000, 3000 OYQ =#^~ 1000 "s x~fiOK"_ Hh 1/3 =O` J#Q 2,200
x~fiOKe. nxx JH~ " ># . 10 < rÒ LO> J`# 1800 Q~ 6 = rÒ
J~` 1,100 Q~# x~fiOKe. D <"i KeO *w~, #Q^ KeO _ =iOKk.
D q^= Q "i OY `yO K@ =# [< HO JtfiH^ =~ O O~O Q ^|u#flk.
=#^s q^#= L#fl`kH~ =~= Q =i#k. "~ `~Q ` Q ql OK|_i. |kb, OH+ `
H}
Hey#k. nx qq^ ~H , +"~ Ki *` =` Jf`" ^"_ _
L#fl` ~H ZkQ@@ J=H= LO_, O~= Q KH=i J[=~+ LO_k.
46. ~ fl
1. " HO =#^s Ô Uq\ zOKK#flk. ~[= q+ O =#^~ `
Uq\?
2. U x H x~fi} #O_ =#^s q^#O Q OK|_#k?
3. Mm# iOK=.
Z)
=i
K " =# ` x~fi} K |__k .
a) Q~" # QiOK@ "_# ~[=^

" HO x~fiOK"~.
x q=~= è* il~
) [Ow~ HO " \# 2 ^ 3 Q~=# q^#=#
Jx eK_" ~.
~OO :
~`^ O `~+ # fiÒ` ~*k` Hh ÒQ "iH Yb Jku .
~[=O` WO OKO X H QO `~+ Yb QiO# H~"~.H~}O ^~}
=O ^$+ |O OAH#@ W`~ =O ~* ^Ò|O^ =#`fi ukH
U~@ K H#@. "i O#=# k~K H#@ H=# O O^ =O
#O_ L= #O_ O^^~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
14
< `#K` xqOK|_ `# H~ }, ^ =#flO`=~ ^q LO_ =O`# Hey

LO_"~. H O^, `fiO =Y"# =H =r~. W`# PiH Y ^ _. (k"<W=r~`) W`#
PÔ, qt # KK_" _. W`x `~"` k"<WJi*. ~H}"Y nxx Ji*==eH
<H`fi O =OK_" _. D Y =Y q^ # O ZOH K H#@ r`=eK@, P^=
=~@. =iH Y k"<W~` =` q+ = K"_. nxH =M ^~ Jku .
W`< MrQ #__"_. k"<WW, Jg~=h Pk` = ~[ L`~ ` `~ = # x~fi OKk.
< ~fi < ^ _. < < xH ^#`# WK#. JLn< db *w~ |^Q
< xH r` Wz# "^\ <. < ~H} Y HO, JtfiH^ O , Q[|O, H@ ^ #"# k.
H=tH}
, =~= O`" # Q_K ~ == #O \OK_" ~.
" KH=~ JH~ H O^, ~R `fi x~fi} `H ^ =OK#. _b #
H O^ `fi <^ " H O^ `fi=# x~fiOK#. JH~ *Q`Q nxx #ifl~}O
K#. nx H~ Y =^ JkH~# ql OK#. "\ POH " ># . =H ^q H Jxfl
JkH~ L#fl \H Jk JOH~ OQ =i#k.
" HO =O` =H `~ # ^ ` x~fiOK"~. #Q~ =O` <Q
O Q QiOK|_i. "~ 1. k"< ^ k"<W W`xx =r~ Jx eK_" ~. W`# qt
PiH Y# x~fiOK"_.
2.
g~|H ~H}
Y# x~fiOK"_.
3.
^~ =`~ " # , <Y# x~fiOK"_.
4.
g~ =< i=, =~@ x~fiOK"_.
JH~ =*xfl 12 Q#, # ~~Q#, ~~# ~Q}

Q, ~ Q }

Q=Q ql OK#. "\H ` H JkH~# xqOz, =~= O`=Q eOK#.
JH~ =~= O`" # # O# xiOKx Ja_# . nx ^fi~ =*xfl qi OK
x
qOK#. nx H~ =#^s q^#O# " @#. nx ^fi~ uxH JkHix xqOK#.
(=#) ^# E\, "s Jx ql OK#. E\ =H Q` ^# Q~"xfl r`` # x~~ OK#.
"~ x OM# x~tOk. x q=~= (K~) J# il~ ^fi~ x~fiOK|_k.
Q~ =sH~ }
(^Q) û =sHi OK|_q.nxH ~[=^ " |__k . u =#^~ xs` HO
`xv xqÒ # O# f~= LO_k. Hk\ =~` *Ow~, [< D x H <
q^#O# x~fiOzi.
15
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
~`^ O JkH~ # ~OO _b # Z^~x# = Uq?

~H}
x~fi} <, JLn< db f=z# ^ # =~ Uq\?
^~ JkH~ `yO K@ JH~ K\ # H~H== Uq?
Jg~ Q*~ Z=~? " ~R i# J`x ` Uq\?
JH~K ~OaOK|_# " =#^s q^#Ox =Y JO Uq?
" H O^ ~R `fi x~fi} q=iOK=.
["|
46.Z
2)
3)
ÒQ Yb
"= H <
_b # _# =O`
1. =r~
2. Ji*W==eH
4. k"<WW<
5. i^W==eH
JLn< Yb
3. ^~ L^~
46.a
1."# ~ J~# KH=i `~ # =HQ ~fi=kH~xfl îOz, ^ #HQ J=ìOK#.
2. ~R= ()
~ ~
iQ}, Q==
3) qt = K Y
46.
1. =# J#Q ^ ^ #O# Hey ~[=# =[O# ^ Hey# =H
=#^~ Yz`" # OY # O#, Q~#, P^# qkQ x~fiOK= =#flk.
2) =#^s q^# =O _b #, KOy* =OQ Ô û x x H x~fi}
L#flk.
3) Z. E\, "s
a. ^Q, K~
. ^JJ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
16
47
_b <, "Q HO<\
=lH, PiH r=#O
47.1 iK = :
_b < , "Q HO<\ #, xH ==# QiOz Q` ~O J^ #O K @
[iy#k. ` ~O =^ Q ~`^ =lH, PiH ==# QiOz `<`H J^ #O
K^=.
=O^Q =lH r=#O# Kz# _b < , "i JkH~ Q}O JÒ` Y=O`" #
r=#=# Q_ i . WH "Q HO H=~ r=#O JÒ` q=O`=Q y#k. =[O
L#fl` =~O` e#K =# * r=#O x~_O|~OQ LO_#. D ~O_ =~ r=#e
=Ò JkHO Q LO_#. D JÔ <\ =lH O^#, PK~ ==~# QiOz
_ `H#=#.
D ~O ~ O_= QO _b <, "Q HO<\ PiH r=#O# `H#=#. Hx
<\ PiH r=#O# =QOQ `H#@ H=# =K~O iQ aOKH =@ ^~^$ +H~ O .
J~## <\ ^~ , r`, =~H , "~# QiOz aOz# =K~O# `H<^= . 17=
à ^= QO =~H= Q}h"# Qu ^_#. "Q HO<\ Hxfl "~
=~ O K=< JÒ` O#fl" # =x K=K#. D ~O _b < , "Q HO<\
qt q^<# QiOz# =K~=# _ K~ @ [iQ#.
47.2 H
D ~O=# J^ #O K @ ^fi~ HOk JO Ò\~.
1.
_b < H=<\ =lH r=#=#, ` H=Q <, W`~ L#fl`=~O , ~ ` OQ=,

x u Q` .
2.
"Q~ H=<\ =lH r=#=, ` H=Q KH=i, W`~ =Y=~= , =^ `~Qu ,

17
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
HOk =~O # KOk# [ r=#q^#O

3.
=lH O^#, O~#, q^==# `H<^~ .
4.
D HO<\ ^~ , "`< QiOz# J=Q#
5.
=~H "~ Qu
6.
qt =, q^< O|OkOz# =~
7.
^ "Ò ^# O# fHx " @ |^Q xs` HxH K|_ JQ qÔ Q *sK#

` O_ J# ~` K=} LO_@
8.
=~H "~ Qu e ÒQ Ô J<H S~ "~ HOh `= Hs # ~`^ O

<He#q HH=OQ D HOh Ô Hxfl O`# `= Pn#OxH fHx H=OQ
~[H Q |_# q. `^ a\+ `~WO_ =~H O O ^= "Q JkH~xH
=yO eH#k.
47.1 _b < Q= == q <Q ~HQ =sHi O|_ O_#

i.
M q ^ < q
ii.
WH q
iii.
fi= Jn#= Q q
iv.
=H ^ W<" q
2.
D HO qt "~ Q `fi" = K q^#O# JLn< db " ># . D

t# ^# ~O HH, ^# ~O = K_"~.
3.
~[= O@ q=~# èK @ H#Q J# JkH~# JH~ KH=i xqOK#.

xH i` i J=Q# Q 'H#Q JkH~ =O~O~ OQ H#Q_"~.
4.
JH~ H=<\ Q q <Q ~HQ =sHi OK|_#. Jq *, ~\, KK~, |O[~
H< 1
47.3 _b < Q= :
(Z) < =i =~= :
=[O < =i W`~ H =~O fikH~ =~O Q LO_i. ~*xH < ~fikHi W`xH
~[H , x H ==~O i JkH~O H^. W`_ ~fi <kHi, ~fi#fl` <kHi. <
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
18
q=O`" # r=Ò# Q_ _"_. < Ys^# ^ î Oz, =^#O# qOKK `=

Hxfl Q_ _"~. < q=O`" # r=#=# èK J<H P^~ H=. < ^~~
K~# J~~K K "i $^ # HQ>_ k . ==^ a< `QH u O=`~O `#
JkH~# #OQ ` iOK_" _. ^^ u _b < `= " = O# `y# su îOK@
uflOK_" ~. ~[JO`~ _ q r=#O# Q_ _"~. giH =OkOK@ J<H= Ok
i"~O LO__" ~. "iH "~ "~ Q = < LO__q . O^ = _b < _ Z=iH
"~ fiO` = <# xiOKH<_" ~. L#fl`kH~ _ < =< fiO` = <# Hey
LO__" ~. g~O^~ =[= J`#fl` #O#, ^# Hey LO_i. giH J<H= Ok =,
x, =OkOK_" ~. g~ HH ~[=x J<H= Ok Jk` , x H =~ <, OH~
_ H~ =O`" # r=#O yOzi. gi Hk=Ok =Ò H #, `xfl +Ozi.
D HO J<H= Ok ~=~, L#fl`kH~ Q ` Ja~ zx Hey LO_i. gi
JÒ` =Y_ < =~_# =~A ==^# K=K#. W`_ k H q Jg~Y#
+OK#. Hx JLn< db HO ~*Ox L#fl` =~# iQ J^K#. ==^ c<
`QH HO < =[O qOQ qi OK@ =# L#fl` JkH~ OY iy "i r``
Q}hOQ iy#q. `QH HO<\ =r~ PÔ W~H ~[x PÔ H<fl JkHOQ
LO_#. ~ * `QH HO<\ =r~ "iH PÔ 15 H @OHQ LO__k . W`x HO
#Q~ Q X H @O|O < 5 @OH PÔ` r=#O# yOK_i .
< HO JkH~ =~O HH #Q~ L=, +H, , O_` , Q
"^Q =~ _ LO__q . g~O^~ =[O "^q =~O Q QiOOki. gi L=,
"^Q "ix H =~O `= [<# i~HO KH#@ Z=Q qxyOKHxi.
Hx JLn< db, ==^ c< `QH HO L= ^#` iQ J^ K |_#.
(a) ~ ` OQ= :
_b< HO<\ =[O# ^#OQ ~O_ =~Q qlOK=K#. Jq U=#Q fikH~
=~= , fikH~ ~ ` =~O . gi fikH~ =~O OY fiO. D =~O @Oc,
L#fl`= ~ @O, ~}, ~~ "QQ "~ LO__" ~. giOîH L=, O_` H~O
LO__k . H =~O q+ JkH~ Hey LO__k . giH J<H LO__q . q+ ~~f#
Hey LO_i. WH fikH~ ~ ` =~xfl Q=xOz# _ g~ ~ ~OQ H+ __ " ~. gix fikH~
=~= J=#+OQ KK_k . ^~^$ += ` == O^ =*xfl =iO` kQ*i#k. D ~ O_
=~ =^ Q f= =`# q^j f# W|<|@\, xH\ < ( H..1470 OII |=h
~*xH OîOz# ~ "i) ~*H(H..1443OII q[#Q~ =*xfl OîOz# i
~i) `= ~K# q=~=Q èKi . <\ =[O aH@# ~fi =#O. ^ [<
19
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
aHQ OY JkH=Q LO_#. ~[ [< JkH`= ~ÒQ". Hx gi r=#uQ`

O`$H ~ O LO__k H^. `= O@ g~ qt HH, =HÔ "^Q JkH~ _ "\
W=fi= =K_k. g~ ^# O#, ^#O# JkH~ OKQ WK_"~. ~ ` qt` @
WO\# fl, h\ =#~ #fl, J=H #fl "^Q J<H #fl KeO K_" ~. Q=kH~#
=HÔ, z#fl `~ fi= Y=O`"# r=#O Q_Q =# ~ÒQO =Ò ^~~
r=#=# yOzi. _b < =~_ # JLn< db =`" D =HÔ , fi= JkH~#
K=~ xOuOK#. ~ ` H# g~ ^KH#@# K=~ xOuOK#.
() x :
#Q~ x, Q$ = OY JkH= Q LO__k . O^, =O =~ D x ==
H#Q#. x q^<xfl J~|, `~+ ` O fiHiOzi. ^~}=Q ^ Mn # xQ
=~_"~. t= P , WO_ #, x =~\ qiqQ LO__q . db HO PiH
==# H=|Ô K x ^~ # _ s HiOK#. < , L#fl` JkH~ Z= OY
x# Hey LO__"~. X H ~* `QH =^< 1,80,000 =Ok x LO_i. giH
q^^ ` @ Jxfl q^= =$kKO ^@ _ tH}
# WK_"~. D x HO^~
~[= HH ^= # K\ # O^~ = _ H=. è _b < `|n< S|H ``
xQ r=#= yOK#<_ q+ O WK@ Q=<~O. x J<H= Ok ~[ M~< ^= #
x~fiOK@" HH < JOQ~H Q xKi . Hx Hxfl O^~ x# J=#+OQ
KK@_ [iQ#. J~^Q x q" K Hx fiO` P # Hey LO__" ~.
(_) == :
O^ =[O }, L#fl` ^# Hey LO_i. g~ == H~ H# ` =
x~fiOK_" ~. H u K_ # x~kOz =Ozx i~HO K =~OQ QiO Hey LO_i. "
=~H , "~, == H~H KK_" ~. WH =[Ox Jxfl =~ =OkOK@ ^
=O`. ^ q^# J OK@, "^# J^ #O K @ J=H= ^ . =~ ^~ #
LOOK@# =[O x~OK#. H`= x~fi}, O^ q+ <`# ==
^q^= Q H#Q#. <`# q" q^#O Z@=O\ =~^ . =~O`~ q"# =[O
P"kOK^.
(W) #O :
=[O q" H#y#q. ~ =H iqÒ. ~[Ox qq^ O` PK~}
Q
fQ=# O^xfl QiOz W|<|@@ `# ~K# q=iOK#. fQ=<xH <
J#=u Jx"~=x W|<|@@ è#. L=_ P Hx q+ O O^ qÒ`= P
LO__q . L#fl` @O| ~ ^ # î OK_" ~. =O , O^ W~=~ D ~^ û x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
20
\OK_"~. D OÔ =[ ^Q =i#. D û # iQ ~+

P^~_ =~= Q =~#.
~ fl 47.Z
1. < H=#Oê L#fl` =~O fikH ~ =~= Q QiO Hey LO_i J#@ X H L^~}#
W=fiO_?
2. xQ r=#O O~OaOz < ^q K\ # ^=~? _b # HO x== D
i}=O Z@=O\ ==# K#?
3. < HO = Z@=O\ ^~K~ Q~ i ?
4. _b < HO<\ fikH~, fikH~ ~ ` =~ =`# èK# ed` P^~
Uq?
47.4 "Q HO :
KH=i, L#fl` =~O, =^`~Qu =i HOk `~Q`
"Q~ QO =lH == KH=i, ~[@Oc, L= J# L#fl` =~O L#fl` Q
K=}J~i. gi `^# O`~= =^ `~Qu =~O =[O =Y. WH J@_Q =$ux "~, Q$
x"~, x "^Q "~ H~. @}
[< g~ JkH Ò.
KH=i #O :
~[O KH=i #O u~Qxk. ~*xH O|OkOz# Jxfl ==~ W`xH ~fikH~
LO__q . W`x r=#e JÒ` P_O|~OQ LO__k . ~[@Oc JO^~ L#fl` ^ Hey
qrqÒ# Q_ _"~. ~[@O| OîH "i ^# J#iOz ` =# O^_" ~.
~A, W`~ qq^ ~H q<^, q` r=#O# H#yOK_" ~.
"Q~ HO KH=i P"Ô` U~_# |"# L#fl` H=~O U~_#. |~,
=< HO JH~ # è^ D =~O J<H *`` _ ~k^H<#. gi
=^ P KOk# `~x#, i KOk# W~x<, P <, ~f =O "^Q
"~ LO_i. 17= à<\H "Q JkH~O ^H < qi Oz# =@ D =~= =~~,
^~n, c*s _ Kii. g~O^~ ^^ KH=~ ~ r=#O< yOK_" ~. g~_
x# +OK_" ~. gi J<H qt+ H}
L#fl# "i "iH ~ ~O D~ , J,
^ JO`$, *` ^fi+O "^Q J=H} |=Q LO__q . ^x e ÒQ gi J<H= Ok
qugi# Y~ K f= PiH W|O^ Q~ i . L#fl` H=~O Q W@=O\ <
q^#= W|O^ H~}=#. # Jqhu, J`fiO ~fi=#=Q LO_#.
21
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
< =} H==Q kQ*i#q. D z=~ "Q JkH~= |#_ `# =

KO^@ K=~ ^^_ # q.
L#fl` JkH~ Q}O `^# O`~O D =~O ^ #` +Oz#k. fi= =~" # [gO^~#
^=M, <H Jx qq^ ~` ==iOK_" ~. g~ x~ QOQ Q =# QxH
`z "\H [# =O~O~ # J#q OK_" ~. Q= qt # =
K @ gi^ ^ #`. D ==# `H, H [qOî Jx eK_" ~. Hxfl O^~ g~
O_# O@ 25Ò# tQ =Ki . Hx [gOî == [gO^~ qH *=x
H^. qt# H=OQ Ke # fl ~ ` # W`_ `yOK_ . [qO^~ `# = xK K#fl
~ ` ` xfl ` O|O^# ` O +OK_" ~. gi HO^~ H@# xiOKHxi. H O^ JkH~
== D [qO^~ _ O`$H ~ q^<xfl J#iOz#k. [< < HO L#fl` JkH~
|$O^= `= ^# OKH#@ [gO^~# , ~ ` # ` = _O z# q+ O Q=xOK`y #k.
=^Q ~`Ô "~, =$ux"~, "^ "^Q"~ =^`~Qu =~OQ
~ #=K#. <\ u ~K# H~O "Q H= "~, PiH == JÒ`
i+ u H=x èK#flk. "~ ~o ##iOz "~ =~# +~ x, Q=, ^ Jx
ql O|_ O_ |O*~# =~O == # qq^ O` ~"} K_"~. =Hb# ~K~ `
=K~= H~O <\ #Q~ "~ =~` xO_ P~} "^Q =, qq^ ~H
= qH ` ~kQ LO__q . "~ =~` @ Ku=$u HH~ =Y=Q LO_i.
H=, "^ , O_` , =, <"^ "^Q"~ ` O =Y` +Ozi. D
=~xflO\ <\ =[= #Oê =^ `~Q u =~= JÒ` =Y`# +Oz#k.
WH =[O J@_ Q =~xH KOk# "~ =[= J<H H# Z^~#K ^~~
r=#O# Q_ i . gi Z==Ok K <~H =` `= s~xfl HCH<_" ~. giH ^~H
` O q== . JÒ` ` = P^xH `_ J<H H~= H@H gi r=#e x =iO` ^~~ O
K#. g~ `~K Jg~, W`~ JkH~K J}z"` QiJQKO_i. gi Q~ J#"~ "\ K Hi
K K L#fl` =~ q ^< Q qxyOK|_i. D =~= ~[H OQ Z@=O\ ^#`#
Hey LO_H x~H xH Q~ i .
<\ Qg} r=#=# Q=xOz# O \`= Q \ + " # =lH == ` _ O_#.
Q= JkH `= [ ~ ` . ~ ` , =$ux "~ Z=~# # Qg} == HH` +OK_" ~.
Qg} == H=~, HOe, ~ "^Q "~O^~ JÒ` LQH~"# =#
JOkOK_" ~. Q= fiq ^ [qO^~ Q== =Y #O LO_ L#fl` ~ r=#=#
Q__"_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
22
<\ =lH r=#O == JÒ` ^#`# Hey =Y=Q O^=Ò ==

<<\H Hi#`~=#. <\H J<H LQ U~_#q. JxflO\H =O
O^ X H> J~## u xH `=^# H` =, PK~ ==~ "_HxH =z#q.
"Q QO<\ =lH r=#O QKiOK H}
qt+" # ^=#Q O^, =O
=~ X HiH X H~ Q ^Q~ = _=. JH~ KH=i J##iOz# =` # q^#O, H L^=H~
^# , ^ H$+ e ÒQ O^, =O =` K=~ ^Q~ # q. nx e ÒQ _b
< QO` e# "Q HO<\ =lH r=#O B#fl`xH =iO`Q ^^_ H=~
<u H` OO^@ îf#. D HO ~ =iO` Y=O`" # r=#O# Q_ # O^=#
qq^ ~OQ Qu ^ _ ~f O $u =iO` O#fl=Q@ ^^_ # .
(a) O H O^ PK~ :
KH=~ , L#fl` H =~= `= PÔ JkH "`xfl ^ H~ "zOK_" ~.
=[O = ^, ~##iOz ^ # î OK_" ~. Hx c^"~ <}"# ^ #
O^x u LO_i. WH O^# ijeOz# ~ ~O Ja"^= K H#@ ^ #OQ
HxOK#. ^ # Q~qOK@, fl xfl Q~qOK@, *=xH q^
`, z#fl"i ^K@ <\
=[ q=# èK K#flq. P~ ^` # ijeOz# J<H a#fl ^` LO__q . O^,
=O =~x L#fl` Ys^# P~O fH<_"~. "Q KH=~ JÒ` ~ "# `fixfl
JOkOK@ =# =lH ^` ^ " * r=#O OÒQ y#k. L#fl` =~ =~
Hu =, Q~ fii, =q^, qq^ ~H P^ "_H tH}
# fH<_" ~. <\ H_
K^~ O QO, EÔ ^ #"# q. Q= Qg}O^~ O` ="# [~H<_" ~.
H_O ^, Z_ O^ "^Q#q JÒ` *^~ }
Hey# |~OQ H_ .
qq^ ~H L`", O_Q "Q HO <\ PiH, =lH r=#O ^ # JOQ
~#=K#. Wq =` [<< HH q<^`H H~H=Q [ L Q_ #q. <~*,
D^ =n o, n=o, ^~ , |O` ^~ [ O^= =Y O_Q. KH=~ ,
L#fl` JkH~ D O_Q "_ H <_ " ~. D O_Q HH KH=i, ~[=~ [#k#
"_ H "^Q#q " = OQ [iQ_q. =# *hH=O` D "_ H <_ " ~. ~f
=lH r=#O D H~H=hfl ^ # qH# +Oz#q.
() q^ :
==# Oê ^$_" Y i e `=Q D H= q^ =[O JkH OM JO^@
^. q^ H=O L#fl` @OcH JO^@ LO_#. <\ PiH W|O^ `= q^
[<# c^ K~=HH =@ X H =M H~}=x K=K#. ~` =~xH q^
Jx"~=#. qye# =~ [ ^q H i*#=# q^ JOkOK_k . "~=, =~ ,
23
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
^H}^~, Q=^ , =_ "~ `= # q^=O`# K @ LÒ K_"~.

q^ ^#`# O^, =O =~ ~ O_ QiOz#q. D qÔ Q Zxfl L#fl# =^ QO
q^ q+ ^#` OOk#^x K =K#.
"Q HO UHH$ `" # }oH|^" # q^== ^. q^ "H ~ `H `fi
M^ . qÔ # K=~ "\ = x~fiOK_" ~. =O q^ H~ =H*, =^~,
O^ q^H~ ~ , q^~ LO__q . <~, <_ (OQ), qk, Q, J^ ,
N#Q~, Pi\,`\, =<, H=~, ~ O^ "^Q #Q~ <\ =Y q^HO^. "Q
KH=~ J<H= k O_` # `= P< +Ozi. <\ O_` ``fi =, "^ O, *u+O,
YQO "^Q ^ # H$+K i . JH~ KH=i Of +# OQe, |i, Ok, o
"^Q + Ja=$kH q+ H$+ K#. JH~ Q}` xH q+= Q H$+K #. ~jH +#
^ # =^ ==Q <\ q^~OQO QiOK#.
"Q HO J<H= Ok = ` O `= [# î Ozi. =< <=#
~zOz# Q|^< Q O , ~} H~fl=u, ~} *^~, ~} ^~=u, ~} ~=u, KO^ca, #~ <,
=O`* QO , [<~, ~+<~, ll~ (t"l è) , `~~(~*~O f=}) "^Q
<\ ~[H # =[O# QQ q`" #ii. L#fl` @O| q^#J OK_" ~. Hx
O^, =O =~ J<H ^~K~ |e J_"~. =YOQ ~ ^ û , q",
qÒ` q" x~H~}
, u Q=#O, | ~`fiO "^Q ^~K ûH u~Qx
x^~ <. <\ #Q~ D ^~K~ Z=Q LO__q .
<\ q^~OQO J<H H ^ . q^== JqÒQ =` "xH Qi J#.
~*xH q^ Z=Q ^$+ H =@, =# q^ H~ ` H U~@ H =@. eH q^#
x~H O K@, OHuH qÔK@ <\ =Y. JO^=# J<H ` _# D
q^q^#= Qu x x~kOK@ H~}=#. `^# O`~ HO ^ "#H@`<xH Wk K=~
H~}=#.
~ fl 47.a
1.
"Q HO<\ L#fl` JkH~ |$OÔ =# Hxfl [< aOz## Hxfl # Hey
L#flk. g\ "Q ~[ `< xH ^^ _# U^# X H xfl QiOKO_?
2.
[qO^~ J#Q Z=~? [qO^~ J#Q J~O # Ò_?
3.
U=~O [# =^ `~Q u Q iQ}O zi?
4.
O^=O ~ ~= ^Q~ Kii J#@ U^# X H P^~O# KO_?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
24
5.
q^, OHuH ~OQ HO`=~ K` # O =z## J<H O H ^~K~ #=#

=^ QO #O_ <\ = ~ kQ*i#q. J@=O\ ^~KHxflO\x QiOK=?
H< 2
_b < , "Q H=x PiHr =#= ^~ =i "`< :
47.5 _b < H= :
=Hb# ~f, q^j ~K# ^fi~ D H= <\ ^~ , "`< # QiOz# =K~=
èK#flk. Hx D ~K# x "~ ^= e `=Q J+` H^.
<\ P~ ^< ^~ q=~ èiQ JLn< db HO#O_ =QK#flq. =~\
==# H=|Ô K@ èiQ uflOz# < db. |~x ~K# H~O _b X H
=}Q Q^ = 71/2 l\, s 4 l\, =i 5 l\Q# LO_#. D ^~ K `Q HH
~ O Q LO__= x |~x è#. |~x <\ ^~ q=~ HH ^~ # xOuOK == # ^~
"`< =^ Q O|O^# `# ~K# q=iOK#. P~, == fi ^~ <\ fi "`<
zHx qO=K#. X H =\ x "xH ~A 2 H 3 l\ "`# OQ aOK_k . ^s "`# O X H
^ 4 l\ = K_"_. =xH k#"`# O 2 l\Q LO__k .
JLn< db =~}=` ^~ xO`} == e#^x K =K#. `|n< =~H
db H=<\H ^~ <Q ~ @ iy#=x |~x è#. ==^ c< `QH H= X H
=}Q Q^= ^~ 12 l\Q LO_#. ~* `QH H=<\ ^~ q=~# èK
P^~ J<H= H=. W`x è <H= P~ ^< H~` H~}=Q ^~ ~Q^
JkHO Q LO_#. [ r=#O JkH =O` _ LO_#x |~x è#. Hx ~ * K~ e ÒQ
`^# O`~ HO ^~ Q}h=Q `y# q. O@ kQ|_ JkH" # O^=# ^~ `y# =x J
J# ~K~ ` è#. JO`HH == Qu H ~ * J<H K~ # fH<#. "`< # ~ *
xOuOK#. k" ^~OQ _b ~ *^ =^ }xH |O_ " @ 4 l\, Q~O
6 l\, H }O K @ 25 l\ "zOK_" ~. ~ * HO `^ x
` O qq^ ~H "`< # O^_" ~. Hx ~ * =~}#O`~= `=~ Ô_ ` =@ ^~
~Q^ JkH= #. i ~K# H~O HO^~ _ ^~ ~ x~O`~O ~"HO K_" _.
W`x HO "~ `= "~# H@k@" # ^` #_= x~fiOK_"~.
"~ ^ , ~"} H~ H=OQ #O^=# P~ ^< X H OÒ #O_
=~H O`xH ~"} K @ H+ = Q LO_#. e`=Q ^~ K`Q . X H O=`~xH
=~\ O=`~xH, J^ q^= Q O` =^ "~ ^=Q LO__q . ^~} ^< ^~ ~[=
W`~ O`` e# _ OQ ` =Q LO__q .
25
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
^~ # xOuOK@ H@k@" # K~ fHx# è _b < JLn< db. W`x HO P~

^< ^~ Ju fiOQ LO__q . ^~ P^~OQ "`< x~
= [iQ#.
"Q~ Q= :
^~ , "`< # QiOz "Q HO<\ =K~= `H#@ <H O =<
HO` H+ " # JOO. O` =^ ^~ +" # "~ ^ O L#fl@ èK#flk. JH~ H=<\
^~ q=~ J| A
~zOz# ShJH~ ^fi~ èK#flk. +~ " \# "O_ ~~
"Q HO ` O =}H ^=OQ K=} J~# JO= Q~O KH#=#.
W\= [i# J^ < e `=Q H..16101630 O=`~ =^ ^~ X H\ #O_
1 /2 Ò iy#=x èK#flk. [Ow~ HO "`< ~ \O J#. D JO <_ q+
i^# [~QK#flk.
1
"Q HO<\ "`< # QiOz 20= à è HxH KOk# "~O_ èK#

=K~= H~O =xH < 3 ~ #O_ 3.50 ~, X H =$ux "xH ~A
~ O_ ^" "`# OQ aOK_k . H..163738 O=`~ =^ "`< 60 #O_ 100 Ò
iy#q.
17= à ^# ~O "`< ~Q^ QKiOz## D "`< ^~ ~Q^`
e# ` =Q< L#fl^x K =K#. Hx ZO` ` = J# =K~O KC @ =# =iO` +" #
Q}OH è= #flk.
47.6 =~H , "}* :

< QO :
D QO ^j, q^j "}[O q $`" # k. ^H < O`= #O_ Z= =Ô`~
"~ [iQ_q. W|<|@@ ~K# H~O _b #Q~O =~H "~ =\=<=Q
LO__k.
_b < QO J<H i= Q Qu kOK|_#. g\ = i=,
i=, ~u, K~ , h\=O^ i= =Y"#q. ~f L`` O K y~H LO__k .
Hxfl P^~ H~O WO_ ` ~ # Hxfl ` H H` (_= H`) JO`~f =~\
Q y~H LO__k . =~H , "~ ~Q^ e ÒQ L#fl` =~ r=#O =iO` Y=O`" q==
"irq` e "t Oz#q. qq^ ~H == Lù H O^ ^= O` "e#q.
~*O i= # `fiO ` O `qK#. < `# J=~ H~ ~[~<#
<H_"_. ==^ c< `QH `# J=~ H~ <He# M~# 4000=Ok x}#
=$ux "~ LO__" ~. D H~< \, ~ ^ , H=K, ^~H "^Q J<H ==
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
26
Lù K_"~. D H~< ~[O J<H =OkH Lk HeOz#q.

D H= =$kKO k# "~ e `=Q t=P ^ ~`^ xH q+ ^#`
aOK#. ~`^ O #Oê ~ = ~"} H O^Q =OkOz JQfl P, t= P ,
`~ P ^ ~ =, @}
O^ #Oê ^, Q[~` #Oê K, HO, =~+ #Oê
^<, q[#Q~ ~[=#Oê =OQ~, |=h ~[= #Oê K, ^, =~ f~O
#Oê HeH\, Hfi<, H H=i<# ~#=K#.
~ = =~ HH =~H "~ Hxfl ~ î =~ _ ^^_ # q. WO_ H~*<
~ î, H|, HO^ ~ "^Q O` ~` "~, "}[ ~OQ ZO`Q< LHi Oz#q.
D HO WO_ #O_ J<H L`` qq^ O` ZQ=u K |_#q. g\ P~ } ,
=`, Ô`, QO^= , =OQ, qi, H|i, H~ ~O, u, @, [#= "^Q#q
=Y"# q. WH kQ=`# Q=xOz# _ @i, J~a #O_ Q~, |OQ~O, "O_, =H=
=, K< #O_ @ "^Q#q ^ #OQ K =K#. "Ò g^ D =~H "~ e ÒQ
Ô QQ _ # k.
Ô JO`~` "~ J<H "}[ @O x~fiOK_q . |~x ~K# H~O =<
#Q~xH KOk# @O Z=Q ^j =~ O #, x~fiOK_q . JLn< db H= D =h
"~ db ~} H~# ` O HeOK#. L`~ ~` f~O` "~O Q[~` KOk#
=~fis x~fiOK_" ~. gi Jk *# . =O @Oc ` O =~H "~
K_"~. =~H "~ \Q L#flO^=# D "~ =~ @O KH \ rqÒ#
Q__"~.
D HO } K =^=` _ LO__q . î ^_ , ÔQ`< `~K
[~QKO__q. Hx < g\x JiH@@ J<H K~ fHx "~a=$kH H$+ Ki.
~ ^~ ^`H ~ ~~ xiOzi. OQ f= =~^ # ` O x~kOz x= Q ~ ^~#
An< `QH xiOK#. Q~ ^fi~ =K~O# `fii`Qu# èK == D HO
J=xH =K#. JOK"iQ H~*< OÒ #O_ `[ = ~A _b < JO`~xH
K~_q.
< QO =~H "~ Q}hOQ iy#q. ~[= H~< # ÒK|_#
J<H ~ = @}
q^j "~xH ^^_ # q.
"Q Q= :
"Q~ KH=~ < HO =~H "}* =iO` qi Oz#q. "Q JOkOz#
~[H ~ ` e ÒQ == , ^< X H OÒ #O_ =~H O`xH =iO`Q ~"}
27
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
K |_ "~a=$kH ^^_ # q. JO`QH "Q KH=~ Ou ^` # i~HO K@ JkH

^$+ iOzi. Wk _ "~a=$kH `qK#. D HO J<H ~ ^~, "\ "O|_
~~ x~}= [iQ#. r`#, ## D HO JkHO Q ^=~= KeO K@ =#
^=K=} JkH= #. D QO J<H =~H =~ #`#=Q xiOK|_#q. g\ PQ\fl
#Q~ =^ X H ~ î, OQc~# HK =~H ~ î, =^ P PQ# HK
HO^ ~, _b #Q~ g^Q ~ ^~ xiOK|_#q. Q[~`, L`~ ~` ^ #O_ ^#OQ
~O_ ~^~ ^fi~ == ~"} K|_KO_#. g\ "^\ k t=~[< g^Q
~` PQ =^ Q =~= . ~ O_= =~= =fi, HO^+ QO_ ~` "|_#k. ^ ~ O_
f~ O` ^fi~ =Ô`~ "~ H#y#q. ~`# O_ `~# =Kb@flO =~ " }
[iQ_k. D =~ xflO\ ^fi~ [iy# "~ e ÒQ O` =^ = =i_ ^ =#.
D QO ^~ O` =~H "~ QH g =~\ ^fi~ PiH "^g K~Q
y#q. Jxfl O` Q O` == J=H qiqQ [iQ_q. g\ e ÒQ xH =~\
=$kKO k H=OQ z#fl z#fl #Q~ t"~ =$k KOk#q. g\< Yx ezi. L#fl` =}
Hey# == # H#Q K @ =[= #Oê ^x H =~= PH KOK_" ~. e ÒQ 17=
à<\H #Q~ r=Ò [ "A JkH= #. q^j u_# ifl ~ JaO _b #Q~O
i H<fl ^k . PQ, _b H<fl ^ #Q~= . JH~ H= WO_ # OîOz# ~K
JaO PQ, ` ~ H O_< #Q~O H<fl ^q .
"Q~ QO Ô#O_ ^#OQ =, HyÒ, he=O^, #=O^, B+^
ZQ=` HQ, "O_, =_@
, , q"# ~, QO^Q^", =Ô, PH x, K<
#O_ QA "^Q#q ^ # kQ=`. K< == Ô =Oz y~H LO_#. ^= =~H
"~ =Oz ^ HOQ LO_#.
D HO<\ "~ =~ |"# O#fl =~Q ~_i. gi n, K~
"^Q"~ \ "~ =~Q# ak, |OH "^Q "~ z~ "~ =~Q ~
`K Hxi. +~|, +~ OH~ Q K=} J~i. gi ^="^g# KK_" ~. g~ *s
K O_ ^==Q ^~O` fHx "@ |^Q xs` HxH K|_ JQ D
O_# "^g qxyOK_" ~. |O*~ =~ ^ O K~O K K z#fl z#fl "~#
x~fiOK_"~.
=~H "~ ^fi~ J<H= Ok "~ |"# JiH Q |_i . S~ "~
n@Q Ô x ~ = @}
x "~ =$kKO k<~. ~` #Q~xH KOk# qi"~ `# HO
JÒ` ^# =O`_# "sQ QiOK|_#. W`<Q H QO_ KOk# g~A=, = \ , Hjg~#fl
"^Q "~ <\ ^ # "~Q ~ `K Hxi. gi HO^~ Hxfl == qH=
UHfi= "~O# x~fiOK_" ~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
28
"Q HO "~O S~ HOh Ò =Y` +Oz#q. ~w"~

~OO =^ "~O Q`kH ~O# HeyO_~# q+ O è#^. Hx 16= à ~ O_=
QxH ~w |= H}OK#. gi #O _K, WOw+ HOh |O JkH=#.
H..1606 <\H _K "~ =Kb@flO =~H =~x U~~K Hxi. JO`HH *=, =~ g~
"~ =~# xiOKHxi. g~ ~` = "~xfl ^ #=Q `= H OQ K Hxi. H==Q
g~ `~ f~ ~` "~xfl `= Q ` O K Hxi. giH t=# Q HeH\ ^ # H O^=#.
`fii`HO a\+ =~H HOh ~` "~H~H ^#Q=#. g~ H..1912
~`# O^ `= Hs x <Hei. POQ
H..1618 "Q KH=i '~<# *sK "~
# =OE~ K#. gi "~xH ~OO =#^ = i= ^ # H =#. X H
JOQ
x ~K# H~O `= f=}O^~ ~f ^ # î OK@ Q$ ~f == #
xO@ "A _ K<fl~x è#.
~`^ O #Oê "}[ O@ D QO ^ PiH Qu x =iO` \ + u H Ki#q. D
O@ ~`^ xfl O K =~\ =iO` xfl ÒQ Ki#q. D =O< ^= xH "O_,
|OQ~ kQ|_ JkH" PiH =OÔ K@K Hx J<H W|O^# ` O Z^~#= =K#. D
i}=O ^j, "~ =~ f= X u_ # `z#q. Hx "~ ~OQO D X u_ # q[=OÒQ
Z^~ #Qey#q. Hx H==Q ^j "~O POQ HOh Q`k`=Q =i, ^ ~[H
JkH~xfl `= QÒ KHx "Q ~[ qz#fl=# ^^_i. D i}=O ^ PiH
==# f=OQ qÒ "#i Z@=O\ e `# Wz#^ Q` ~O J^ #O K @
[iQ#.
"Q HO "~ =~H QQ =$kKO k#q. J<H "~ =~ J=ìOz#q. J<H ^
^ #Q~ "QxH =z#q. "Q KH=~ "~xfl Òzi. ~` =~\xH S~
HOh "t Oz#q.
47.7 qt q^#= :
_b < QO :
< PiH == qt "<fl =HO\k. ~[ P^= qt, J`kH `=Q
LO__k . == q D H= <Q ~HQ =sHi OK|_ O_#.
1. M q(KH=i q) :
< ~q# i# Jn#= LO__k. nxx Hxfl '+HQ qlOz P O`
qt = 'Jq J# JkHix xqOzi. giH #fl = Q= K^s,
=H^= , \fis J# =O~O~ L^Q HiOK_" ~.
29
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
2. WH = :
x Hk` Wz# =#, WH =xezi. g\ Jk` # WH^~, =H ,
"b Jxi. gi Jn#O x H +} xq`= giH q H \~Ozi.
3. O^ fi= Pn#= Q q, g~ u O=`~= < t KeOK=#.
4. =H ^ W<O = :
==n =`kH~, =^ Wz# q. D = #fl q#~O H^.
JLn< db HO =~ t =kO K _O X H
q^#O ^ . O_# O@
1/3 #O_ 1/4 =O` =~ #flQ = K_"~. Hx db HO t x~
xH X H }oH|^" #
== U~_#. q L`^H Hx P^~OQ K Hx t x~~ OK|_#. D q^#O ^fi~ db
~`` <~Q O|O^ @H<#. OÒ Jg J# `fi JkH~ t#
= K_"~. JO`HH db fi=# ` O J^ K @ Jxfl K~ fH<#. [qO^~
= K qt # db xOuOK_" _. =^ =~ *Hxfl, "i |xfl K=~ db
J^K#. ~ ` #O_ JkH #fl = KO_ db K~ fH<#. Qg} fi=
db HO ^~} ~ ` Q =i~i. db JaO ~` KeO K t JkH "Ò
< M*< K~= #. t = JkH~# Jg Z@=O\ JqhuH _ O_ H@k@" #
K~ fH<#. t# ^# ~O HH, ^# ~O< = K#. nx =# #Q~ =^
^# ~ ~ x~O`~O H==Q [~QQ ^x db qOK#. db HO ~ ` `= O@ 50`=
tQ KeO K= =K#. t = JkH~ r`# Oz "i` Jqhux J^K#. db
J#iOz# W@=O\ q^< e ÒQ èi ~`^ Q= ` O `~+< =O#
Q~#q.
db `^# O`~O yAn< `QH == q^#O =iHxfl =~ `K #. O_# "=
O@ P^~OQ t# = K =#kQ W`_ JkH~# P^tOK#. db H=<\ ~ fi
q^<xfl An< ÒK^. ~` Q~=#=Wz Jqhu JkH~# tHOK#.
~[=#Oê U WH# qt 1/4 ^ 1/10 =O` qOz LO_~^x OK#.
WH ==^ `QH H= |~x ~K# H~O J#iOz# ~ q# q^< e `=Q
==O ~fi <#=#. W`_ ~[O H "iH P^ =# JOK< "#. `# ~[O
X H q^" # qt q^#= LO_=#x `QH qOK#. #`#OQ k"<WH J# ==
Y# U~@K PY Jn#= == qQ# LOK#. JkH =# QxH `z
~ ` JkH kQ|_ K qÔ Q K~ fH#@ D #`# Y ^ # ^ `.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
30
~ * `QH HO #`#OQ O@H= x~}O [iy ==a=$kH HO`=~ H$+

[iQ#. ~[Ox == q#O`\ x W`_ JOK<" ^xx P^~OQ `# HO =
HQ t# JOK<"#.
JLn< db èi < ~ ` <~ Q O|O^# <H#. == Y# #~xiOz
fi== JkH~# xOuOK#. W`x == q^< `^#O`~
=~^~H#.
"Q HO :
=^Q ~`^ PiH == qt ==x =O^ J^#O =#O
`Hx<flO. "Q KH=~ |~, =< Dq+ O `H^$ +x H OnHiOH
~i. gi `^# O`~O JkH~xH =z# +~ qt q^< Jq` ^ K#. WO` =O^
~ +~ ~[H Ki`# Kkq<flO. WK@ =~ O Q #~} KH#"#.
Z)
qt# x~~ OK = q+O +~ <~Q ~` ` O|O^# U~~K H<#.
a)
q L`^H H x P^~OQ K Hx L`=, =^=, J^= Jx =_ ~HQ ql OK#.
== qx UHH$ ` û H=#O K#. P q Q@

O@# P^~OQ K Hx
^x 1/3 =O`# tQ x~~ OK#.
_)
t# ^# ~O#, ^# ~O# = K_"~. nx=# ~ ` `= ZO` t

KeO KK#flk "iH += Q è_k.
W)
~ ` , q Q # QiOKK `fi= \# Wz#k. nxH =~Q ~` t

KeO JOwH~ `# `fixH WK_"~. D `# '|e` x eK_" ~.
Z) ^ = O@ ^fiOO H_ Jxfl *Q` fH<_"~. X H" #+= [iy#

i~=# KeO K_" ~.
+~ J#iOz# ~ q# q^#= Hxfl H ^ . =^ =, J^= ~H =#
Q K ~ ` L`= = ~ ` H<fl JkH "Ò t KeO K= =K#. ^~ qq^
O` qq^ ~HQ L#flO^# ~ ` ^# ~O t KeO K@ W|O^ _i . u O=`~=
t# x~~ OK@ =# ~ ` J<H H# Z^~xi. ~ q# JkH~ JH=# +~ iQ
x~kOKH #. +~ ~ q# q^#O =# ~* PÔ Q}hOQ iQ#. D q^<# +~
=~}#O`~= q =#.
~ q# ==~ ^$+ iOz# è "QK H=i JH~. W`x ~ q# q^< `^# O`~O
"Q 17= à z=i =~ H#yOzi.
31
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~OO JH~ O@ q=~# HiOK@ H#OQ xqOK#. D H#OQ

=O~O~OQ JkH~ Hey xH i` J=Q# HeyO_i. Hx H#OQ
J=hu~ Q ==iOK@ =# gi xf~ JH~# JO`$ ~ K # . H..1575 JH~ q
~ fi #`# q^#O# ~OkOK#. =# HK@ "^ ~ H~, W# KH J#O^#O
K# #`# iH~= # qxyOK#. qt = H~i J# JkHix xqOK#. u
H~i 1 H\ ^" ~ q# JkHiQ ==iOK#. H#OQ JOkOK =K~xfl D H~s
#ij# K_"~. 1580 ~q# ## JÒ` =~_# ~*`_~= <H`fiOx
x} |$O^xH JyOK#. g~ ~OkOz# q^#" '^ q^#=x =|_#. D q^#O
10O=`~ HxH O_# O@# Q@
Q fHx t x~
O [iQ#. JH~ 1/3 =O`# tQ
^#~O = K#. qx aQ# x@Q qlOz uaQ =}Q x@
qt# x~~ Oz ^xx ^# ~O = Ki. t x~
O q [~Q ==O
H=O ` O_ [~QK#fln xn iQ}xH fH<_" ~.
"Q HO<\ Q qx <Q ~HQ =sHi Ozi. Jq *, ~\, KK~ , |O[~
* : u O=`~O O@ O_ q
~\ : X H\ ^ ~ O_ O=`~ Q K |_x q
KK~ : =_ ^ <Q O=`~ QK |_x q
|O[~ : 5 O=`~ qOz Q|_ Hx q
= "^\ ~ O_ ~H = #O_ 1/3 =O` tQ LO_#. z=i ~ O_ ~H
= Q|_ [iy i J~# =@ #fl = [iQ_k.
^ q^#O =# Q Oq OK X _^_ #O_ ~ ` |@_i . D q^#O
J@ ~ ` W@ `fixH \Q LO_#. H$ u " s ` #fl q#~O LO__k .
~ q# JkH~ _# #O_ ~ ` q=H Oki.
"Q~ HO ^ q^#O ~[Ox Hxfl O` " @|_#. Wk fi`
ukH ~O^H #. D q^#O J= x O` t# 'Q|H = K_"~.
D Q|H q^#= O^ û O_# O@ ~` `fi =^ OHO [iQ_k. WkHH '#+H
q^#= ~[O Hxfl O` J= LO_ ~ ` ~[O =^ ki# X OÔ H~O Q_z #
O=`~ O@ P^~OQ t x~~ OK|_ = K |_#. '[ q^#O# "~H û O@
fi=O##iOz t# x~~OK_"~. ^~}OQ t ^#~O KeOK_"~. `_~=
~OkOz# D q^#" '|O^| q^#OQ =|_#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
32
JH~ HO<\ qt q^#O # q[O kOz#^x K =K#. D q^#O e ÒQ

L`` iy, =~H , "~ Qu H ^^_ # . D q^#O [Ow~ HO ` O H#Q#.
Hx HH=OQ *w~Qi == |_# k. e ÒQ ~* PÔ `Q # . [< HO ^
q^#O =iO` |#=#. W`x HO JkH "Ò Q q *w~Q W=fi|_#k. ~ `
`fiO` O|O^ #fly# . [< qt# Q}hOQ OK#. O_# O@ 35%
#O_ 50% =~ ~ ` tQ KeO K= =K#. ~ ` `= Pn#O Q "Ò q t#
KeO K=#. D qQ|_ Hx O` `= t ikxH =K_q. e ÒQ [ PiH u
^ hOQ =~#. nxH`_ f= H~ =H@H iu x =iO` kQ*~#.
B~OQ*| KH=i [< q^<< H#yOK#. *w~^~ q^#O H#y 1/2 #O_ 2/
3 =~ t# = K#. ~ ` u Q` ^~~=#. JH~ HO <\ ~~f J^$=#.
JH~ K# ^ `^# O`~ H =@ =# ~q# # J= O Q =i ~[ PiH ==
^|ux "Q =[ \ + ` |#_O k.
+~ JÒ` \ + " # ~ q# q^<xfl ~OkOK#. nxx JH~ =iO` "~Q ~z J= K#.
~ fl 47._
1.
_b < HO <\ == q#Oê ~H Uq?
2.
#Q~ =^ x~O`~ ^# ~"} H~ JLn< db f#fl K~ Uq?
3.
H#OQ, H~s J#Q Z=~?
4.
JH~ == qx Zxfl ~HQ ql OK#? Jq Uq?
~OO :
< HO < J`#fl` #=# JOHiOzO_#. ~*xH W`_ ~fikHi.
W`_ JÒ` q rqÒ Q_ _"_, <, W`~ L#fl` JkH~ x# Hey O_i. D
x# Jxfl # qxyOK_" ~. =[O JkH~, ^ J#q OK =~xH, H+ _
K =~xH Q~= =~^#, O^, P^ =Ò JkHO Q LO__k . [< JkH Ò
~ ` . gi r=#O O`$H ~ O Q ^ . == H#Q#. u Q` =O^HO = Z@=O\
=~ H q", f Q=#O, ~^ "^Q ^~K~` H#Q#.
"Q ~[O KH=i, L#fl` =~O =[O =Y. =$ux "~, x =[O
J@_ Q =~Q qOzi. D ~ O_ =~ =^ =^ `~Q u =~= LO__k . Jqhu ~fi =#O.
"~, "^ , q=^ =$` "~ =^ `~QuQ iQ}O K|_i. J@_Q =~O iQ x~^~}

Q~ i . îHO# g~ fHHQ, q L#fl` =~O fHQ LO_i. == =iO` [i"
33
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
L J<HO H`Q J=ìOz<~.

q^~OQO HO` Qu QKiOz## Wk L#fl` =~H LQ_#k. =#
JO^@ ^ . < QO e# O^=O Y` "Q HO "~Q_ @`
i }=OQ ~#=K#.
PiH i` # ijeOz# JLn< db =~\ O~} ^fi~ ^~ xO`} ^ =#.
=~H "}* < HO ~Qu [iQ#. J<H H~< <H|_#q. ~ = @}
^fi~
q^j "~ Ja=$k KOk#q. J<H #`# #Q~ "QxH =z#q. J<H S~ "~
HOh Ô =~H "~# ~OaOz#q.
JLn< db èiQ ~ ` `fixH =^ <~ Q O|O^# <H#. xH ~q#
JkH~ *Hxfl `yO z J<H O~}# K> # . `^# O`~O +~ JÒ` =~=O`" # ~ q#
# ~H #K#. nxx JH~ =iO` H= OÒQ fik^# . e ÒQ ~[ PÔ iQ#.
JO :
1.
_ < HO<\ ^ # =lH =~ Uq? < , L#fl` =~O L#fl` =}

Q r=#O# yOK~x Z K Q=?
2.
"Q =[O #Oê ^ # =~ Uq?
3.
< HO<\ PiH, =lH r=#O# JOK< " ^^xH =~ O|OkOz

^~}` _# q=~}# W=fiO_?
4.
qt q^< JLn< db f=z# =~ Uq?
5.
qt q^#O JH~ " \# q^< Uq? Jq +~ q^<H<fl UqÔ Q a#fl" # q.
6.
< HO <\ =~H "~ Qu x q=iOKO_.
7.
=~H , "~a=$kH "Q f#fl K~ # ~#O_.
8.
"Q HO "}[ Qu [iy#k J#@ ZO`=~ =~h O? `y# H~}` h

=^#O "=?
9.
_b < HO<\ qt q^#O Z\k ?
~ fl =^<
47.Z
1.
L#fl` =s q rq`=# Q_ i . g~ =^#=# qOKK Q=Q Q_ i .

g~ J<H =Ok x# +OK_" ~. giH fiO` = < LO__q .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
34
2.
`|n< S|H x# ^ ` KK#. H, =~= Q x L#fl` ^ K~ Hxi.
3.
~^ q^#O, q", x~H~ `
4.
q^j ~K# W|<|@@, J| ~*H, xH\ <
47.a
1.
x~~H J"@, =<, P_O|~ "Q i##, PiH ==# <#= K#.
J<H= Ok ~}Q i . Jqhu JkH= #. "Q < =~ = |#_# .
2.
[qO^~ fi=Q U~_i. g~ =O ~O~ # Hey LO_ qt # =

K K [qO^~Q =|_i.
3.
"~, =~ , =$ux "~
4.
a#fl =~ [ L`", O_Q# He [~H<_" ~.
5.
~^ q^#O, q^ H =@ =# J}z"` QiJ#. f Q=#O J~^Q [iQ_k.
47.
1. J Ln< db
=~#
+~
11/2 ~ @
2
^"
2.
= i=, i=, ~u i=, K~, he=O^, HyÒ
3.
O^ #Oê ^, Q[~` #Oê K, HO, =~R #Oê ^<, q[#Q~ =[#Oê

=OQ ~, =~ #Oê HeH\, Hfi<
4.
< HO #Oê ~ ^~ "O|_ ~~ x~}O [iy "~, ~H}

HeOK|_#.
JOK` q^#O " @|_#.
5.
ZQ=` =, HyÒ, he=O^, #=O^, B+^

kQ=` "O_, =_@
, , q"# ~, QO^ ^", =^ O, x, QA
iH~
6.
xs` HO K|_ JQsu ^=O# O_ ~` K=}, ~}^ Q, ^# =#

fHx= #O_ O_ q^#O "~ L Q_ # .
35
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
7.
J<H q^j HOh ^= =~H "~# ~OaOz#q. H==Q D HOh ^=

O`# `= Pn#OxH fHx#q. a\+ `~ WO_ HOh `^ "Q
JkH~ `< xH H~}=#.
47._
1.
_b < HO == q <Q ~HQ LO_#

M ^ KH=i q
WH q
fi= Pn#Ox q
=H ^ W<O q
2.
`fi" <~ Q qt# = K q^#=# èi db " ># . t# ^# ~=

= K#.
3.
O@ q=~# HiOK@ JH~ H#OQ# xqOK#. g~ =O~O~ JkH~

Hey xH JO J=Q# Hey O_i. X H H\ ^" qt = K ~ q#
JkHix H~i Jxi.
4.
JH ~ HO == q * , ~ \ , K K ~ , |O[~ Jx <Q ~ H Q
=sHiO|_O_#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
36
48
, H L^=
48.1 iK O :
=^ Q ~`^ O ~ O_ ^ =` L^= L^q OK~. JO^ "^\ k L^"` ,
~ O_=k H L^=O. O^, =O D ~ O_ =` L^= H` "# OOkOK~.
WO L^~"^xH `~n ~. "~ ~fi[h# =` _# ==*xfl HOHO K~. WH
~H ^# q`" # H x ^# OQ KHx O^=`xfl i=iO K=Kx H L^=H~
qOK~. "i ^$+ xH ZO\ ^#` ^ . =#=O` =#"#x "~ #=~. O^,
=O SH` D , H L^= O~ H$+ K~. g~ `= ^## q=iOK_xH xH
+# L yOK_O = g\x [ èHQ J~O K HQeQ~.
48.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ # `HQQe.
1. L^= <^ O
2. ^ # P[# QiOKQ Qe.
3. Ô`xH P^~" # x=
4. Q~<#H, Hc~ H L^= < ``fiO
5. "+ = H L^=H~ `
6. ~f O $u Ja=$k , H L^= < =.
48.3 L^=O :
WO =`xfl ==^ =H O K_x g `. J~` D WO ^fi~< J<H =`
37
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
PûH L^= L^q OK~. W=hfl _ Y~<# qq^ ~HQ "MxOK~. nx ^ #OQ
+, hfl J< ~O_ Y L<fl~. D ~O_ H=O =`~OQ< HO_ ~[HOQ _
ql OK|_~. =^ Q ~`^ O L`~ ~`^ xfl eOz# hfl=` Y# qfiO K~.
J~` WO^ a#flOQ ^H}
~` ~*~# J^#Q~, c*~, QO_ + =`xfl
PîOK~. D + =` qfi W~<x + e^ ` xfl ` O|O^ H#yOK~.
hflx WO K@O ^ # Ô`<fl~. WOH Y~<, Jn< g^ P^~_ L<fl~.
(==^ =H ^# ). "^\ "\x 8= `xH KOk# < qQxfl ~`^ xH =z#
`~+ J=OaOK~.
J~` O^ hfl =```fixH "^\ iQ Q=O`_ X H _ Jx kOz#
'=`l(mutazilas) #O_ " Z^~ O k. "i ^$+ =#=_ K ^~ ^=_ ^ ` ^ .
=#= K~ "~ ^ . J~` J < Ji(873935H.) O z# Ji qQxfl =`l
=## =u~HOzOk. g~ O^ Ô`# =i "kOK~. g~ ^=_ Hhfl `..
J`# K_Q _..=\_Q _ Jx |OQ qfiOK~. WOH Y~< fi`" O k Z=~ $+O K^ x
qOK~. D "# g^ J *e(10881111H.) " K_. W`# D ~ O_ "
=^ ^ uflOK_. D Q Ô`H~ H..1085#O_ Q rqÒ ~OaOK_.
J~#\H O^ =##, ``fixfl =#OQ Q~qOK_. J *e O^ hfl
Y Hx"\x f=OQ q=iOK_. H~}O ^fi~ =`" # *#O O^=x [
J#" `< Jk H` O^x P# K~. J<H" # xQ_ q+ # 'Y~< `Ò^x P#
qOK~.
*b " =O`< ~[O #`# q^q^<xfl ~OaOzOk. D "# '=^~
^fi~ O Q ^fi~ " K _xH "^= uflOK~. D O^ hfl =` "#
`fi x~fi} =#fiiK~. D "^=< 'L= J<"~. =^Q ~`^ ~[H
Ki` D 'L= HH` x~fiiOK~.
D L= =u~. =iH"^. ^=H Q D ~[H,
=`~O Q =z# J"OKh "# =~ H`KO ^~. KH=~ HO HO "iH =K
`^fi~ a # fl O^# |~OQOQ L= î OK_xfl =u~HOK~. ~[O` O|OÔ
O_ O`" # PûH rq`xfl D Q_ "~. L=# ` ` fi O _ qk OzOk.
D fiK "# L^~"^xfl ÒK~. =Ò L#fl =_`fixfl O^
*#~# =u~HOK~. =`~ " # O`$ O^_xH ^<xfl =~O Q "~ qOK~.
H L^= ^ = =kiQ< g~ _ =#=" =^= =Q, Q=O`_ fiK"# = Hey
LO_@" x["# =`q^#OQ "MxOK~. J~` HH=O D ` ` fi O a#flY qq^
(P*)Q pe~. u X H Mfi* H +H J#|_ ~ (Q~=)# Hey LO_k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
38
D ~ J`x t+ MOH(Khangah)(=`K~ LO_ Q$) x=OK"~. g~ `= H~H=#

H#yOK_xH `= t+ X Hix xqOK"~. =iH Ô`# =~O ~ # [
q=iOK_xH =*(Samas H @) Jx eK ~< H~H=# x~fiOK"~.
H~H= ^ #HOÔQ '|(Basra) LO_k. J~` D H` =`xfl $+Oz#\H WO
=` K@O< <u H`` _# fiK L^=xfl kOK~.
~`^ O ``fi O :
^H O_, <fl O_ ` ` ` fi O ~`^ O J=ìOzOk. ~`^ O ~ _
H..1089 =~}O z# J*fii X H~ . qiqQ ^#^~ K _O = W`xH ^`QO* H Jx
eK"~. ~OO O* =< ^ # H OÔQ LO_k. 13,14= ` H Wk
Hj~, c~, OQ, ^H < " KOkOk. J~` D ~[O ~`^ xH ~H ~fi" a#fl
~ LO_k. nxH <u H `, ^# , P*, L" ^` MfiOH( x=OK Q$)
\OK ^` Jhfl _ JO` =O^ #O_ L#fl". D `=O``" Px < g^Q
WO_ =K~. x|^` , fiK" # =, H =O, =#=`, = ~f =[O _
PHi` L#fl`" # #O HeOzOk.
J|[ `# 'Sh JHs(Ain-I-Akbari) x 14 P[(Silsilahs) QiOz q=iOK_.
WC_ "\#xflO\ QiOz `H#=O #\H ^#"# HxflO\ QiOz KiÔ. D
P[(Silsilahs) ~ O_O\Q ql OK|_~. Jq i, +i. +i WqH K@O x
(+i`) J^tH `~# #=*, ~*# \O k. g\ ^ #OQ z, "k, ~ ,
Mk~, #H| On, L<fl~. J~` +i =Ò '+i H@|_ LO_^.
'YO^~ (Qalandars)nx QOQ L<fl~ .
z :
nxx ~\ gOx Mfi* z J< Q=O QiOK~. ~`^ O Wk H..1142
[xOz# Mfi*"~<n< z K` ~OaOK|_Ok. W`# H.. 1192 ~`^ xH =K~. `#
^# ^ #HOÔQ Jr~# K <fl_. =#= = K_" J`#fl"#^x qfiOz#
Mfi*"~<n< `# rq`=O` |#=~ J#flu H" H$+K_. H..1236 Jr~
=~}O K_. W`x =kx " KH=~ `~K Q OîOK_O = " HO Pr~
^
` OQ ~QOzOk. "\H J<H=Ok O^, =O D ^~# `= H~ f~
q` OQ qOz Oî~ . W`x t+ =Y <Q ~ KOk# +H g^n<, `|n<
H
~ HH. gi +H g^n< KH=i W@\q+ |=#OQ Wz# Q=# _ u~ iOz
^~ ` Q< rqÒ Q_ _. W`# Mi. WH `|n< H
~ HH x=OK 'MOH#(Khangah)_
Jxfl =~ [ OîOK"~. KH=i W@\q+ `q<~# D ^= JOH`qK_.
39
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
P^ xH O*, ~< z P[#( ) J*^~ KOk# s^n K~O K_. =

^ # =z [ Jxfl" JO^@ LO_"_. s ^ J< WOHH ^ =# _
O^, =O [ Q~qOK"~. W`# O* ~# Hxfl ^ 'PkQO^ _ L<fl~.
D s ^ t+ _ +H x*"n< *=(112381335) _b z ^ #HOÔ H=_xH
H~ _. W`# H..1259 _b =K~. `# 60 O=`~ _b rqÒ ^^ U_Q~ KH=~
## Kq K_. P J#= O`< ~[==~ b# `# x~ _ . ^ =,
[#O @_" Q H ~fi K~ Q W`_ q_ . W`x J#K~ =Y_ M` ~K~`
Ki`H~_ Jg~Y.
`~fi` z=i Q z ^ = +H #~ n< ==^. W`< '_b nOQ (Chirag-i-Delhi)Q
k . H..1356 W`x =~}O `~fi` z ^ = D# ~`^ xH, ^H} ~`^ xH =" ~.
D z # +H ~An< H..1357 OQ iK O K_. D ^#
H L^=xH J<H ~O_q. OQ O^ Òx K Qxfl OQb
+H J#=kOK~. WH ^H}
~`^ Ox ^ ==^ Q ^~*(H..1442) ^ z
^ =. W`x =O =< |=h # J<H L^~ "# J=OaOK~. 14,15= `
D z ^ = [ Q~"a=<# O^~. 16= `|O ^ ^ =Q ~QOz#"~
+H bO z. W`x @ KH=i JH~ Z#x qfiO LO_k. H..1566 `# ~[=~_
bO [xOK_O D ^ = ~# =< Jx qfiOK_. D ^ = =`< JH~ ` ~ Hx
xiOK_.
"i :
D # +H + |n< "i O K~. nxx ~`Ô "OK <~ +H
|n< [Hi(11821262). W`# =< O z# =`H O^ (Khagah) , nxx `fi
JkH~, ^# =O`# =~ OîOK"~. D +H |n< [Hi KH=i W@\q+ YK
=^ [~Q`#fl q"^ iQ KH=i< =iOz J`xK WO <_<(Shaiku/Islam leader of
Islam)a~^ O^_. qQ` ^ = =kiQ HO_ D "k ~[O xfl ` O|O^
H#y~ . KH=i, ~[O Wz# |=`#, *y~# , qq^ `fi Mk` Q xqOK_xfl
JOwHi~ . D "i , O*, O^ |OQ ~ _ O k. `~fi` +H An< OQ
x" O(Khagah)# O z " K_. WqHH ~ , , +\i , Mki ,
#H| Ok ^ #OQ =<fl~.
48.4 L^= =Y` :

D L^=O ~f =*xH q"# =OkOzOk. H L^=O UqÔ Q<` O^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
40
=Òx =_K~# |^ H\O ^ J^qÔ Q ``fi O WO L^~"^xH " O HeOzOk.

15= `|O =z# L^~"^xH D H , L^= qH# U~iK~. Hc~, Q~<#H
_ qfi[h# = =#< " K~. SH=` =##(Unity of being) Wahdat-ulwajnd)qfi~. nxfl =YOQ S|<SJ~c(Ibn-i-Arabi)(11651240) K~O HeOK_. ~fi
=#=, a#fl =` ~=O` X H>#x Ja__ . Wk ~`^ O | *^~}
# Ok
O^ ^=, ~~O `= "# OK<"~. ~"y, J=$Ò^ J~aH,
i +H J#=kOK~.
=[O L#fl ^ J}K|_ =~ J#flu HO Z#x H$+ K~. x*xH KH=i,
L= `= =HQ` fi~O HO q"^ =xy`Ò_Q ^= =Ò [`
xfl ` |O^ H#y "i H+ M OK<"~. nx =` ^ HfÒQ
x*"n< Be ^ ^#^~ K"_. `# x"O(Khagah)H =z# u O^~ xfl He=~
qOu fH#x K"_. ` ` fi O H~O [ = K _" ^=_H K Q [. JO^H
Oz` H " ``fi O #O^ . O^, =O =#"#x qfiOK"~.
=#= ^~ "xfl ` ` fi O ÒzOk. =#`fi =## HeyL#fl WO #fl
Q~==O L= QO _ He ~ . L= Y~< kOz# *fiqH `#O_ ^~O
[iQ~x qOK~. ^= x*"n< Be K~ fH=x < yn<
`QH # L= X u_ K~. D ~ O_O\ =^ q^ H.. 16, 17, 18= `|=O` H#Q~.
^ = O H O~}# _ ÒK~. =[O L#fl J, ^fixfl
`yOKx qfi[h# =# " K@ HO H$+ K~. ~K~` *gLn< |~x,
Jg~Y O H ^~K~# q=i Jq ~=\xH uflOKx H~~.
H L^= < =kiQ< ^ = _ Of ` Ja=$k HO
q+O Q H$+ K~. K=Ok H=<fl~ . "~ `= Hq`fixfl xH +< ~~.
=` ~" # ` $+ O*c +# yOKx s ^ H~_. W`xHO> =O^ +H
g^n< 'Ok+ ~~. i< =iH Hq`fiO #O_ D +H J#=kOK|_# J`x
^ nxH KH \ L^~}Q L<fl~. WH ^H< On ^ Q ^~* "^\ ~K~ ` =iH
"^xfl q=iOK_xH i < +H< fl On + ~ O Q èHQ J~=qÔQ LO@O^x P#
QiOK~. Ò OQb + _ KCH^Q ~ $+O K|_Ok.
J~` x*"n< Be t+ _~# Jg~Y (H..12521325) k KOk# ~K~ `.
~f Ki` O $ux JqÒQ qOz# Jg~Y On+ ^ ~_. W`#
|HSOn(Sabaq-i-hindi)J< #`# ~K< e x $+O K_. 15= `|O<\H On + X H ~
~xfl OìOKHOk. nxfl Hc~=O\ H L^= ^ = q $ÒQ qxyOK~.
41
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
=iH"^# WO =`xH |_ L^~"^ " "x ÒK~. "~ qq^

Q pe~. JO^ z, "k, ~ ~`^ O ^ #OQ L<fl~. =^ Q
~`^ O O H, =` LkH` # `yO K_O L^~"Ô ZO` `__Ok.
~O fl
1. WOx ~ O_ ^ Y Uq?
2. , ~[O,JkH~ == ^~OQ ZO^ L<fl~ ?
3. +i, +i =^ ^ # =iOKO_.
4. z, "k # ~`^ O <HeOk Z=~?
5. " q`" # 15= `xH KOk# H ^ = Z=~?
48.5 H L^=O :
H. "^\ `< H$+ _ , ~=xfl ^=_Q H=_O =# èO^. | W^ H H
è~" LO_=K. U"# \H H..7,12 ` =^ `q<_ H L ^=O Q}h"#
Ja=$k [iyOk. W^ t= ~# '#<~ "+ = ~# Pfi~ Ò uaOaO k. D
^ = =`xfl H =O ^~} * #~ =~H K_ O_ Q= O`xH x H =^ x["#
=|O^xH fHQ qOK~. "~ `= "# xH +~# `Q, `qO ~_O =
J`kH *hHO "\x J~O K H#QeQ~.
D " ^H}
~`^ O #O_ L`~ ~`^ xH <=kQ K~Q ~. D " "H X H
"HOQ O $Ò H` ~xfl fOk. JO^=< `q^= `| Q=` ~}O ` ~}
û ~^ . WO^x ^ # q+ # NH$+ x O, =fi#O, H$+` ` fiO èH # ^`
JOîH J~= qÔ Q q=iOK~. "+ = L^=xH Ki` Wk X H "~~Q K =K. J~`
D H " " xH + ` z~~}"#k. H L^= ^ = `= ^# xH
+ ~~. q $`~ *hHxH `= " K~ =H=_xH O $` + L#fl `xfl
_ xH +H J#=kOK<fl~ . JO^H =~i *#^=x `xfl , On Hc~, ~^,
`^ ` H$+x Q=xOK=K. J^qÔ Q JO OH~^ = _, OQb K` # , KO_^,
On, ~[h g~~ f H$+ O~O. nO`@ Hjs, `Q, H#fl_, X i,
= O, "k e , Q[~f H Hq`fiO qiqQ $+O K|_Ok.
H L^=O O^=` #~r=<xH H~H" O k. Q= O`x * ~ Q }, x~}
J< ~ O_~H qfi<fl~. x~}

O^# \OK"~. , =` `~#
Jxfl ~H =_K~#, qQ ~^# # =u~HOK~. p`, =#=` ^<xfl "~ <H K~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
42
WH 'Q } qfiOK"~ ^=x X H `H ~O lOK"~. L^~} ~=_, H$+ _. gi

~=H `^ H$+ ~ g~~ =#flQ "~ L<fl~ .
H L^=O "H ^# JO^~ J~# x qfiOKk. ^=x =O^ , =` ^ Ug
LO_=x qOK"~. D H L^= ^ =O` _ a#fl <^ #O_ =z#"~. ~=#O^_
t+ O^ } @O #O_ =z#"~ HH O^, =O _ L<fl~ . J`x
t+ _ Hc~ <`H ~ @O|O #O_ =z#"_. J^qÔ Q Q~<#H Q= \fii =~_.
<"^" ^s. D H L^=O ^ =O` _ =_K~` _# =``` fixfl, ==# x~
=#`fi Ô`xfl ÒK~. g~O` H =O =` " =~H iqÒ HO_ O H O~}#
_ ukOK~. } `#, ux f=OQ =u~HOK~. # _ H~# #_xH
$+O K_xH ÒK~. D<\H g~~, Hj~ KOk# î ~# ^ *^~}
#
<KO@< L<fl~.
x~}
H ^ = Hc~, Q~ <#H = O h"#q. "i " O^, =O
O^ #O_ f#fl". O^, =O =^ SH` `__". gi QiOz q=~OQ
ÒÔ. Hc~ (H..14401518) } qÒ`= [xOz q_z@|_<_. W`xx =O
<`H ~_ Oz ^ K_. H x =HQÒQ J#q OK_" ^=_x K~ =~=x Hc~ qfiOK_.
Q = O`_ X H_#x #=_. J~` `# ^=_x ~=, i, J, ~ O, Y^, x~}
Jx ~< fl_ .
=O W`xx J<fl~ . O^= ~= _ < fl~ . Hc~ @# `= q` QO^" #
PkQO^ K~~.
_O|~` _# =Ò J~~`=x Hc~ kOK~. ~u qQxfl l ^=_
J#Q_#O> `# ^ ~fi`<fl l#x K~. lOK#O> ~u qQOH<fl
~|~# lOK_O #=x HhO Jk H_ #<fl xOÒ^x ~~.
J^qÔQ + ~ fl#O K_O #=*, ^"# OîOK_O LQOx=x
"H ^# q`" # H =~= x P# kOK_. Hc~ =`==~ x~_O|~` ^<xfl
<H K~. H ^fi~< Q = O`_x K~_O = x ~<fl_. `~ ~ `" # =`#=H# Hc~
JOwHiOK^ . H+ _ O_ q[= ^ =x Hc~ qOK_. O^, =O Hc~ "
PHi` t+ ~.
Hc~ " =Ò =~H iq`"#q H=. =[Ox Oz` "# =~_xH
uflOK_. J`x Hq`fiO "H~}
~ ÒQ L#fl \H [ ^# Ok# + LO_@O = "#
O Q J~O K Hx PîOKQe Q~.
x~}
"# " K# =~H M` "M` Q~<#H(H..14691539) W`# ^fiO_
(#H^) [xOK_. O#O_ PûH rqÒ @ PH H#|~_. ^# J=~= #fl
43
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
"ix Jxfl" P^<"_. `# " " HO `#`@ Ow`H~_ q~<` He ~`^ O

<, =H, =n q $ÒQ ~ \OK_. Q~<#H ^# ~`, =*xfl HOH
qfi[h# =# kOK~. =_K~ =u~HOQ UHfi~## q=iOK~. W`x t+ <
JO\~. D ^xfl O $Ò L#fl #O_ f<fl~ .
^=_ ~fiO`~q Jx Q~<#H kOK_. D $+ x u Ô\ ^=_O\_x J`xH
~O^x J#O`" # ^x kOK_.
Q~<#H =H` fi O x~_O|~`, O`` _#@=O\k. `# ==`#fl <uH q= Jqhu
K~# D =[O #O_ ~=_O Q~<#H H O. ==*xfl ~OkOK_xH J`#
#`# îx KOK_. Hc~ =kiQ< W`# _ O O~ WOH =`Q~= _. =[O
= ~ ~Qx HOHO K_. KH=~ [#x# fl K_ =\_ _^x kOK_. W`x
^# # W`~ Q~= ^# # q` QO^" # Q~QO^ q=iOK~.
"+= L^=O :
x~}
fi~_# Q = O`x QiOz kOz# Hc~, <"^", Q~<#H QiOz WO` =O^
K^ =<fl=. J^ =O H~ J< WOHH ^= =Ò _ Ja=$k KOkOk. nxfl "+= L^=O
JO\~. q+ = J=`~~# ~=x, H$+ _ x lOK_O WO^ ^ #"O k. D "# ^ #OQ
" K# "~ ~^, g~~, `^, K` # _. g~ `= " "H O, "H ^# HO,
Hq`fiO, @, <@O, H~# # "HQ K <fl~.
~^ (H..14831563) M` L^_ = K~x t+ _. W`_ JO^Hq . H$+ x
H OÔQ W`x @O\~. W`# `# ~# ~Q~ H$+ _ O, =fi#O fiK" # =
QiOz q=iOK~.
J^qÔ Q H$+ =# @ ~O ~# =~H~ g~~(15031573). z#fl =<
qÒ`=~# g~~ `# ^=_ H$+ _` JûH q"O [iyO^x qfiOKk. D" Hq`fiO
D<\H *^~}
HeyLOk.
D "+ = L^=O K` # _(14851533) H$+= `~ "OzOk. K`# _ H$+ x q+ =
J=`~O =`" H^x ^=_ J`#fl` ~=x K_. OH~# ^fi~ H$+ H x W, ^",
z=iH g^ _ K~O K_. W`~ H L^= ^ = =kiQ< K` # _ _ ,=`
~ ÒQ u X Hix ^~O Q PfixOK_. [ "H ` "# g~ ÒK~.
~=#O^_(14001470) ~=H x " K_. ~=x J`#fl` ^=_Q J`_ qOK_.
W`# _ , H@@# x~O K_. =#, ô`# ^ # =OuH PfixOK_. gi
MuQOz#"_ `^, (H..15621623). W`x H fiK" # =` _# Q~t+
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
44
O|O^ Hx~. J`x M`QOÔ '~=Ki`=# ^`, <uH, ^, =#=` =O\

J`#fl` q=# "K O k. " # e ` _# +` L#fl '~=Ki`=## `Q
[ Pî< L<fl~ .
D "+ = ^ = `= ùfiH`# O^=` K@O< Ja=$k K~. =` O~} HO
"~ @_~ . "i ``fi O =oHOQ =#=`fiO` _L#flk.
48.6 H L^= =M` :

H L^=O ^ #OQ O H, =` L^=O. Wk =`=_xfl O H ~Q`# =u~HOzOk.
Wk =Oz =H` fixfl PK< q^<xfl Hey LO_x <H K Ok. |` L#fl =^ Q =*xfl
H L^=O K` # izOk. P`qfixfl HeyOzOk. O H, =` q=# #~x~fizOzOk. Hc~,
<#H=O\ ^ = ==*xfl HOHO K~. gi P}K|_ =~ Pn" O k. Hc~, <#H
#`# =` U~@ @ PH H ~#\H "~ Kx~# `~fi` Hc~ OKQ <#H t+
=ÒQ U~@ K <fl~ .
D H L^= ^ = H$+ = =[O #`# i` <H<fl~. "i " =O
`~fiu ` ~f O H, =`, ~[H rqÒ _O k. JH~ KH=i L^~ " D
H L^=O $+Oz# "`=~}" H~}O. WOH 17= `|O =~~ q[$O} _ W^
H~}"O k. *#^=, <"^", `H~O ^# =~~ =*xfl |Ò KO k. "~ $+Oz#
Ò, =~s "~~# @ t"rH, =~~ ~} HeOK~. J^qÔQ Q~<#H
^# _ X H `~O #O_ WOHH `~xH " KO^~. nx e ÒQ ` H + 'Q~=d ` H
=Ò ` H =`QOÔ 'Q~QO^ $+O K|_~. =~* ~OlÒ Q <H`fiO
L`~ ~`^ O X H |b"# ~[H HQ ZkQ~.
H L^=H~, ^ = H~H ~f =[O =O KOk. ``fi "#
r=<xH O^ Lx+` ` eH Hey LOk. "# q=iOK_xH H= i<
^H<fl On ^< Z=Q "_~. Hq =eH==^ * On + Hq`fiO ~~.
"i Ò J<HK @ H$+, ~^, Q, [=#, QOQ ^* O JÒ` ^~}OQ HxOk.
H L^=O xH + Ja=$kH `xH Z#x =OkOzOk. D ^ = `= "
H@# xH +<OK<fl~. nxH L^~}Q ~^~ '~=Ki` =# HO|<
'~g(`q), [^=x w`QqOÔ(OQe) *#^=x *< fi i#(=~i) K =K.
D H ^ = @, ^, Ow` ~OQO #~r=<xH _ `__~. H~# =O\
=H (Q) @ #`# Ow`xfl $+O K~. D<\H _ ~# , =" g~~
[ #, `^ 'K~ Q#O K |_`<fl~.
45
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
fiK" # =` JOH` =O` H ` Q= O`_x lOKx H L^= ^ = <H K~.

x~~H " # * q^<` "M` lOK_O = eÒ ^x g~ kOK~. O^, =O
SH`HO Hc~, Q~<#H q+O Q H$+ K~. `^, K`# O^=Ò q" `H
=~ HO x|^# ` H$+ K~.
~O fl
1. '#<~ , 'Pfi~ Z=~?
2. ^=x x~}
, Q} ~ QiOz =iOKO_. D ~ O_ qfi ~ O_ L^~}e=fiO_.
3. Hc~, Q~<#H ^# x eH# QiOz ~O_.
4. "+ = =` H OÔQ L#fl W^~ ^= Z=~?
5. H L^=O ^fi~ =z# ~[H e `# q=iOKO_.
~OO :
O^, =O =`x L^~"^ " uHQ D H , L^=# K =K. D
^ = =x+H ^=_H =^ Q #`# =HQ ` O|O^# QiOz <H K~. 11, 12= `
D ` ` fi O ~`^ xH =zOk. qfi[h#=, =#+ =^ ^~ =O nx OÔ Q LOk.
Q q_~. g\ z, "k, ~ ~`Ô ^#OQ L<fl~.
"~<n< z, s ^, x*"n< Be# <\ H _ <fl~ .
=`# `HOQ qlOK^. "~ r=<xfl qfiOK~. Wk O^
" _ ^Q~ Q LO__O = D "i PK< q^#O ùfiH O|O^ U~@
K HQeQ~. JO^= J<H= Ok O^= # H ` HeK~.
WH H L^=O "^@ ^H}
~`^ O <<~, Pfi~Q Ja=$k KOkOk. O~
=~fiH H x Wk q=iOzOk. D H L^= ^= x~}, Q} qfiQ q_~.
g~ ~ ~ =, UH=`, =# QiOz <H K~. Hc~, <#H M` x~}
qfi . Q}
qfi ^=_H ~=_, H$+ _ =kiQ +" # ~=O^x q~. ~^, g~~,
K` # _, `^ nxH O|OkOz#"~.
=^ Q ~f =*xH D H , ^ = q"# =OkOK~. JH~ KH=i
`# L^~"^ # <^ D " #O_ L^q Oz#". =[O SH=`xfl OOkOK_xH
"~ H$+ K~. Q~<#H ^# ` =Ò L^q OzOk. D ~ O_ L^= = xH +
Ò Ja=$k KOkOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
46
fl :
1.
p#QO #O_ 12= `|O =~ WO =Ò =z# =~# =iOKO_.
2.
L=, ^ = =^ Q ^ # Ò_.
3.
``fi Ô` ~#O_. "\x UqÔ Q H L^=O` =K?
4.
H L^=O =# q=i ^x Ô`# Ò_.
5.
H L^=O, ` ` fi O xH ` Ja=$kH UqÔQ `__Ok?
6.
=^ Q ~`^ O O H, =` LkH` # `yOK_O H L^=, ``fi `#

~O_.
7.
HOk "x J~# q=iOKO_.

1)
2) ~
3) MfiOH
4) "^L"[^
5) =^~
6) x~}
, Q}
7) H~#
8) J=`~
H~H= :
1.
, H L^= ^ = Ow`, ` ~OQ K# H$+x QiOz K^=O_.
~O fl =^< :
48.Z
1.
hfl, + 2. Y~< kOz# =#`fi Ô`# L= \OK_O ^x

qfiOK~. L= O^ ^~ ## JOwHiOK^ .
3.
+i J#iOK +i +i# J#iOKx +i.
4.
z +H "~<n<
"k +H |n< Hi
5.
Hc~, Q~<#H
47
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
48.a.
1.
t= # #<~, q+ = # Pfi~ JO\~. Q=O`xH =x+H =^ = ~fiH

H HeyLO_x kOK~.
2.
x~}
JO> Q = O`H ` H ~O Hh ~Qh H =_O 'UHfi~# ^ # ÒQ
LO@Ok. Q } ^=_H X H ~O LO@Ok. Jk ~=_ ^ H$+ _ H=K. x~}
# Hc~,
Q~<#H qfiOK~. Q}# `^, g~~ #q \OK~.
3.
=` ~ ÒQ [O` =#"#< =## " K~. P_O|~` _# =`K~#

H q^<# g~ qk OK~.
4.
~=, H$+ _
5.
1. JH~ L^~ q^<
2.
=~~ q[$O}
3.
~Q^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
48
49
" KH=~ =`q^#O
49.1 iK O :
~`^ O " =*xfl H..1526 |~ OK_. QoHOQ, i<~O Q
q ~`=xQ " KH=i B~OQ* HO " =[O ~k^ Ok. D QO
" =[O ~OO #O_ B~OQ*| HO=~ "i =`q^#O QiOz Ò\O.
" KH=~ ~[H J=~ `Q =`q^<# J=OaOK~. *f " H `#
OOkOK qÔ Q ~[ ==~, =`q^< =~ fHz# "^\ " KH=i
JH~. D HO ~[O HH " L^~ q^< i_q~. " H O^< fHQ
" KH=i LO_"~. JH~ L^~ =`q^< [Ow~, [< =~ H#Q~. =" `~
_ # O, i# J`#fl` ^= x~fiOK~. J~` D HH ~[ =# B~OQ*|
HO #" Z^~ O k. D ~O " =`q^<xH H~}"# ~[H , PiH H~}
QiOz K^ =OÔ.
49.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` HOk q+ QOKQ e.
1.
|~, =< =` q^<.
2.
JH~ L^~ =` q^< ~OkOKH=_xH ^Ô K# i`
3.
JH~ =`q^#Ox ^ # H}
.
4.
JH~ =`q^# e `.
5.
JH~ =`q^<# [Ow~, [< J#iOz# qÔ .
49
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
6.
`# =O^ = HO_ B~OQ*| #`# =`q^<xfl J=OaOK_xH îf#

i` # QiOKQ e.
49.3 |~ =< =` q^#O :

|~ P`H^ ÀHW|s |~# =` " Q =HQ =i < =` KO^ _ =Ò
H^x q=iOk. |~ L^~"^ HH [ $^# QH=_xH L^~"^ =`q^<
J=OaOK_. `# H_ =< WK_. J~` |~ ~}OQ ^ =O
r^ H\ Oz#\H Jk ~[H H~}` [iyOk. `# #O ix, ^~#
OOkOKH=_xH |~ D x<^xfl qxyOK_. `# ~*xfl ~[H OQ ~ ~ K H=_O<
H=O` Q_ @
O = =< ` H =`q^<xfl ~OkOKH _.
49.4 JH~ =` q^#O :

15= `| z=i QO ^" O Q H#y# L^~"^ =`q^< QiOz Q` ~
K^ =<fl~ . "~ `= P< #O J`#fl` ^= =" `~ # xqOK~. D
HO< ^ = x*"n< *e, H L^= <~# Hc~, Q~<#H, K`# _
= " "H O H$+ K~. g@xflO\ =O` JH~ [xOK<\H( 1542) =[O ~= `
#O` _# "`=~}O <HOk.
JH~ ~} H@ J~# Jg~H@ [xOK#. è g^< L^~ " Q + .
O Q~= J| f, O~H _ ~ O M< L^~ " =O JH~ Lk. nx e ÒQ
L^~"Ô, ~= ` #O "~` fi OQ i~ =O` JH~ OOkOk.
JH~ Q =[ x~`< QH ^~^$ + He# "_. `# "~`fi OQ =z# z#fl O<xfl
^ =[OQ fikk# #@ JH~^. ~*xfl |Ò K _O = z~HO ~ O Q LO@O^x
qOK_. JO> ~*xfl |Ò K _xH H =O =O =^` =`" i^x Jxfl =~
[ =#, Ja=<xfl O^_O J=~= x JH~ qOK_. `# "# PK~} ~O î OK_xH
L^~"Ô, ~= ` #O JÒ`=H=x Q=xOz# JH~ L^~"^ =`q^<xfl \OK_.
=O , =" `~ `# ~[O =#~ HeOK_. ll#fl#, f~` #fl#
~^ K_. JO`HO_ ^ Mn # |=OÒQ WO KiOK_xfl _ ~^ K_.
=" `~ `= O` ^=# xiOK_xH J#=uOK_. ~*=<O Q |<~,
|$O^=< J^`" # ^"# xiOK~. J=$`~ #Q~xH <^ "# Q~~"^
<==` ^~ H JH~ 500 a qx Wz#@ Wk=~H K^ =<flO. =" `~O` `=
O_Q# #OQ x~fiOKH=_xH J#=uOK_. JO`HO_ `# H@ ~H |O^< , ^~ ,
n=o, e =O\ O_Q, L`" x~fi JH~ fiOQ WO^ <" _. L^~ "
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
50
@ `# qfixfl H\ O KH=_xH =" `~ ` =YOQ ~[`` `# fl O|O^#

\ +~<fl_. gi` ""H O|O^ U~~KH=_" HH `# P#O L#fl` ^=#
WK~.
JH~ ~[iH ÔÒ L^~ "^ ~= ` #O` _#flk. W`x ÔÒ @s
i <, ~f ~[iH Ô` q=O. ~A qÒQ LO_x PûH *<xfl Hey LO_x
JH~ qfiOK_. x["# ~[ ^=_H =^ Z=~ x|_~ x qOK~. JO^=< =`
~ ÒQ ^,^x H `_ O_ `# [# H#fla_= K<"_ x["# ~A Jx JH~ qOK_.
"^\ #O_ JH~ =Ò, ùfiH` PH Z=. ~OO JH~ KO^"^ =O.
Z= =O ~# # =O =` ^`# Q_"_. HH" } KO^" ^ =` " #O_
^~=~. Jr~x +H bO z ^~# OîOK_. L^~ " Q J<H= Ok è"# "ix
X HK@ K~~. JH~x D L^~ " H~H= K^ =O HO ` OK~.
qq^ =` ~xfl J~O K H"< `# HOH# O`$ ~H=_xH JH~ H..1575
PQ gOx `# #`# ~[^x ` ~ H W^`M <(~< =Ok~O)# xiOK~. WO^
u Q~"~O qq^ =` q+ K~ [iQq. "^\ H =O =O =`^ =`" WO^
<" ~. J~` fi q+ "i "~ HOKH=_O [iQk. =YOQ +H J| #cM<,
+H =YOL= JH~# K x~ìK~. JO^= W^`M < W`~ =` =Y#
_ K~ #_xH PfixOK~. =`xH O|OkOz# qq^ JO K~ Qq. g@xflO\
WO =`" HO_ Jxfl =`#, "# x[O LO^x JH~ Q OK_. Jxfl =`
`# ~[O iQ fiKx K_.
JO`HO_ ~[O `# <xfl \+ ~ H=_xH Mfir`, =` ==~ #_O Ke
LO@O^x JH~ `<fl_ . nxfl kOK_xH =[~<= H@
## O^_. D H@
##
J|[ Ò_ +H =~H , r ~OkOK~. nx KO^"^ =O # J|~#rM<, +H
=Y" L= O`HO K~. Y~<# "MxOK@C_ U =`^ =^ << q^ =z#C_
~[ =Q` ^$ , J`kH [ [< s` x~
O f< JkH~xfl JH~ D H@#
HeOzOk. nO` =` ==~ JH~ x~
" J`#fl`" # Ô k. W\=~ D # L=
HeyL<fl~x =# èO^.
=` ==~ JOu= JkH~O `< Ok#\H JH~ nO` O`$ KO^^ . =[O
Jxfl =~ =^ SH=`xfl kOKx H~<fl_ . W^`M < K~ = ZO\ [#O ^x
Q Oz# "O@< H..1582 JH~ nxfl J" _. S#\H ` O HO K# fl J<fi+}# =Ò
xe"
^ . O^, *# , i, H
< =` ^ # `# P<xH PfixOz =`xH O|OkOz#
JO "i` K~ [i"_. g~Oî` xfl` O|O^ H#yOK|_, K~ [~_ O ,
51
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
qq^ =` QO^ J^ #O = =` =^ , *` =^ q^ L#fl \H Jxfl =`# Hxfl

=Oz q+ #fl@ JH~ qOK~. qq^ =`x =Oz q+ # fl O|O^#, ~= `
<xfl " K x PtOK_. D PK< ^$HÔ `< Jxfl =` ~xfl H_Hi Oz #`#
PûH =~xfl J<fi+OK_. J^ `^WW. n#~O Q = O`_H_, nx H~O UHfi~##
\OK~. (k< ^ #=HO(~ ) J< Ô 80 O=`~ `~fi` qxyOK~.
x*xH `^WWH ` ` fixH xfl` O|OÔ LOk. nO\ K~_ xH JH~ J#=u
` xi. D `^WW =Ò K~^ #fl"~ `= t~ # JH~ KH=i ^ =O^
LOK=eO^. KH=i J K# "ix `# ^ KO`#O_ `\ '+ Jx ez ^x K~"_.
H` # _ WO^ K~Hx "ix LîOK"~. ~< = JJH~ Jx
LKi OK"~. n#~O ^=_ K Q"_. WO^x =Oz =~# Hey LO_x W`~ `
=~^ ~fiH O|O^ H#yOKx, ^x fi=O Hey LO_x, =O~xH ^~OQ LO_x
H~<fl~ . D `^WW Jyflx, ~x l~ . Wk =$^ eH# q"O
K H=_xfl =u~H O k. WO^ ^", =^ =kiQ ~# HO ` H ^ O LO_^.
nxH ` H =` QOÔ _ ^ . WO^ Ki#"iH ~~f W=fi_O Qh ^ "ix K~= x
|=OÒ K _O Qh JH~ K ^ . nx ZO\ Hi# =`K~, x|O^# #\H *^~} #
O^H ~Ok. JH~ =~}O `~fi` JO`~#"O k. P HO 18=Ok =Y` ^^
18" =Ok nxfl J#iOK~.
=Hb# Ki`H~_ ^x `^WWx q=i JH~# 'H~ Q OkOK_.
WO^ JH~ ^ #OQ H J=Q# ^x q=iOK_. x*xH JH~ ^~^$ +Q ~[H "`,
=[ x~` Qh =` ^ H^. P H J=~# J~O K #fl <_ JH~. =" `~
=^` O_ ~`Ô |"# =*xH <^ "=x JH~ QOK_. J`x
`^WW ^ # L^ O Jxfl =~ [# SHO K _O. `^fi~ [ =`~ " # HH
OkOK_O . =[O Ou, `$`fi# <H_" JH~ =`q^# H OQ K =K.
`^WW ^fi~ JH~ qfiOux HOHO K_. O $Ò, J~aH, i < + L#fl
J^`" # `xfl xH +H JH~ J#"Ô K~OK_. JH~ `# =[O O $uH
" H `# ` HH " xOQ fik^_ .
~O fl 49.Z
1.
JH~ [xOK <\H ~`^ O L#fl =ì ` # q=iOKO_.
2.
JH~ L^~"Ô, ~= ` # " OO^_xH H~ Z=~?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
52
3.
L^~"Ô ~= ` #O KOK_xH JH~ K\ # K~ UO\?
4.
JH~ `# =[O L^~"^xfl ~= ` # "# ZO^ Ja=$k K #<fl_ ?
5.
KO^" ^ =O , L= ZO^ JO`$H #~?
6.
`^WW ^ # H}
# ~#O_.
49.5 [Ow~, [< =` q^< :

[Ow~ JH~ =`q^<xfl J#iOK_. W`# _ ~[`` ""H O|O^
<H_. ll#fl, f~
` #fl# #~î OK^ . =" `~ =` q+ *HO
K H^ . ~*O`~ JH~ " \# L`"#, O_Q [~H=_xfl [Ow~ _
H#yOK_. fi `_#fl \H K=~ [Ow~ _ L^~"^xfl, ~= ` <xfl î OK_.
WH [< KO^" ^ <`# =O . J`# W`~ =` ` "" H O|O^ <HH^ .
JH~, [Ow~ HO <\H ~[`` O|O^ ~ _ @
O nxH H~}=x i^ q< fl~ .
U"# \H [< D q+ O HO` HxH =~ HxOk. nxH H~}O | L^~ "
Q H_ ^~ =O H=K. [< _ ll, f~
` #fl# #~î OK^ . W`x
<HO _ =" `~ #, # O J`#fl` ^= xK~.
49.6 B~OQ* =` q^#O :

#` =Oz# " z=i"_ B~OQ* . W`x HO QoHOQ =[O JÒ`
q"O kQ U~_Ok. J`x HO< " =*xH c@ "~_O ~O" O k. JO^=<
_Q B~OQ* q[ Ki`H~ a<fla <fl~. D QO q"^ ^" # B~OQ*
=`q^<# QiOz K^ =OÔ.
B~OQ* =HQ ` rqÒ x~_O|~" O k. ^# \OK"_. W`# Hi# = K KO^" k.
^= H Q hfl =O . ^ =Q JOî` =|_"_. U"# \H JH~ ~=` # q^<
a#flOQ W`x q^<<fl~x HO`=Ok Ki`H~ q< fl~ . O^= qfiO H=_O`<
=*xH `# ^ ~O"Ok. J~` B~OQ* J<OQ q=iOK|__x HO`=Ok
Ki`H~ q< fl~ . JH~, [Ow~ L^~ q^< = O^= ^# =O`Q, |_Q
"iQ ` ~ ~. KH=ix kH iOK ~ L<fl~ . JO^=< =O =^` ` x ~ # i`
B~OQ* D =`q^<# J=OaOH ` ^x "~ qOK~. J~` B~OQ* =`q^#O #
P<\ O H, PiH, ~[H i` =O _ LO^x K=Ok Ki`H~ "Mx<fl~ .
B~OQ* "~` fi ~ q* _< _x g `. x*xH ^~+H# KH=iQ xqOKx
[<O_k. L^~" Q ^~ O^= =^` LO_k. D ~ q[O kOz#
53
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
`~fi` =[O @ kOK_xH, ~[H H# <~" ~ H=_xH =`xfl L yOKH"x

B~OQ* qOK_. H.1659 ^~ ÔK B~OQ* \a+HO K<fl_. [<
rqOK L#flO^= B~OQ* ~# 'Y`(Khutba) K^= _xH ^ # Mr x~HiOK_. JC_
J|" J< Q[~` KOk# =~H Mr 'Y` Kk"_. KH=i [< =[ ^ `
x~fiOK i` _x JO^= nxfl '+i X CO@O^x P# =iOK<fl_ .
B~OQ* =` q^# "^\ <uH, =` ~OQ f#fl x~# Q=xOK=K.
O#O Jk+O z# "O@< <} 'H# xe" _. ^xH H~}O ~@# Z=~< <}#
`H JqÒ K~ "##H=_O. J^qÔ Q W~< # e^ W+" # *~+
< O^
'<~* L`"# xe" _. nO`@ JH~ HO HOk ~ L^Q# '= (mahtasibs)
Z= r`` '=#(mansabs)Q ^#flu HeOK_. g~ '+i H~O [ r=#O yOK
K~ . Z=~< JuHq WO ^Q iQ}O K@@ g~ K~ fO\~.
KH=i =~O_ #O_ [# OîOK OÔ ' ~H^~ <# _ B~OQ* xe" _.
WOH =#+ , [O`= u=# qxyOK_xfl x+kOK_. WO =u~H=x qOz '\H(Tika)
O^xfl _ x+kOK_. OKOQO ` ~ K *u+ # x+kOK_. J^qÔQ KH=ix
|OQ~, "O_ <}` `HO " `~ O^xfl _ xe" _. nO`@ \# ~A
L`"# _ B~OQ* x+kOK_. tk"# =^ # =~=` K~Oz JO^ `y#O` =Ok
L^Q# xqOK_. D K~ = B~OQ* <`# =O P^~}
# K~Q<fl_ .
*~(1667), *\(1669), Y\H, Jk (1672) `flg(1672) u~Q@ =
B~OQ* PiH, ~[H ~OQ Hxfl Hi# "# K~ K\~. =$^Y~, `yOKH=_O HO
P#O x~_O|~`# ">#. OÔQ K#fl Hxfl L`"# ~^ K_. Q#O
x+kOK|_Ok. OwÒ, ~O_x xe"_. (J~#\H B~OQ* HO< O^
~f OwÒ J`kH OY i < H ~|_~) JO`HO_ JkHiHOQ xK# fl
Ki` ~K< Y# _ =" _.
B~OQ* =O =^` O^_xH "~O _ ÒK_. H..1667 "iH
H" OH# ~^ K_. J~` uiy W`~ Ke # fl H" OHO =O 50% KeO Kx
P^tOK_. H..1671 O^ ~, H~i, k"< #O =O # xqOK_xH B~OQ*
P^tOK_. J~` `y#O` =Ok =~ # "~ ^~H# O^# WO^ 50Ò L^Q# =`"
=O H \~OKx x~~ OK_.
PiHO Q, ~[H OQ |Ò H=_O HO B~OQ* `~K Q =`xfl L yOK#fl@
K~ ^fi~ Òk. [ PK# qÒ K Q =`^ `#" LO_x H~<fl_ .
JO^H" =Hx =`^ |OQ~ H iOK_. | `# Ò_x * |OkOz#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
54
q+O, ^~# KOOz# q+O [ =~z"x H~Hx LO\_. nx Ki`H~_

*^<^ ~~ B~OQ* <`# =O #, JkH~# H_ g~_Q =^_ x HOHO K_x
Ja__ . J~` D i` #O_ |\H ~H X H^x `~fi` =~H\ W^ q^" # K~
K@
= =zOk.
x*xH B~OQ* K\ # D <u H K~ ` HOQ U =~xH h HeOK^ . J~` nx
`~fi` q=H i`" # Hxfl K~ # K\ _ . Jq ^"# _O, ll#fl# #~î OK_O
=O\ "\= B~OQ* # Ki`H~ f=OQ q=iOK~.
"^\ B~OQ* J#iOz# #`Q i` # #~î OKx B~OQ* ~ <
*sK_. JO^ +i H~O ~`# ^"# e" _^x J~` #`# ^"#
=Ò xiOK _^x (1665) ~<fl_ . J~` B~OQ* # "^\ ^ ^" e"`
Z=Q [iy#\H `~fi` HO q^< =~ =zOk. B~OQ* W|Ok HeyOz# *\,
`flg u~Q@ QiOz =#qk=~H K^ =<flO. D u~Q@ " ^" H OÔQ
xK " K<flx B~OQ* qOK_. H..1669 ^"#, ~# <#O
K =x P^ *s K_. DqÔ Q e"# ^" |<~ x qfi<^ ^"O,
=^ H =~~ ^"O MuQOz#q. J^qÔ Q H..167980 =~fi~ ~A "
=^ O|O^ ^|u#flC _ *^ ~ J<H ~`# ^" " e"~. ^"
e"` ^fi~ " =u~HOQ ~[Ô K"~x f=OQ tH_< O^qz#@ HxOk.
nx `~fi` JO` ~ [ =<"# Q~ qÔ Q B~OQ*| f#fl x~
O
ll#fl #~^~ }
. [O` `# =#"#x qOz nxfl JH~ ~^ K# q+ O èO^.
P<_ JH~ x~
xfl <`# =O =u~HOK~. B~OQ* D #fl# #~î OK_xH ~[H
i` _ H~}O. X H" =~~, ~[` " =*xH |"# `=Q
` ~ ~. =~" H..1675 Q~ `*|^~# KOOz#O^ = _ "
^~=~. *\, `flg iQ Oy^ . W@=O\ i` =*xfl H_H=_xH
=O |"# <kx "H=_xH B~OQ* ll#fl# ~[H, ùfiH PÔQ
q#yOK<fl_.
O^=# |=OÒQ WO=Ò K~ _xH f#fl x~
OQ< ^ ~[ PiH iu x
"~Q~ _xH f#fl K~ Q< ll#fl# K_= . D #fl =# PiHOQ =K O K
fiO. Q WO^#O_ , qHOQ q#~OxK_. D #fl= =`=i_
[iy# ^Y _ HxOK^ . WOH ll#fl ^fi~ xOe#O` MmQ _ B~OQ* Y*<
Ug^ . Wk H =O JH~ HO #O_ D #fl# #~î OK=x H~`#fl KO^ =O ^
=^` O^_xH L Q_ O k. D ll#fl ^fi~ aOz# P^xfl ^= H Q L`= =O ,
55
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
L= KeO K"~. JO^= ll#fl HO`=OkH LkQ L Q_ @

O "~ B~OQ*
H$`[` Q LO_"~. J^ =O nx= J<H= Ok [ q~^xfl _ B~OQ*| Hx`K <fl_ .
" =[O =`~OQ pe~Ok. ~~ JqfiO JO`$ "# ~Ok. nO`
ll#fl #~^~ }
O H<fl #<fl Z= `z\O k.
B~OQ*| `# =*xH WqH =H` fixfl PkOz#\H ^xfl =Ò@ =_ qfiOQ
K _O ~ O kH^. ^ OY |=O` =`=i_ [iy#@ H Ug =. < ==
O^= J`#fl` ^= < H#Q~. x*xH [< HO <\H<fl B~OQ*| HO<
=~~` He O^= Z==Ok J`#fl` ^= =<fl~ . JO^= P HO<\ O H,
PiH i` # ^$+ LOKH< B~OQ*| =`q^<xfl J~O K H=e LO@Ok.
~ fl 49.a
1.
HOk "\H X H L^~}e=
1.
WO =u~H=x qOz x+kOz# OÔ Uk?
2.
[ J`#fl` <u H rq`xfl Q_ _ xH f#fl K~ q?
3.
~*#O ^ HO f#fl K~ q?
4.
[ =_# =H# `yO K_xH f#fl K~ \ q .
2.
=O Ja=#O O^_xH B~OQ* f#fl PiH K~ # ~O_.
3.
B~OQ* ^" e"` Q ~[H H~}O Uq\?
4.
B~OQ* f#fl U ~ O_ K~ O^= @ q=H i`"#qQ K =K.
~OO :
= "#, #O, H x kOz# H L^= ^=, ^ = =O` 15=
`|O z=i QO L^~", ~=` #O =[O <H<fl~. D i` JH~
[xOK_. [OQ< J`x _ D " =O _Ok. =*xfl \ +~H=_xH
J`kH OM L#fl =" `~ qO O^_O _ J=~= x JH~ Q OK_. g\x O^_xH
JH~ ll#fl, f~
` #fl# ~^ K _. J^qÔ Q O^=# |=OÒQ WO =Ò
KiOK_xfl _ ~^K_. nO`@ O^ O_Q# [~H=_O, ""H O|O^
<HH=_O, P#O J`#fl` ^= # =" `~ W=fi_xfl ~OaOK_. Mr, =
`# <xfl |Ò K H=_xH =[~<= H@
## L yOK_. Jxfl =` L#fl =Oz
q+ # H_Hi Oz `^WWx OK_. =[O HH" Ô, O $uH "H `#
ÒK_O , Ou, <# OO^ qÔ Q JH~ `# =`q^<xfl ~OkOK<fl_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
56
J~` B~OQ* HO<\H D iu =i~Ok. QoHOQ =[O K q"

J`#fl` ~H K~ Ok. B~OQ* J<H <u H, =`~ " # x~ f<fl~. "\ =MOQ
~H^~ <# @ _\xfl xe"
_O =O\q L<fl~. ^" e"`, ll#fl qkOK_O
=O\ q=Hi` K~ _ =iHxfl L<fl~. g\= O^= JO`$ K~ yOk. "`xH
B~OQ* ~*xH ^q HOQ L#fl WqH =H` fixfl #~î OK_.
JO :
1.
JH~ L^~ ", ~= ` #O " U~_\xH H~}O\?
2.
`^WW H#, Ô`# ~#O_.
3.
JH~ ~= ` # q^<xfl B~OQ* ZO^ =~_? ^x =O " =[O

UqÔ Q LOk?
~ fl =^<
49.Z
1.
L^~, =` #O Hey LOk.
2.
è g^<, O~H _ ~ OM<, Q~= J| f
3.
1) ll, f~
` #fl ~^ K #.
2) ^M n # |=OÒQ WOH =~=x X u_ K _O
3) ~[`` "" H O|O^ <HH=_O
4) =" `~ L#fl`" # ^ `` ^= W=fi_O
5) ~*#O O^ O_Q# [~H=_O
4.
~*xfl |Ò K _O HO
5.
L= JkH~# `yO K_O
6.
=O~xfl, \# ~A O_Q# [~H=_xfl x+kOK_O . |^Q ^#^~ K _O
57
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
49.a.
1
1) ~H^~ < '\H L yOKO_.
2) ' =~ # xqOK_O
3)
Ki` ~K< Y# ="

_O, O^ L`"# xe"
_O
4.
OKOQO ` sx P"
_O
2.
1) H" OH# `yO K_O
2.
=O ~, H~s k"<# xqOK_O
3.
*\, =~~ u~Q@
4.
1) ^" e"`
2)
ll#fl# #~î OK_O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
58
50
=^ Q ~`^ O $uHa=$k
50.1 iK O
=^ Q ~`^ Ki` JO` qq^ O $` q=O. @~ O^ ~`^
O $u He=_O "O@< ~O" O k. =^ , t= #O_ =z# @~ rqOK_xH
^=`~^# ^ J=~= ~. nxHO JO` =O^ L#fl ^"#, W`~ H@_ #
=^Q, Q$Q =~<fl~. `~fi` HO [iy# #`# x~}# O^ fi^j
x"~ K~. JO^= #` HO [iy# x~} ~f, @s He~ Hx~.
#` HO ~O" # D O^ "Q HO _ H#Q~. @~W~x<
O $ux #`# JO ~f e He~. JH~ x~} O^. *#, ^
^", q~ Hx~. [Ow~ HOx z` =`~ " # "\`@ HH" # q
_ Hx~. =^ QO i <, J~aH, L~, O $` +`@ Of + _
` $+ [iyOk. L~ =O\ H` + Pq~=O Hh, ~, ~Oy =O\ Ow` iH~#
L yOK_O Hh P HO [iy# O $` "qO x^~ #OQ L<fl~. @~ "Q~
~`^ xfl `= =`$ qQ K H=_O`@ ~f O $ux O#flO K _xH U qÔ Q
H$+ K~ g~ D ~O <~ O\~.
50.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` HOk q+ Q OKQ Qe.
1. #` QO WO_WqH e [iy# " H Ja=$k.
2. x =O #, db, `QH , _ HO [iy# x~}, " e .
3. JH~ x~} ^fi~ `# fl J`x HH`` fiO.
4.
JH~, [Ow~, [<, B~OQ^ x~}x " e JO.
59
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
5.
6.
7.
JH~, [OD~ HO [iy# "Q z`H a=$k.

i <, O $Ò, L~ + [iy# ` $+.
=^ QO Of + Ja=$kHQ H~}.
50.3 #` QO "
@~ " \# #`# " QiOz g~ WC_ K^ =O\~. Qe #` HO
[iy# " Ja=$kx =_ ^ Q ql OK=K. "^\ k db =O JOÒ =~ HQ ~ O_= ^
`QH =~ . =_=k _ =~ LO@Ok. WO_WqH " e [iy# Ja=$k D QO
^#OQ HxOk. @~ f=z# #`# " e ~f "` He~Ok. @~
x~} Z =Q HxOK Q=\, `~} JOH~ ~ÒQ LO_ ~f HC#
PHqOK~. @~ Q=\ _# PH~ }
"# ^ =< J<HO xiOK~. P = <
QO Q=\ xiOK"~. HC# P^~OQ ^ OY O J=~O O_< D
`~}#, Q=\# xiOK"~. ~# HO L yOK ^ # xiOK~. "\ K
<}"# #flO q=xfl L yOK"~.
@~ ~H` `~}, Q=\` @ <}"# <flxfl x~} L yOK_O
JkH"Ok.
@~ ~H ~fiO D `~}, Q=\ x~}O QiOz ~f è^#_O ~ O k
H^. Q D x~}
û x _ J=OaOK^ . J~` ~f " ^ #OQ
x=Q, J_O Q L#fl ^ (c") ^ # H` Hx~. D û X u_ ^ #OQ
x=Q L#fl O LO@Ok. ~f #flO q=xfl K ` =Q L yOK~. @s
x~} `~}O, Q=\ û `@ O^ fi^j û x _ J#iOK~.
WOH @~ #`# JOH~} e x f=K~. =#+ , [O`= = WO q~^= x
qOz L yOK^ . = # x~}# OH~}
`, H ` PH$u`, Y~< ^ zfH~}
`
JOÔQ fik^" ~. W L#fl JOH~} e x 'J~ J< "~. nO`@ @~ O^=Òx
qq^ Q^ =O#, ~~ Y# "i x~} qiqQ L yOK"~. QO@, fiH , H=O,
~ OO =O\=hfl _ _b `# x~} Hx~. WOH @~ "i = <#, x~}#
~OQ` JOHiOK"~. g\ Z~ WH~~x JkHO Q qxyOK"~. Hxfl ` H ^ #
O^~O Q JOHiOK_xH K WH~~x ~ux L yOK"~.
x =O KH=~ "~ O QO kOz# q[ fH '`g<~. @~ xH
q[# Wk uaOaO k. D q<~ x~}xfl `|n< S|~ ~OaOKQ W@<q+ i
K~. nxfl Q ~= `|n< H
~HH 3 JOH`q K~. W`xx _b [ QQ Q~qOK"~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
60
D x~}O i ^ Q " \ x
~ ` ^ O Qx W q H H
`q<~
qi Oz# O`Qh K_= .
D `q<~ <Q JO` `
_b
q_q_Q L#fl =~O_ LO@Ok.
nx x~}O K < }OQ
HH~ = HxOk. WH~~x
~ux = Q, K~ Q
qxyOz JOÔQ JOHiOK~.
nx Y~< #O_ Q Oz# =Oz
^# t<Q JOÔQ
zfHiOK~. Wk QO_OQ JÒ`
Z`Q LO_, WOH Z` ~Q`#fl
OuH #K LO@Ok. WO^
L#fl ^# PH~} nx ~`Q
K=K.
_b #` QO [iy#
" Q x^ ~ #OQ
W@\q+ =k HxOk. HO^
JO` K^~ O Q <" LO_
QO Q=@=#fl =^
H@_ Wk "^\ L^~}Q
xO k. " G Ja=$k <
=k x~}xfl _ X H " ~~Q K =K. nxH H~}O "@" ^\ iQ x["# `~} ^fi~
x~}O WO^ HxOk.
_b =O KH=~ _ JO^" # = # x~}# ~OaOK~. WO^ H.. 1305
J Ln< db ~OaOz# 'P^ ~ fi* WqH " Ja=$k X H ^= @O. Wk ` =^
^H}
^fi~O. D P^ ~ fi* Q=@O
û xiOz# "^\ H@_ O . D ^~fi* K `~}
^fi~<fl~. X H `~} ^fi~O Q~ _H =ki zÒ HxOk. W@=O\ e db `~fi`
HxOK^ . nO`@ _b x 'i =^ JLn< `# ~[^xx xiOK_. ^~^$ += ` D<_ nx
P#" Ug xez=.
nx `~fi` H.. 1320 1415 =^HO ieOz# `QH =O KH=~ HO
61
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
n< `QH =k
_b
WO_WqH " e X H fiÒ` e Q ~ _ O k. J~` `QH " e Hxfl #`# JO#

HeyLOk. `QH x~} ^~}OQ "~@Q Hx~. Jq U@" Q_` |"# x~}Q
L<fl~. ~fiO HO> D `QH Q=_# WOH Z`` qOQ |OQ ` ^~ ÔQ xiOK~.
J~` ~ * `QH x~} =Ò ZO\ `= ^_ *_ HxOK=.
`QH HO <\ " L#fl =~ JOO H=## J_ ^# cO# He = <#
xiOK û . nxfl ~ * `QH x~}~# *M =O\ "\ Q=xOK=K. `~fi` `QH
"i x~} Ys^# Z~ WH~~H |^Q èHQ aOK |_^~ O Q ~~x qxyOK~.
g~ JOH~}
Z= ^#` WK"~ H^. |_^~ O Q ~~ JOH~}
^ O H^ _.
`QH = # x~} O^ =` Q^ HxOK =O# JOH~}
qxyOK"~.
H=O, ~ OO =O\q JkHO Q HxOKq J~` `QH " e P_O|~ ^~OQ ^~}OQ<
LO_k.
n< `QH '`QH ^~` _b =_= #Q~xfl "i "e H J#Q}OQ xiOK~.
WO^ "^\ iQ #Q~xfl H@#, ~A =Ok~xfl H` q"# = # =^# xiOK~.
`~fi` n< `QH =k _ " #`# e H uaO|OQ LOk. Wk JÒ` Z`Q =Ok
=~O_# Hey=Ok. nx JOH~}
` ~ux Z~ WH~~x L yOK~. nx Q=@O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
62
HO ^~ _ =k
_b
x~}O _ WO_WqH " e H}

"# '\~~ =kiQ LO@Ok. O^ ^"
LO_ 'H, P=`, P Q=\# JOHiOz#@ Hxk. `~} c= =^` ` K #`#
x~} e x D n< `QH =k `Òk. nxfl ^ g~ =kQ =iOK~. n<
`~fi` JkH~OH =z# ==^ c< `QH '[<< ~` _b <= #Q~xfl xiOK~.
`QH =OO ~ * `QH # Q = # x~`Q K =K. H.. 1354 '~*^
~` _b S^=#Q~xfl D# xiOK~. WO^ '+ ~ * ~` L#fl ~==Ok~O, ~ *
H@ ^~O L<fl~. *M x~}O`@ n< ==^ `QH =^ # _ =~=`
K~OK_. nO`@ `g<~ _ =~ ~ O_ JO` # [`~_. =Hb# Ki`H
P^~O H~O D #Q~O 8 [==^ , 120 ` L#fl@ Òk. WOH ` g~\
L#fl =~ KH=i Jx O # _b H f=K_. g\x D<\H =#O K_=K.
H` ~H"# =k x~}xfl ~* `QH ^# =Ou M<S[~ uOQ} =k
x~}O K_=K. JO` =O^ =^ <" =#OQ LO_q. J~` D uOQ} =k
=Ò J+ l PH~O LOk. Q gk ~fiO LO_ K~ _ LO_k. nxx `~fi` HO
_ H#yOK~. `~fi` WO_WqH H O^# _ Ja=$k iK~. `~} ^fi~O,
J_ Ô cO ^`# "i x~} LyOK~. =~O_, K~` _# ~[h,
Q[~` # "~ qxyOK~. WOH W`~ = # x~} =YOQ =^ |@ JOÔQ
63
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
HxOK qÔ Q q"# =~O_# xiOK_O _ ` H`. Hxfl O^~ O D =^ K@

JO^" # L^# =<# xiOK"~. _b L#fl _ L^#=< nxH L^~}Q L<fl~.
_b x _ L^#=#O L#fl HO ^~ _ =k x~}O [iy# =~ Q=xOK^y Ok.
"^@ Q=\# ~u x` =OÔQ xiOK"~. Hh HO ^~ _ =k x~}O ~ O_ Q=\
" e x J#iOK~. D û X H Q=@O Z`Q L#fl ^x K@ JOÔQ HxOK qÔ Q
=~H x~}O LO@Ok. nx ^fi~ Q=@O ^Q JOÔQ HxOk. `~fi` HO "Q QO
xiOz# J<H Q=\# D û < xiOK~.
W^ QO +~ i D ~OQO K# =# KiOK_O =O[OQ LO@Ok. W`#
Q = # x~`. +~ rqOz L#flC _ ~ O `# =kx xiOK_. Wk J^`" # x~}OQ
Ki` xez~Ok. D ~ O =k _ J+ [ e L#fl\H ^xHO> J<H~ @ ^k .
nx H$u="# h\ H#`@ =k =Ok~O L<fl~. _b H ^Q~ L#fl =< #k gO
+~ P~= #Q~xfl xiOK_. WO^ ` H@, =^ L<fl~. +~ " e JO` =O^#fl
#` " eH H#yOQ +~ `~fi` "Q " eH J#O^#OQ J^ÒQ
LQ_Ok.
~O fl 50 Z:
1.
Z)
~ # =^<# QiOKO_.
L yOK~
@~ = # x~}
(K^ <# HC , Q=@O)
qxyOK"~.
a)
@~ = # x~} JOH~}

(=#= z`, [O`= z`, HQ, Ku"` H)
= # x~} L<fl~
)
~ O Q` _Q @#@=O\q
(`QH , db, _)
_)
'i xiOz# "~
(W@\q+, JLn< db, ~ * `QH ) .
=k K=.
W)
~ O_ Q=\ x~}O# "^@
(<,
n< `QH , HO ^~ _)
Z) ~ Ox +~ i =k Z=i " e H H#yOQ LOk.
(`QH , _, è "Q)
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
64
50.4 "Q " e .

_b #` HOx " QiOz W\ =~ =#O K^ =<flO. @~i<,
~f O^ " " #O _b <` HO ~O" "Q HO LK u H
KiOk. J^= O " e >Hfl H "Q QO [iy# =} = "Q " e _b
#` H<fl P^ xHOQ Hx O k.
JH~ HO <\H "Q " e X H ~ ~xfl OìOKOk. = # x~}# ^
~ ~OaOz# "@" ^\ "Q KH=i JH~. Ki` Y J| [ #_q#@ 'JH~
=~< =k, _b
KH=i Q H@_ # =#< }oH K Hx ^xx "_=e# ~~, =\# x~~~< fl~ .
JH~ " e ^fi~ J`x L^~ fi=O, HH ``fi O, q ~` =[ ~H # "
Hx~. W`x x~} e U X H =`xfl uaOaOK qÔ Q LO_^. JO`HO_ " ` H" #
Of # ÒK qÔ Q LO_^ . JH~ HO OQ, Q[~``@ `# =[Ox
W`~ O` HH~ x HeOK"~. W`x x~} ^#OQ Z~ WH~~ J`kHOQ
qxyOK~. nO`@ ` ~ux JOÔQ KH OK_O , HC #, eQ# JO^" #
= zfH~}
^fi~ JOHiOK_O HxOk.
H.. 1565 _b xiOz# =~< =k è "Q " e H x^~ #OQ LOk. D
=< =k JO`=O^#fl x~}x `H`# xO@< ~O_ #`# "
uaO|OQ LOk. "^\ k D =k i < PH~O L#fl ^ Q=@O Hey=Ok. D
Q=@O <H~Ox x~}OQ LO_ ~ O_ Q=\Q LO@Ok. H HxOK QO ` ~u
LO@Ok. ~ O_=k D = #=O` ^ _ O =^ QO LO@Ok. #" fikk#@ LO_
65
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
K~Q L^#=< LO_q. W^ x~}e x " JO# JO` =O^ _ =^ x~}O

Q=xOK=K.
JH~ J<H H@# xiOK_. WO^ MuQOzOk H.. 1556 xiOz# PQ H@.
WO^ Z~ WH~~x qiqQ qxyOK~. WO^ ^ Q_, 70 J_Q Z` |~A,
^ ^fi~, q"# J+[ O L<fl~. D "Q H@ xP~} ~[` ^~O
x~} =O LOk. nxH L^~}Q PQH@x [Ow~ =, rqOz L#fl z`#
x~} L yOK_xfl Y~< PH O z#\H ~}Q^ =OOQ L#fl z`# g~ qiqQ
qxyOK_O Q=<~O. nx= JH~ HO [iy# x~} HH` ` fixfl ^ #OQ Q=xOK=K.
H.. 1572 PQ gO ` ~ H J< #`# ~[^xx JH~ xiOK_. Wk JH~
i# ~[H J#=Q LOk. ~` =*xfl H =O YQoHOQ qi OK_" HO_
i#~" # , ~[H "# JO# KiOK_xH J#OQ Wk xiOK|_Ok. ~[H K~ ,
x", JkH~, =`~ " # K~ q_q_ = < ` ~ H L<fl~. W=hfl _ X H
= # =ÔQ L<fl~.
=i <, c~ x"" # *^ ~ =Ok~O ` ~ H x~} MuQOzOk.
JOÔQ KH |_# JOH~}
` t= ~`^ O (Q[~`)x ^" " eH` D *^ ~
=Ok~O LOk. i < e L#fl z` =i =Ok~ eQO JOHiOz LO@Ok. Wq
"Q z` H ^q H ^# ``~. WH S^ JO` ` ~q _H x~} e OK=
xiOK|_Ok. Wk | ^ q~ i` xiOK|_ LO@Ok. HC =^` Q ^"
LO_ Jxfl~H O # WO^ qxyOK~. WH c~ = _ H OQ L#fl KH _,
K* JO^" # i^ "# O^ H\ LO@Ok.
` ~ H HC , Q_ he~OQ > # JOHiOK_O i <, =^ P =O
HxOk.
` ~ H H HO, i< J=~ HO xiOz# k"h M J^`" # x~}O.
WO^x W^^M < JH~ qq^ =` ^ ` ``fi "` `, i^ ` =`~ " # , PûH
~" # K~ [i"_. H q"# X H Qk LO_k. =^ QO< X H ^ O= O_
qQ` ^ J\ J=~ f~ qÔ Q x~} e LOk. WO^< KH=i ~=_xH J#=Q
P O xH X H Q^ _ xiOK~.
D ` ~ H`@ =_ x~} JH~ # HeO K~. Jq |O^ ^~fi*, *=
=^ , bO z JH~ Q[~` q[ zflOQ |O^ ^~fi* =k xiOK~. Wk i= OOQ
Hx î OK kQ LO_, QO Q=@O e LO_k. nxfl W~< #O_ f=z#\H `~fi`
HO "Q " Q" O k. WH *= =^ ~`^ O x ^ =^ X H\ . nxfl =_
" L#fl ^~ =^ ^ ^fi~O O#^ û xiOK~. WH bO z ~u
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
66
c~ , ` ~ H
|O^ ^~fi*, ` ~ H
W`^^^ =k, PQ
67
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
HO ^x JH~ =k
=k iH~ _ `~ He L#fl Q x~}O. JH~ `~fi` [Ow~ HO = # x~}

~OQO HO` | ` K@ K Ok. [Ow~ z`H Z= == K"_. J~` [Ow~
HO _ #~ < `# Ò_ HO PQ ^Q~ xiOz# W`^^^ =k "Q " e
X H " ~~ =O\k. ~@^~ JOH~}
` i ` ~u` "Q "^\ x~}OQ Wk
~OkOk. JO^" # z``, ~u` ~|_# q"# ~` D e LO_q. WOH
HO ^x JH~ =kx [Ow~ i K_. WO^ ^ "kH LO_k. =k =Ok~O S^
JO` Hey LO_ H " # fl Hk " O `==` LOk. J~` nx# =^ ZO\ Q=@O
^ . Wk | ^ q~ i` xiOK|_ LO@Ok.
WH "Q " [< HO <\H `H ~H KiOk. "Q KH=~ Oî Q =#
x~` [<. =# x~} LyOz# ==, OHuH` <}, e [<
` H =^ HxOk. Z~ WH~~ #O ~~ KiOk. \^~ ^fi~ JOH~}
LO_k
~OQ W@H# J~^Q qxyOK"~. JH~ ^ ~ x~} #O JO^" # JOH~}
`
q"# = <# [< xiOK_. n~K ` ~H~ x~} X O w`` _# "\Q L<fl~.
Q=\ K@ WOHH JO^" # x~}O =K qÔ Q L#fl i < e x~}, ~ O_ Q=\
x~} JkH= ~.
H@ x~} _ [< HO LK u H KiOk. W`# _b M` Z~H@ xiOK_.
P H@ k"h M, k"x P", ~OQ = L<fl~. k"hM q"# "O_ HC ` LO_
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
68
|OQ~O, q"# ~, ~u He# JOH~}

J^Ò Q LO_k. WH [< HO =^
x~} _ MuQOz#q. WO^ _b x [= =^ , PQx "u =^ =Y"# q.
"u=^ i ~u` xiOK|_Ok. WH [==^ JO^=O` ^x x~_O|~`, fiK` <
LOk. nxfl Z~H@ gO Z~ WH~~` xiOK~. qq^ Q=\, #flx Z`~ # Q~,
i < e L#fl ^fi~ =~O_ JOÔQ LO@Ok.
[< x~} J`^`" # ^xQ `*=# ~#=K. =< #k gO
L#fl nxx [< `# "# ~ =O`* ~` xiOK~. "Q Ja=$k iz# Jxfl "
D x~}O L<fl~. ^ ~u Q=@O nx ^ # PH~ }. WOH Wk i < e L#fl
~O_ Q=\ Hey=Ok. <" #flx Z`~# Q~<fl~. J` Wg#fl _ ^#
Q=\xfl H` L#fl \ O L<fl~. xfl`" # ~u `~ `, JO^" # Ku~`` L#fl
Y~< O "`xH iq`" # JOH~}
< `*= LOk. J~` ^x J# JO^=O`
_=, "_ L#fl =#`fiO=# x K =K. =YQ Z` =^ L#fl Q=@O i=#OQ
LO__O = Jk K PH~ }
OQ HxOk. D x~}O K@ JO^" # L^#==O_@O J^#
PH~}.
WH B~OQ*| i< HO = # x~} JkH ^#` aOK^ . xfl`" #
~u JOH~}
` _b x Z~H@ B~OQ*| "u =^ # xiOK_. Jk P =kiQ ~
^ =kx xiOz#\H Jk P ~ =} ^ . WOH B~OQ^ `# ~ =k
=Ok~xfl _ B~OQ*| xiOK_. Wk `*= PH~O L#fl \H JO^ QO =`"
LOk.
B~OQ*| x~} Z=Q K #\H O^, @~i <, q^< JOH~}
` L#fl
"Q " e 18, 19= `|O è< =~ x~@OHOQ H#yOk. D "Q O^
xH ~*, ~[=Ok~, H@ x~} =O K~.
"Q x~} L#fl ^#"# JO i< e L#fl Q=\. ^x K@
JOÔQ H\ # , ~ O_ Q=\, = L#fl #flx O , q"# J^`" # ,
^ =Y ^fi~, =^ ^ =^ , L^#=<.
q`=O "~@Q, x~_O|~OQ L#fl _b #` " e H a#flOQ i < x~}
=O` "Q = # x~} P^ xHiOK|_~. nO`@ "Q ~f " H
uaO~# QO@, H=O, ^ P~ }
, z` zfH~} ~ , cO `=
x~} =<fl fHx =z O KO< k KO k# Hxfl Q x~} K~.
~O fl
1.
HOk ^# q=iOKO_.
69
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Z. i < e L#fl Q=\.

a. \^~.
JH~ x~} `# =H` fixfl q^<# U qÔ Q è~ Ò_.
JH~ |O^ ^~fi* xiOK_xH Q H~}xfl ~#O_.
W`^L^ =k C_ Z=i K` xiOK|_Ok WO^x ` H`# ~O_.
JH~ H x~} [< x~} U qÔ Q a#fl" # q?
"Q " e H `H ~ x^~ #OQ `*= ZO^ HxOk?
50.5 "Q z`H

"Q z`H _ Q =OkOK~. "~ H` =##, ~OQ#, q^<#
OHuH~ " # JO# WO^ " \~ .
=Hb# z`H~ |~ z`H J=Q# LO^x ~<fl~ . =< W~< ~A
^Q~ P O O^`#fl =O L#fl W^~ M` z`H~ g~ ~^ Jb, Mfi* J|
=^# `# uiy ~`^ xH =K@C_ f=z `# ~[#O LOK<fl_ . `~fi` "Q
z`H JH~ Z#x `=OkOK_. z`H~ `fi "`< Ke "i HO ^
H~< _ x~fiOK"~. ^ OY O^, =O z`H~# Ô #= #O_
eOKHx "iH `y# tH} Wz xqOK< "~. "i ~QOz# z`H~ ^=O`,
=O^, H". D z`H~ ~*`<, =fi, Q[~` `k`~ O` #O_ ~=_O =
z`H "i "i Of O^# _ X OK"~. J| =^, ^ Jb J< W^~
i < Q~= ~ "H}
~f z`H~ H~O` D "Q z`H Ja=$k KOkOk. nx
~f, i < iQ He~. JH~ HOx g~ O* z` ^^ 1,400
=~ LO_q. g\x Q_ zfHiOK~. ^~^$ +=` g\ K =~ <#=~.
156070x O*<= z` ~f i < JO HQe L<fl~. X H ^|O<
D ~ O_ _ iQ He~. J~` x*xH i < " #O_, O^ #O_
"Q z`H ^~" ~f = <, ^$, L^#=< ^ # <xfl PHqOK~. ~f
~OQ~# hO, ~f Z~ "_H iy~Ok. "`xH z`H i < <xfl ~f
OK s KO k. ~w Q~= ^fi~ ~< z` _ JH~ HO< " @|_~.
JH~ HOx z`xflO\ _ '|~ <= JH~ <= =O\ Ki`H QO^ =K~xfl
zfHiOK~. J~` i < z`H~ O^ ~}u# = ~Ò , ~=}O, i <
Hq`fiO, ~} Q^ =K~xfl zfHiOK~. D Ki`H q+ # zfHiOK@_ W^~ z`H~
He xK"~. JO^ "^\ " ~ }oH, _*< " Q ~ O_="~ ~OQ# e""~. J~`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
70
Hxfl J~^# O^~ =`" P z`H~ ~ èq.

"Q z`H # `H ^ [Ow~ HO =zOk. J`# fi`Q z`H~_. P H @
== He LO_"_. W`x HOx z` JH~ HO<\ "\HO > a#flOQ LO_q. JH~ H
=K~ zfH~}
=O\q H=OQ H#=~Q ~. [Ow~ P`H^ ÀH [Owi z` _
K fiOQ =`" JO^@ L<fl~. `~fi` '[< <=# zfHiOK~.
[Ow~ ~ \ z`H PH LO__O == ^xH Z= ^#` LO_k. W`x HO<
^~~ zfH~}
~O" O k. [Ow~ `# q`_ W<~` M< z`xfl w=x `# z`H~#
OOK_. Jk P HO< X H Q zÒQ xez~Ok. J^qÔ Q J z`xfl w=x
`# z`H~# i OOK_. Wk "# O^ a+<^ U#Q# |HiOK~.
[Ow~ HO<\ z` H$ u = _ HxO k. [Ow~ _ H$ u P~^ _.
[O`=, rq` J<HO P<_ zfHiOK|_~. [Ow~ Hj~# OîOz#C_ `#`@
fH o# z`H~ JH_ L#fl J~^# # JOÔQ zfHiOK~.
[Ow~ P#O J^`" # z`H~O_"~. `# #z#"ix [Ow~ QQ ` iOK"~
_. i\ #O_ =z `# ÀH [OwiH zfHiOz# J| <# QQ P~kOK"~.
[O`=, = w_O x` _# L^ =#~# Ja#OkOK"~. a+< _ Q
z`H~_. Q~# = " _O =<~ Q <~ i. ^~} [# QO# w_O
Q=~< JO^" # K~. =#+ =# " _O ~ H Q k.
OHuH`, =## qoÒ K_O [Ow~ HO <\ z`H~ Hxfl JO#
\OK"~. [Ow~ HO ~A ^" O O`_ J< =# |OQ LO_k. D =##
zfHiOK_O ~ < ~}Q^ =Oxfl _ fH`HOQ fHx Q z`#
$+O K~. HO`=Ok b# z`# _ "~. KH=i Q~ fiix "@, ~u ^$ zfH~}
k KOkOk.
[Ow~ HO< z`H ` H q+ z` w_O ~O= ~. qq^ z`H~
K` =YO, s~O, =#+ H, q_q_Q X H zÒ< zfHiOK_O WC_ ~O=~Ok.
nx= ~\ JOÔQ O~OQ =Kq. W@=O\ z` U U z`H~_ U Qxfl "_
QiOKQ H`H <}O [Ow~ LO_k. i< OÔQ L#fl ~fiO eH a#flOQ
[Ow~ D z`# w_O #`#`fixfl " \_ .
WOH ' M" J< #`# z`H û x _ [Ow~ " \_ . nx #x
WO ^fi~ #flx h_ " _O z`xH i~`fiO K~Òk. nxfl =^ P , i #O_
f=K~.
D z`H O^ [< HO _ H#y#\H J`xH ^ #OQ x~}
71
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~OQO PH Z =. WH B~OQ *| z`H PH H=_O= z`H~ Ôx qq^

O` `~e "~. nx= O*, ~[< z`H Ja=$k KOkOk. nO`@ ~[< e .
s z`H D HO< Ja=$k KO^~.
"Q z`H JH~ HO #O_ Ja=$k KO^_O ~O" [Ow~ HO <\H `H
~H K~ Ok. O^, =O z`H~ "Q z` H Ja=$kH @_~ . i <, ~ <
JO ~f e , He "Q e Q ~OkOk. H O x JO# zfHiOK_O JH~ H
` H` J~` =#+ x"` z`#, H$ ux zuOK_O [Ow~ H `H`.
50.. ~O fl
1. =< i x~fi` _Q LO_@O "Q z`H U q^" # =O KOk?
2. z` ^ #OQ L#fl JOq (Z) JH~ # (a) [Ow~ #.
L^~}e=fiO_.
3.
"Q z` =O HeyOz# ^xH ~ O_ L^~}e=fiO_.
(Z) ~f JO (a) S~ ~}u =O.
50.6 =^Q Ò :
(Z) @~ ~H` ~`^ O i < J< #`# + Pq~q OzOk. =^ P =kiQ<
~`^ O _ H.. 10= `|O #O_ i < `, i< ~" # + J~Ok. D
i < + ^fi~ ~`^ O =^ P , W~< ^` xfl` O $uH O|O^# Ja=$k
K HQeO k. HH=O i < L#fl` =~ + J~Ok. J~` Wk "^@ L`~ ~`^ xH
iq`=~#\H _b #` =[O ^H} ~`^ xH qi Oz# `~fi`, Ô x qq^ O`
=O ~* U~_# `~fi` i < + JOî +Q ~O`~O KOkOk.
i ~# M` ~f i^ _ Jg~ Y (1252) ^ O, Q^ O Ow` ~OQ
J^`" # `xfl $+O K~. W`# "^@ < HO k KO^_. W`x< ~`^ O
i < ` $+ ~O" O k. Jg~Y@ Jxfl Hq`fi H QK aH W.On
(Sabaq-I-hindi) J< #`#e x " \_ .
Hq`fiO`@ i < Ki` ~K# _ =^ QO< ~`^ O Ja=$k KOkOk.
==^ a< `QH, ~* `QH =Hb#_# ln< |~x P <\ ^ Ki`H~_.
~ * < HO< " ~* (Shams-I-siraz) iM ~ * ~_.
~[H , =Ò, ``fi GO, ` i <, O $` J#O^# +Q L<fl~.
D ~O_ + =^ ~~O =~H=_O iqÒQ< [iQk. ~* `QH HO #O
OwÒ O $Ò L#fl H # i< +H J#=kO*_. Hj~ ~*# , < *#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
72
Jak< M` Ki`H QOÔ. ~[`~OQ}x, =~`xfl i< +H J#=kO*~.

J`xHO< "^ O, OwÒ# #fl Hxfl H i < +H J#=kOK~.
i < Ò JH~ HO <\H L#fl` uH K~ Ok. JO^ ^ #OQ Ki` QO^,
J#"^, ^ O, Q^ O L<fl~. WO^ J| [ ~# JH~ <=, Sh JHs Mu QOz#q.
nO`@ X _x =O`M `"iM, r JH~ <= k KOk#q. O $Ò W`~ + L#fl
=Oz QO^# i < +H J#=kOK=x KH=i P^tOK_. =~`, ~=}, J^~ fi }"^,
b=u J< Q}` QOÔ i <x J#=kOK|_~. D J#"^# r J| ~ O M<
d#fl< ~ "HO K~. D J#"^ H~H= J<H= Ok O^= _ <fl~. J<H ^ H
i K |_~. Lk, #li J< i < H= "Q ~[<xH W~< #O_ ==K~.
[Ow~ _ D i^# H i H~=OkOK_. [Ow~ HO< WH <=,
[L`"iM J< Ki` QO^ ~|_~.
[< _ `# =O^ =kiQ< "^=# Q~qOK_. W`x P#O
^<= ~# J| g^ i, WOHH ^ <= ~# Jq#~ Y*fix LO_"~.
(a) L~ : 14= `|O z=~ Wk fiÒ` +Q Pq~q OzOk. nx J~O ^ =~ +. WO^
i < ^, "`, ` ^` # `# W=_Ok. Wk O^ =O =^ q=
+Q U~_ "i O|O^# |Ò K _" HO_ =O ~`^ xfl `= =`$+Q
K H=_xH Wk ZO` L Q_ O k. ==^ a< `QH , JLn< db #O`@ L~ +
Ò _ ^H}
~`^ xH KiOk. 15= `|O ^= ~O Q k~* ~# q~*L
J+< ^H h L~ =z# Ò. |=h ~[ qz#flO `~fi` c*~, QO_# e# fl
Pk , ` 16, 17= ` =~ L~# PîOK_. ==^ b ` fiOQ
Hq. WOH P<_ QO_ L#fl M` ~K~ ` = ~*, ".
^H < Ja=$k KOk# `~fi` L~ uiy L`~ ~`^ O _ "Q, J=^ ~A
P^~}
# OkOk. `~fi` L~ O`" # ` e x _b H KOk# q~[<[#< =*~ PQ
KOk# q~ `d q~ (17201808), ==^ i ^ (17131780), q~ < (17351786)
~K# K_=K.
() O $Ò : =^ QO _ O $Ò Q PK#, ` $+H X H "HOQ xK<
LOk. Z= Ò ^H}
~`^ O < $+OK|_#\H OQ, qke, t= ~`^
_ ~A P^~}
` Ja=$k KOkOk. ``fi GO, Hq`fiO, <@HO, Q^ O, "^ O, *u+O, OwÒ
=O\ qq^ ~OQ O $Ò H "=_~. =O Pn#O L#fl O`` @ ^=Ox
qq^ ^ O $Ò kOK ` H ~ =i~. ~fiO D + L#fl H # uiy
=kOK_O [iyOk. OQ, qke $`, "H~}
Ò =ieO k. P<_ ^ < ^`,
qû L^, qk KOk# "K u OQ KOk# ~ #O^< k KOk# ~K~ `.
73
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
J~` O $` i^ Ô L#fl =O LxHx QiOK^ . WqH, i < +

L#fl L`= `xfl O $ÒH J#=kOK_xH ZO\ `flO K ^ .
M` i < Hq [q ~# , AM rq` Ki` J#"Ô nxH q#~O.
nx J ~ x J#fl@ } ^ , O $` O_` P<\ "= iu x J~O K H=_O
q =~. JO^H W`~ `# fiKQ PfixOKH ~.
(_) Of + : =^ QO `q, OQb, =~i, Ò Ja=$k [iyOk.
`qO ~fiO #O_ L#fl +HQ On, OQb, =~i + `= = HO 8= `|O
"` <fl~. Jg~ Y D Of + Ja=$k QiOz "Mx, D + J<k #O_
=x+ i<= H=xfl k~ < L<fl <fl~.
D Of + Ja=$kH J<H H~}<fl~. JO^ "^\ k } JkH~O
H=_O = O $`xH ^#` `yOk. ~O_=k H L^=H~ `= ^## Of
+ < K~. Wk Of + Q ` $+H ^^_O k. =_=k D Of +#
<=~ HO qxyOK_O . Wk Z=Q Of ~* H#yOk.
`qO : K, O_ ~* `# O `~fi` `q Ò " " xfl H~Ok. J~#\H ``fi G
QO^ P +< ~~. "+=, =, HO`=Ok *# _ D +< =Y"# QO^
~_. 13= `|O =HO^~ t=[#O Ô , P~#k t=[## \
~ ~~. 15= `|O
J~} yi<^ u~}<# ~~. "+= i^ ~fi Ò `= "M< ~~.
"^ <^ ^tH K` 17= à ~OO #`# ` e ~O" O k. 18= `|O W=<
\ ==^ rq` Ki`# ^ ~OQ L=~ "~ 't=~}O ~` ~~. W^ =O
`q + Q^ ` q^<xfl H+
< q+#s "\~.
On : On + J<H =O_eH =O. |* + J=k, ~*x, * i, "^ e
=Q=O\ ==iH =O_eH WO^ L<fl~. Ok = 7, 10 ` =^
Hx # fl \H nx Ja=$k 1206 `~fi` =`" TOÔk. ~[` ~A P#O '$kfi~*
~ J< ^ H"xfl xH H= ~~. è On `=O` Hq` e =`~"#
q+ ` xO_ LOk. D HOx M` H= Jg~Y, #~\ = (a^ ~) WOH H
L^= HO< L`= On Ò "=_Ok. =O^ KiOz#@ H L^= H~ `= ~`#
=# =#=_ _ J~O K H"< H O` ~_O= Wk ^ "O k. "i Hc~ (1518)
= O h"# q. J`# On< `# ^# H#yOK_O = W`~ On =O =Òx
O H =_K~@ Ô H\ O K_O = $+O K|_ On Ò + _ O#fl" O k.
`~fi` =~ H L^= H~_ ~ ^ (14831565) `# |* + ~# ~Q~ H$+ x
rqÒ ~^H$+
O J^`" # =~# K_. W`< `~fi` HO k KOk# `^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
74
~= _ . W`# `# Hq`fixfl On + =O_eH" # 'J=k ~_. W`# ~zOz# '~= Ki`

=# `~` ~ Q ~f P^~} # O^`< LOk. WO^ @H =~ ==# x~~ OK O_
J`x =~# |\ K qÔ Q O~} K\ x PHOHO K_.
Q =#=` q=# kOz# `^ ~=xfl qOK_O = =` ~ ÒQ "HO
kOK=Kx kOK_. Q~= _ On + L`= `xfl $+OK~. "~ _
" JOîH K~ = qÔ Q xH +< L yOK~. =eH ==^ * 1540 On
'^=u QO^xfl ~zOK_. WO^ JLn< db z`~ H@ ^_ K _xfl ""~ ~} kx
H^# q=iOK_. Wk D HO $+O K|_ Q QOÔ Q ~OkOk.
On Hq`fiO JH~ #fl PH= On `xH Q Ln# aOzOk. JH~ P#Ox
n= c~~ M` Hq. W`# Hq J< a~^ _ O^_. ~ O J< O ~` ~#
J| ~ O M< M< _ JH~ HO <\ ~Ok# ~K~ `. J`x ^ =#= rq`
OH+ ` , HH` ` fixfl q=iOKq. JH~ P#Ox #=~`fl ~O, c~~ _ L<fl~ .
OQe : 10, 12= `|Ox @ ^fi~ OQb `xfl QiOK=K. 13= `|O [iy#
=O PH=} `~fi` O $Ò P^~}# H~ ~ *#^ + =O^HK~. D
HO OQb Ò =_ ^ # K_=K. Jq "+ = Hq`fiO, =OQ H=O=O\ O $Ò
#O_ J#=kOK|_q . 15= `|O OQe "+ = Hq KO_^ ~^H$+ }O J<H H"
~zOK~. J`x @ =# OQb P^~}
# _ O^~. Wq =~ OQb Hq K `#<
i HeO K~. =e "+ = Ò K`#_ J`x =~O =O HeOzOk. D =~Ox H=
=~i Q, #~ i ~~, "^= Q, *#^, QqO^^ =#flQ"~.
gi HO`=Ok =O H= _ L<fl~ . 16= `|O #O_ Ja=$k J~# "+ = Ò
K` # x =H` fixfl u OK P` H^ `H e Z=Q HxOk. WO^ 1581 H+^ Hq~A
~# z` Ki`=` k KOkOk.
`~fi` H.. 14 #O_ 18= `|O =~ O $Ò L#fl ~=}, =~`, Q=`
~}O. WOH W`~ QO^ J#"^ J#fi~O ^ H#yOk. Wk OQx @s ~K~ `
P^fi ~O [iyOk. Q~ < #` =~`xfl OQbH J#=kOK~. 15= `xH
KOk# Hu" ~=}xfl OQ ~_. W`xH Q~ ~A H~O aOzOk. `~fi` =\^~
| Q = ` ~}xfl OQbH J#=kOK~. W`xH < < i H~=OkOK_"
HO_ 'Q}~[M< J< a~^ _ ^ #O K_.
OQH ` H" # =~ Hq` e '=OQH = Wk ` [ rq`# uaOaOKk.
WO^ =~# hfl _ ^=, ^=` "i `= Pk` xfl x~} LO_q. D e ~#
"i 15, 16 = ` KOk# =#H ^`, =O^~= k KOk#"~.
75
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
=~i : =~i Ò 13= `| =e J~ QO ~ _ O k. D Ò =`~" #

ùfiH JO JkH ^#` LO_ ^ ~O LO_k. 'q"H O^ ~# =O^~A P<\
^ Hq. è =~i ` x~`# =#= =~ H H= ``fixfl W`# J#iOK"_. g~
H ~ " # , ùfiH` xO_# ^# ~"~. D =#= =~H = =_K~ } Pk` xfl
tflOK~. b Ki`, QqO^ Ki`, Ô` `@fl gi ^ ~K#. H L^=O =~i
Ò Z#x =O HeO zOk. H *#^" ~# '=~ nH (n<fl *<fii JO\~). =~i
Ò ^ ~K# Q ~OkOk. =~H =~i ~K~ ` UH<^ _ =~i [# `# ~K#`
ix HeO K_.
WH 17= `| =~i Ò =`~ " #, HH H}
He LOk. D HO `H~",
~O^, "=# O_\ ^ ~K~ `. g ~K# =O`< ^H < `~fi` HO =~s
"Q PH=}# q[=OÒQ J_ <fl~ . ~=^ Hq`fiO *f`, fiK QiOz q=i
=`~"# SH` HO _ H$+ K~. Wk t"rx q+OQ qÒ KOk. D HO<\
=^, =h HH Hq`fiOQ ~O^~.
50.7 OwÒ :
=^Q Ò Ok# =~H H OwÒ. @~ "~`fiOQ Q J~
Ow` O^xfl Hey =<fl~ . `~fi` HO W^ =^ P , W~< Ja=$k KOkOk.
@~ ~`^ xH =K@_ ~, ~Oy =O\ #`# Ow` iH~# f=K~. J<H
~ J~aH ~Q# " \# Jg~ Y ^ Ow`"` Q~= x*"n< *e
x~fiOz# J<H =`~ " # Ow` " < Jg~ Y <fl_ . fi^j ~* _ Ow`xfl
ÒK~. *< ~ < < i Ow` q_. Q~= ~ |On< _ Q
Ow`H~_.
"Q _ Ow`xfl ÒK O^xfl H#yOK~. J<H H` ~Q# $+O z#
Qfie~ KOk# `<<# JH~ q+O Q ÒK_.
B~OQ*| HO Ow`xfl iQ x+kOK~#_O `^~=x W\= i^#
``<fl~. B~OQ*| Q<xfl x+^V OK_. ~} Ow` H~ ^~ ## H^x Jq ``<fl~.
x*xH B~OQ^ g} "~Ô q}=#fl =H. J`x HO<
=wÒ i <
+ J<H H "=_~. J~` ==^ (1720648) < HO< Ow` O KO
Q}h Ja=$k [iyOk.
O^, =O =^ SH`# OOkOK_O OwÒ ^ # ` x~fiOzOk. ~ O_
=` KOk# "^= OwÒ Ja=$kH H$+ K~. g\ =Y"#q i< +
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
76
J#=kOK|_~ _.
=^ QO Of + Ja=$k [iyOk. H L^= H~ H$+, ~A Ò = On
`xH Q Ln# aOzOk. L~ _b #` HO O^# +Q =iOk. JH~ <
HO i < + L#fl` u H KiOk.
~O fl
1.
2.
3.
Of + H L^= ="O\?
HOk "\ ~K~ ` ~ è~ O_.
(Z) ^=` (a) ~=Ki` =# () Sh, JHs (_) ~ Q~.
~OO
~`^ O @~ O~ O = H , " , ` J+ Ja=$k [iyOk. @~
`= x~} `~}, Q=_ qiqQ LO_q. @~ "i`@ #`# JOH~}
#
_ f=K~. "~ JOH} H ` PH$ux, JOH~}
# Y~< ^ z`}# JOÔQ
K"~. JO`HO_ QO@, fiH , H=O =O\ O^ ~} QÔ# _ "~ `= JOH~}
qxyOK~.
_b # HO " Ja=$kx =_ ^ Q ql OK=K. Jq db =OO JO`=
=~ `QH `~fi` _k. 13= `| L`= x~}O `q<~. ^x `~fi` " e =z#
Ja=$k zflOQ < =k LOk. 1305 db HO xiOz# J^ ~ fi* _ D ~OQO
` H #O Hey=Ok. nxfl
û xiOK~. W `QH HO WO* WqH e X H
fiÒ` e Q ~O`~O KOkOk. D HOx x~} k KOk#q *M, n<
`QH =k. gi `~fi` _ x~} ` H` "i # ", =YOQ =^ K@ ^ "kH
x~}. _ HO< ~ O_ Q=\ x~} ^#` OìOK<fl~.
"Q @~ i <, ~f O^ " #O` U~_ = H# H#yOK~.
gi x~}x ^ # JO i < e , ~ O_ Q=\. = L#fl O , =Ok~,
^ =Y ^fi~, L^#=< =^ =^ x~} L<fl~.
JH~ < HO "Q " e X H ~ ~xfl OìOKOk. PQ H@` K
H@# JH~ xiOK_.
nx`@ ` ~ H, *^ ~ <, k"x P", k"x M, A= =^ , |O^ ^~fi*,
OK= =O\ Q x~} Ki` kHH #q. `~fi` HO^x JH~ =kx [Ow~
xiOK_. Wk _ Q x~}O. W`x HOx PQx W`^ ^P =kx xiOK~. _
M` x~}O [< Q = # x~`. W`x HOx PQx "u =^ . _b [= =^ ,
77
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
`*=, _b x Z~H@ ^ x~}. B~OQ*| < HO ^ xP~} Ug [~Q ^ .

" e =kiQ< z`H _ i < ~f " #OQ LOk. JH~ P#O [fiO`,
^=< J< W^~ Q z`H~O_"~. 'O*<= P<@ Q z` Hey=Ok. [Ow~
HO z`H `H~H KiOk. x"` z`, H$ u z` D HO<\ ` H` Q ~O^~.
[< < HO _ Wk H#yOk. Hh B~OQ*| nx PH H =_O = HH~
Ô L#fl W`~ z#fl ~* =~. nx= ~[<, O* z`H Ja=$k KOkOk.
H ^ = `= xH + O H, =` O~}# kOK~. nx= Of
+ q"# Ò "=_Ok. i< O $u _ ^ "OQ J#O^# +Q
Ja=$k KO^~. JH~ HO i < Q^, ^ ~ L#fl` tY~# Jk~OzOk. H
L^= H~ On< ~ kOK~. nx= =# =#=xH _ èHQ J~= =Òk. P<\
Q H ^ = Hc~, `^, ~^, KO_^, K`# J< "+= H= OQb ~~. 14=
`|O z=i <\H L~ fiÒ` +Q ~ _ O k.
JO
100
1.
2.
3.
^` ["|e=fiO_ :
` q<~ " e x ^ # H}
# ~#O_.
è # " `QH " U qÔ Q a#fl" O k.
HOk "\ Q " =Y`# Ò_.
Z.
W@\q+ =k a. M< S [< u~OQ} =k
. HO ^~ _ =k _. W`^ L^^ =k.
4. #` HO " Ja=$kx =i @~ `^ xH =z# K# e QiOz "O_.
5. JH~ x~} J`x HH` ` fixH fHx Z K Q=.
6. '"Q " JxflO\ " #O `*= KiOKO_.
7. [Ow~ < HO "Q z`H `H ~ Jx ZOÔ\~?
8. On, i <, L~ J< `# q=i =^ QO [iy# ` Ja=$kx =iOKO_.
~O fl =^<
50.Z. (1)
(Z) Q=\ (a) HeQ () `QH (_) JLn< db (W) HO ^~ _ (_) _.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
78
50 a (1)
3.
4.
5.
6.
(Z) i < e xiOz# Q=\ K@ P#x =~ JO^" # x~}O LO_k.

(a) @^~ û ~u q"# ~, z`# ~ "~.
(2) (Z) JH~ S O^, =O " H} LO_q. _, K*, z#fl
`~} KH _, JOH~}
W`~ O^ =` JO LO_q.
(a) JH~ q ~` =*xfl U~iz ~ ~< HiH LO_k. nxfl O^_xH P#
Z#fl #fl û D x~} HxO k. g\ ^fi~ JH~ HH` ` fi O L^~"Ô #O Òk.
"Q Q[~` kOz# q[ Q~Q [iy# x~}O.
[Ow~ < HO #~ < =O` '\^~ J< û Ja=$k J~Ok. D û
` ~u JOH~}
^ #OQ LO@Ok.
JH~ x~}O Z~ WH~~ ~OQ W@H qxyOK"~. ^~}OQ Wq ^ x~}Q
HxOKq. [< x~} ~u` K~. @^~ JOH}# OHuH`# qxyOK~.
"Q Jxfl " # Ja=$k K He~. Wq ~O_ Q=\, #flx _"# O ,
"kH xfl`" # `~ , JO^" # Ku ~`` ~# Y~< O.
50.
1.
=< W^~ z`H~# i #O_ ~`^xH f=K~. "Q z` H

i < z`H =O JkHO Q LOk.
2. (Z) QOÔ x q+ # =iOK_O , O*<=, JH~ <=, ~`.
(a) x"` z`, ^~~ z` i , W<~`M< z`.
3.
(Z) Z~, he~OQ =O\ ~f ~OQ "_HO , ~f |+ qxQO.
(a) qOl_ K~ , Q [Ow~ x|__O .
50. _
1.
2.
H L^=H~ `= Hq`fixfl Of, xH + ~_O= P + _ *a=<xfl

O^~.
(Z) =eH ==^ * (a) l () ~^.
79
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
51
~`^ O a\+ ~[ #
51.1 iKO :
~`^ Ki`# Q=x, ~` =[O "^\ #Oz JO`~f "~O =YOQ O`
<iOk. ~`# ~f Ki` J~# ~ HO #O_ ~f == @ O ==
LO_k. WO` =Y` Hey# "~O =^ QO _ ~` ~ =^ H#Q_O
P~O Ug ^ . HQ=#O ~` ~w, _K, O z =i WOw+ "~ "~ H O^
U~@K <fl~ . D JÔ ~`^ O J_y_# POQ
"~ O ~ #O_ u~Qx
JkH~O K~OK =~ Zky# "# O KÔ.
51.2 H :
D ~OO K^= _O ^fi~ g~ HOk q+ # Ò\~.
1.
~`^ xH H` "~ =~ J<fi+} J=~.
2.
DO _ HOh Ja=$kH îf# i` .
3.
qQ` S~ ^# Oz DO _ HOh WOw+ "i q[xH H~}.
4.
OQ #"| a\+" iH =^ [iy#

^xH îf# i` .
4.
_ HO =~ POQ J=^ O|O^.
6.
Q ^~b =i \C < a\+ HOh H ~[H P .
7.
POQ =~~ O|O^ "^\ , ~ O_, =_= POQ, =~~ ^ îf# q^#O.
8.
<
~ \ " O\ ^fi~ ''O^ QO PHqOK< #\H, =#O K # flk J^
`H=@O.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
80
9.
POQ O|O^ Q=xOz "i =^ [iy# "^\ , ~ O_= POQ ^#

q+OKQO.
10. < |~, Px <, \\ , H O, =i \<@ a\+ "i "Y i Q=xOKQ ~.
51.3 ~` H` "~ =~ ~OO :

=^ QO #O_ _ ~` ~ #O_ =i =^ P ~H~ H , =^
=~ H#Q` =K~. P =~ X H\ =^ =~O i < Q #O_ W~H Q
#O_ @s ^fi~ =m =^ =~O QO_ "hfl =i *h" ^fi~ K~_ O , ~ O_= =~O Z~
=Ô QO_ `^ i QO QO_ Dx JQO_ JH_ #O_ =^ =~O ^fi~
"h *h" =i =_= =~O ` = `H_ Qey# =~O t"`~ O iQ}H H#=
^fi~ =^ P `~fi` ~ ^fi~ z=~ e~ =~ , P x Z= "~O JO` J~
=~ =i <q <~ ` LO> =^ ^~ =i ~ "~O JO`_ xOQ
W\e< <~ "~. H+` ~ " # D "~O JO` _ K ^H"#^. WÔ` _
QO^ ^= J=~H!
1453 O=`~O H<O \ <# `~+ P=} D "Ò "~O =~O `~+
PH=} LO_~Ok. , =~ "~xH ~ "ix x+kOK|_~ . nx`@ UHfi=O
Hey# "h+ , *h" "~ H` ~* "~OxH ~=_xH, `= =~# "_H_xH
x~HiOK~. ` HOQ ~< ~Q "~ U =Ò QO O_ LOk. `^fi~
~ < QO^ ^" "~O H~ H` =~ J<fi+} H#yOK~.
~` QO^ ^"`@ J^`" # O^ x"# ~` X H `H PH~ }Q xezOk.
t= ~ ~*# ~< =i ~Q H` =~ J<fi+} LHqOK~. <H
x~}O =OÔ[, #~r=<^=O ^fi~ [x`"# J^` Pq+ ~} ~[H "~`fiO
H~ ~<, ~w <q# ÒK~. ~` J<fi+} ~< #O_ |î#
HO| 1494 ~` |^Q J"iH# H#H<fl_ . 1498 ~w <q_ "_Q=
H` =^ =~O PH ^fi~ H P Q_ QO_ ~`x HeH\ K~_. W`# `# u~Q
}O fHz# QO^ ^" ^fi~ J~"~ @ O O^_.
~Q =i ~< "~# <H|O# 15 =i 16= `|O "^\ QO
=~ \Q L<fl~. 1500 ~w "~ HeH\ "^\ "~ HO^xfl OK~.
J< _J`H <H`fi Ox ~w"~ Q" 1510 P "~xfl ~OaOK~.
~w "i ^_ q^#O ^fi~ J~ <~ Q "~ `=Q qy~. "~ HeH\, Hz<,
Q", _
, _=<, O~, c "^# K@ =~ xiOK~. ~w"~ " <qH
^xfl W|Ok @_O ^fi~ " #OL_ HO` ~~f O^~.
81
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
P "~ ~OQO ~w"~ 100 O=`~ @ W`~ HOhxflO\ PkH `

=OK~. Hh S~ [iy# O @# `~ ^ "~ ~OQxfl qÒ K~. HII 1580=
O=`~O ~Q ~< Pk` OH "oOk. 16= `|O kfiu~ QO a@< O_, P
`~ "` <, ~<, ~w ^ =~H UHfi=O ^ H\ O K~. HII II 1588
a\+" ~ P~_x ~< <H^xfl F_OzOk. eÒQ POQ
_K"~ H P Q_
JQxfl `~ ^ =~H "~ HO L yOK_O "^Q#q.
WO_<+
nfi# *", q`x QO^ ^" "~O _K" ~ PH K~.
JO`QH ~`, K, HO, J=^^, H ~ x Hz# OÒx <Q@
flO, =^, PO^
c~, L`~ ^ "^# K@ =~H H O^ U~@K~. <# _K" ~ ~w #Oz [~OK~.
`~ WO_ ^ _K" ~ `= = O K_xH OHeOK_O ` `~ WO_ =i
WO_ ` Jxfl O` a\+" i ~} `^ . _~ Ô a\+ "~ _K" ix
HII 1759 F_OK_O ` _K" i O H}
O zOk.
51.4 WOw+ DO _ HOh Ja=$k (H) Z^Q^:

HII 1600 Zel` 1 =~} a\+ DO _ HOhH K~~ K@O ^fi~ JkH~xflzOk.
HII 1617= O=`~O "Q KH=i [Ow~ ~` Hs OK_xH ~ < "ix *s
K_. HII 1687 O=`~O =~ ~` WOw+ "i "~ H OÔQ L#flk. HII 1623 ~`,
K, J^^, PQ, =zb@flO WOwO_ Hs O zOk. ~O\ *i H@ ~` =^
X H |"# =~O <H|_#. X i, OQ, c~ Hs <H|_~. nx` OQ
~RO ` H X O^ K H=# J=~O WOw+ "iH HeyOk. HII 1668 D WO_
HOh O~ _ |"# =~O# <HeOk. J\ #Oz a\+ HOhH t= =^
f~O =Y =~OQ O~ xezOk.
KHQ =_ ~ H#_xH, JkH ^~ "i L`` J=H_xH U J_OH O_
K H_xH a\+ HOh JkH~O O K_xH a\+ HOh PzOzOk. JkH~ # ^fi~
fiK "~O H#yOK_xH fi^j O<n` fiÒ` q^< J#iOK_xH, ~f
#Oz #fl = K _xH =i W`~ O` PHqOK_xH DO _ HOh OHeOzOk.
HII 1686= O=`~O ^H a\+ "~ "Q KH=~ =O^ q#O` ==iOK~.
=~H "~ q[O, H@ xiOK|_ =^, O~ =~H =~ =~R ~[H
B~OQ*| *HO "^Q JO ~[H `# OK_xH J#eOz# JOQ HOh
qOzOk. "Q KH=i g^ wx W=fi=x ^xfl H\ O zOk. Hh "Q KH=~ K`
èHQ F_~Ok. "O@< HOh `# |#` Q=xOz H= } HiOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
82
HII 1691 O=`~xH 3 " ~ KeO K=# OHxfl ~^ K~OKHHyOk.

JO`QH HII 1698 OQ, HH` =i QqO^ ~ [qO^~# OiOKQe yOk. WH_
qeO H@# a\+ "~ xiOK~. HH` K@ L#fl Q=s HH`Q =~KOkOk.
HII 1717 "Q KH=i ~ H ~ ~< ^fi~ W^~H"# # Q[~`, ^H<
O`# _ OkOKHQeyOk. OQ Q=~fl~ =+ PbM< =u~HOz# HH` K@
J^# O`# OkOKQe yOk. D ~ < ^fi~ =^, O~ =i HH` a\+
= =*xH H O^ aO^=< ~.
HII 1717 OkOz# ~ < H~#OQ WOw+ , OQ #"| =^ O ~} "Ô k.
WOw+ HOh `= ~ # ZQ=u, kQ=u K _xH U OHO KeO K O_ # OkOzOk
(^H ) . HOh L^Q D ~ < ^fi~ =~H OkOz#~ < ~f "~
=`" U ~~f aOK^. Hh HOh L^Q #fl ZQ"_xfl OQ #"| f=OQ
=u~HOK_. #"| Pk` xfl |OQ L#flO` HO HOh `^~`< LO_k. Hh ~A^
OQ #"|# J~#\ #O_ HOh kH iOK_"#k. nxx g~ ~ J^
K^=`<fl~.
51.5 POQ O z ` ~ PkH ` H~ ~@O :

HII 1664 O z DO _ HOh O K|_#. gi #O H O^ HH` ^Q~ L#fl
KO^#Q~ =i `~ f~# O_K i. Oz "i Hxfl Hs `~, t= f~ L<fl~.
g~ O^ ==Ô =~ SH`# kOK, =~@ n= P^ H` # OkK~.
HII 1742 O z, WOQ_ =^ ^ O_, "i =^ =Oz O|O^ U~_<~.
HII 1745 O z _= # WOw+ "~ @Hx, O_Ki kiOK~. J_ O z Q=fl~
[#~ _ WOw+ "ix F_Oz =^# PHqOK#. POQ
H~fl@H #"| O HO
"uH<~. O z "i Hk\ # O èHQ #"| # O (10,000)# J^fi~ Ô F_OK#.
HII 1748 WOw+ , O z "i =^ Ô =y, =^# WOw+ "iH Wz<~. "Q
JkH~O `Q` #flC _ D W^~ ` ~ =^ "~O "O k. D W^~ Z= O^# , ^ = #
Ok<~.
H~fl@H q[O =# O z "~ WO_ H#fl ~ #, P^, # H=tH}

q#fl Jx qOK~. O z"~ xH ~A ^ =O x H O K ^, O^#
Ok<~. Z =Q Oz"~ H~fl@H q+ `î<~. D Oz"~ J#fi~n<#,
KO^# JO_Q K<fl~. ^~^ J* =~}Oz# `~"` Oz"~ =[~
[OQ JO_` #r~ [OQ #flu~HO Q =i H` <* O H=#x H~`<fl~ . W^~ \^~ O#O
83
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
ZH# `~ "` O z"~ "iH ^# O, Hxfl ^ # Wz<~. D qÔ Q O z"i |O WO_

iyOk.
D =^ WOw+ "~ ~ OQ #r~ [OQ, ==^ Pb` =O`< [i<~. J#fi~n<
=~_# ==^ Pb #"| H"x KO^ =i Oz "~ J#<fl~. H~fl@H
~[^x P~\ WOw+ H" O_~ J~# = Q= ~|~ H " ^_ K_. P~\# ~HO Kx
KO^ #, O z"~ =u_K ~. O z"~ WOw+ "i Ku F_#. KO^ Kx#.
O z "~ PiHO Q ^|u<fl~ . J_ O z"~ _ HO Uq [iyO^ QiOKH=x WOw+
"i` K#. D qÔ Q WOw+ "~ ^H}
~`^ O q~ }
~O= ~Ok.
HII 1756 =~ O z, WOw+ "i =^ Ô [iyOk. OQ WOw+ "~ ^_K
@
g_ O_ LO_ HH` ~H}
HeOK~. ZO^H#Q, Oz"~ KO^#Q~ ^Q~ ^_ K @
Ô Q LPfl~x `z P qÔ Q HH` ~H} HeOK~. #"| WOw+ "~ K# ~H} # u~ iOK_.
^xH WOw+ "~ X CHH #"|# H K ^ . nxx `~ "` qQ= Ô Q Kk"^~ .
nxx|\ WOw+ "i =O ZO` |OQ L#fl^ J~QK#flk. O z"~ `= |O# OKH#
=~ uflOK~. O z "~ HO\_b P^ ~O ` OKH## O z "i ^ H~fl@H
WOw+ "i` U qÔ Q i`Q^ . HII 1760 O z "iH, WOw+ "iH "O_"+ [iy#
Ô O z "~ `= F@qx X CH#H ` ^ .
HII 1783 i Ok H~O "i Hs "i Pn#OH `K HQey<~. Hx "~
"\x ~HO KHH ~. O z"i "~O L#flu u #Oz, =^ "~Q =i<~. WOw+
"i "~O# WO_ ZkiOK"~ H~<~. Z=i JO_Ô_ O_< WOw+ "~
WO_ ~[ # K @ ^" < ~.
51.6 DO _ HOh "i q[xH Q H~} :

DO _ HOh "i q[xH J<H H~} L<fl~. P HO WO_ , a@<
JO`~` =~ [~QÒ_#. WO_ PiH iu kQ*i#. PPiH i` = *w~s
û ^|u#flk. "Q =[O JO`~` q"^ =, OKQO_`# O, fi~O = `# "O k. J_
a\+" ~ HII 1686 B~OQ*| # ^|H># . J`x =~}O `~ "` B~OQ*| O\ |"#
"Q KH=i _ .
HII 18= à =^ WOQO_ iqH q= = [iyOk. #`# Pq~=O,
OHuH Ja=$kx D q= O HeO zOk. @|_î q^#O, fi= q^#O L#fl. WO_ OHuH,
G, PiH ~OQ WOQO_ HO> "#H|_ L#flk. D q= O =# a\+ "i Q`#O iyOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
84
a\+ "i q[xH H~} "i =~" # <, "i q@s # O ^^_ # .
WO_ # O H#fl HOh # O L#fl` ~ L#flk. HOh "i # O H=tH}
, P^
WO_ "i HO> L#flÒ Q LO_#. HOh "~ L yOK ~ O y Ô ~f ~ O y Ô
H<fl =xflH Hk. a\+ "i ^ "< WO_ "i HO> L#flÒ Q L<fl~. a\+ P ~
JO^~ a\+ q@s =O^Q tH}
Ok L<fl~ . g~ ~f =^ L#fl J<H `# J=HOQ
fHx, ~f =^ q"^ $+OK"~. Ô `~"`, OQ# a\+ "~
HeyLO_@=# K ^# O, ^ O # OkOKHQeQ~.
WO_ < K ^~ =O`. giH ~ # tH}
, ^ =y H =@=# ^~
Pb, =^=~" Ok, << _flg, ~Ol` OQ O\ "~ a\+"i g^ q[O
kOKH~.
HII 18= à a\+ "~ q@s, ~[H |_ LO_@=#, YO_O`~ ^
K@ =# =^ g^ PkH`# kOK~. nx=# 18= à HOh "~ q[O
O^Qe Q~. "Q `= Y*<#, `= "~O# H#yOK@ ^$_" # # O# Hey<fl~ .
"~ q g^HH, W`~ q^Q Kq H+O =i ~H}
#@=O\q J~<~. JO^H
WO_ "~, a\+ "~ g^ P^~_ = =zOk.
J~|, ~w "~ HII 16= à _z"~, HII 17= à "^\ q^j
"~O g^ P^~_ < ~. HOh "~ a\+ <H^` =O`< [i "i # K~OKO@,
`= #Oz "i ^fi~ ~H}
O^`#flk. WO_ Oz"~ ~[# K @ q "< ~.
JO`HH O z"~ <HÔ g^ Pk` O# H~<~. WOw+ <H ^ JkH~ K =Y`
L#flk. ZO^=# J#Q! "iH ~H}
H~" # ~~ =i <H Ô H^.
Jxfl ~ ^H<fl WOw+ D WO_ HOh "~ Jxfl q+ Q x~fiOKQ ~.
"~ K=@ <~" ~ H< u H Zky<~. K~~ 1600 H~O, Zel` ~}1 DO _ HOh
"~ H P Q_ ^fi~ 15 O=`~ "~O H<yOK=K#x H\ OK#. Zel`
~}1 _ DO _ HOh "~O Q ~ . D HOh "~, WO_ L#fl <##
`$~K@ ^fi~ HOh "~= WO_ Z^~O_ ~Ok. HII 16091676 =~
DO _ HOh 1,70,000 ~# K~ 2 JCQ WzOk. ^xH |^ HOh H\#
H@@, ^xH `y# # = =~H#@, HOh "~ ^ H@ # KO^ J~` Ok<~.
D qÔ Q J<H HOh "~ Ok<~. JO`QH ~[H OQ Zky<~. nx #Oz =#O
Q~O KH=#k U=#Q, HOh "~ a@< Wz# 1,70,000 ~ ~` [ HOhH
KeO z# #fl Jx. HII 1683 H~ H~x~fi} JkH~ =^ JkH~ D qÔ Q "<~.
''"= g H@ ~H}
HeO. g @}
# |~ O. Hx g~ =` "~ O|O^ Hey
LO_e. g~ = i Y~ KeO Ke.
85
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
O z HOh q+ O K, Jk P Ô g^ P^~_ L#flk. ^xx "i `fiO J^

LOKÒk. D O z Ô Z=i J_Q O_ `# xx `# K H##. O z ^= `=
huH, q= ^#`# WO k. D Ô OKQO_`# O O_@=# i# ~ ` fi O
^ . O z"~, O z HOh Qfi=Q L<fl~ . O z "~ q_=@H ^ K`~. Oz
HODH =K =# HOh x~fi `= =O` "~ fHx O z HOh =$kH `__@ ^ .
JO^H O z HOh WOw+ DO _ HOh` \ x=H ~Ok.
~ fl 51.Z:
1.
U ~[H i` H` "~ =~# H#Q#@ H~}"< ~?
2.
"_Q=, HO| H#Q#@ =# U PiH = =Y` HeyOk?
3.
`~ "~O PkH `# OkOK#fl ~ # Z=~. Z@, U qÔ Q "i Q`#=

=yOk?
4.
O z HOh q[xH _ f#fl x~

Uq?
5.
WO_ H#fl WOw+ q@s ZO^ L#flÒ Q L#fl^ ~ O_ H~} `=.
H< 3
DO _ HOh ^ q~ O
=#O Q_z # Q DO _ HOhH "~a=$k ^fi~ ~[H HiH U~_#k. D
HOh WO_ "i JO`~` q+ `^~@ =# PiH O U~_#k. W_ K^ =
QO HOh"~ OQ, c~, O^ < HH, <, |~, Px < _ "i ^ q~
[iyOk.
51.7 OQ :
WO_ = # OQ ~O= ~Ok. HOh"~ `= ~ # ZQ=`,
kQ=` U #fl KeO K O_ "~O K JkH~O "iH L#flk. OQ #"| HOh
"~ q^< #K^ . D q+ xfl Q` QO< Kkq<=.
HII 1756 ~* L^ #"| J~<_. ~"@ "~xfl ~* L^ P<_.
HII 1717 HOh ZQ=u, kQ=` PK#. WO_ == HH` "Ò>, "\ g^
JkH #fl HOh "~ = K < fl~ . nx =# HOh"iH, OQ "iH O|O^ `y~<~.
O z "iH =u~HOQ OQ# HOh"~ fin# ~K H#@ =# OQ , HOh "iH =^
=#~ =K@ =~H H~}=~Ok. ~* L^ =u~# QQ O K # fl `C # HOh
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
86
"~ |~K K<fl~ . U ~[H <<` ~* Z^~"#H#KO_<, "ix HOh "~

|~KKO_#.
HII 1757 ~* L^ HH` HtO|*~x HOh"i Hs #, HH` ~ qeO#
=" #. ~* `èH q[O` =i^^ uiy " #. WOw+ "~ =^#, =u_ ^fi~
=^ #Oz Z_~ "@<#, ~|~ H " HH`x HO` Qxfl PHqOz, Hxfl x|O^#
X < #"| g^ =u_ K< ~. D x|O^# X CH#H` #"| J=~_ x ~A=K,
"iH J#"# #"|# JkH~O LOK=K#x HOh qOK#. HOh \# x|O^#
#"| X CH<@@Q =. JO^=# Ô #"|, HOhH =^ [iyOk.
Ô HII 1757 [iyOk. JC_ ~* L^ F_#. J`x < kHi g~~
OQ #"| J~<_. g~~ HO HOh"~ ZO\ q^ O_ "~O H#yOK~.
g~~ HOh"~ "~O OQ, c~, X i K H#@ J#=u WK#. JO`QH 24
~Q }
[qO^s WOw+ HOhH aOzOk. H " "H@ x |=` aOK~. =i a\+
JkH~, "~ #fl H@H#O_ "~O K H<O^ J~` Ok<~.
^ QiO
q@s q^#O Ô JO` =Y"# k H^. ZO^=#O> WOw+ "~ g~~
O` q[O kOK~. Hx D ^xH Ki``H" # =YO L#flk. Wk a\+ "iH X H
H` =~O# K#. OQ K =#~ LO_@ =# HOh "~ =Oz q@s ^xfl
=~HQey<~. OQ g^ PkH ` WOw+ "iH LO_@=# Oz "ix F_OKQe y<~.
Ô `~ "` HOh "~ OQ "i` "~ "^g Q H#yOK#. Ô
`~ "` HOh "i =~# `K #. HOh "~ "~ Ja=$k HH x H Ja=$k KOk#"~.
HOh q@s Ô xO`} K #O` ^ = # HOh PHqOK#.
g~~ OQ #"| J~# `~ "` HOh "i L^ `H<#. JO`QH HOh
P ~ HiH _ `H<fl_ . O~, =^ HO_ WO_ J<H ^ ZQ=`
HOh K ^x Y~# OQ "~ i OKe. W_ g~~ HOh "ix <\ " @ _z"i`
fl O|O^ U~@K H<#. Hx WOw+ "~ _z"ix a_~O =^ HII 1759 #=O|~
F_OK#. g~~ HOh "i` Ok KH#@ uflOz q_<_ WOw+ "~ OQ
#"| g~~ J_# g~ MO# xqOK#.
H~ Ô : g~MO HiH Hey# #"|. W`_ HOh "i Jqhu "~O, HOh
L^Q Jqhux J^ K #<fl_ . ZO^H#Q, nx=# OQ L#fl "~ #fl
KeOK= =zOk. HOh L^Q Jqhu Q iy~Ok. ^H# HO`=Ok OQ
"~ J=`<fl~ .
87
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
g@xfl\ x P@ g~MO JO`~` "~O# P#. nx=# OQx "~

ZO\ #+O LO_^ . HOh "~ "= _ "~O K O\=x #"|# H~#. #"| ^xH
Z^~u~Q@=# HII 1763 J<H ^ [iy<~. D =^ HOh"~ g~~ # #"|#
K#. g~ MO`< K@ ~ " # #"|#x Z^~uiQ#. g~MO a\+ "i g^ Z^~u~Q@=#,
J=^ g~MO i= =zOk. J=^ #"| AL^, "Q KH=i PO2 g~MO`
H WOw+ "i` ^xH ky<~. Hx H~ Ô WOw+ "~ q[O Ok<~. Hx H~
Ô =# L`~ ~`^ O a\+ "~ H= O`" # "~Q =i<~. "i ~[H PkH `#
OKH"O> =~R#, Px <# PHqOKe.
F_~# , z=iH a\+" i` J<H O^ # K <fl~ . [L^, P"2
HOh g^ P^~_ < ~. J^ Ok Q~Q "Q =^ #Oz HOh OQ k"<#, c~,
Fi# JO^#flk. K@| Ô Q P ^ #Oz #fl HOh == K H=K#. JO`H^
O=`~=# 2.6 qe# ~, J^, H~ l# WK#. J"^ #"| ^# O Z=Q
KeO K#. J=^ #"| `~ "` J`_ a\+ "i JO_H~ iOK#. J#HO_< J=^ #"|
= K @ ^ K#. =~i =i a\+ ^ =^ Uqx "_Q J=^ #"| J~<_.
OQ g~~ Kx#. W`x=~_# x*O L^^# #"|Q HOh xqOK#.
JC_ OQ Q=~fl~ Q ~|~ H " J~<_. #"| JkH~=# ` z, H" OQx O^#
"uH@
H<#. HII 1765 |=i #"|, HOh "iH Ok [iy#k. D Ok =# #"|
# O H x ^# k. L ^~# ~[# xqÒ HOh xqOK#. HOhH ` O_ D
^~# `yOK@ g^ . W@ HOh èqQ i## (x*=`) OQ xOuOK#.
OQ, c~, X i k"x JkH~O# "Q #Oz OkOk. WOw+ "~ ^# O J~OQ
Q O#"# OQ x["# Q =i<~. <==` JkH~Q #"|
qye~<~. WOw+ "~ ^ `x JkH~O Hey L<fl~ . Hx"i JkH~O `Q ^ . OQ [
^~^$ +O =# ^fiO^fi `fiO OQ U~_Ok. g~ `~ "u ~O q=~OQ K^=`~.
a\+ "~ WO_ OQ# "^\ Q [~Oz<~. , H~ ^ =#
WO_ ~ _ < ~. OQ O^# HQ\< ~. OQx ^fiO^fi `fiO =# OQ
î^=# J#q OK#.
51.8 J=^:
J^ Ok H~O J^ #"| uiy W=fi|_, i^ O#OQ ~OkOK|_Ok.
nx= P< , =~R ^_ #Oz HOh ` OKHQeyOk. HII 1773 Q=~fl~ [#~Q =z#
~ " `# < HO HOh =*xH =iHxfl W`~ O` PHqOK_xH #<fl_ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
88
^, ^~H=}HH " J^#OQ xH H~ û x " \_. nx H~O a\+ "i

~H}
J=~= ~# fi^j O< HO` i~O KeO K|_O ^fi~ `= x H ~H}
O^=K#.
D û Ki# ~A a\+ uxkx `= ~[^x LOKH"e. W`~ ~[O` a\+ "i
J#=u O_ ^ H\ O K_O Hx, O^ K H=_O Hx K ~^. D û JOîHO>
=O^Q Ki# |"# O#O ^~^. HII 1801 J^ O#O K~_ " HH J^
O#O ^^ Q Q" x H Y~ HO a\+ "i Pn#O KOk.
~ _ HII 18481856 < HO J^ O~OQ PHqOK|_Ok. nxH
H~}O J^ #"| =rO ^h ^+i# Jx a\+ "~ K~O K~. _ ^$+ =<
~ =i W`~ H O^ #Oz =K ~ J=_xH J^ \ =~\ J~Ok.
a\+ q~ }
"^\ HO J^ a\+ f~ ~* ~H}
~[OQ L#flk. Hx HII
1801 " #"|# x H H~ û ~[OQ K~= x |=OÒ ># . _ HO
J^ O~O Q PHqOK|_Ok.
51.9 " ~ :
H.. 1565 [iy# òH@ ^ HO ^H " ~ O#O fiÒ` O#OQ LOk.
H.. 1761 ^~b " ~ ~A# ^q |+ _ fl K JkH~O QÒ K <fl_. ^~b
J#O`~O J`x =~_ \C < a\+ ~[ q~ }
# J_H =_O HH` x~fiOK_.
^~b O z HOh H~O` |"# # O# ~OkOK_" HH =~R, x*O =i
a\+ ~* =~ `# ~*xfl qi O* _. H.. 1769 "^\ POQ " ~ Ô a\+
"~ x*O < # F_OK~. ~ O_ POQ " ~ Ô (1786) "^\ ^~b q[$OaOz#\H
^~b F_~ Kx_. ^~b =~_ \C < a\+ x*O =OQ~
Okx (1784) K H=_O ^fi~ ~[O Ou <H|_Ok.
"^\ " ~ Ô q*` Z=~ èO_< =y_O` uiy \C < WOw+
"i =^ O ~} ~O" # k. Di x*O =~R, POQ uH @qx ~OkOz \C #
1792 N~OQ @}
OkH X CHH ` ^ . ^^Q QO ~*xfl POQ =ke" H
` ^ . =_= POQ " ~ Ô \C < " xfl ^H} ~`^ O ^^Q x~eOK_"
HO_ a\+ HOh `# PkH `# î OzOk.
W^ =xH S~ POQ O z O ~} ~OO J~Ok. nxx J=HOQ fHx
O z "i O` a\+" ix " Q@_xH P~a, H|, HxO\ <|, < `
OkO ~aO K_. " ~ O#O x H H~ û #Oz q_`#flk Jx _ K_.
O z O` \C <# Q |_< _x WOw+ "iH J~= ~Ok. JOu=OQ \C ##
89
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
x~eOK_xH " ~ O#O Ô H\ O K#. D Ô (1798 " 4)# \C < =~}O K_.
\C ~[=# ^KH=_" HO_, WOw+ x Q$ g^ _ ^_ H#yOK~.
" nxx Qi D qÔ Q "_. " 4 ~u ''X H W _ =Ô_ #Q~= O` ^KH|_Ok.
WO_ Ki# [ `= Q$ =O ^K<fl~x `Hx qOK~.
nx` WOw+ "iH =Y"# ~[OQ " ~ =i~Ok. " ~ O#O " K<
i~O HOhH q O`# K~ @" HH PiH, "~ x H O|O^" # Z<fl HeQ~.
HOh ~*xfl `~ t= =^ =^ ^Hx ~ q "Ò "OK#. JO`HH O z "i
" xfl WOw+ "~ ^H}
~`^ O iQ `yOK~.
^~b, \C < a\+ "i #O_ " H O<xH HQ =Ô =O^Q<
Q \ ~ . " ~ O<xH a\+ "ix ^~OQ LOK_xH fi^j, < ^ #O O
fH=_xH "#H_^ . \C # # H~ û K~_ xH x~HiOK_" HH a\+" i`
z=i^H ~_~.
51.10 POQ =~~ O|O^ :

t=, =^ ~`^ O a\+ PkH ` ~Q_ xfl f=OQ =u~HOzOk =~+ . "Q
=*xfl =~+ U qÔ Q
\O k, g~ Kk" L<fl~ . =~+ a\+ "iH =^
x~O`~ JO`~` O~} =# =~+ HkQ |#_~. t"r =#=_ , J`x
#è `~~H =^ JO`~Ô ~O=~Ok. `~~ `# H_ ~O_= t"r Jx
=~+ =^ JO`~` q^ U~_ q[ ## `K~. nx =O =~+ ~[H
fi PkH `# _ _O k. r qfi<^, # fiQ ==iOK_" HO_ =~R
H O^ aO^=Q =~#. =~R Kù <==` _ =`" . r qfi<^
=~_ "^\ r~" =~+ ~*xH J<H O`# K~_. =~R ~[O L`~ #
=fi, Q[~`, |O^ YO_ "^# O` JO`~Q J~. H.. 1740 fi ^q
=O~O~ "# k. =~R O<k , Q H fi~, ~, Ok , < "~fi~ O`
`= |xfl OK<fl~ . "^\ r~" =~_ r r~" fi J_. W`x <H`fi O
=~+ X ix `= Pn#O K x OQ #"| g^ X u_ fHx ~QeQ~. W`x z#fl
O` =~+ H O H@_ xH X C<fl~. ^~^ x*O _ t= ^~^ O`#
=~+ W=fiH ` ^ . _b x "Q ~[H =~+ "Q "~ # x~~ OK_O
HH` =OK~.
H.. 1761 P< _ =~+ # F_OK_xH ~=@O` =~+ JkH~ ^xH
è ^| `yeOk. Jb =~R uxkx O* ~[H #Oz <\"
_" HO_, =~+
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
90
"~ O x "Q L`~ ~`^ O Z=i O ^H hO_ x~kOKQe Q_. H.. 1761
=_ x@ Ô Jb Ku F_~. D F@q =~R u+# JkH~xfl O~O Q
x~eOzOk. JO`HH OQ, ^H}
~`^ O WOw+ "~ `= JkH~xfl, ~ O KH=_xH
LQ_#.
fi, =^= ~= HO`=~ ~fi " = O# OkOz @Qey#\H H.. 1772 J`_
PH HOQ =~}O K_. nx=# =~R ~[ @O QO^~Q O U~_Ok. W^ =O
=~R < =z# ~ O_= `~O < JkH~ # HO J~ KK@O "^\~ .
=~R < fi OQ `= O<# qi OK_xH uflOK~. D H~}" JO`~` q^ ,
W`~ fi^j O<n , a\+" i =^ O ~} îfOk. r r~" `=_ ~ <^
~=, <~}~=, J`x ^~ # =^= ~= f="# Ja ^ "^< ~. <~}~=
H.. 1773 KO|__ . =^= ~= fiQ H\ O K|__.
"^\ POQ =~~ Ô (H.. 177682)

=~R JO`H "^\ POQ =~R ^xH H~}O. ~ <^~", =^=~"
=u~HOQ a\+" i |O# OkOz =^= ~= =u~HOQ J`x =^` ^~# << _fl #
kH iOK_. D Ô WOw+ "iH n~ ÔQ iQ}Oz H.. 1882 " Ok`
=yOk. nx H~O W^~ `= `= i^ # QiOz, WOw+ , =~+ =^ 20 O=`~
Oux O KQe yOk. nO` HOh " ~ ==~xfl KH @HQeyOk.
~ O_ POQ =~~ Ô : (H.. 17981805):

=["k # J~# " # H~ û ^fi~ J<H ~` O<# `# Pn#OH
`Q Q_" HH, O z =Ô #Oz ~`^ O x a\+ =*xfl H_QeQ_. H` O`
_ D q^#O ^fi~ PHqOK|_~. a\+" i Pn#Ox Ju ^^ # X H X H OÒ =~R
O#". =Y# =~~ < H.. 1800 O=`~H Kx~. =~R ~~
~} __ O =xy~. D H=O ^`~" Ok , fi r~=2 q+ < xfl
fiO`~", ~ F_OK_. fi ~ O_= r~" # H~ û K~@
" HO_ <
Okx H.. 1802 _O|~ K <fl_ . W^ =O On < " Ku H.. 1803
O |~ F_OK|_ # H~ û K~@" HH "i ~* #Oz K Q Wz"~.
H.. 1806 n~ ~@O `~fi` HOh ~` Ok K #flk.
=_= POQ =~~ Ô : H.. 1817):

1817 O=`~O fi <H`fi O < ~fi fiÒ ` uux OkOK_xH
z=i `flO K a\+ "i K` F_~. Ok , , < a\+ ~fi=kH~xfl
JOwHiOKH ` ^ . =~+ Pn#O L#fl ~[` O<# a\+" i PkH `# `H}
"
91
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
JOwHiOK~. D qÔ Q O* =i O^ ` qye# ~` LYO_O JO` H.. 1818

<\H a\+ ` H a\+ # #QH qye# W`~ Q a\+" i ~H xO`} ~` H
ieOKQ~. "Ò ~`^xfl 18181857 O=`~ =^ a\+"~ PHqOK_O
b H$`~. O^ , O* P `~fi` [~OK|_ J^ =^ ~ O~O Q PHqOK|_~.
51.11 O^ :
POQ, ~+< S~ P YO_ L#fl "~^ =# ~, Px< H
i+ g^Q WO_ x a\+ =[O Ô_ ` K # fl J#=#" a\+ "~ O^ x
PHqOK_xH H~}"O k. H.. 1832 Ok H~O O^ x ~_, #^, a\+ "i =~H "~xH
J#=uO|_~. Hx `~fi` =z# O^ J#|O^ Ok K x H.. 1839 _=O_
K~. O^ _ J"~ UH~}O K O_< O^ x a\+" ~ H.=. 1843 PHqOK~.
''P qÔ Q K H` O^ # =# U LO_k H^ Jx O^ # [~Oz# K~ <
~
"MxOK~. "^\ P< ^xH O^ PH=} ^ # H~}=~Ok. O^ PH=}= Px <
PHqOK@ èH~Ok.
51.12 :
~OO M #O ~OkOK_xfl Qi WO` =O^ g~ Kkq LO\~.
Q~QqOÔ Q =~}O` <H`fi O |O^ |^~ K` H =zOk. D# "Q` H..
1717 =~}OK^H x~O`~ ^ H#yOK_. P `~fi` JkH~O `#O H=@O
~O" # k. "Q JkH~ |#` =i J^ Jb P< Ô_ ` O*, [=
J~KH u <H#flk. O* 12 =Ok ql (*fiqH xH fl |OÔ) =#`fi
ukH U~_Ok. <_x Z#flH=_O x~
O K _O JOîH =# Qfi=O LO@Ok.
"^\ D *fiqH U~@ Q xKO k. `~fi` HO H~K H qlx eOz# ~OlÒ Q
(H.. 17801839) >* #kH t=# L#fl ql# `# Pn#OH `z O* ~[O U~@
K_. D ~[O |OQ =#fl, a\+ "i =O^ i`Q^x ~OlÒQ Q OK_. JO^K`<
H.. 1809 a\+ "i` J=$`~ Okx K Hx, @* #k `# ~*xH i^Q JOwHiOK_.
D qÔ Q @* `~# =#fl ~*xfl [~OK< HOH# =k_.
"^\ , ~ O_ ^ :
H.. 1839 =~[ ~OlÒ Q =~}O K_O ` O*# ~[H Jxtu iu U~_
O* `fixfl "QO Q =i"#. # O ~[ JkH~O "`xfl Q ` O K#flk. `fi
, =Y < # O H JkH~O `yO KO> a\+" i` Ô i # =~O Q
QiOK_. # O a\+" i` ^~ OQ H.. 1845 ~_#. <k` @K` a\+
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
92
"i Ku F_~Ok. JO`QH J==#H~O Q ~ OkH H.. 1846 P"kOz O*#

a\+ O~H}
JyOz keO Q# (~OlÒ Q H_) O#O LOK~. 5 qe# _|#
OKOQ Wz QO Q [= Hj~ =~* J_. g\H a\+ `fi uxk "= _< _.
P qÔ Q "^\ POQ Ô =yOk.
~ O_= POQ Ô H.. 1848 "Ô k. fiKH=# a\+ =[O
^_xH xH u~Q@ ~. Hx H.. 1849 _ HxH D u~Q@ J}z" |_
O*x fiÒQ _ PHqOK_. D qÔ Q L`~ "= OÒ ~OlÒ QK xiO|_,
H= O`" # ~[O JOìOzOk.
=~[ ~OlÒ Q <H`fi O |"# ~[O O K|_Ok. gi JkH~O @* #kH
t=" iqÒ K |_Ok. H.. 1845 # = a\+ "i` ~} _ F_~Ok.
~ Ok ^fi~ ~[O a\+ Pn#OH "oOk. H.. 1848 _ O*# a\+
=[O QOQ qb#O K_.
~ fl 51 a
1.
~`^ O Ki` Ô ZO^ ^#` =OzOk?
2.
J^ Ok #Oz a\+ "~ Z\ PiH O Ok<~?
3.
J^ # _ `# =[O ZO^ HH<< q=iOKO_.
4.
\C # a\+" i` ^xH `_# _ U q^H O H~_?
5.
=_= x@ ^ ==
Z) =~R, a) a\+ "i g^ Z L#flk.
6.
18=à =^ i# Z=i HO^ U qÔ Q |OQ =~#.
93
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H< 3
<, |~, Px <, H O, \< a\+ q^#O

WO_ ~*# [~Oz# `~fi` a\+ "~ i^ HO `= ^$+x =~e<~. nxH
^ # H~}O :
Z) =iO` O`xfl PHqOK_O
a) a\+ ~ =iO` =~@ OkOKO.
) W`~ S~ ~*# WO_ H ~O_ a@< H_H=_O.
a@< `# J=~# ^$+ @Hx ~Q ~*` O|O^# U~@K H<#. Hxfl
^` O~} kQ#. <, |~, Px<, H O =i \<` a@< O~}#
O Q KiÔ:
51.13 < :
~`^ O a\+ ~*xH [ QoH i^# x~~OKx L^ " < ^xH
H~}O. (181416) <x Q~ 1816 [iy# Ô a\+ "ix OQ x~kOz#
< Qm Okx JOwHiOKH ` ^ . D Okx JOwHiOK_= O> <
1. a@< ikx =m ~[OH J#=uOKe. Q~, H=^, =~< (=, |i, <x \
=Y "q q_^Q ~QOK~).
O`# a\+ "iH Wz"e. ` O|O^# "#H fH"e. nx`@
a\+ "~ < O|O^ H#yOK~. Q~ a\+ < xH #=H" # x J~.
a\+ =[O W_ = ^H "OzOk.
51.14 |~ :
19= `|O fiOÒ` |~ ~*xfl =_=~ ^` a\+ "~ [~OK~. nxH
H~}O a\+ "~ `= ~*xfl |~ =~ " K x JO`QH "i "~xfl |~ x~fiOKx
"^\ (|~ Ô 182426) D ^xH H~}O HO`=~ i^ `Q^ =i HO`=~
"" xH |~ a\+ "i` "~ X O^xH JOwHiOKH =_O. O_| Ok ^fi~ Ô
PyOk. (1826 |=i) ^ #+i~OQ PH\ ~ KeOK_O P~ < =i ><Qi<
l# |~ a\+ "iH Wz" _O `~, L`~ OÒQx JOQx |~ Z@=O\
O_ ~^K_O |~ H O`xfl a\+"~ q+` |"# =~OQ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
94
~OkOKHQeyOk. JO`QH |~ a\+ `fi uxkx P= LOK_xH a@<` "~xH

X C#flk.
~ O_ |~ Ô H.. (1852) :
a\+ "i ^~i`" "~ J=~ ^xH H~}O. |~W ^@" # J_=
iU H, "^ ~ a\+ "ix PHiOzOk. JO`HH a\+ "i =~H "~ |~ _
OkOK#<fl~ . Hx |~ ` fiO a\+ "i "~ O|O^# |~ H<yOK_xfl
` zOk. =["k _ a\+ =*xfl u+Q qOz |~# Px < OHeOzOk.
|~ a\+ POH # a\+ u+Q fHx J=HO HO Z^~K~. W^~ a\+ =^
H # ~OQ# Q=~fl~ Wz# z#fl ~ ^ P^~OQ ("~ ~ [i=#) i Ô ~O" # k.
a\+ "~ `= `" L#fl` *uQ qOz "i "~O |~" ` = OÒ `=
qi OK
@O `= Q qOK~. ~OQ## Q=~fl~# OkOKO_< |~~ K =x a\+
"~ P^tOK~. a\+ xH HH _ a\+ JkH~ uxkx ~OQ< LOKH=\xH
JOwHiOzOk. nx`@ #+ i ~xfl KeO K_xH _ JOwHiOzOk. |~ JkH~ < a\+" i
^ O H#H "O@# H` i=O_ _ |~=O^ LOzOk. Jq |~ `fixH JOwH~OQ =.
nx` a\+ < |~ ^_ K ~OQ<, < " a\+ #O î KOk. Q
PHqOKH=_O ^fi~ i |~ H O`xfl =^ "~xfl `# Q ` O K #flk.
=_ |~ Ô H.. 1885 : ~ O_= |~ Ô îH# ` a\+ "iH P
f~^ . L`~ |~ ^fi~ K< "~xH a\+ "~ =~ ^~` PzOQ~. H..
1862 |~< ` ~ == |~ H< UHfi= < `yOK=x a@< X u_ `zOk.
D =O< |~ `fiO <` X O^xH ^" # k. H.=. 1885 H`Q ~*# `< <`
H` "~ =~H xH O`HO K_. WO_K< q`flO, ^~O_, J\H *~Q L#fl <
|~` X OÔ K H=\xH ^xx a\+" ~ X CH^ . D qÔ Q |~# X HiQ PHqOK_xH
J=HO HO Z^~KOk.
O |~ =~ "~O |~> J_=# bA f#fl a\+ HOh |~ `fiO ^Q~
#O_ X O^xfl qOz L^Q OKO W=fi_O ^fi~ ># J^#OQ HiOK_O J@=O\
^= K@@=O\ J=HO =zOk. |~ `fiO nxH #+ i ~O KeO K=x _=O_ KO k.
nxH uQ P"kOKg#\ _=O_# a@< _ `H}" q_^ KOk. g\ Hxfl |~
qÔQ q^#O, ~` " Ku LO_e. 13 #=O|~ 1885 Ô "Ôk. |~#
WOw+ "~ K èHQ H.. 1885 [~OKQe Q~. 1935 O=`~O =~ a\+ WO_ <
=[O QOQ |~ LO_~Ok. H.. 1948 [#=i# |~ fiÒÒ OkOK#flk.
95
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
|~ Ô_ `# H =O a\+ "i =["^ e `" . "~, ~[H JkH~ <

a\+ "i ^ O. |~ [~OK_xH H =O J|^ i`" # "^# a@< L yOzOk.
51.15 Px < :
P YO_Ox POQ~ q~^" WO_ POQP< O|O^ =__ L<fl~.
19= Ò #Oz ~, Px < g^Q Ô_ ` K # fl^x WO_ a\+
_~ .
Px < WO_ L`~ , "= i^, a\+" iH ~ "iH =^ P OÒ L#fl
"~ ``fiO D ^xH =~H H~}O. ~# x~kOz a\+ "~ J=~# ~HO _xH
Px < =`H #O LO_@=# a@< Px < `# =O K##flk. a@< =O`
Px < |#~K x a@< qOzOk. Hx P< , P~ J~# ^ ==^ =~_ , fiÒ`
^$HÔ H"_ H=_O` = [i"# k.
"^\ P< Ô :
a@< H # LO_\xH ^ ==^ X CH<fl a\+ "i "~ ~[H ~` # J`_
J~+` K_. nx=# ^ ==^ ~" ^$+ yOK_. nxH uQ a\+ "~ J`x
#O |#_# * u+O Kx qOK_. 1838 uH X OÔ ~ X Ô K Ok.
^x ~` `fiO =~[ ~OlÒ Q * Qfi=O. D Ok ^fi~ ^ ==^#
P< , J"iH ` Oz *# _Q xiOK_O =Y L^ O. ^xH u OQ *
WO_ , O* `fi xqÒ O_ a\+ "i` K~ JOwHiOK_. 1839 H|
PH=O `~fi` Px < *# H` _Q x~fiOK|__. J~` P< [ a\+
q^j < Ô ~^_ xH uflOz# *# [ =u~HOK~. P< fiK# H~U"~,
^ ===^ H# x\~. ^ ==^ @|_ HH` O`xH O|_# P< [
u~Q@ H#yOk. _O|~ 18, 1941# ^ =^# "#H ~Oz H` Ok K HH a\+
"iH ` ^ . a\+ x u~Q #O P< [ ~, `\ HO_ JOK #Oz
=~Q iOK_O ` 16 " a\+ x =~}O K~.
X H ~ =`" ÒKHx, [^ K~Hx [iy# #+O K_. P qÔQ "=
i^ O`xfl PHqOKx z=~ Uq kOK O_< q=~Ok.
~ O_ P< Ô :
1885 #O_ P< ==~ a\+ `fiO U q^" # *HO HeyOKH^ . Hx 1870
=^ P ~ Ô_u Òk J<
O a\+ "iH HeyOk. D Ô_ ` = WO_
a\+ =*xH #+O HQÒ^x qOz P< _# +~ Pbx a\+ "i |$O^xfl HzÒQ
H| LOz P< q^j ==~# xOuOKx uflOzOk. +~ Pb nxx =u~HOK_O `
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
96
Px < Ô "Ô k. Px <# F_Oz a\+ +~` # P"kO*

_O b H$`"# k.
^x< QO^= ~ " 1879 Ok JO\~. a@< =z# H` `fiO P< q^#O q"# ^x
JOwHiOz Px < #O_ a@< x+qOzOk. J| ~=< (_==^ =#=_) Ô_ `
O #Oz ~HO KH=_xH O=`~xH HO` "Ò W=fi_xH _ JOwHiOzOk. P< _

~[H O|O^# a@< =`" H#yOK_xH =`" W+ _ _.
=_ P< Ô :
"^\ O K Ô ^H û H#yOk. J~` `~fi` O=`~O J=# J< H`
_ <H`fiO P< O~ fiÒÒ O^~. "^\ OK Ô a\+ =u~H,
=["^ =u~H "# ~ Q, ~ q= O P< x =["^ Z`Q _ # xe" O k.
a\+ "~ _ Px < i fiÒ`xfl W H` OkH JOwHiOKH `^.
~ =["^xfl =^ P qi OK O_ x~kOK_xH Px < `# JkH~xfl
O Kx a@< qOzOk. J~< fiK H=# P< [# OQn_O "iH J~O H^ .
z=~ Px < q+ O `# "^#hfl "#H fHx "iH O~fl fiÒÒ W=fi_O ` ^ .
51.16 \\ , H O, \< :
a@<, ~ ~ O_ iQ a@<` O|O^ @H<#. Wk ZO^H#Q, "}[ ~[H
J=~, a@< Qxx îH# == # \\ #Oz O^< =i WO_ i^Q
\\ LO@O^x ÒK#. H.=. 1904 =i` ~ H~< q@s #O` '' g^ Ô_`# .
, \\ ~[^x, \\ èHQ Oy~Ok. \\ fiK# Ok JO`~O yH O|O^` U
q^j =z< \\ K~ `#x "Q#O K# \H ~, \\ H=eQ LOK|_#. K< "i
=O iyOk.
H O < ^Q~Q LOk. WO_ JOK# \\ L#flk. H.. 1861 nx Q`#O
`yO k. H.. 1890 POQ K< "~ X OÔ g^ O`H @@ =# H O a\+ "i ~H}
aOz QiO OkOk.

|\< ~` L`~ i^ H O `~Q LO_, 1865 #=O|~ HH|_#. ~`
Ô x a\+ "~ X H KH x ~H} ÒQ L#fl ^# =i a\+ OHO ^~ L QH~ " #
\`@# OkOz \< ~.
97
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ fl 51.
1.
# K|_# ~QO u ~Q O# JO`~` q+# a\+"i *HO Kkq

L<fl~ . D ^~H=} q^<xH ~ O_ ^ # H~}# q=iOKO_?
2.
~ O_= |~Ô ZO^ [iyOk?
3.
|~ =i Px < Z_ fiÒÒ OkOK~?
3.
Px < a\+ q^#O ZO^ q[=OÒ HH ~Ok.
OQOQ :
K ` #Oz WO_ , t= ^ =^ "~O [~QKO_#. HxO\ <
` ~# `~fi` ~ # WO_ =K@ H` =~= # H#Q#@ ~OaOK~. ~w"~
"^@ WOW "~ HO^xfl U~@K~. ~w"i H `y ~<"i JkH~O
~O= ~Ok. _z, O z "~ P "~O "t OK~. D WO_ HOh Jxfl ~ #
HOh H#fl Z= q[ kOK#. WO_ , `~, t= f~ O` Z= Hs
O K#. g~ "Q OQ #Oz ~< JO^<fl~ . "Q H JOìOz D
WO_ HOh q[O kOK#. giH ~[H HOH U~_#k.
WOw+ "i ~[H HOH =# O z "~ giH ` ~ J~<~. O z "i JkH~O
H~fl@H =i ^~^ Q iQ#. WOw "iH O z "iH [iy# =_ H~fl@H ^
WOw+ "~ q[O O^~. H.. 1763 Oz "i JkH~O `yOk. "~ a\+ "ix
Z^~#H ~<~. a\+ "~ OQ g^ Ô_u H.. 1757 t~* L^# Ô
F_OK#. H~ Ô =# a\+" ~ OQ, c~, X i k"h JkH~O Ok<~. "~
J##fl@Q OQb t # == K J~`# Ok<~. OQ ^fiO^fi `fi=# ~|~
H" ">#.
a\+ "~ ^H} ~`^ O " ~ "i =u~HOQ ^ K#. ^~b, J`x =~_
\C # x~O`~O a\+ "i` ^ K H O|O^ u~ iOz, H.. 1799
\C # Kx#. 4= POQ" ~ Ô " ~ H O|O^ =K#.
a\+"i Q`<xfl =~+ _ =u~HOK~. fi HO^ =~+ |"#
HQ =i<~. =_= x@ ^ =# =~+ H <#O J~Ok. ^H}
WO_,
OQ a\+" ~ `= J=H ^fi~ "i u x ~ ~K <fl~ . JO`~O yH ^ ^fi~
=~+ ~~ |## O^, a\+ "~ `_~ . a\+"iH =~+ =^
=_ ^
^ [iy<~. =~+ J<H ` LO_@O =< "~ F_~<~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
98
a\+" ~ O^ =i O* Ô_u< ~. O* =~A ~OlÒ Q HO K

H= OÒQ LOk. Hx J`x =~}O `~fi` a\+ "~ ` K# ~ O_ ^ F_~.
`~fi` a\+" ~ `= u x ~ ~ KHx, WO_ W~Q~Q ^` "~a=$kx,
Q`<xfl K@<fl~ . H.. 1816 < a\+ =~# JOwHiOz, H.=. 1826 |~ a\+
"i` "}[ O|O^ U~@K H<#. a\+ "~ "~O K H#@ |~ `fiO iQ
JOwHiOK#. a\+" ~ ^k x x|O^# # |~ "i g^ "~. H.. 1885 |~ WO_
a\+ =[O He#k.
Px < ^fi~ ~"i Q`<xH a\+ "~ _#. a\+" i =O HO^ Px <
|#O H"x a\+"~ H~<fl~. a\+ "~ Px<` O|O^ U~~KH#@O=#
Px < fiK, = HeQ #. nx ^fi~ Px < KH=i * O#O |#O J~Ok.
a\+ "~ "#H#Oz, ^ ==^# fHx =z<~. a\+ "i #O =# Px<
Px < KO|_<~. H.. 1879 a\+" ~ Px < =~# U~~K <fl~. J`_ 6
< KO|_<~. "^\ O K Ô `~ "` Px < i fiK # a\+" ~ =m O K~.
J^# fl
100 =@` ["| ~O_:
1.
1. H.. 15= `|O WO_ "~ ~ ^~ ^fi~ Hs Z@ ~OaOK|_~?
2.
^ H~}q?
3.
J^ # _ Z@ H<fl_ ? HH#\xH "#H L#fl L^ "q?
4.
K~ <
~ K # ''=#O O^ g^ Ô_` @, WOH =#O Uq K e q=iOKO_?
5.
Px < a\+ "~ ~[ # K x ZO^ H~<fl~ ?
2.
1. ~`^ O D WO_ HOh Ja=$k KO^@, "~ q[O O^@ Q H~}q?
2.
a\+" ~ OQ# [~OK~. Jk "i L#fluH Z ^^_ O ^ q=iO=?
3.
a\+ "~ ^H}

~`^ O ZO` Ja=$k L<fl~ ? ^~b \C < ^fi~ =#O
ZO` ~A= K=?
4.
=_= POQ=~~ ^ =# POQ =~~ O|O^# KiOKO_.
5.
a\+ "~ |~ g^ L#fl =Y PH Uq\? Z@ ^xx OkOK~?
6.
Px < a\+" ~ =~ O H ~< Z q[O kOK~?
99
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H~H= :
H x~
xfl h= ` xiQ `H"e. D H x~
O` h= èHQ =Y"# q+ #
Ò\=. D H x~
O W`~ è~K @ J#OQ LO@Ok.
1290
~_
Yb
1206
`QH
== #
D HOk _b < Q H x~
O W=fi|_Ok.
1320
D H x~xfl *Q`Q Kkq` O=`~ HOk W=fi|_<~. U O=`~ Uq

Oq Oz#", U @ [iQ< H x~
O Ò\O.
1600, 1707, 1757, 1764, 799, 1819, 1843, 1849, 1856.
J^# =K~O
\C<
WO_ a\+ =[ # =u~HOQ ~_# Q Q}Q} H"_ \C#.
W`xx " ~ e JO\~. W`_ a\+ "i Pk` O g^ Ô K#. Hx ~`^ ~A
JO^ W+ _ ^ . a\+ "~ "~H^. "~ ^xfl [~~x \C # `Hx, "~
WO_ =^=x, "ix ZkiOK@ WO_ x JO^~ SHO H"x H~#. WO_
L#fl W`~ ` _= =O ^x DO _ HOh "i Qi è#.
\C < H+ _ `# ~[O# O#flO K#. W`_ H` HO_~, H` <}= ` s
=i H` `HH , H`# " \ PiH i` # "~Q~K# . W`_ [qO^s q^#
"xfl `yO K@ uflOK#. a\+ "~ " ~# H.. 1799 [~OK#. J\ Q=~fl~
[#~ *< ~ W@ "#. \C < a\+"~ P~~<~. Z= O^# a\+ "~
PHqOz# =^ #Oz Ok, \C < #`# i= O z, "~O ÒK#. \C
`# i=xH ^~ O` #O_ x"ix ` OKHx, Z= "~a=k K, ZQ=`
OK#. \C < # O Jxfl O`HO> #`#"# k. W`x < xH O z "iK` tH}
WOK#.
W`x HO, `, ~ O Q ~ # "i = LO\~. g\x " ~ ` ~K~OK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
100
\C =Oz =# HeyLO_@ =# Q ~ O^#. W`_ G=, Ki`, H , =Ò,

``fi O qQ# Kkq<_. W`_ fiK ` H~H= x~fiOK@ H~}O, W`~ Oz q= O
Qi Q K^= @O JH_ Oq Oz# O @# =# J"iH "~ *Q` _< ~. *Ha< W`_
O z "i` ^Q~ O|O^ HeyL<fl_ . HO`=Ok Ki`H~ \C <# =` ^fi+Q xOkOK~.
Jk x[O H^. W`_ J<H ^" Wz# |=`, ^#^~ O|OkOz# J<H L^~}#
|\ J`x ~= ` #O H"_x Ò k.
["| :
51.Z.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
`~+ HII. 1453 HxO\ <# PHqOK_.

O K "~ Ja=$k.
~w. H.. 1588 WOw+ "i K` x+ Pi^ F_OK|_#_.
_ ~` JO`~` H HQ* Hx X HiHO =Oz "iH P^, x #
JOkOK@ x~OK_.
1. <}"# P^, H=tH}
Hey# # O.
2. |"# <HÔ .
51.a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
WO_ a\+" i q[` Wk =~xfl K#.

"~ OQ, c~, X i k"x Ok<~.
=r^ Pb ^+i# xOkOK#.
Oz
=~+ H, Q~=O <#"O k.
OQ "i u x ~ ~ K J=HO# a\+" ~ ^xH WK#.
51. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
Z. ~[H L^ ` W`~ S~ ~* #O_ ~H}

HO ~`^ O Q OkOz
JH_ a\+ ^# LOK@.
a. PiH L^ LO> a\+ == ~` ^= =~@# |\ Q_O K@.
Z. a\+ =~ ZQ= |~# "~O K x H~H<#.
a. ZQ= |~ ^fi~ K< "~ =~O L#flk.
H.. 1948, 1921.
Px < "~ fiÒ` q =i "i ==~ a\+ "ix x~O`~OQ W|Ok
\~.
101
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
52
a\+ # PiH == =O
52.1 iK O :
~`^ O a\+ # Ki` ^ PiH ^_Q K |_Òk. D WO_ HOh
^= , Jxfl _ ~f ~ ` # ^_ K _O ^fi~ OkOz#". D ~O
^xH H~}. L yOz# q^< ==, iqH ~OQ a\+ # =O QiOz
KiÔ.
52.2 H :
D ~O K^= _O ^fi~ HOk q+ Q OKQ e.
1.
a\+ "~ " \# t q^#O ~ ` fii, =fii t q^<.
2.
D q^<x ^ # H}
,
3.
~`^ O a\+ "i "}[ q^#O
4.
~f \~ i = a\+ q^< =O.
5.
~`^ O i= ~Q^
52.3 fi` t q^#O :

OQ, c~, X i k"h H..1765 #fl = K < JkH~O HOhH WK~.
nO` "~<OQ "O ^fi~ (J`kHOQ _| Ke##fl=HH) #fl = JkH~O HeOK
#`# û x ~OaOK_. J~` nx= HOh ZO` PÔ O^Q ^< q+ O OkQ`
<HOk. JO`HO_ ~ ` =iO` îHOH <\ "
|_~ . D i` HOhH YzÒQ,
HOhH = t =O^ èqÔ Q, [gOî =~xfl `= =^` ^~Q K < qÔ Q
H..1793 H~<" b OQ, c~ fi` t q^<xfl " \_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
102
D fi` t q^#O "^@ [gO^~#, #fl = ^~# =O~O~

[=#Q =~~. =~qÔQ KO> #fl = JkH~O`@ HOh "ix
[=#Q _ QiOzOk. ~ O_=k x~~ Oz# t _ fiÒQ LO@Ok. [gO^~
~ ` #O_ = K# ^x 10/11 QO HOhH KeO z qye# 1/11 QO "i fiO`xH
LOKH=K. X H" Z= qx ==QO K _O ^fi~ Qx, ^ ~` # _O zQx
[gO^~ WOH Z= #fl = K# @~`, ^xx HOh `#H=fi=x H~^ . J~` `#HK
QO =Ò HOh K Hi# OQ LO@Ok. D ~A OHO =~ t# KeO Kx HO
1794 ~OkOz# ~= K@O(Sunset laws) ^fi~ qx uiy "O" JkH "Ò
KeO z#"iH WO k.
D q^#O = `.
1.
t ^fi~ ZO` _| ==Ò^ YzÒQ Òk.
2.
D t fi` û x~~ OK_O = JkH~ Z="Ò = K _xH JkH JOK<

""~.
3.
WO^ = "`xfl =O^ x~~ Oz#\H ~ ` [gO^~ YzÒ Q ZO` KeO K

x~~ OKH =_O X H O. nx= [gO^~ ~ ` # ~HO Q ^_ K"_.
4.
~f == ~OQO ~= K\.(Sunset laws) H`~ H " # fi= û H

`~f ~. @}
L#fl ^x Q=Ox qx H#Q K"~. "~H _ x=OK O_
"~ xqOz# = ^fi~ #fl = K~OK"~. D = ~ ` # ^_ K
fi` t q^#O ^fi~ "i rq`# ^~~ O K"~.
fi` t q^<xfl H..1793 OQ H~<" b " \_ . nx= = fi` û Q

~Ok #fl =^~# fi=Q =iOk.
~ fl 52.Z
1. fi` t q^#O ZO^ " @|_Ok?
2. fi` t ^ # H}
# ~#O_.
3. fi` t q^# # e `# q=iOKO_.
103
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
52.4 ~ ` fii t q^#O :

18= `|O =~ ^H} ~`Ôx K O` HOh Pn#OH =K~. nO`
i< = _ U~_~. D O` ^ fi= H =_O = ~ ` `#O`@ `<
#fl KeO K^ u x ~OkOKx s_, =< <H`fi O xK # fl =^ JkH~ ukOK~.
fi`t q^#O = HOhH #+O =O ^x J^# P^xfl [gO^~ O^K<fl~x JkH~
qOK~. JO`HO_ D q^#O = ~ ` [gO^~ K` ^_H Q~=`, J`x ^ ^H}
rqOKe =O ^x "~#<fl~ .
nx eÒQ =^, O~ _h D ~`fis t q^<xfl "\~. nO`
HOhH ~ ` nx <~ Q X OÔ ki#@~Ok. J~` #fl KeO z#O` HO ~ ` # HOh
*=xQ Qi O k. D q^<xfl 20,30 O=`~ HHi gH ~ .
D ~ ` fii t q^#O "#H ZO\ ùfiH qH ^ . Wk H=O `fixH ~xH =^
#fl KeO = O Q ==~ #_O K qÔ Q # =~ f~=_O ^ #
LÔ.
D q^#O = ==~OQO = ~ ` #ZO\ =~ ~=@OQh ~ ` HeO K_O
Qh [~Q ^ . D = H L#fl =^ =~ `yOK|_#\2H JkH~ ^_ J^qÔ Q
H#yOk. Q `fi "\# K Z=Q x~~ OK~(Lù K# Ô\ Q@
# 40Ò _
~ ` O^H "_). `fiO _ `# W+" z#_ #fl# OK # HeyLO_k. J~`
[ #fl H@ x ^~} i` L#fl\H `fiO #fl KeO "`xfl `yO K@O Qh ~^
K _O Qh K Hk. L^~} ~ =, =~^ ^ O@ J##flO` ~#_ =O\ i`
_ `fiO ~ ` #O_ #fl "`xfl x~H}
OQ = Kk. (~` `# q HO` Qxfl
=_" i ^=\Q h JqQh #fl KeO K=e =Kk.) D q+ O |O[~ qx ==
Q qQ (J_= #iH"` ^ fi~ Qh ^ h\=u HeOK_O ^fi~Qh) =~_O #fl =
"`xfl OKH=_O HO K# \H Jk ~ ` ` JOîH [#O K iOk. J^=O
~ ` [=# # H_ KO <Q HxOKx a\+"~ uflOK"~.
O~, =^ _h s_, =< ~`fis t x~ q^<# "\~.
~*xH, ~ ` =^ =^ =~ " O O_ <~ Q t KeO == LO@Ok. H#Q}OQ
t KeO # gH ~ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
104
~ fl 52.a
1.
~ ` fii t x~
q^#=O> Uq\?
2.
~ ` fii û x ZC_ ZO^ " \~ ?
3.
~ ` fis û x ^ # q?
52.5 =fii t x~
q^#O :
QOQ#k i"H OÒ. PQfl q<, =^ WO_ x Hxfl Q O*
[gOî t q^<xfl P^hHiOK~. J\H J= L#fl fi` t q^#O @ ~ P
HO\ L#fl JO`$ = P x~
O f<fl~ .
1822 ~ Q+< VII P^~OQ L#fl , "YOr M` f~#O =fii û H <k
"O k. D û H~O t = Q=O(=) "`xH ^ Z\ "`xH Q=^ Qh
@O| ^Q h K_ . "iH P Q=xH ^ Z\ L=_ J<"~. "^\ HOh "\ WO^
85 ÒQ x~~ Oz#\H, 1833 ~ Q+< IX H~O 66 ÒQ, 1855 ~< ~ q^#O
H~O ^xfl 50ÒQ H#Q}OQ gH `yO K_O [iyOk.
Q=O ^ = HOhH =^ =fii t x~
O [iyOk. nxfl L`~ , =^ ~`^ O
" @_O [iyOk.
~ fl 52.
1.
=fii t x~
û ^ # H}
q?
2.
UU O` =fii û " \~ ?
52.6 PiH ^_ :
a\+ D WO_ HOh ~f ==` "~O K Q_OK< H O`
~`^ xH =zOk. HO`HxH "~O HO =z# "~ `= ^ [< HO = PiH
== $+O KH=_O HO Q =~~. a\+ `fi ==, iqH q^<#
q+ J=hfl _ ~`^ xfl PiH ^_H QiK" Jx Òk.
a\ + "i Pi H q^ <# ^ "iQ i jeOK _ O = O[ O . WO^ " ^ \
^( 16001757)# '=~<\e[OQ(Mercantilism) K =K. H..1717 =O^ ZO\ OH
KeO K O_ WO_ "~O K H=_xH " KH=i #O_ HOh J#=u Ok# q+ O
105
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
g èO^. ^x= ~f =~ H<fl "iH "~=H "~QQ nx`@ HOh Q=

~f Ku=$u HH~# `=HO xK =x X u_ K"~. D ^ ~f ==#
q^ J=_O ^fi~ HOh # Q_OKk. ~ ~f =, , QO^ ^",
q"# ~ y~H Z=Q LO_@O = =~ Q_O K"~. HOh D == # ~`^ O
K ` = ^~ Hx JÒ` Z= ^~ WOQO_ J""~. Hxfl O^~ "\x WOQO_#O_
W`~ S~ ^ ZQ=u K"~.
J~` ~f =#fl _=O_, a\+ Lù^~ J HeO K~. g\=
=# fl \x J==#H~O Q qOK~. nO` a\+ = Lù^~ ~f == # a@<H
~O_ x=iOK=x ~" O@ X u_ K _O ~OaOK~. H..1720 =~ ~f =xfl
qxyOK_xfl, î OK_xfl x+k ~" O\ K@O ~OkOzOk. nO` ~f K<` H ~
^ # P^=#~Q L#fl ZQ=` ^fi~ =# fl P^xfl H=_O ~O" O k.
~`^ O QoHOQ HOhH Pk` O HeOz# Ô H..1757 [iyOk. nx
`~fi` ~`^ iu =iO` kQ*iOk. HOh Ok# 24 UHQ}
` @ J`kHO Q
Q_O K_xH `y#O` ~[H JkH~O _ nx= aOzOk. WH ` = "`< H "iHO xK =x
OQ K<` HH~ HOh X u_ K _O ~OaOzOk. nO` @ `= ^Q~ =_~ #
J`kH ^~ KeO zH#=x, ` ~ # "i == # =Ò K `= ^~ J==x _ "i
X u_ ~O" O k. nO` ~f K<` Hi_ iu H=OQ kQ*iOk.
WOQO_ =z# iqH q= O `~fi` a@< PiH= =, WO_ O|O^ iQ
=i~. iqH q" xH JÒ` J=~" # q ~ O_. JO^ "^\ k =_~ , ~ O_=k
` ~ # == # J=_xH J=~" # q} . P ~ O_ _ WOQO_ =. P ~ O_O\ HO
WOQO_ K# J<fi+}# ~`^ O =^#O îHOk.
iqH q= O ^fi~ ~Ok# H` @|_^s =~O ~`^ O =~\ Q`k ` O
K~# fl HOhx ~^ K
x ~" O@ X u_ K _O ~OaOzOk. H..17931813 =^
nxfl WOH L^$Ò K~. HOh O^`#fl HH JO^ xK # fl "~ _ qs`" #
O^# WOQO_ f~=_O WOH X u_ OK_xH H~}"O k. "i H$+ eOz K~~ K@O ,
1813, ~f "~O HOh Q`k ` xfl ~^ KO k.
nO` H.. 1813 #O_ ~`^ O a@< y# fl PiH ^_ ~ O_^# K~ Ok. =
PiH == OH+~ =OK ~ q J=~ `Q@ =~ [iQ~. ~`^ O =_ ~ ,
` ~ # a@< == J=HxH H OÔQ ` ~ O k. # \x J~# ~`^ O a@< q
= kQ=`` xO_~Ok. a\+ == ZO\ OH KeO K O_ <~ Q WO_ H
"t OK=K. Hh ~f == a@< "t OK_xH J`kH OH qkOK~. a@< " \#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
106
D q^<xfl 'X H =~O fiK"~O LO\~. x*xH ~f == a@< ^^ 400Ò

Q OHO LO_k. nO` ~f Ku=$` i= ~ O_q^ #+ ~ `< = KiOk. WO^
"^\ k q^j q}x H=_" ` , ~ O_=k a@< q =` =#fl J<u H, J=# \. nx
a@< Ki`H~_ K.K.q< ''ZO\ OH KeO K O_ a\+ == ~f =~\
"t OK_O . J^qÔ Q xHOQ Lù J=`#fl == J<H POH qkOK_O <u HOQ ~[H OQ
_ J<=x Ja_~ .
a\+ "i PiH^ _ = ~f PiH= = ~fi <#"O k. ~f = i=, H
`<= K~<fl~. ~`Ô = PiH ==Q =i~Ok. eÒQ =_~
ZQ=u^~_Q, ` ~ # == kQ=uQ~_Q ~O`~O KOkOk.
~ fl 52._
1. D WO_ HOh ~`^ xH ZO^ =zOk?
2. '=~O\e[" J#Q<q?
3. 1813 K~~ K@O e ` Uq?
52.7 P^ xH i= =$k, ZQ=u q^#O :

~f = i=, H a@< # =O QiOz =O^ QO K^ =<flO.
~f PiH= = a\+ =["^ q^< = H=OQ iqH ~OQxH ^~" O k. H =O
~f = i= `< xfl =`" ijeOK_O ^fi~ a\+ # PiH~ OQO K# "xfl
i~ JOK<" O. JO^= 19,20 ` ~`^ O P^ xH i= ~Q^
QiOz OQ sHO Ke LO@Ok.
P^ xH i= U~@ Ja=$k a\+ <HO< [~Q_ O = ~`^ O J^ hH~}
#
" \# #` a\+" i^#x HO`=k Ki`H~ "k< fl~ . ~`^ O iqH Ja=$k
H..1850 `~fi` ^ #OQ ~ O_ q+ H OnH$`" O k. JO^ "^\ k \, H, WO_Q =O\
`@ OK_O . ~ O_=k #, E\, Q, Yx* =O\ i= U~@.
H..185955 =^ "@"^\ # q, Hxfl E\ q, QQx i=
~O= ~. QQ # OQx ~}QO *, =^ q<x "x =~ iq`=~.
WH E\ q OY H..1882< 20H K~~. Wq ^#OQ S~"i ~Ô #_Kq.
H..1880 =~ =_ ^ # i= ~`^ O xKq. H..18801895 =^ ` i=#
P^ hHiOK_O Qh H`` i=# U~@ K _O Qh [~Q ^ . H..189495 E\q@
107
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
OY 29H QQ # OY 123H KiOk. H..1914=~ Ô 264 # i= LO_Q

JO^ 182 O~ _h < L<fl~. WH 64 E\ q ^^ 1,54,376 =Ok =
xK"~.
H..18901914 =^ \eO, =OQh, "H , =O\ #`# i= ~OaOK|_~.
Hxfl aO \O|~ i= _ JC_ ~O= ~. nO`@ W#=, L i=
_ "QO Q Ja=$k KO^~. 1930 " O\, HyÒ, Jy> , KH ~, QA i= Ja=$k
KO^~.
J~` D P^xH i= U~@ ^fi~ ~`^xfl P^hHiOKx a\+ "~
uflOK~#H=_O ~ O k H^. x*xH g\ J`kH i= a\+" ~ [=#. ~f
@|_^~ WO^ #O OkOK~. Wk K H+" # q+ O. J~` i=, `@
OHO i Pk` O a\+" iH L#fl\H, 191418 =^ [iy# "^\ O K Ô ~f
Lù^~ ~f q} "tOK_xH `y# "`=~}O HeOzOk. D<_ Ô
J`#fl`~ L#fl ~f i= <k P<_ "O^. ~`Ô iqHH~}#
`=x JO^H" 1916 iqH Hg+< U~@ K #fl@ `fiO H\ O zOk.
~f "~"` J<H POH #, J_O# Z^~<"~. JO^ =M"O k =~q =H.
~ fi _ ZQ=u "~xH K L Q_ ~. S~"i xH "}["` O O K
Hk=Ok ~f "~"` =`" "O LO_k. O, ~}Ô HeOK W`~
Ohfl _ a\+ "i Pn#O< LO_q. ~f "~O a\+"i Q`kÒ LO_k.
H..1923x \i ~ ukOz# \i OH q^#O _ ~f == ZQ=ux
x~O KqÔ Q< ~OkOk.
nxfl |\ a\+ "i ZQ=u q^#=O` _ ~f# ^_ K a\+ "i O^<
OK_xH ~OkO^< q+ O J~= Òk. a\+ PiH ^_H Q~~# "i ^ #OQ ~f
==O, i=, ~ ` , K<` H ~, `@ Hi L<fl~ .
H..1854 #O_ \, WO_Q, #, E\ =O\ P^ xH i= ~`^ O Ja=$k KOk#\H,
W=hfl _ a\+" i Pn#O< L<fl~.
~ fl 52.W
1.
~`^ O U ~ O_O\ ^ #OQ a\+" ~ @|_ \~ ?
2.
~`^ xfl Ja=$k K < H O` a\+" ~ ~`^ xfl iqHH~ } K ^# _xH

X H H~}xfl KOKO_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
108
3.
~`^ O q+ O 'X H =~ fiK"~O J~xfl qnHiOKO_.
~OO :
O^ ~f PiH, =lH ==# a\+ == q^#O <#O KO k. a\+
"~ ~`Ô =_ t x~ ^`# "\~. Jq fi`, ~`fii, =fii t
q^<. fi`t q^#O 1793 OQ [gO^~` ~ ` fii q^#O O~, =^ _h
~ ` =fii q^#O Q=O(=) ~OkOK~. D q^#O = a\+" ~ O^#
QK HQ ~f ~ ` =Ò ^~} iu H kQ*~~. K<` , H =O\ O^
\~ i=# _ a\+" ~ <#O K~. WÔ` _ ~`^ O #O_ O^ `~e O
îfOk. WH_ P^ xH i=# O z# #` a\+ "i^ J~#\H "\x "i Pn#O<
LOK<fl~.
fl :
1.
fi` t q^<xH Q H~}, ^ # H}

, # q=iOKO_.
2.
~ ` fii, =fii t q^< fi` t q^<xfl "~Qi ~OkOz#"? q+ O KO_.
3.
~`^ O a\+" i iqH q^# H#, ^ <O# Ò_.
4.
~`^ O a\+" i PiH O|O^ iqH q= "xfl ijeOKO_.
J^# =K~O :
X H ^xfl =~Ô uHOQ PHqOKH=_O Qh, ^ P^ PiH, ~[H JO i
JkH~O Hey LO_\xfl '=["Ô JO\=. =["^ Ô `= fiO`^ [< HO
PHqOK#fl =^ # ^_ K _xH J#"# q^<# ~Ok~ .
19= `|O O K"O Q =["^xH J#"# i` ~ _~. iqH q= O
=_~ , q} y~Hx $+O zOk. J^ =O ~"} ==, =K~ ~ ==
Ja=$k KO^~. Wk LO_Q 19= `|O *f "^xH `= |xfl î OK_O ~OaOK~.
Hxfl =["^ ^ nx^fi~ `= PHqOK#fl = ^ <QiH` <~ `<fl=x qOK~.
H..1858 ~`^ O a\+ ~} ` H #H =zOk. a@< ~} 'WO_ =l
a~^ OkOk. Ô` a\+ =["^xH WO_ k` ~O k. D =["Ô a@<<
iq`" O k H^. O z, [~h, _K, ~+ <, [<, J"iH P , PH x ^# =Q
K H=_xH `=`= ^ _"~.
109
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ fl ["| :
52.Z
1.
fi` t q^#O HOhH Yz`"# PÔ ~=_xH J#OQ ~OkOK~. nx

^fi~ ~ ` , [gO^~, [gO^~ HOhH #=H"# =^` ^~Q =~~.
2.
fi` t H}
.
1.
fi=# #fl = ^~Q, [=#Q HOh Qi O k.
2.
t# 10/11 QO a\+ "iH KeO KqÔ Q qQ` 1/11 QO [gO^~ LOK< qÔ Q
x~~OK|_Ok.
3.
X H" [gO^~ a\+" ~ x~~ Oz# #fl" Ò KeO K# @~` ~= K@O ^fi~
"O" JkH" Ò KeO K_xH JOwHiOz# =~HiH W~ .
2.
fi` t q^# e `
1.
HOhH ~ Ô
2.
J`Q JkH~ JkH JOK<
3.
[gO^~ K` ~ ` ^_
4.
fi= q^#O =~
52.a.
1.
~ ` fii t q^#O ~ ` , ~*xH =^ `H X OÔ, ~`# HO #fl KeO z#@~`

[=xQ ~[O Qi O k.
2.
~ ` fii q^<xfl =^, O~ _x " \~ . ^xH JH_ fi= H =_O

X H H~}"` =~H\ HOh JO` =O^#fl û ^fi~ # O^_O . WOH [gO^~
O^`#fl P^# P^ _ nxH =~ H~}"O k.
3.
~O =i#\H (WC_ ~[O) D ~ ` fii q^#O ^fi~ ~ ` ^_ H#Q`< LOk.

HOh JkH" Ò #fl# x~~ Z@=O\ iu _ ^xfl `yO KH k.
52.
1.
=fii û #fl q^#O HOhH Q=(=)^ , @O| ^ =^ X OÔQ

LO@Ok. "i< PQ= H Z\ L=_ [gO^~Q ~ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
110
2.
=fii û x QOQ i"H OÒ, PQfl q<, =^ ~`^ O x Hxfl Q

O* " \~ .
52._
1.
HOh `= Qfi= # `z> "}[O J~Ok.
2.
'=~O@e[" ÔÒ H..17,18= ` S~ H#yOk. WO^ Ô ^#

^x Pn#O L#fl q"# Yx* P^~OQ K~ . JO^= P `fi =#
OOkOKH=_O ZQ=u q^< ^fi~ O^# OKH=_O =O\ "\ JkHO Q ^
>"~.
3.
H.. 1813 K~~ K@O ^fi~ HOh Q`k Ò ~^ K|_Ok.
52.W
1.
Z. \, H, WO_Q =O\ `@OHO

a. #, E\, Q i= #
2.
^ Ja=$k ~f Qfi=xfl a\+" ~ ÒK~. Q J<H POH qkOK~.

a\+ "~"` ~`Ô \# @|_ ^fi~ qsÒQ O^ Q KHQ
~f# =Ò ` = "`# O` x"~Q L yOK<"~.
3.
~f == a@< " O ^x n#~O . J^ =O a@< == ~`^ O

Q=iOK~. ~`^ O `= == " xH <==` OHxfl =`" "~ KeO K"~.
Wk iQ <q~^ "~O.
111
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
53
a\+ < gH
53.1 iK O
HÒ ~O g~ POQ =[ #, q~}, POQ PiH q^< `=^ J=~#
f~\xH L^t O|_ x Kk"O. D ~O POQ =[ q~ }
a\+" ~ J#iOz# #`#
q^<# QiOz K^ =Ò. P q^< ^fiO^fi #, # H û , ~[ OH=} ÔÒ.
POQ J#iOz# ==H, iqH q^< =# PiH ==# Z@ <#O K
Ò\O. gxx|\ a\+" ~ K O=`~ ~`^ xfl eOz< JO^ g~ JO`~QO
H^ . H =O q*` Q< qy~.
53.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\~.
1. OQ ^fiO^fi # ^Ô K# JO.
2. ^fiO^fi# fi=O, #.
3. # H û H, H}
.
4. ~[OH=} ÔÒ fi=O, e `.
5. a\+" ~ J#iOz# ==H, iqH q^<.
6. a\+ PiH q^< =# Ku=$` H}
`, ~f O^ HQ\# "# O.
53.3 OQ ^fiO^fi #
|H~ ^#O`~O (1765) <H#fl i` # KH @@ H " (Clive) *^~}
<KHx
^fiO^fi ## (Dual or Double Government) OQ " \_ . ^fiO^fi # =# OQ ~RO
JkH~O HOh "iH, ^ ` #"| OK|_~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
112
^fiO^fi # ~fiO OQ " =[Ox X H (~RO). H O^ `fiO ^~,

k"< J# W^~ L^Q# ~R <kH~Q xqO k. ^~ x*= JkH~xfl J#Q
Ou ^` (Hq#), k"< PiH ==~#, ~# (q)# He
O\~. D W^~ L^Q
X Hi WOHHiH xO`} JkH~O LO@Ok. J~` gi^~ HO^ `fixH ` HOQ ^`
=~ . B~OQ*| =~}#O`~O H O^ `fiO |#_ @ =# OQ =i^ OM< fiÒ`_
#"| J# a~^ =Oz x*=`, k"h JkH~# ~ O_O\x `< Q ` O KH <fl_ .
|H~ ^#O`~O [iy# J^ Ok (1765) HOh"~ " KH=i # PO
#O_ OQ k"h JkH~O# O^~. nxH |^ HOh"~ 26H ~
PO, 53 H ~ OQ #"| < Y~ HO^ KeO K@ JOwHiOzOk. D
OQ JkH~=xH =z# #r" L^ HOh "i` OQ ## _\ ^~
x~fiOK@, J`_ HOh "iK xqO|_@, `# J#=u O_ J`xx `yOK@
gx qÔ Q X OÔ ^~<fl_ . W@ HOh"~ " KH=i #O_ k"h JkH~#
O^@QH x*=` JkH~xfl ` O `= Pn#OxH `K<fl~.
HOh"~ ~ q# = (k"h) K _xH ` HO Q ^`# K@
\ xH =YOQ ^ .
WO^ X H WO_ < _ \ k"<# xqOz `# xO`} #O_#@ KO k. Hxfl O^~
_ \ ^ ~, _ \ k"< ~ O_ X H =H x~fiOK"_. ^fiO^fi # HOh, #"| W^~
Qfi=. Hx PK~}
HOh"iH "= JkH~O.
^fiO^fi# HOhH J<H HeQ~. OQ #, PiH =#~ i xO`}
U~_Ok. W@ HOh ^ `~`"# JkH~xfl OkOzOk. OQ =#~ iQ ^KH#\xH
HOhH fiK aOk. H" ^fiO^fi ## "@@ <\ i` =O[O. @OQ
HOh ## Q ` O K O> fi^j ~AO^~ UH" HOh "i` O ~} _ =^=Ok.
JQ qye# S~~* ` O HOh q~ }
J_H @
" J=H=Ok.
OQ ## ` HO Q x~fiOK\xH HOhH tH` # L^y |$O^= ^. "~O
HO =z# HOh ~[# K eOK\xH ~*OQ~" # =<fl~. J@ a\+ `fiO,
W@ HOh x~ O O HOh ==~ *HO K H=K.
^fiO^fi # OQ [ PxÒ. OQ PiH =#~xfl `~e Q, [ ~fi <#"< ~.
#"| gi QQ# \ O KH=\xH JkH~ =. Hh `flO _ K ^ . H " =@
KO>... ''<_ OQ <H#fl J~[HO, QO^~Q O, OKO, Jqhu, ^_ JO` =O^#fl_
L#fl@ q#^ , K_^ . ^x H, ^ Jx `~`= O O_ "~ ^KH<fl~. H.. 176668
O=`~ =^ =~ 5.7 qe# O_ ^< xfl HOh"~ =#^xfl #O_ HQ\~ . HOh
L^Q ZO`\ ^# =O`~O> `= "~O K \xH H=# _|# WOQO _ ` OKH=@O
=<~. D JH= P~# ` "~ O` "~O yOz q^j "}*xfl yOz O#fl< ~.
OQ ~R # J= " O k. i## KH |~K JkH~Qx, H =~ Qx #"|
113
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
=. HOh ^ `~ `" # JkH~xfl K~OK@O =# OQ # O@_O k. D `~ }O

OQ H~= Oq Oz =~ =_= =O` [< } H~. U"< ^fiO^fi #
="# OQ ~xfl ~fi <#O KOk.
^fiO^fi # OQ HOhH <, PiH == i xO`} HeOzOk. Hx
OQ f= #+O HeO zOk.
53.4 # H Ok
H.. 17981805 O=`~ =^ Q=~fl~ [#~Q xK# ~ " =["k.
~`^ O fi^j O<# `# Pn#OxH `K H=\xH a\+ ~*xH O z _^ # (<e<
^H ) x"iOK\xH " # H Okx " \_ . D û =# HOhH J<H #`#
O` ^H ~[q~ }
[iyOk.
#H OkH îf# i`:

1.
H.. 1797 <\H =~+ #, " ~ "ix a\+" ~ J}z"~. a\+x iqH,
=~H = ~ `= L`` # WO_ qiqQ J=H"O> ~[q~ }
[~Q< H~<fl~.
2. HOh"~ `= PiH [<# ^|u#O_ ~[q~ }
[iy` =Oz^< =#` LO_q.
3. a\+" ~ `= JkH~xfl ~ ~ K H=\xH S~ <e< <`$ `fiOx # yOK
Ô_ `# J_H "x ^$_x O` LOk. JO^ ~` x fi^j ~A# H@_ K <
" ~ # J}z"O k. W\ u H| _# *=< ~` Ô_` ` _x,
J`xH ~` x fi^j ~A =^` W=fiQ~x PtOK_O [iyOk. *=<# \C <
` O PfixOK~.
`# ~[H H# kOK\xH " =_ ^` # J#iOK_. 1. ^, 2) #
H Ok, 3) =O` ~*# U^ X H <O ` PHqOK@.
HOh"~ fi^j ~A PO`~O yH ==~ *HO K <fl, " ~H` fi^j ~A#
POQ ~fi=`fi ikxH fHx ~=\xH x~t O|_Ok.
# H Ok=YH}

1.
2.
3.
fi^ ~A `= < xfl iQ ~^ K, `= ~H}

POQ (POQ #O) P^~_ e.
POQ # +} fi^j~A `= ~[Ox HO` Qxfl ^ ^< xfl HOhH ^``
Ke.
fi^j ~A POQ ~fi=`fixfl QiOKe.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
114
4.
5.
6.
POQ
` qye# S~"# `= ~[O #O_ |+iOKe.
POQ
J#=u x^ W`~ fi^j ~A` Z\ X _O|_H Qx, ^ Qx K _^ .
D +~` efl iQ J= ~K #@ KK@ X H POQ uxk fi^j~A H= LO\_.
D POQ uxkH JQ Y~ fi^j ~A i OKe.
e`:
Z)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fi^j~A Hey# #
fi^j~A `= ~fi=`fixfl, #, fiK# H~. PO`~O yH, q^j q^<
iQ POQ
P^~_ e.
POQ
fi^j~A ==~ xÒ *HO K H<"~.
# +}~O KeOK =O JkHOQ LO_@ =# K fi^j O< PiH ûH
<<~.
`= fi^, q^ ^_ #O_ ~H}
H^x fi^ ~A =~, Q * OH=xfl
qiOK~. `` e ÒQ fi^j O< ^+i# <HOk.
fi^~ A `= < xfl ~^ K @ =#, "~ JH`Q r=<k H~, O` Q#,
î ^_ ÔQQ =~~. L^: O*~
a) a\+ "iH He# [<

1.
2.
3.
4.
Y~ O_ a\+ "~ `= < xfl q $`~z , `^fi~ =[ q~ } QqOK~.

fi^j ~A H= POQ # =O_@ =#, J=~" ` fi^j ~A< `yOz P ~*xfl
PHqOKH#_xH g HeO k.
~H Ò O_ S~"# <= # O z"iH ~` x= h_ O_ K~.
# H Ok Ki# fi^j (~A) O< U=#Q ^~^ (O|~ 1798
=i 1800), " ~ (1799), Ò*=~ (JH|~ 1799), J^ (#=O|~ 1801), =~~
fi (_O|~ 1801), c~~ (<) (_O|~, 1803), Ok ( |=i 1804), ~[`
~*# *^ ~, * ~,=OKi, |Ok, ~`~.
# H Ok ^fi~ " HOh ~*xfl HOh =[OQ =~_.
53.5 ~[OH=} ÔÒ

" ~OaOz# =["^xfl `~^xH fHo#"_ Q=~fl~ [#~ ~ _
(18481856). W`_ Q =["k. ~[ q~ } hux=#, [ =<"# H K ^ .
115
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
fi^j ~A # Jqhu, xO`$`fiO` _Hx L#fl^x, "xHO> POQ # "~QO^x

_ qfiO.
fi^j O< a\+ L`` # x~@OHOQ J=H"O>, "x PH=} ` =~=~O
^.
_ ~[q~ }
=_ ^` #iOK_. Z) ^, a) ^+i#, ) ~[OH=}
ÔÒ. Ô ^fi~ O* (1849), Q (1852)# ^+i# ^fi~ J^ # (1856)
PHqOK_. ~[OH=} ÔÒ ^fi~ D HOk fi^j O<# Q ` O K H<fl_ . Jq
U=#Q... `~ (1848), * ~ (1849), O ~ (1849), H O (1850), Q ` (1850), L^ ~
(1882), ~h (1853), <Q ~ (1854).
D =_O\ ~[ OH=} Ô`xfl Z=Q J#iOK_. D û H~O POQ ~H`
~[ O`##` , a\+ "i J#=u O_ Z=ix ^`` fH#~^. W\ J#=u
O_ U fi^ ~*< ^`` KH x# P ^` =~xH =HQ ` P OHqOK<Qx, P fi^
O#O OHqO^ . Q P fi^j O#O HOhH OHqO k. ^`` JOwHiOK@, JOwHiOH
=@ HOh W+O . Hx _ Jxfl O^~# ^`` JOwHiOH fi^j O<# PHqOK_.
H~@H #"|, ~`, Ò*=~ a~^# ~^ K_. H_ \ fi ~ O_= r~= ^`
=~_# << Ke # fl ~ }
xfl _ ~^ K_.
_ PH=} =^~` xH POQ ~[O qi O KO k. _ UHH$ ` < O~}
gHeOk. J~` ~[OH=} ÔÒ, ~f O^xH q~Ô. Q Z=fiiH ^``
JOwHiOH =@ =# O<n , [ f= JO`$, J^`=O <HOk. `` e ÒQ
`= O<# H~#"~ 1857 u~Q@ <fl~ . L^: <<, ~h ~#
H ~, J^ Q" U^< ~[ OH=} ÔÒ 1857 u~Q@ Q H~} <H\
x K H ` ^.
fi^j O<# PHqOKH=\xH _ ~[ OH=} Ô`xfl PÔ Q "_<fl_ .
`` e ÒQ O< H~# fi^j ~A 1857 u~Q@ <fl~ .
53. Z. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
^fiO^fi # HOhx OQ x["# Q KO ^x U K Q=?

^fiO^fi # a\+" iH\ [<# HeO zOk?
OQ [ ^fiO^fi # Z\ e `xfl HeO zO^ X H^xx `=.
# H Ok O`HO K# fi^j ~A `= fiÒ`xfl H=@ K# O`HO
Jx U K Q=?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
116
5.
6.
7.
# H Ok O`HO K @ =O^, " U ~ O_ O<` Ô K_?

~[ OH=} ÔÒ J#Q<q?
^+i# J# <O ^fi~ _ PHqOz# ~["k?
H<2
==, iqH q^< gH
a\+" ~ J#iOz# PiH q^< `= fi [<# H_H=\xH L^t O|_~.
`` e ÒQ ~f r=# q^#O iQ =i~Ok. =YOQ Qg} == ^|uOk.
53.6 == q^#O
a\+ "~ ~H ~fiO ~`^ Q= fiO +H=, fiO =$k He<fl~.
Qg}" `= H=# == # `= Lù KH<"~. ~ ` q O_q.
Z\ i` # "i qx W`~ ^~^Ò K"~ H^. Q K# qH `fixH t
KeO K"~. Q= ^ D t# = K `fixH [=K"_. ~ ` q"^# Q= OK~f
i+iOKq.
Hx POQ =[ # ` Qg} == J<H =~ <O k. a\+ "~ Qg} ==
*HO KH x, ` ==# `= J#OQ =~<fl~ . O@ kQ|_x iQ}#xH fHO_
Z= "Ò qt x~~ Oz, Jk #Q^ ~O KeO Kx P^tOK~. a@< Lù #
== KHQ Q= `~e OK@ =# Ku x"O_ W|O^ Qi <~.
~`^ O #O_ =K PÔ` HOh"~ a\+ ~" O@ H O KeOK>QH, =# Ô
= == # H#Q K q^ ZQ=u K"~. HOh "iH =K xH~ PÔ
qt. JO^=# qt = U û " \<, ([gO^s, =fis, ~ ` fis) ~ ` #
^KH#> "i ~= =k.
q " @
P. xs` Q_ = qt KeO K\xH ~` `= qx `H@ @_OQx,
H J=@O Qx K"~. W@ Qg} ~Ò îHO =$k KO^\xH ^Ô KO k.
K O^~ HOh O aOH, ~ ` `= PiH=~# f~H=\xH =_ "~#
P~OKH ` ^ . qx `H@ @Hx JkH =_ = K, ÔQ H` J=H ~ ` #
=_ "~ e K~. HO ~}O KeO K#_ P =# =_ "~ Q ` O
K H<"~. W@ H=OQ ~ ` , ~ ` eQ =iQ, =^ `~Qu fi= =~O U~_Ok.
==`` == "}rH~}
` ^|u<fl~. =~\ J=~# f~\xH, a@<x
i= H=# =_~ # Lù K \xH J#Q}OQ ~`^ O ==O =K|_Ok.
W@ Lù K# =_~ # KHQ Hx, q^ Lù # ==# JkH ^~ J""~.
117
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
W@ ~` ~O_q^ ^_H Qi î^_Q =~_. Q O@ =z# =O qt

KeO K\xH, ~} f~H=\xH `= O@ y@@ ^~ H ~< `Q# =H=# iu
HeyOk.
== ~OQO ` fi= JOìOz =_ "~ `= JC |^ qx
Q ` O K H#@` #`# fi==~O U~_Ok. W@ #`# fi==~O ==~OQO
f= "xfl HeO zOk. J^@# Q ...
1. D fi= q QK H HHK "~. D H^~ Ò P qx qx QK
~ ` =~ HHK "~.
2. qt JkHO Q x~~ O|_k.
3. qt x~H}OQ = K|_k. qt = U*O@# xqOK"~. W\
^s == ~ ` ^_ x~@OHOQyOk. D fi= `= [<# H_H=\xH
*f^=O #H a\+ "iH JO_Q xeK~.
W@ ==O u+O # zHOk. ==~OQO OHuH i*<xH <KH#^ . q
P^~_ "iOY iy~Ok. ~ ` JkH #fl ~O` ( `fiO qkOK) JkH qt, [gO^~
KeO K =# H, =_" iH KeO K=# =_` Oy_. H~= , H@H, îÔ` ~ `
HOh # J+H __ .
53.7 iqH q^#O

H.. 16001757 O=`~ =^ HO HOh"~ ~` ` ~ == # WOQO _
Jq JkH Q_O K~x, JO^H "~ =#Ô L`` OK~x =#O Kk"O. HOh
WOQO _x Lù^~ [<# ^|f~. JO^ "~ a\+ `fiO X u_
`z, ~`^ == # WOQO _ J=O_ K~ fH"x H~~. `` eÒQ a\+ `fiO
1720 ~`^ O #O_ =K =# î O~^x OK#.
WOQO _ iqH q= O Oq OK@`, #`# OHuH i*#O =# L`` J#OQ
iQ~. D L``# J=H=\xH a@< OK"OQ ##fl = ~*# J#Q ~`,
PH , K< , Pe , \< J"iH =O\ ^# ZOKHOk. W@ WOQO _ @|_^~ H
iqH"` J< #`# =~O U~_Ok. D =~O `fiO X u_ `z `= [<#
H_H=\xH ^ uflOK~. nx H#Q}OQ< 1813, a\+ ~" O@ HOh =~H Q`k ` xfl
~^ KO k. W@ 1857 =~ a\+ PiH q^#O WOQO _x i= H=# =_~ #
~ ~ K, JK\ Lù J == # H#Q K =~\Q ~`# qxyOKHOk. kQ=`
POH qkOz, ZQ=` OH `yO z, KHQ `= == # ~` J=H#@ =# xH
x"O_ P\H `@HH ^< ~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
118
19= `| kfif~O a\+ iqH q^#O =iOk. i=# WO_ < O K@O
~O" O k. W@ #, [#<~, OK^~ q, QQ # , Yx[ i= ~` a\+
iqH"` O K~. D i= # a\+ iqH"` JkH Q_OK@
L^t Oz#"Qx ~` Z\ [#O ^ .
~` i= # =# =_~ xHOQ aOK@ =# ~"} Y~ `Q@
O,
~f HiQ ` = "`< ` xK @O =# iqH"` iQ~. nxH`_
`fiO iqH"` J<H `H H\ O zOk. ~ fi ~"} Ks ~~f WzOk.
` = =_ ~ @` iqH"` ~} H~ HeO|_~. W^ =O ~f iqH"`
@ qKH}
q^<xfl \OK~.
== "}rH~} O, iqH q^#O =# J<H= Ok ~ ` , x"O_ r=<kx H~,
a\+ "i ==O bQ K~= =zOk. n~H eH xQO@, fi"`< ` g~ îÔ
J#q OK~. J~` HQ=#O g~, ~f iqH"` ~`^ PiHa=$k HH`
+OK~.
19= `| QO`xH ~` x Q[~f, s, \
~ ` O i= O K~.
~` iqH"` `fiO #O_ Z\ `H =. ~` s, HH i= #
[~Q ^ . i # PiH O H, a\+ "i POH ` H~=_# #`# OHuH i*#O`, ~`x
iqH Ja=$k #`# _H# yOk.
53.8 \~ H ^j i= H}
`
a\+ "~ J#iOz# PiH q^< e` <H\ ^j H \~ i= H}`.
O^|^"# Qg} PiH == a\+ PiH q^< =# ^|uOk. nx #O P^xH
OHuH i*#O` _Hx# i= # [~Q^ . `è ÒQ K`x "O_ r=<k H~
==O P^~_ = =zOk.
nxH`_ 1813 #O_ a\+ "~ UHH fiK "~ q^<xfl J#iOK~. q^
ZQ=u J == POH qkOK~. gx #O WOQO _ ` ~ # == # KHQ =#Ô
J=H<fl~ . fi^j ~A ^j i=# `, a\+ "~ =#Ô #O_ =_~ #
`= ^xH OOK\xH uflOK~. `` eÒQ JOMH ~f x"O_, Ku=$` "~ `=
O^ =$` # =^Hx == bQ =i~. D q+ xfl Q=~fl~ [#~ qeO
O\OH 183435 x"kH ''<` x"O_ |H zH, "i Z=H ` O " (ì)<~. W\
û <\ =Hb# "}[ Ki` ^ Jx ~<fl_ . ^j i= ~QOz# ~`,
=i^^, _H =O\ #Q~ ^j x"O_ H x~#+OQ =~~.
W@ POQ # HH _ ~f \~ i=# <#O KO k. `` eÒQ ==
~OQO X u_ iyOk.
119
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
53.9 ~f O^ `~e =@O

(Drain of Wealth)
~f O^ H PiH =#~ WOQO_ x~@OHOQ `~e =@. POQ = PiH q^<

e `= <H\ .
~`^ xH kQ=u J == q= HO>, WOQO _ ZQ=u J == q= Z=Q
LO_@# '_~< k s JO\~. J#Q Z= q= Q ~ # a@< Z\ u O O_,
LzÒQ O@O. nx< ^^ <~r, ~" +KO ^` =O\ PiH G"` '_~< Jx ==iOK~.
=O = a\+ "~ `= ~` JO`~Q= < ^$+` eO^ . "~ =`$^xH
~` =#~# `~e Oz `= ^ B#fl`xH @_~ . `` e ÒQ ~`^ O^ x~@OHOQ
^KH=@O [iyOk.
~f O^ `~e =@O J<H ~ [iyOk. `` OQ #"| `= ^=
HO HOh "iH JkH "Ò #[~< KeOK~. 1765 J^ Ok OQ #O^
~ "# = K H< k"h JkH~xfl O^~. ^~ îfixQO, Kux "O_ @ " iÒQ
==iOz ^KH=@O, z=~ HOh L^Q Jqhu ~ HOh k" f ~H kQ*~@O
=O\ K~ _~ . X H=OH HOh k" fO >, L^Q =Ò O#flQK<fl~ . ~|~H " ,
"~< O Q ` O qs`" # JH=~# _ ~<~.
HOh OQ# iQ ^KOk. ~` x == # H#Q K \xH J=~" # ^< xfl
HOh WOQO _ #O_ ` OKH=@O =<, ~`^ "}[O` =K < @|_Q qxyOzOk.
Wq HOh @|_Q K=} J~. W@ 176668 O=`~ =^ =~ 5.7 qe<
O_ ^# O OQ #O_ `~e O|_Ok. WqQH HOh L^Q r`` , _\ # ^# O, W`~
~|_ ` O WOQO _ `~e =@O [iyOk.
a\+ `fiO Q H < PiH K~ hfl ~`^ xfl PiHO Q ^_ K @ L^t Oz#". WOQO _
@|_` ~ fi # O z, "xH JkH =_~ @ KeOK~. D qÔQ ~ fi #O_ =K
a@< `~e ~. WqQH < ==O`, `^ x H =O _ OKs i@ =
K~.
WOH# POQ K# P<, |~, ~jH =#flQ q^j Ô_`, OQ, "
=#flQ "~ yOz# fi^j~A` ^ Y~ ` O ~` PiH =#~ #Oz =~H#fl".
^^~ <~r D O^ Z `~e Ò^ `# QO^" # 'Poverty and Un British Rule in India'
q~ O Q q=iOK_. P# Q}OH H~O 1905 51.5 H@ ~ ^< xfl ~` #O_
a@< J<HOÒQ ^KOk. W@ X H=OH ~`^ O x Jxfl=~ "~ (fi^j ~A, Kux"O_,
H~ _ îÔ =Q` LO> WOw+ "~ ~ Q ZkQ~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
120
POQ ~[ # ` O^ ~` PiH == z<fla#fl" O k. a\+ [<# H_

su ~`^ =~[O =K|_Ok. ^j i= H}
O z, ~`^ O^ J<H ~
WOQO _ `~e O|_Ok.
53. a ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
qt = q^#O a\+ "~ "O @ û " \~. "O@^~_ qt

KeO KH ` Z=~ a O^`~?
qx Q K x fi=#Q <=~?
#`# fi= == U~_\xH Q ~ O_ H~}# `=.?
~`^ iqH ~OQO 1720, 1813, a\+ `fi K\ ="\k ?
O^ `~e =@O J#Q<q?
~OO
|H~ Ô `~ "` [iy# J^ Ok (1765) HOh"~ OQ ~RO k"h
JkH~xfl O^~. ~|~H~" OQ ^fiO^fi ## "\_. OQ ## HOh
xqOK _ \ ^~ x~fi_ . W@ k"<` (~"# =`) ` HOQ, _\ ^~`
~HO Q HOh OQ ## xOuOzOk. ^fiO^fi # OQ JxÒ. OQ PiH
=#~# HOh ^KOk.
POQ ~[ q~ }
HH` =Oz#"~ ", _. " # H Ok ^fi~
OuÒQ a\+ ~fi=`fixfl <H_. # H Ok JOwHiOz# fi^j ~A POQ
~fi=`fixfl QiOz, `# P#O POQ < xfl, POQ uxkx LOKHx "i Y~# i OKe.
"~ fi^j, q^j q^<# HOh ^fi~< x~fiOKe. ~[q~ }
_ J#iOz# q#`fl
ÔÒ ~[ OH=} ÔÒ. D ÔÒ H~O fi^j ~A O`### HOh"i
J#=u O_ Z=fiih ^`` fH~^. ^`` JOwHi P ~[O ^` =~xH KO^Òk. ^``
JOwHiOH ` HOhH OHqO k. _ Jxfl O^~ ^`` JOwHiOH, K fi^j ~*#
Q ` O K <fl_ . nx` fi^j ~A
O^# K~ y 1857 u~Q@ X H H~}OQ
i}qOzOk.
a\+ "i PiH q^< "i fi [<# OOkOK< su =K|_~. a\+
"~ O^ ~` Qg} ==# <#O K~. JkH qt, == "}rH~}
O, =_
"~ ^_H q J=H iy #`# fi==~O U~_@O [iyOk. q X u_ ~Q@
O,
H^s == =#flQ H~} =# == ~OQO u+O # U~_Q, [gO^~, `fi,
=_" ~ H|O^ ~ ` #ey~.
121
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
a\+ iqH q^#O a@< iqH J=~# f~qÔ Q ~OkOK~. a@<

` ~ == =~\Q, a@< i=# =_~ # ~~ K Ô Q ~`# =~~.
`` ~`^ == # q^ J=H=@O =# HOh"~ JkH Q_OK~. Hx
1813 a\+ Lù^~ X u_ "~ `fiO ~` #O_ =K kQ=` POH qkOzOk.
1858 `~ "` a\+ iqH"` ~` i= O K~. `` e ÒQ ~` "}[O iQ
a\+ "i xO`}xH Q, JO^ ~f Z\ J=HO O_ ~Ok. `= == #
J=H=\xH a@< ~ fi # Ja=$k KO k. KHQ =_ ~ , KHQ Hi =Q@ =#
i=`@ == H `# ` O a\+ "~ O z ~ i. s, HH i= #
[~Q ^ . qH=~O *f^=O K~Q <fl~ .
a\+ "}[ q^#O ~` \~ i= H}
` , ~` O^ a@< `~e=\xH
^ÔKO k. a@< Lù J iqH == KHQ =Q@ =# xH x"O_
L`` y~H `y "~ r=<kx H=\xH H~}"Ok. nxH`_ ~` #O_ =K ==
POH qkO |_@O, xH Kux "O_ P^~}
H~=_@O =# Ku=$` "i iu ^ hOQ
=iOk. W@ r=<kx H~# g~ == bQ =i~.
POQ PiH q^#O ^~}"# k ~` x O^# ^KH=@O. POQ < ==O`
OKs i@ ~` PiH =#~ #O_ KeO K|_q. WOH a@< yOK ^ Ò ~`
=#~# qxyOK~. W\ qugi# PiH ^_` ~`^ O H_ ^^ O Q =iOk.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
|H~ ^ =Y"q?
OQ # H " " \# `fi"q? OQ ^x ="\k ?
U i` fi^ ~A # H Ok K~~? D Ok =MOOq?
POQ ~[ q~ }
_ J#iOz# =Y=~" k? D qÔ Q a\+ "~ PHqOz# ~ O_
O< ~# "=.
POQ # U qÔ Q ~ ` û H, ^j (\~) i= H}` ^Ô KO^ `=?
a\+ "~ J#iOz# iqH q^#O ~f i= Z\ "xfl HeO zOk?
a\+ "~ J#iOz# U PiH q^< ~` O^ a@< `~e =\xH ^Ô KO k?
~`^ PiH == POQ < ="\k ?
J^# =K~O
POQ
~[q~ }
HO < =~# J#iOK~. Jq U=#Q Ô , # H
û , ~[ OH=} ÔÒ, U^ X H <O . D HO^ Wz# \ H 'A' =~ Wz# ~* U û
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
122
^fi~ a\+ "~ PHqOK~

fi^j~[O
A
'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'
J< "x` QiO=.
Ô
# H û
~[OH=} ÔÒ
U^ X H <O
O^
J^
^~^
~h
O*
"~
~ fl ["|
53.Z.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
k"h JkH~xfl ` HO Q, x*=` JkH~xfl ~HO Q _ \ ^~ ^fi~ HOh OQ

x["# < ~.
^ `~ `" # JkH~xfl O^_" QH, OQ PiH =#~# ` O qxyOKHx, HOh
`= <xfl kO K H=\xH g HeOzOk.
OQ PiH û H, H~ = <O k.
fi^j ~[O H Ok K~ @ =# `= PO`~O yH, q^j q^<# iQ a\+ "i
J#=u` x~fiOK@O, `= < xfl ~^ K `= ~H}
POQ # O P^~_ @
O.
" ~, =~~ ~*
POQ ~fi=`fiO QiOz# fi^j ~A O`##` , "i ^`` # HOh JOwHiOH `
P ~[O a\+ "iH OHqOK\xfl ~[OH=} ÔÒ JO\~.
J^
123
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
52. a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
^# =O`, =~ , O#fl ~ `
= ^~OQ @}
O` x=OK #`# fi= =~O . g~ `= U*O@ ^fi~
~ q# = K O\~.
1. =# HH=fi@O, 2. JkH H, 3. Q K x fi=, 4. POQ
=^` xz
[gO^~ Pq~=O (gx U ~ O_< )
Z. 1720 K@O ~`^ O ` ~ =# îOK@O POH qkOzOk. `` e ÒQ
~f ZQ=` `Q~.
a. 1813 K@O HOh ~`^ =~H Q`k ` xfl ~^ KOk. a\+ "i qH L``
~` =~\# =OK~.
Z\ uO O_ ~f O^ qq^ ~ (#fl, OKs =Q~) a@<
`~e=@O.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
124
54
~`^ O POQq ^
54.1 iK O
a\+" ~ p# ~f O $uH a#fl" # O $ux, q^# fHK~x =# `.
P^ xH q^, OHuH i*#= S~"# ~f HO> q#flQ fikkOk. HOh "~ è
~A <\ H J= L#fl ~ f q^== *H O K H=_xH W+ _ ^ .
~*~""<~, ^fi~H<^ ~Q~, =#flQ ~f POQ q^ P=H`# <HK~.
HQ=#O HO`=Ok WOw+ "~ ~f =i =O P^ xH q^" ^# ~ ,
H O K~. D Hk H=< ` q^ *f` "xH, #=~` x~}xH <^
"Ok.
54.2 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\O.

POQ q^"H H = q+#s, = K# H$+.
POQ q^"H HOh, a\+ `fi= K~= fH=_xH H~}.
POQ q^"H ~*~""<~, Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~, =^= QqO^ ~#_ =#flQ "i
H$+.
POQ q^" "H, qe" O\H, L_ Hq\, O@~ Hg+< =Oz# `.
20= à POQ qâ=$k.
54.3 q+#s, " @

= è `fl
POQ q^"H `` NH~O K\# "~ H= q+#s, HOh xK L#fl` L^Q,
q^ O # H = =` "H L^t Oz<, POQ q^"H JYO_ = K~. q+#s
J<H Lz` q^ O # O K~. L^: O~ ~O\ "s Ki\ ~ (H..1715),
125
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
i=~O_ iK~ H Ki\ ~ (H..1718) =#flQ #q.

q+#s, "i =^` ^~, "^= ` q^ q^#= =kiQ ~` q^ q^<xfl
Ja=$k K x HOh X u_ `K~. H =O "~O H~ =# ^xH =z# HOh"~ ``
q^ @ ^ =O^ . Hh "~< O Q ~H` D ^$HÔ =iOk. H..1781 HO`=Ok
HH` =O =^~ # O Kx "~< OQ# H~~. `` eÒQ HH` X H =^~
O K|_Ok. H..1791 *<^< _OH< O^ < $`#, QO^# J^ #O K _xH
"~} X H O $` H# O K_. Q uH_, O_` _# ~ qeO *< H..1789
'U+ \H \ P OQ# O K_. HOh L^Q xH + i*<xH J<H tH}

O O K|_~. Jq H..1800 HH` OK|_ ~ qe" H, H..1818
=^ O K|_# ~ ~O\ *i H.
H = q+#s, " @ = `` POQ q^ q^<xfl " \~ . 1781 "~< O Q
HH` X H =^~ # O K_.
54.Z ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
HOh "i è ~A POQ q^"H H$+ K# ~O_ O ~ `=?

HOh "~ è ~A POQ q^"H q=YOQ LO_@ H~}"q?
U Q=~fl~ [#~ HH` =^~ # O K_xH K~= f<fl_ ?
54.4 a\+ `fi q^ q^#O

è ~A a\+" ~ POQ q^ @ q=Y` î Oz<, `^ i ~[ q~ }
, W`~ J=~
^$ POQ q^"H H$+ K H `^.
HOh # HOk~ L^Q# s K _xH WOw+ "ix xqOK_O ^ O H^.
H#H x# ~f# xqOKe. W@ xqO|_ ~f POQ i*#O
J=~O . JO^ a\+" ~ POQ q^ O O z `= i< J=~# f~<fl~ . POQ
~[ ~ ` , POQ O $u "H POQ q^ q^#O ^Ô K, ~f# POQ

xfl `# K O ^x "i qfiO . ~""<~ =O\ ~f =Ò ` q^# J OK@
^fi~ ` q*<xfl OìOKHx ~` Ja=$k Ô He_Ò^x qfiOK~.
POQ q^ " è K~ HOh "~ H..1813 K~~ K@O uU\ H ~
H\~OK_O. D H\~O H..1833 =~ Y~ K^. D x^# U q^ q^<xH
qxyOK x~~ OK_xH HOh X H Hq\x xqOzOk. D Hq\ ~ O_Q pe, K q^
q^#O (~jH, J~c, O $` + ^# ) " @=#x q<, O@~ =#flQ"~ "kOQ,
POQ H ` q^q^#O " @=#x ~ K~ >" e <, "H =#flQ"~ "kOK~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
126
H..1835 `fiO POQ +# ~[+Q H\ OzOk. `fi L`~fi H~O `fi

x^ POQ q^ q^<xH qxyOKx P^tOzOk. H=OQ #, < Y ~jH +
|^ WOw+ + "_HxH =zOk.
"H x"kH
H..1834 "H Q=~fl~ [#~ O O < _Q =#^xH =K_. HOh"~
q^ H \~Oz# x^ U q^q^<xH qxyOK `_xH "H J^ H` # X H Hq\x
xqOzOk. D Hq\ ~xflO\x OH+OQ ijeOz H..1835 X H x"kH
=i `fi x^ # POQ + ^fi~ ` q^q^<xH qxyOKx ~<fl~ . QÒ
, OHuH ~OQ ~f kOz# q[q\ "iH è^. ` O ~f

i*#O HO> ` i*#O q#fl. ~f + J^ #O =# Z\ [#O ^ . POQ
*#= K *#O HO> Z<fl ~@ L#fl`" # ^x "H ~<fl~ .
~ qe" O\H
qe" O\H ~H` POQ q^ q^<xH X H xi+" # ~ =zOk. POQ +# *
+Q =` ~`^ O qi OK@ O\H H O. nxH J#Q}OQ O\H =i 7, 1835 X H
L`~ fi# *s K_. nx H~O
1. `, ~fi `,
*<xfl POQ + ^fi~ Òz `fi x^ # ^xH qxyOKe.
2. K qÔ ~^ K |_=. K + W\H JOMH QO^ LO_@ = #`#
QO^ K ~} xe"
e. W\ x ^fi~ K i# ^< xfl POQ q^"H qxyOKe.
D L`~ fi J#Q}OQ J<H POQ ^# qÔ ^"O Q Z=Q OQ ~RO
O|_~.
O\H L`~ fi =O =# z~HOQ =K O^ q^ q^#O ^|u#flk. a\+ `fiO
" \# #`# q^q^#O [# K^= _O, "_xH iqÒ KO k. [Oîx q^=O`#
K _xH Z\ `flO K ^ . `fiO q^"H '=_` Ô`xfl (Downward Filtration Theory)
J#iOzOk. D ÔÒ H~O =[O q^# HO`=OkH =`" iqÒ Kx
x~~ O|_Ok. W@ q^=O`# Hk=Ok `= PiOz# q*<xfl qQ`"iH JO^* ~x qOK~.
D ÔÒ H..1854 ~^ H|_<, a\+ < H=O`\ Wk J= LOk.
~ iO* q^ x"kH (H..1844) POQ i*#O L#fl"iH L^Q~` L#fl^x
H\ O K@` POQ q^"H PiH ~} aOzOk. `` e ÒQ L^QO aOKO> POQ
i*#O J=~O .
H..1853 K~~ K@O # ij# =O a\+" ~ POQ +# [OîH qi O
*x OHeOK~. WO^ J#Q}OQ _ HO ~ K~ L_ <`$`fiO X H Hq\
xqO|_Ok.
127
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
K~ L_ Hq\ x"kH H..1854

D Hq\ q^==# =OQ =~ K @ J<H K# KO k.
1. O_< qfiqÔ `~ =O~, HH`, =^ qfiq^ # .
2. =$u, OHuH q^ ^#`.
3. u ~RO X H q^Y U~@ K X H JkHi ~ "H}
(Director of Public Instruction)
LOK@
4. q^# ÒK@.
5. L^ tH}
O O K@
6. =_` q^#O ~^ .
7. ^q H q^^# Of + [~@.. =#flQ #q.
"= OQ D ~# `fiO iQ J= ~K ^ . H =O "i < O H~
xH=K L^Q# ` ~ K @H "~ ^ =Ozi. "H =@ KO> '"= eOK
JOMH [ = =^ J#O^#H~# `~ K@ = Ô. ~OQ, ~
~f^< , O $u, PK<, "+ + POQ
uaO|OQ LO_x = PHOH .
POQ # =^` Q LO_ =~xfl ` ~ K @ POQ q^ q^#O =Y H O. H#H<
=` *hHxfl q^=O`# K _xH Z\ `fl K ^. q^ "H K~= fH^ .
H..1857 <\H =_ "^ H, ~i X H WO[hiOQ H O K|_Ok. Uk U"<
O^ q^ q^#O #tOz ^x #= POQ q^ =O K@ K Ok.
H..1813 K~~ K@O H ~ H \~OK@. ~` q^ NH~O K\O k. 1835
"H x"kH, qe" O\H `fi L`~ fi, H..1854 L_ x"kH HOh # qâ=$kH
Q H #fl K~ .
54. a. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
HOh H~H= q $`=Q@` HOh"~ POQ q^"H ^ =OK~. JO^ Q

~ O_ =Y H~}= `=?
1813 K~~ K@O q^~OQxH =Y"O k. U?
"H x"kHx =MO=q?
~f =[Ox U =~xfl POQ q^ x~H O KO k?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
128
54.5 POQ q^"H ~f K# =

P^ xH "# Z^~=_xH P^ xH POQ q^ q^#O J=~= x HO`=Ok ~f "^=
QiOz `fiO X u_ `K~. J\"i ~*~""#~, Dfi~ KO^ q^Q~, =^=
QqO^ ~#_ =Y
~* ~""#~ (17721833)
P^ xH G i*<xH P^ xH " q~ } POQ q^ q^#O JÒ` P=H=x L^\ O z#
==x+ ~*~""#~. H..1817 HH` O^ H# O K_. _q_ ~
O\ L^~ == Q a\+" ~ D H` J#|OÔ Hey <fl~ . D H H OÔQ
OQ OQ ="" O\ J# q= O `# H~H=# x~fiOzOk. D L^=O HH`
=Oz#"_ h qq< _~l (Henry Vivian Derozio) J< POQWO_< =_. 17
O=`~ =#< O^ H ``fiG J^_Q Ki q^~ fiK, *f`,
fiÒ` PK## OOkOK_. WO^ `fiO P## L^QO #O_ `yOzOk.
~*~""#~ H..1817 HH` POQ ~# <He JO^ ``fi, OHuH
q*# # kO *_. H..1825 "Ô` H# O z JK@ ~f, `,
O H q*# # JxflO\x ~ }oH K~_. OQ ~R `fiO O $` H#
HH` O uflOz#C_, Wk <\ J=~= # f~^x ^xx =u~HOK_. ` q*#
~fi fixH, P^ xH ` *fi= == ` i*#O Ò Kq O\^x P# qfiO.
L^~ " Q q^ q^#O, Q}` , ``fi, r= ~# G i*#O` _#fl ~ }oH
J=~= x ~""#~ L^\ O K_.
Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~
Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~ Q O_` _, O~. H..1820 ^ @O|O [xOz, q^|^
<~ H=_xH J+H _ z=~ fiO H$+` H..1851 O $` H xQ ^qx
O^_. P# O $` O_` _, q " H"_. P# ~f, ` O $`
"eH~H L`= =x qOK_.
=^= QqO^ ~#_

O~ ^H < qÔ# O z# =^= QqO^ ~#_ q^"H H$+ K_. H..1870
W`_ '< ~fi[xH # O K_. ~< =[ _Q `"^ |^" # =`xfl, O
O~} @__ . =_q fi` _#fl =`= ~[H , O H, PiH, ~OQ Z\
q[ kOK^x , L^~ " Q q^ H"x K_.
W@ 19= `|O JOÒ <\H POQ q^ "H Q}h"# H$+ [iyOk. fiOQ ~f
POQ q^ O # O K@ q+O .
129
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
` q^q^#O P=H=x L^\ O z# "i ~*~""#~ X H~ . P^ xH

" "H ` q*# i*#O J=~= x qOK_. Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~ Q O $`
O_` _< ` O $ux =Ozx fiHiOKx K # q $^ _.
54. . ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
~*~""#~ ` q^ q^<xH =^` W=fi_xH Q H~}=q?

qq< _~l U JO# <H =H}OK_?
HH` O $` H # # ~*~""#~ ZO^ =u~HOK_?
Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~ Q O $` O_` _< ` q^# <~ H"x ZO^ K_?
54.6. H..18821905 O. =^ qâ=$k

L_ x"kH ~ ZO`=~ J= J< ijeOz q^~OQO Z\ =~ J=~"
zO =OkQ ~ i< HO ~ _|._|.O@~ J^ H` # X H qÔ O xqOK|_#k.
q^"H Z\ K~ Q H < zOK ^ ` _ Hg+< JyOK|_Ok.
D Hg+< =Y ~=#Q ...

1.
2.
^q H q^ x~fi}# xH O JyOz "xH xH `fi x^ =~@.

qye# q^ O # O K@ " @
O # Òz "iH `fiO ^# O
(Grant-in-Aid) K
@.
W@ ^"OQ J<H "@ ~, H OK|_<~. H..1882 O*
qfiqÔ, H..1887 J^ qfiqÔ O K|_~. H..19011902 O=`~O
<\H 195 H LO_Q JO^ 179 P~ H, 16 =$u H. gx 4 "^ , 4
WO[hiOQ, 3 == H HQ, 5 L^ tH}
=. qÔ WOw+ ^<
=^ =O HQ, ~f + x~H O K |_~. H..19011902 HO <\H J<H ^qH,
=^ qH qÔ O K|_~.
190121 O=`~ =^ HO qâ=$k OkHO q^q^#Ox =#
`yOz q^==# \ + O K _xH ~ H~< 1902 ~^ = ~b J^H` # X H O xfl
xqOK_. D O O D ~ J#Q}OQ L#fl` q^ =} OK_xH 1904
qq^ K\xfl K_. qq^ i^# ^< H~H K\ x x~t O|_Ok.
=^ qH q^ =$u q^`@ ~f +# ^< +Q " \~ . D HO ^qH
q^" _ H$+ [iyOk. O~ # @}
O` x~O ^ ^q H q^# " \O k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
130
D HO *f q^q^#O J< =O` ` q^q^<xH n@Q i}=O.

JxcO\, [u~, QOnr =#flQ "~ ~`^ xH *f q^q^#O H"x L^\ O K~.
D q^q^#O OHuH, =$u~"# q^`@ *f= i`"# q^# kOz [#
=`$ qH = K a_ Q fik^@ H O.
54.7 192147=^ HO q^ ~R*a` K~ |_ X H YQ X H =Ou <`$ `fiO LOK|_Ok.
W@ 1947 <\H 20 qfiq^ 140 =$u H U~_~. D =^ HO i^#,
^< == qq^ "~Q_< Hxfl H ^ . OHuHq^ H fiO.
J^ H~`. QO^=, Q H~`. z=~ sH q^#O _w O^@H `
u# sHO K#kQ O_#.
=^ qH q^#O ~f +# ^< +Q Ki##, WOw+ + ` xi ~O=Q
K~ |_Ok. ==, OHuH, "~, q^ O O |_< ^~} q^H Z= ^#O
WK~. =^ qH q^ O L^ ` = "`# O WK"~. U"< D HO 192122
O=`~= HO HO> ~ OY ~ O_#fl~ ~ @ iQ~. x^ H~` L<fl ^~} qâ=$k
O@_^.
fiÒÒ kO K<\H P^ xH q^ q^#O " \ =~ 150 O=`~ J~Ok. D
q^ q^#O `` HOh fi [<H L^t O|_<, ` "` ~f iK O
U~_ "i ~[H , O H, O $uH K` < xfl HeyOzOk. `` e ÒQ [xOz# *f` =O
*f^=xH, `^ 1947 fiÒ` =~# ^Ô KO k.
54. _. ~ fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
`fiO è P^ HO> O@~ Hg+< H U a#fl"# q?

20= `| PO~OO q^ q^#O =Y H}
q?
20= à J<H qÔ O K|_ q^== <H#fl ~ O_ =Y q?
*f^=O P^ xH q^ =O Z\k ?
~OO :
è ~A HOh q^ == @ q=Y` îOzOk. HOh H~H q $Ò
H=_O, < == HOk L^Q P=H` =#flQ H~}= =# POQ q^ q^# P=H`#
QiOK~. H..1813 K~~ K@O ~` qâ=$kH HO` ^# O H \~O|_Ok. D q^
H \~Oz# x^ U q^q^<xH "zOK J< ^xg^ q"Ô U~_Ok. K q^q^<xH,
H ` q^q^<xH J< g=O U~_Ok. z=~ "H, qeO O\H K~= =# POQ
+ ~[+ HQ, POQ q^ q^<xH x^ "zOKx x~t O|_Ok. HOh "~ q^"H
Z= x^ H \~OK O_ q^# =[Ox HO` =OkH =`" iqÒ K < =_`
131
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Ô`xfl J#iOK~. H..1854 L_ x"kH [OîH q^ J< JOxfl <H K Ok. =_

~ qfiq^ O K|_ q^"H PtOz# H$+ [~Q ^ .
` q^ q^#O PH`# "^=# ~f _ QiOzi. W\" i ~""#~,
Dfi~ KO^ q^Q~, QqO^ ~#_ =Y. g~ J<H q^ O O K~. " @ ~OQ=
J<H ~ <H|_~. 192021 O=`~ HO <\H *f"^# JxcO\, QOnr
=#flQ "~ *f q^ q^#O H"x Ja+OK~.
192147 =^ HO J<H qfiq^, ~ <H|_< x^ H~`, QO^
H~`, J^ H~` =#flQ ` `= `=Q@ =# x["# q^" [~Q ^ . Uk U"<
P^ xH ` q^ q^#O ~f ~[H K` # =# HeO z, *f^=O yOz, fiÒ`
=~# ^Ô KO k.
JO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D HOk "xH 100 ^ =^#O "=.

J. K"^, `"^ =^ Q a#fl ^$H^q?
P. O^ |^" # ~f q^== a\+ < =O Z\k ?
W. q^"H =^= QqO^ ~#_ K# H$+ Uq?
D. =_` ÔÒ JO> Uq\?
1854 =~ POQ q^ q^#O Z\k ?
P^ xH q^ "H ~*~""<~, Dfi~KO^ q^Q~ K# H$+ Z\k ?
POQ q^" 190121 O=`~ =^ HO Ok H=x ZO^ =|_Ok?
20= à <\H qâ=$k [iy< Jk Hxfl = Z^~#= =zOk. P =q\?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
132
q*#O HO
Education has shown progress after India gained independence. We give below certain tables
for your information on this subject.
Number of Educational Institutions
Item
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1984-85
Primary Schools ...
2,09,671
3,30,399
4,08,378
4,85,538
5,50,000
Middle schools ....
13,596
49,663
90,621
1,16,447
1,40,000
7,288
17,257
36,738
51,594
60,000
Art, science & commerce colleges
548
1,161
2,587
3,393
3,500
Professional colleges ....
147
381
1,017
1,382
1,500
28
44
93
123
135
High/higher sec. schools
Universities ...
Source: Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90
Number of Students by Stage of Institutions

('000 nos.)
Item
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1984-85
Primary Schools ...
19,155
34,994
57,045
72,888
85,377
Middle schools ....
3,120
6,705
13,315
19,846
26,729
High/hig.secondary/intermediate
1,481
3,483
7,167
11,281
16,800
174
557
1,956
2,752
3,442
University and above
Source: Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90
133
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Elementary Education: Progress of Enrollment Sex-wise

(Million persons)
Year
1950-51 ...
1960-61 ...
1970-71 ...
1980-81 ...
1984-85* ...
Source:
Primary level (Class
Middle level (class
I-V) (Age 6-11 years)
VI-VIII) Age 11-14 years)
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
13.8
5.4
19.2
2.6
0.5
3.1
(60.6)
(24.8)
(42.6)
(20.6)
(4.6)
(12.9)
23.6
11.4
35.0
5.1
1.6
6.7
(82.6)
(41.4)
(62.4)
(33.2)
(11.3)
(22.5)
35.7
21.3
57.0
9.4
3.9
13.3
(92.6)
(59.1)
(76.4)
(46.5)
(20.8)
(34.2)
44.6
28.1
72.7
13.3
6.6
19.9
(99.0)
(66.2)
(83.1)
(52.1)
(27.2)
(40.0)
51.2
34.2
85.4
17.4
9.3
26.7
(117.5)
(69.3)
(91.8)
(66.9)
(38.2)
(53.1)
1. Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90.

2. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 1983-14
Note:
Figures in the brackets relate to percentage to the total population in the age group.
~ fl ["|
54. Z.
1.
2.
H = q+#s, " @
= .
HOh ^ O "~O ^fi~ Q_O K@. JO^=# ~f O^ *HO
K Hx "i` O ~} _ @ "iH W+O ^ .
3. "~< O Q
54. a.
1. Z. HOh ~[ q~ }
` HOk L^y x=HO ` xi. JO^ WOQO_ #O_ = #
~ OK@ H+O . H#H ~f# q^=O`# K @ ` ^.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
134
a.
2.
3.
4.
q^=O`# ~f a\+" iH, x =^ J#O^#H~ Q ==iOz `=

== =~\OQ OKQ ~x PtOK~.
. POQ q^ q^#O POQ ##, O $ux Q_@O ^fi~ `= JkH~xfl ~
~K = K#x #=HO.
_. a\+, ~` "^=, ^` L^~q^ q^<xfl " \x a\+ `fiO X u_
f~=_O.
H..1813 K~~ K@O ~` qâ=$kH H ~ H\~OKx a\+
`fiO HOhx P^tOzOk.
K q*#O HO> S~ q*#O "~Q O ^x, POQ + ^< +Q ` q^ q^<xH
x^ "zOKx ~ K_.
J+ *hHO, .
54.
1.
2.
3.
4.
~*~""#~ ` q^ =^` xK@ P# L^ "=#Q Jk

q*<xfl,
L^~ "# q*# qH# OOkO k.
fiK =O, fiK, ^H.
O $Ò <\ H J=~ f~^x P# =O.
Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~ K, ` O $` " H~H# PHOHOK_.
54. _.
1.
2.
3.
4.
O@~ Hg+< q^# [# xH qi OKx qOzOk. qÔ `fi, " @

= K x~fiO|_x zOzOk.
*f q^q^#O OHuH, =$u q^< HH =`$â=#O# _ =zOzOk.
Z. J^H, qî x+u iQ H =@.
a. OHuH q^H~`
. ~ # QO^, Q H=@
_. sH K@ H OnH$`" # q^q^#O
~f *f`=O [xO* , a\+" iH =u~HOQ fiÒ` ~@=# ^Ô
KOk.
135
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
55
=Ò~}^=
55.1 iK O
~`^ O P^ xH q^ H iK xfl Qi iqÒQ<< , g~ WO` =O^ J^ #O
K~. 19= `|O ~OO < ~*~""#~, O_` q^Q~ =O\ q" # ~f
P^ xH q^"x =iOK_O ~OaOK~ Jx g~ Q=xOK~. 1858 `^# O`~ HO
~`^ O =`, =lH O~} HO PO^# "Q= O`" O k. PK<~ # HO^~ ~f
~f <`#, O^H =`xfl OiOK@, "k H H~ HO_ =_ qfi =O\ "\x
u~iOK@, ~f "Ô`, q*# G= kOz# ~Qux iKO K_xH
P^ xH O KO #O_ ~`^ O UHO` q^#O ("~ Q LO__O ) JOÒ K @ #<fl~ .
D O~}^= | =[O, P~ =[O, ~=H$+ q+<, Jb~ L^=O =i
`k`~ O Pq~"xH îf~. D O~}^=xflO\# JO`s# OQ L#fl SH` X H>.
Jk U=O> Wq Jhfl `"Ô# (Rationalizm) =i =#=`fix(Humanizm)H ^#q=fi_O.
Wq q"H #"# O^# =`K~ Pk` xfl kH iOz "\ #O `~ =, =#=
OH=O ^$HÔ, îH QO^=# "MxOK@ Q =HQ` # <H K~. D
L^= =^ `~Q u [ # <H K~. D L^= =^ `~Q u [ O#fl" #
~f O $uH "~` fixfl Qi q=iOz "ix K` #=O`Q `~ K~. D O~
" " `" # Q`xfl P^ xH =~= #O` "qOK\xfl =iOK~. PqÔ Q "~ ~f
P`Q~"xfl P`qfixfl =i â=<xfl =$k K~. J^ =O "~ O KxH
KOk# HH" Ô#, *f ^$HÔ # ÒK~.
D ~O g~ 19= à ~`* ux *Q$` "#~@ =Y ` +Oz# =`
O~}^=# QiOz K^ =`<fl~ . Jq q^ O# QO^#, "^ #, J<^
~}# =i W`~ " O# OK_O =Y `# +OK~. J~`
HQ=#O g\ Hxfl O qq^ =` [ =^ =~ =# ^|f\xH H~}=~.
D qÔ Q Wq P^ xH HO X H" *f K` < xfl Ja=$k K @, =~" , =```fi O
~Q^ ^^_ # q.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
136
55.2 H =
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` g~ HOk q+ # `HO\~.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
=` O~}# kOK@ ~* ~="#~ =i |=[= +Oz#

~< =*xfl =` O~}` @ =lH O~} HO H$+ K# OQ QiOK@O.
P~=[ =*=# q=iOK@O.
19= `|= ~` *u K` # =` ~=H$+ q+< H =
<`# ~f =`# ÒK@ k=*# =[= H H$+.
=O =` O~} kQ Jb ~ L^== H H$+.
55.3 POQ q^# " @@

"~<OQ =O\ HO`=Ok POQ ~f O $uH "~`fi O#fl`#
Ja#OkOK"~. Wk 'U+ \H \ P OQ # , `^# O`~O p# ~` H"#
J#=kOK@ =i O $`, m, i < + J^ <xH îfOk. Hx JkH Ò
POQ
`= Q"~=< ==, ~f Jxfl q+ # `$}H~ == LO_q.
`` e ÒQ ~`^ xfl '<QiH^ O Q =~@ H$+ [iyOk.
nxH =eH ^# O POQ
q^ q^<xfl " @_O =i qq^ O POQ +#
=^ =OQ L yOK_O . "H ''=#O ~HO ~OQ ~f, Ja~z, Ja,
hu, èq`@ POQ
, =# =#K` eOK|_ qe# [ =^ J#O^#H~ Q
xK X H *=~O # ` ~ K @ =#O H$+K
= LOk J< `# Ja=#
'"H qx\ J< `# M` f~#O ^fi~ i # q=~} WK_.
H..1854 ukOK|_# 'L_ x"kH(Woods Desphatch) 1859 P"kOK|_, ~`
q^ q^<xfl ~f POQ q^# JOkOK_O =Y`# x~t =zOk. Wk ^q H
q^ ^#`# _ <H K Ok. ~=#OQ iQ `fi x^ ` #_|_ Hxfl ~
"\ [=#O #_|_q. (`fi QO@ L#flg, xg) =iHxfl W Z<fl ~,
H "e~. g\ Ju =Y"#k `~fi` _h Hr (presidency college) Q =i#
HH` O^ H, Ô "@" ^\ =_ qfiq^, HH`, O~, =^
#Q~ O K|_~. P^ xH q^` POQ + =`" HH ` L^~ " *fi=
O i*#O _ iK =~.
POQ q^# <i# K=Ok ~f _ ` kOz# Ja=$kx, q=#,
=lH =i ~[H O #, "* xHa=$kx O OK~. "~ `= PK# `= fi^
137
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
i` " =~e ~f, `lOK=#k =~H=#k ZO` LO^x Q OK~.
55.4 |=[O =i ~*~= "#~

DH=# KOk# Q O~ ~[~="#~ ` HOQ ~#^y#"_. D#
L#fl`" # K, ` " qt+ "#O. Q f"`, ~f O $ux QiOz# q+
i*#O Q =H D# H=, WO =`` J=Q<ÒQ ==iOK@Q# "\x
J^ #= K @ ` HOQ H$+ K_. =` =u` <\ ~`^ O J= L#fl qq^
^~K~# U=yOK<fl_ . D# qÒ`=# ~ zu ^ #O K 'u J< ^~K~xfl
f=OQ =u~HOK_. nx POQ
"^\ L^# "Y ix J=OaOK~. Hx `~fi` ~f
=iOK_O =# =lH O~} #<fl~ . H..1829 `fi= 'u ^~K~xfl x+kOzOk.
JO^ ~="#~ H$+H J~fiO.
~*~="#~ P<\ ~` =[= qiOz L#fl =~ ==# _ f=OQ
=u~HOK_. X H Q =#=`"kQ, *fi="kQ P# nxH =u~HOQ ~K# K_.
L<eK_. O^=` q*<xH O|OkOz# =~H JOO "^, Lx+` J^#O.
UHfi~< =eH" # O^ q^#=x x~OK@, |^=`~^# #, qQ ~^# # YO_OK@
H=# P^~# JOkOzOk. P# 'Jxfl =`, =#=*u JO`\ H , X H X H ^=_<fl_ Jx
H\ OK_. P# OQb, WOw+ ~K# K_. x*xH D# ~K# OQb
à=$kH ZO` LHi OK~. D# POQ q^"H f=OQ H$+ K# L`=O`_.
`# =*xfl ^$_ ~K <O^ H..1828 D# '| # O K_. `~fi` Wk
|=[OQ Mu QOzOk. D |=[O O^=` H #, Q = O`x qfixfl OK_xH
^#` WzOk. Wq =#= B#fl`xfl O qQ ~^# # =u~HOzOk. 'f Q=#O =O\
=lH ^~K~# YO_OzOk. Wk X H a#fl" # =`Y =Ò H^. X H X H_# x["# Q = O`x
qfiOK "~O` He iOK "kH =`" . WH_ U qQ J#=uOK|_q H=. | Hx
<" ^ Hx =iOK|_q H=.
~*~="<~ "~xQ ^"O^ <^ ~Q~ (18171905) |=[ <H`fiO
K\ _ . D# =[O #=r=<xfl xO ~*~="#~ =*xfl K~O K_. ~Q~
#O_ H =KO^< (18381884), O <H`fixfl K\ _ . D qÔ Q |=[O =H fiK,
*f " H `, ~fi =lH O =i =lH O|O^ UH`fi O, H~O, *figH~}
J< P ux^ O WzOk. D qÔ Q |=[O *f K` < xfl =H ~ K "@" ^\

==H $ ` ^# OQ xez ~`* uH X H #`# Hxfl ~OaOzOk.
55.5 ~< =[O ~#_

~< =[O, `|^ P~^# , =lH O~} H OQ _H~ P`~" O_~OQK,
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
138
H..1867 O~ #Q~O OK|_Ok. N P~.l.O_~~ =i =^" QqO^ ~#_

nx =Y . g~ (qq^ =~) OH [#O, =~O`~ q"=, qÒ` #ifi"=,
JOMH =, ô` =~ ~a=$kH JOH`=~.
=^" QqO^ ~#_ (18421901) =rq`=# ~< =*xH JOHÒ K_. P#
'qÒ` #ifi" O (Widow Remarriage Association) (H..1861), '^H < Z_H+< \ (Deccan
K_. ~#_ ^$+ =` O~}, =lH O~} #O_ a#fl" # k H^.
Education Society) # O
P# '=` O|O^ " Hi#OQ L#flO` HO, =lH, PiH, ~[H ~OQ `
LO_^ . Jx #""_.
~< =[O | =[ =*=K f=OQ q`" # \H, qQ ~^# Hi# |+~},
=~= = #O_ xi+ JO`~xfl \OK_O =O\ "\ @|@ ^ . Wk "^# JOu= =}OQ
qOK^ . =#= r"` #~# Ô`xfl, ^" =`~ Ô`xfl qfiOK^ . nx =M^ O
UHfi~# @ =#~fiH qfiO.
55.Z ~O fl
1.
1854 'L_ x"kH ^xfl Qi <H K Ok?
2.
| =[O =Y Ô`# ~#=.
3.
'~*~= "#~ =Hb# ~` =[O qq^ O~}# " \_ . P# K\ #

=_ ^ #"# O~}# ~#=.
4.
~< =*xfl Z=~, U H O` O K~?
5.
=^" QqO^ ~#_K O K|_# U"< ~ O_ O # ~#=.
55.6 P~=[= =i ^ #O^ ~fi u

P~=[=, Q[~`H KOk, `~fi` ^#O^ ~fiuQ kQOz# '=OH~K
O K|_Ok. P# L^=O X H ` H H= KOk#k. ~* ~"#~ =QH, W`_ "^#
^+~`# `~`~ KOk# *# x^Q qOK_. P# "^# OnH J#=kOz,
'`~ HO (Satyartha Prakasham) =O\ =_ =Y QO^# ~zOK_. P# ^# ~O=
'=m "^ " H (Back to Vedas) J< Ò P^~_ O k. ^ #O^ ~ fi u ''u =H `# `#Q
"^# "MxOK=K Jx qfiOK_. P~=r ''u =H ^=x` `H xfl `= Hey
LO\_ Jx q~ . "~ =HH ~O~ =`K~ (}) x~O`fi O #O_ fiK#
kOK_xH uflOK~. P~=[= }kH `# u~ iOz, [# H\ ~} K@O
|OkOK J<H H~ HO_#, O~# |+iOz, qQ ~^# # x~O zOk. D O =lH,
139
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
PiH ~OQ , ~+ =# HO ZO` H$+ KOk. Wk J<kQ =# fl =~= =#

u~ iOzOk.J $` ~ eOk, =~O`~ q"# ÒzOk. D O O $`, POQ
J^ #O` @ P^ xH q*#G ^# ^#`, `xflK ~ , H# O K
H # ^= O`\ x~fiOzOk. "@" ^@Q ^ #O^ POQ "Ô` H H..1886
~ O K|_Ok. P~ =l =lH =#`fixfl SH=`xfl ÒK~. J^ =O
"~ O^= =ÒfH~}
# =u~HOK~. P~=[= ~`^ = è *f"^ Ja=$kH
H$+ KO k. Hx nx PK< q^#O HH fi=O #O^# `~fi` HO qq^ qfi Q
[ =^ PO^# îfOk. DqÔ Q D=[O Ja=$k, Ja=$k x~^H ` fi O ~ O_O\h Hey
LOk.
55.7 ~=H$+ =~O =i fiq q"H#O^

J#O`~ HO ~=H$+ ~= OQ MuQOz# Q^^~ K\ ^ X H x~^, }
*i. P# q^, ^q H ~x ^@^ =i P# PûH q^ Qx, Qx
x` tH}
^ . Hx D# `# rq`xfl Q = O`xH JOHÒ K_. Q =O`x K~ @ J<H
=~<fl x, =#=_ Q = O`x u~O H|\ =#=" =^= = Jx qfiOK_. H|\
D# ^# Ô` q^ #= ^. D# =#= ^=`fixfl QiOK_. =i
'=#= " "H= ~O Jx qfiOK_.
J#O`~ HO fiq q"H#O^Q Mu QOz# #~O^<^ ^` (18631902) ~=H$+
~= O qHe H Q t+ _. W`_ POQ +# <~ Hx \ O^_. J`_ <G=
\ OkOK@ WOQO _ =^ #O K@ }oH# Ô K <fl_. Hx ~=H$+
~= O ^~ #O D# rq` Q=<xfl =iOk. D# `# Q~=Qi O^xfl ~, J"iH
JO`\ K~O K `# rq`xfl Q_ _.
q"H#O^_ ''~f (POQ
K) J}Q^H|_, ^_H Q~=`<fl~. Jx qOK_.
J~` ~f JK`# OQ L<fl~ . H|\ D# "i< xOkOK_. D# ''=# `< xH =#O
O KOx W`~ *` #O_ UHOÒQ LO_@O J<k "= = Jh, W`~ O K =OuH uiy
" @
nxH X H X H `~ }=h, K#" rq` OH Ò Jx "_. D qÔ Q q"H#O^_
~f PûH "~` fixfl Qi QifiOz#\H ''U =HQ x *uQx `## `# W`~ =*
#O_ ^~OQ UHOÒQ rqOK_ /^ . Jx qfiOK_. D# =~= =#, Hi# "# PK~#,
` <\ |A \ # JO^ qfi# YO_OK_. fiK, fiÒ` PK< q^#O, =i
=#`fi# =iOK_.
fiq q"H#O^, ~=H$+ x ^# # ''~fi =`H` fi= ^ K_. q"H#O^_ ''=#
=`$^xH, O^, ==n =` J< ~ O_ == r=#O =`" X H X H PH~}
O.
Jx "_. D# "Ô``` fixfl J`kH `H" # kQ iQ}Oz ÒK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
140
q"H#O^x =lH ``fi *#O ^ # H}O. =~ [<^~} @ D# Q ^$_nH.

P# x~^, k` [#= qt+" # =Ò. D q^" # = K @ D# H..1897
~=H$+ q+<# O K_. D O W\ =~ H~ =, =~^ , JO@*_ =O\ *f
q` J=~"# =lH =# JOkOK_O =Y` +OKK#flk. J<H ~,
"^ , J<^ ~}
D OK #_|_K#flq.
D qÔ Q q"H#O^x Ò, H= O`"# L#fl` =H`fiO ~=H$+ ~=O H
^# , rqÒ c*Q Q ~=H$+ x =*xH X H ~ " # ~xfl WzOk.
55. a. ~O fl
1.
^ #O^ ~ fi uK ~zOK|_# =Y"# QO^" k?
2.
H..1886 P~=[OK O K|_# H Uk?
3.
P~ =[ =Y"# O H =u~H ^$HÔ Uk?
4.
q"H#O^x =lH`` fi O H =Y H}
= Uk?
5.
q"H#O^x ^$+ J`#fl`" # =Ò Uk?
6.
~=H$+ q+<# Z=~, ZC_ O K~?
55.8 k=*# =[O JhcO\

k=*# =[= H..1875 "_" K..=\ (H.P.Blavatsky) J< ~+ < PûH"`
=i Hfl K.Z.P\ (H.S.Olcott) J< J"iH *fxK J"iH OH ~R=
O K|_Ok. p# =`=#, `` fiG=# =i q*# G= J^ <xfl ÒK_O
=#=x JO`s# " L#fl ^q H # Ja=$k ~z =#= JO`~f ^~ "xfl U~~K_ "
nx H O.
D O ~`^ = H..1879 " @|_Ok. nx =Y H OÔ H..1886 =^
gOx J_ ~ <H|_Ok. H..1893 JhcO\ <H`fi O nx =O qi Oz
fiÒ` ~@O X H ^ # `# +OzOk.
D O O^= H~ Ô`xfl, r"` #~# Ô`xfl, ^ x~fi} Ô`xfl P"kOzOk.
Wk J $` ~_, [<^~ }
# =iOzOk. JhcO\ `# rq`xfl O^ =*xH JOHÒ
KO k. P" `# O# QiOz W =iOzOk. '*f^$H^ Ja=$k, ~f PK<#~O
O K|_, Ja=$k KOk# `, ", O $u, Pk` Ox q^ J<H" # W`~= `@
~f P=H" # q `K ~OaO|_, ~f q=# =i PûH O^#
141
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Oz# D L^=O [OQ< ~f P`qfixfl iHe, *f "# ^$_ i zOk.

~`^ O N=u JhcO\ kOz# #H~ H On O^ ~ (Central Hindu
School) # O
K_O X H\ . JhcO\ ~`^ xfl `# fi` x" #OQ KH x, ~` ~[H
=Y ` +OzOk. ''` ", O $` |O O_ ~f "K O K|_,
=$Ô K |_# q^ =i *fÒ, JxflO\HO > Z=Q ~f J=~O . Jx
P" =H}OzOk. P" ~f fii # (Home Rule) # =iOKk. JO`QH P" fiÒ `^=O
#fl =Y `^ ~ X H~ .
~`^ = O`\ k=*# =[O Y ~OaOK|_#. P O uH 'k=*x (Theosophist)
J`kHO Q J=_ k.
D O ~`^ O ^ #OQ ^H}
=lH =` O~} H~O JOkOzOk. D O
K# H~H= JkH QO JhcO\ =H`fi eÒ.
55. . ~O fl
1.
H..1875 k=*# =[O U =_ H` O K|_Ok?
2.
k=*# =[O ~`Ô ZC_ "@|_#k? ^x ^# #O ZC_, ZH_

U~~K|_Ok?
3.
JxcO\ `# =rq`xfl ^xH JOH`q zOk. P" kOz# #H~ X H^xx ~#=?
4.
k=*# =[OK #_| _# "~ uH# ~#=?
55.9 Jb ~ L^=O =i ^ J^M<

g~ O^=Ò =i PK~ =z# JO`~` O~}#, =lH O # QiOz
WO` H`" Kk"~. WO _ J^ q^" # O~} Oq OK~. L#fl`=~ =O
` q^#, ` O $ux ^~OQ LOKO^ "Q K~. H=O 1857 q= O `~fi`
=`" =` O~} ` P^ xH " "Q `_Q~. D =~ 1863 HH` ==n
` O (Mohammadan Literary Society) # ` ~O= ~Ok.
D P~OO =`, =lH, ~[H ~OQ Q =#, P^ xH ^$HÔ ` KiOz L#fl`,
=^ =~ =O #, ` q^# OÔ^ ÒzOk. |_Q=~ =O _ Q = O`x
P~^#< kOz# =~ z =O\ "i L^=K q`=_" HO_ <#
Q~qOK_xfl J=~<fl~ . _b "^# =b L` (Walliulla) O|OÔ Q =~H L^=O
J
"# =`K~# =u~HOz + `Q# , UHfi~## #~î OzOk. Hfl ~O y
= (Firangi Mahal) H KOk# PûH =i O_` H~ Q OÔ _ #`# q^
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
142
~ }oH J#O^#O K |_ 18=, 19= ` ~`^ = O`\ K~O K|_Ok.

=O =` O~ ^=OQ ~#^y#"_. ~|~bH KOk# ^ J^M<.
D# `<= L#fl J^, \fl =O\ <` #Q~ L#fl Ku=$` "~ =lHOQ
J@_ Q ~H kQ*i#_ "iH X H ^ "kH# U~~z, X H ^ HeOz, L=_ qfixfl
^H_O ^fi~ "ix PHiOK_. P# a\+ # =~`#fl i` J#Q}OQ ''=O
=~H` "~ ^, Ja=$^# HeOK Jxfl J=H# H`~. Jx QOK_. P#
P^ xH
^$HÔ K J`kHO Q q`_<_. `# =rq`xfl ^$H^xfl WO`
J#O^#O K \xH H$+ K_. D# `"^=,
` ^$H}O Y~<# "MxOK_.
P# [# q=~<`H ^$+x fiK` PK< ~o x Ja=$k K H=#kQ JiOK_.
P# =`=_ O, Oz``fi O, ` H`fi =# (Exclusiveness) =u~HOQ =O # KiOK_.
D# [# q ^$HÔ =i =` #O Hey LO_=x kOK_. 1883 P#
''=#O (O^, =O =) ~`^ Qe Hx rqOKK<fl=. QOQ =# q` [xfl
`Q`<fl=. =#O W~=~= ~` q O_# O@# P~OQ fiHi< fl=. =#=O`
X H *u. =# W~=i SH=Ò ~ ~ # u = g^ =#^ O^ =O Ja=$k OH =
P^~_ LO_Q, =# ~ ~ J#OwH~O, (disagreement) =~` fi O, =u~H` =i ``fi "
=## xO^ =Q <#= K~. Jx kOK_.
^ J^M< ''~f =O =` =lH rq`, P^ xH `
q*#=
=i O $` O` =`" Ja=$k KO^`~ Jx qfiOK_. H|\ P^ xH q^#
ÒK@ P# ^= rq` O. X H `fi L^yQ P# qq^ ^ ~ #
O K_. J<H ` QO^# L~ xH J#=kOK_. J#=kO* _. P# 1875 Jb ~
==n POQ FiO@ H ~OaOK_. Wk ` q*<xfl, O $`# "O
K _xH X H H OÔQ L^t OK|_#k. `~fi` D H Jb ~ =" qfiq^= (Aligarh
Muslim University) Q Ja=$k KOkOk.
^ J^ M<K ~OaOK|_# L^~"^, =lH, O $uH L^=O Jb ~ [xOzOk.
H|\ Wk 'Jb ~ L^==Q Mu QOzOk. D L^=xH PO\ FiO@ H =Y
H O^=. Wk WOx, ` H x==# |#~K O_ =O P^ xH q^# ÒK_xH
L^t OK|_Ok. Wk ~f =O H On qÔQ eO k.
D Jb~ L^=O `~fi` H= =O #~r=<xH H~}"Ok. ~`Ô qq^
^ qi Oz L#fl =O [< Wk X H H~#=# JOkOzOk. Wk "iH X H L=_
PK< q^# xkx, X H L=_ + J~# L~# kOzOk. L~ QO^= # OH#O K _xH
X H =O =^}O _ Ja=$k KOkOk.
`# L^=O ^fi~ ^ J^ M< =O # X H =Y"# , = ` #O x@@
__ . J~` `~fi` O=`~ ^ J^M< ~f #`# [x` *f^=O
143
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
K~\ xfl x~` iK_. P# ~[H HO> q^ `H}

=~O Jx qOK_. P# ~f
_ "i PK#, H ` = P^xHOQ `~~#_ =`" POQ#
Z^~#Q~ Jx qOK_. JO^H P# POQ
=u~HOQ Ug K ^ . D ^ P#
z=~ =`"^xfl, "~@"^xfl ÒK_. H|\ a\+ `fiO P## '~ a~^`
ìOzOk.
^ J^M< H$+ =lH ~OQxH _ qi OzOk. D# =lH O~} HO
_ H$+ K_. D# =" = q^=O` H"x Ja+OK_. D# '~ q^<xfl
Zu"
x "kOK_. D# |~`fixH, ` ~ q_ (easy divorce) _ =u~H.
55. _. ~O fl
1.
2.
3.
4.
19= `|O WO =Ò P^ xH =*xfl KOK_xfl Òz# O# ~#=.

~|~b ^ J^ M<# Òz# è J#K~ Z=~?
^ J^M< 1875 O z# O Uk? ^x Hq? `~fi` Wk Z =|_Ok?
^ J^M< =iOz# = =lH O~}# ~ O_O\x ~#=.
~OO
(~`^ O ) a\+ i< == =lH, =` O|O^ ~OQ Hx O k. q^=O`#
~f ~` =[O xi+ O~} K\ # _ *f "H ` =i a\+" i J}z"`
#O_ q=H a~ Jx QiOK~.
~*~= "#~ '~f =Y "` o_Q QiOK|__ . D# O^ =Òx
Hi#O JK`# `fiO =i Jqhu =O\ "\x `yOK\xH f=OQ H$+ K_. D# P^ xH
q^, q*# GO =i OHuH "x =iOK_. D# ~f# `# J#HiOK=x
K ^ Hx ` J``= q+ # Q Oz ^xx K (East) =Oz` qo`= K =x
H~~. P# u, |~`fiO, q", =i qÒ`=# J=#+OQ K_@O =O\
=lH ^~K~ =u~HOQ ~ _. D# O^ =`xfl =*xfl OiOK@
L^ O Q Q |=*xfl O K_.
=~R =` O~} H~H=O ~< =[OK x~fi OK|_Ok. D O =~O`~ q"#,
=`K~ Pk` O #O_ q=H, = [<^~}
# K~O KO k. P~.l.O_~~ =i
=^" QqO^~# _ D O =Y .
1875 ^ #O^ ~ fi uK P~=[=< =iH O O K|_Ok.
D# "^ H q*# ==x qOK_. D# "^ "
HH "M# # =`K~
x~O`fi O #O_ q=Hx ÒK_. D P~ =[ L^=O JO@~x`#O, =i Hi#`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
144
=u~HOQ ~ _. P^ xH q^# ÒK_xH, P~=r ^=O`\ }oH |^

~ , H x~fi} ==# ~OaOK_.
O^ =[ #~r=<xH ~=H$+ =~O (q+<) J#|_ =iH O q"H#O^ fiqK
O K|_Ok. q"H#O^fiq ~f# K` < ~ `Q LO_\xfl q=iOz, H~^ H=x
"ix J iOK_. P# =` Oz``fixfl YO_Oz fiÒ` PK< q^<xfl =iOK_. P#
X H Q =#=`"k. P# 'n#[#" J`#fl` =Ò.
k=*# =[O _ D O~}^=O# |Ò KO k. JhcO\ =~^ ~ H`fi O D
O ~`# ~f =`, "Ô` =i Ô` J^ <xfl ÒzOk. N=u JhcO\
q^# ÒK_xH, H On O^ ~ # _ O zOk.
=O _ =` O~} [iyOk. ^ J^M< =O# P^xH q^# <~H#=x
ÒK_. D# ~= ` ^fi+O, J*#O, x~` H =u~H=Q "kOK_. ^ J^M<
|~`fixfl, ~^ q^<xfl, q_ û x YO_OK_. D# Jb ~ ==n
POQ
~O fl =^<
55.Z.
1. ~f (^q H q^` _#) q^ #OkOK\xfl Qi <H K Ok.
2. J#iOz# =Y " O^ =` H#, UHfi~# qfiO, =#=
O^`#= ^ =OzOk. qQ~^## =u~HOzOk. 'u =O\ =lH
^~K~# YO_OzOk. qQ~^# xH~^. [Q^ J=~O ^. =H
fiÒ`=, *f " H `, ^$_` fi O, =lH O *figH~} J< ` D
=[O ^ =OzOk.
3. ux =u~HOK_, OQb `xfl ÒK_. WOw+ q^# _ ÒK_.
qQ ~^# #, =~ ==# =u~HOK_.
4. _II P`~O O_~OQ `|^ P~^# , =lH O~} J< H O` ~OaOK_.
5. qÒ` #ifi" O O (Widow Remarriage Association) (1861), _H < Z_H+< \ ,
(Deccan Education Society) < ~fi[xH
145
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
55.a.
1.
`~ H=
2. ^ #O^ POQ "k H H
3. P~=[O ~`^ O *f"^ Ja=$kH H$+ K#\H `~fi` HO =` q^fi+
"`=~}O $+O z qq^ =` KOk# "i =^ =` q^fi H~}"O k.
4. =# [<^~ }
5. ^ =i k` =~ L^~ }
6. 1897 fiq q"H#O^
55..
1.
p#=`, Ô` =i G J^ #O
2. =#=x JO`~` O Q##fl ^q H Hx =$k K, =#= qfi=#= ^~ =O#
OOkOK@.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
146
56
O O~}
56.1 iK O :
WO` =O^ ~O g~ 19= `|O "^# =` O~} L^=(religious reform
movements)# QiOz Kkq<fl~ . D L^= ~*~="#~, fiq ^
#O^ ~ fi u,
fiq q"H#O^, ^ J^ M< =O\ P^ xH "#fl = (progressive Indians) =~^ ~ .
D L^= ~f ~~# [_`fi O(| ` ) (rigidness)=i x~`^H` ( degeneration)#
`yOK@ L Q_ < ~.
19= Ò [iy# =` =i O O~}^= K ^Q~ O|OÔ LOk.
^^ =` O~ O^~ O O~} H$+ K~. nxH H~}O ^^ Jxfl O ^~K~,
=`^ O(religious sanction)LO__" . q^=O`# ~f Hi# O O^# =i
<`# PK~# =u~HOK~. =` O~} ^^_ # J^ `"^`` fi O, O q=
O~} _ H~}=~Ok.
20= `|O O O~} L^=O HH ^$HÔ ` yOk. =`~O Q <`# rqÒ
Q_ K#fl J<H= Ok [ D L^=O <fl~. JO`QH, O O~}=H` J=Q#
q^k =~O #O_ "^ O O J@_ Q =~O =~ KK~Ok.
D ~O g~ ~`^ =[O <H#fl O ^~K~ QiOz K^ =`~. D O
^~K~# `yOK@ K# ~@O *u , a.P~.JO^ ~ =i =`QOn =O\
=#= H$+x QiOz K^ =`~.
147
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
56.2 H :
D ~xfl Kkq# `~fi` D HOk q+ Ò\~.
1.
~` =[O 19= `| O J=##fl ~ O_ Ju ^ O ^~K~# J}z"`

=i == Hi#`# QiOK@.
2.
'u =i $ }`(female infanticide) |+~} H~ , qq^ O O~ =i

O `fl# ~#QQ@
3.
q^, qÒ` #ifi" K\, q" =u~H L^= q~ } =h# Dfi~K O ^

q^Q~, *u , q+ O_\ =O\ "~ K# H$+x QiOKQ Q@
4.
=[O '=#`fi=# `K @ H~ =i JO@~x`#O x~# =`QOn =i

_II a.P~. PO^ ~ `# q=iOKQ Q@ =i
5.
~`^ O =lH *Q$u #O^ ''~ fiO\ P WO_ \ `# sHO K@.
19= `|O ~f =[O =i xH O|OkOz JOMH ~fi ^~}

=~. H=#, fiK ^# =i == ^ # HQ L<fl~. WC_ =#O nx
QiOz =iO` q=~OQ K^ =Ô.
56.3 q=H (Emancipation of women)

~`^ O iu K kQ*iOk. 19= `|O @ =[ P"Ô Ok# Hxfl
~" # =i Q _ e# qÔ Q q=H H#Qq. "~ H =O Q$ H~HH iq`=~.
"~ =[O K ` = =lH ~ Hey LO_@" QH "iH Uq^" # ` H =lH `,
LO_k H^. "~ H =O ~Q H `Q =`" K_|_"~. O^= =i =O
W~=~# iu K ^~}OQ LO_k. =O ~^ û x J#iOK_" QH
'|~`fi=< ^~K~O iOK= =Kk. O^= =i =O PiHOQ =i
=lHOQ ~+ P^~_ " ~.
(Z) eH t`($ }`)
(Female Infanticide)
~f \# <\#O_ Kx==~ _ K ^ i OKe =Kk. <_ PK~}

##fl JÒ` ~" # û 'eH t`. =Q HO P``Q Z^~K J<H= Ok è^ O _,
"iH P_ _`, "O@< KO" "~. P_ (`), P @O PiHa=$kH P@OHOQ
qOz, PiHO Q zuH`=x qOK"~. JO`QH, P~A =~ q"O KH =_O
J<k =lHOQ X H J==#OQ =i =` O|O^ q^ LO #Q fH#@ = X H =lH
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
148
=Q qOK|_k. D = i~xH 'eH t` X H èH # i~OQ qOK~.

1759OII t` J##k X H '`Q iQ} K@O K|_Ok. H..1804OII
=iH K@O K|_Ok. D ^~K~xH =u~HOQ [ #O_ f= x~#, t`
_`#fl "i `fiO Hi# K~ K@_ O ` D ^~K~O HO` `yOk. JkH *aO,
`fiOK tHO K|_`~<
O, D ^~K~xH =u~HOQ K\ # J<H K~ , [ PK<
q^#O =z# =~ ` e `xK~. 19= `|O kfif~ QO D <~O H" } `Q = YO
\ Ok. J~#\H =O^ *Q` K~Q H..1870 X H K@O P"kOK|_Ok. ^x H~O
ZH_` t` Z=Q [~Q`<fl JH_ ua_ [## q=~ JkHiHOQ #"^ K~OK_O
=i "i P_ H r=#u x X H H=û ijeOK_O =O\ # JkH~ K@
_ O
[iyOk.
(a) 'u ^~K~xfl ~=@ (Abolition of Sati)

19= `|O JÒ` =Y"# O O~} 'u ^~K~xfl ~=_O . 'u O^=
~ Kx` "i ~#, "i`@ zu ^ #O K @O. OQ, ~[\< =i ^H}
~` O` D ^~K~O ~fi ^~}OQ LO_k. Wk Ô`~ O Q =`~ " # x~O ^= Q

=Ò LO_kH^. J~` Wk =#=( ) ~ H YO HO K ^Q K L#fl`" # H~OQ
iQ}O K|_k. JO` HÒ [iy# Hxfl O @# =i =($OQ~) H^ <^ O =# 'u
^^Q =[O X H x~OÔQ =iOk. ~ Kx~# qÒ`= ~` @ `#O`@ `<
zuH ^H =~}O K@@ K X H |"# =lH X u_ J\ g^ LO_k.
'u J##k fiKO ÔQ PKiOz< H x~O Ô Q J#iOK < , Jk X H J<QiH PK~O.
a\+ "i # =O^ _ 'ux P_xH `fl [iQ~. POQ # "^#
`~fi` _, `~ WO_ HOh "~ O^= =i =O W~=i #=H# =i
PK~# `= Q~q=x H\ O K~. [ #O_ =u~H ^~} =H= =Ò^#fl
O = "~
D =# i+iOK_xH =O^ ~^. H =O ~ qeO O\H ~`^ Q=~fl~ [#~
J~# `~fi` =`" 'u ^~K~xfl JOÒ K _xH Hxfl `fl [iQ~.
^ #OQ Q O O~ J~# ~* ~="<~ K# `fl =<, O H
^~K~" # 'u ~=|_Ok. H..1818OII #O_ 'u ^~K~xH =u~HOQ P# [#
K` # iK~. O^=Ò 'uH =u~H=x K _xH P# p# q` QO^# L^ iOK~.
P# [ ^|^` =i =#=`fiO =i HxH~O =O\ =Oz Q}O_x q[ K_.
'uH =u~HOQ [# K` # ~K _ xH P# Hxfl ="# =i T~yO# x~fiOz,
[OîH q[ K_. P#, HH`x Hxfl #"\H# îOz, JH_ =~}#fl
qÒ`=# =i "i |O^ =# "i J~~ `" # PK~O QiOz K` # =O`# QqOK@
149
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
uflOK~. ~*~" "#~ K# Jx `fl =, H..1829 _O |~ 4# 'uH

X H K@ =u~H H$ÒQ H\ O K~. 'uH =u~HOQ [iy# L^=O, Ô x #= qi OzOk.
() qÒ` #ifi" =i q^ :
'u ^~K~xH =u~HOQ K\efl f~=_O ~*~" "#~ K# `fl
q[=O`" < x g~ Kkq<fl~ . =[O H iu , =YOQ qÒ`= iu =s
^~}OQ LO_k. O^ qÒ`= iu K ^ hOQ LO_k. X H qÒ`= `##fl ~fi fi=
=^Hx =[O |`# "ne=Kk. P" HhO =Oz P~O =i |@ _
HeOK|_k H^. P" Z@=O\() H~=H< [~=_O X H JOQ qOK|_k. Hxfl
L^~}# ije HO`=Ok P_ q" [iy P `~fi` `fi~< "i ~
Kx~# i` LO_q. J@=O\ i` , Ju#fl =< qÒ`=Q =i# P =u
#ifi"O QiOz PzOK O_ |`He=Kk. qÒ`= ^~= K ^ hOQ LO_k.
qÒ`= [iQ ^~} =u~HOQ D~KO^ q^Q~ ^$_ OHO` ~@O
yOK~. x*xH, P^ xH ~` x~}O q^Q~ ` |=MQ LOk. g@xfl\H O > =YOQ
~f J #flu HO P# K# H$+ Q~O KH^y#k.
=[O J}Qi# =i _` [ J#q # fl ^ #O_ "iH q=H HeOK_xH
q^Q~ `# rq`<fl JOHÒ K_. qÒ` #ifi"= J#OQ ~@O K_. q^Q~,
`##fl J~ O^ *#O` qÒ` #ifi" J#OQ `# |"# "^# qxOK~.
H..1855, qÒ` #ifi" H~ X H H= O`" # L^=O ~O" O k. JOMHOQ [
O`H HiOz `fixH Ps O~. z=~ H..1856 qÒ` #ifi" K@|Ô
K |_~. #ifi" K #fl qÒ`= O`<xfl K@| Ô K # fl@ `fiO H\ OzOk.
=#Ô JQ=~ "@" ^\ K@| ^" # O^ qÒ` #ifi"O H..1856O=`~O
_O |~ 7# HH` [iyOk. nxH q^Q~ ix z, ~fi"HO K~. q^Q~ K\ # D L^=O
@, <`# O^= #O_ f= q=~, xO^ Z^~ < P#
_ ^ . P#, J=~" #
[O@ PiH O K _OO\ `fl ^fi~ H..1855 H..1860 =^ W~" S^
qÒ` #ifi" [iOK~. Dfi~ KO^ q^Q~, qÒ` #ifi" H~ ~@O K _"
HO_, q" =i |~`fiO O\ ^~K~ =u~HOQ [# K` # iK~.
=#Q_ xK # fl W@=O\ ^~K~ =u~HOQ H..1850 O=`~O #O_ L^qOK_.
q^Q~, q^ @ _ JÒ` PH H#|iK~. P# X H `fi ~ `xv
JkHiQ = S^ eH ~ # x~fiOKQ "x K ~ # `# O` Y~`
#_< ~. ''` < ~ H~îQ P## L#fl` q^"H H$+ K# =Y X HiQ
K =K. x*xH H..1840OII ~O" # q^ L^=O "^\ OQ H..1849O=`~O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
150
HH` #Q~O O K|_# ` < ~ #(Bethune School)L^ iOK=K. D O^~ O Q JO`

HÒ q^ Q H}
O zO^x, q^ =u~HOQ ^~a O_=x =#O Q~ `K H"e.
J\ q^ <~ H#_O =# "~ ~ JkH~xfl K~~x =i "~ =Oz ~Q
LO_~x qOK"~. eH P^ xH q^# JOkOK_O HO H = q+#s O H..1821
"^@Q HxflK~ K\ ~. H = q+#s O H= =`q^# Z=Q kOK@O = "i D
`fl [ PîOK^ . ` < ~ q^~ K~@
O K H+= ~Ok. = q^~ #
[ H H" u>" ~. Hxfl=~ "i è^ O _# OH |+~} QqOK"~. J~#\H
=#H ~ O Hey# HO`=Ok =#=`"^ q^"H H$+ K~.
J #flu H~ y# L^= OQ =`" iqÒ H^ . K `fiiÒQ Jq
Ô x J<H O` "OK~. =~R, qÒ` #ifi" L^= ~^ ~k *u .
H rq` Ô, }kH`# " K_". WO^H~H P# ~fi[xH `
^~ O(Sarvajanik Satya Darma Pustak) =i QOyi(Gulamgiri) O\ QO^# "@O ^fi~
=[O J@_ Q =~ "ix q^=O`Q K x "kOK~. H..1851= O=`~O 21
O=`~ = < eH HO X H ~# ~OaOK~. H..1854 P#
JO@~x`#O "iHO X H~# ~OaOK~. P#, `# rq`=O` =[O J}Qi#
=~ =lH =#`fiO HO ~_~.
O_\ q+ _ qÒ`= J Ô H~ K H$+K ~. P# H..1850
qÒ` #ifi" O O# O K~. [ ~#_ _ WO^ __ . P~.l.O _~~,
JQ~~ =i _.H .H~fi J #flu H~ L^=xfl |iK~. H~fi H..1899 fiOQ X H
} qÒ`=# q"=_~. < P# X H O^ qÒ` #~" H OÔ O K~.
nxH~ Jd ~` ="O ZO` ^^_ O k. L#fluHO @_# =iH =Y =H
H~<^ =e(Karsandas Mulji)P# H..1852 Q[~f + qÒ` #ifi"# ÒK@
H~ `H+(Satya Prakash)# ~OaOK~.
N=u ~=~, ~#_, Z.l.H.^=^~ =i =i HO`=Ok , ~+ <
"^< xfl(Poona Sevasadan)~OaOK~. Wk #~ =i =O`# tH}
x=fi_O, u,
tOH = O =i qÒ`= L^Q H# =#flQ JO# QiOz ^#OQ H$+ KOk.
a.O.=i(B.M.Malabari)=i ^~O y_=(Dayaram Gidamal)K ~OaOK|_#
"^# O O(Sevasadan Sangham)_ W^~H " # H~H=# K\ O k.
H..1885 _< (Dufferin) = ~} ~f "^ O JOkOK_xH ~f
K '^ <+# J +< (The National Association)# ~OaOzOk.nx ^ # H O "^ Q,
P` Q, #~Q =i =O`#Q tH} W=fi_O =i P`#,
151
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
"~ # =i zH` H O^# JOkOK_O D O O H~H= QOQ, ~f H~

` H "^ = H..1914 ~OaOK|_~. =O`# tH}
xK@ H~ H..1903 _
H~< K ''qHi ""i LH~ "`# xk(Victoria Memorial Scholarship fund) x~fiOK|_#k.
~` "^ O tH}
xK@ H~ H..1916 ~ iO* K _b '_ iO* "^
H(Lady Hardinge Medical College) ~OaOK|_Ok. Ôx # P^<O^ u
=i t O H = O (The Maternity and child Welfare Bureau) =i 'z` ~ O [<
"^# O(Chittaranjan Seva Sadan)J#|_ =~ ~ O_ O Jq~ H$+ e<~.
20= `|O f="^ *f L^=O Pq~= e ÒQ fiK L^=xH =Oz Ò
aOzOk. a\+ "i i# =u~HOQ [iy# ~@O =Y `# =OK ~OaOK~.
"~ ~[H T~yO, q^j= J" ^H}# J_H =_O Mn =# î OK_xfl
K~O K_O x, H~Q~xH "~. N=u ~[x <_, *f HOQ
J^ ~~Ok. + KO^ O z#, ~f *f# O(Indian National Army I.N.A) #
O K_O ` @ _ q" `H L^= <fl~ . PqÔ Q ~[H H~H
"~ O , ~ ` L^=, =lH O Qfi=< ~. *f L^=O #_O
K, "~ fiÒ` ~@O "i ~ U=Ò f~x x~OK|_Ok. nO` L^=O
#`# tY~# `HOk.
~f =[O O|OkOz# J<H O H ^~K~ J\ ~fi ^~}"< ~.
~*~= "#~, Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~, *u O\ O O~ , u Q` #
Ja=$k K @ HOH}O H@ <fl~.
=# fiÒÒ =z# J#O`~ HO ~` `fiO "~, iu x WOHO` "~Q
~K _ xH K~ K\ ~ . =# # W K\ K |_~. nx QiOz g~ =iH
JÔ q=~OQ K^ =`~.
~ fl 56.Z
1.
~`^ O 19 `|O <Hx#fl O H ^~K~, X H^xx èK O_.
2. ' ux ~= ~*~="<~ J#iOz# qq^ ^` q?

3.
q`` x~fi" ZC_ K@| Ô K |_~? Z=i `fl = D K@O kOK|_Ok?
4.
19= `|O =~Rx J #fluH ^^_ # W~=~ O O~# ~#O_?
5.
20 `|O # ("_O) K` # =Oèfl K _O =Y` =Oz# X H H~}O

Uq\?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
152
56.4 == =u~HOQ ~@O :

O O~} L^=O, == " _ =~eOk. O^ =[O, O g^ P^~_
ql O|_O^x g~ W\H Kkq<fl~ . p# HO 'O J##k P = K\ #
=$` P^~_ k Hx P `~fi` Jk J#=OtHO J~Ok. =# =[O JOuH X H ^ #
H~}O "#x K =K. 19= `|O O J##k [# =~ Q KO k. JQ=~ iu ,
x=fl iu HO> K a#flOQ LO_k. JQ=~fl "~ O O L#fl`" # u x J#q ,
L`fl` L^Q# K LO_"~. Hx x=fl "~ =Ò K POH ` rq`xfl " n,
J}z"` Q~ < ~. == =*xfl ql OzOk. Wk K J=#+OQ LO_, J=#`fixfl
$+O zOk. *f " H ` OK_xH Wk X H ^ #H~}O. =#=O` X H *u J< =#
P@OH" # O^ =< a\+ =u~H ~@O JO^~ SHOQ ~_H ~.
[ P^ xH, *fi= " ~ H u#O^= "~ xH, JO@~x`<xH =u~HOQ
`= Qxfl q~. *f L^=O, ==# xsfi~O K _O X H ^ #` =OzOk. Wk
=`, =~, , eOQ `~`= JfÒQ u=H Ja=$k kOK@ =# =i
=# fiK # kOK@ ~_Ok. x*xH QOnr * O|O^ H~H=xflO\ JO@~x`#O
x~# J`kH ^#`xK~. P# `# uH 'i[< J< i_, ^x ^fi~ `# O H,
~[H =i =`~ " # "# "O* ~. P#, JO@~x "ix ^=x H x["#
a_ J#Q 'i[#Q #""_. P# K# H$+ =<, ^"H i[# " xH L#fl
POH `yOK|_~. H..1932 O=`~O QOnr 'Jd ~` i[# O O(All India Harijan
Sangh) # O
K~.
_II a.P~.JO^ ~ xH =u~HOQ f= ~\xfl H#yOK~. P# x~O`fixH
=u~HOQ ~@O K _xH `# rq`xfl JOHÒ QqOK~. P#, JO@~x`#O x~# H~
''Jd ~` J}Qi# =~ =Y(All India Depressed Classes Federation)# #_~. =u~H
~\xH *f L^=xH K ^Q~ O|OÔ LOk. a\+" ~ ~` =[ O^ ==
q+ O HQ K H=_xH OK^ . =[Ox <`# =~` q~^xfl a\+" ~ H~H^ .
PqÔ Q _IIJO^ ~ O\ fiÒ` L^=H~ =# '' =<O =i Q`# W=fiQey
=lH =i PiH fiÒ`xfl kOK@ Q# =~} K\xH "~=x =
JkH~##fl `fiO H"e Jx J<"~. H =O fi~[ `fiO ^fi~ =`" JO@~x `<xfl
x~eOK=zx _II JO^ ~ qOK"~.
_II JO^ ~, fiÒ` ~` `fiO =`" J@_Q PiH ux "~Q ~KQ ^x
#""_. x*xH, J@=O\ J}Qi# KOk# [ PiH u =~x^ "ix =lHOQ
L#fl` u H Qx=@O ^ O H^. H..1947 O_\ [=~ <, _IIJO^ ~ ~`
153
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
`fiO K~= x PfixOK~. P# <Y =Ou J~, ~` ~*OQ x~}O =Y

` =OK~. ~` ~*OQO (1950), JO@~x`#O x~#, POH # `yOz "xH H
[# " xfl J#=u H@
# KO k.
JO@~x`<xH =u~HOQ [iy# ~@O =lH O _ <fl~. J@=O\
O '~ fiO\ P WO_ \ (Servants of India Society)X H\ nxx H..1905 QH$+
QY(18661915) OK~. ~`^ = H~ ~fiO\ P WO_ \ *f =`
O #(q+#s) tH}
xzOk. D O , Ô H~ `= rq`# JiOK= LO_k. "~
~` *hHO x["# Jc# ~*OQ |^ ^` ^fi~ ÒK= LO@Ok.
PqÔ Q ~ fiO\ P WO_ \ "~ `HOQ ~[H , q^ H =lH =O\ Hxfl
H~H=H iqÒ H^ . "~O` `= fi [< QH W`~ = K _xH U~_# X H
t `# [# =O "~ *"Ô Ok JO@~x`#O x~# K~ K\ ~ .
D OO` O|O^=#fl =iHO`=Ok =Y ~>i< QII q...
(V.S.S.Sastry) (QY =~}O `~fi` g~ 1915 \
H 2= J ~ J~.) <~} = ~
*+ (Narayana Malhar Joshi) (g~ =O '+ s fi b Q O K~ ) Mr .
Z<.".*+(N.M.Joshi)(g~ 1920 PWO_ >_ x< HOQ# OK~) Mr.
O^<^H ~ (Hindunath Kuzru) (g~ 1914 J^ "qux ~OaOK~) PK~.
_.. |^ (Prof D.L.Sahasra Budha) Q= Ja=$k HO g~ Q=# Ja=$k KO^
`flO(Trial in Improving Villagers)J< X H ^H O # ~OaOK~. =i Mr.J=$` q~ ^
^H~(Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar)(g~ 1922 'c " =O_# O K~)"^Q =Y<fl~ .
== ~` =*xfl pe"O k. JO@~x`#O X H ^ =lH ^~K~O J~Ok. ==#
|# ~K @ '*f L^=O X H =Y ` =OzOk. QOn =i JO^ ~ JO@~x
`<xH =u~HOQ ~_~ gi~=~ `= rq`# J}Qi# =~ J #fluH JOHÒ K~.
56.a ~ fl
1. Hi#`(rigidiaties)# |#~K @, *f L^=O UqÔ Q _O k?
2. ''a\+ `fiO "~ ==# Ug K ~ Jx _II JO^ ~ ZO^ qOK~?
3. =lH J #flu PiH Ja=$k ZO^ PH" L#flk?
~OO :
=`~ " # =i =lH O~} L^= K ^Qi O|O^xfl Hey L<fl~. 19=
`|O =i O|O^ O ^~K~O_q. J}Q^H|_"~. JO`QH "~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
154
O ~O Q Z@=O\ ^ #` =OK_xH J#=uOK|_"~ H~. "~ Q$ O|O^ ^ `

=`" iqÒ K |_~ . 'eH t($ }) ` =i 'u =O\ ^~K~ J= LO_q.
q" [~|_@" QH qÒ`=# #OQ K"~. ~* ~="#~, Dfi~KO ^
q^Q~, *u , [ ~#_ J#fluHO @ _~ . "i `fl e ÒQ
[iy#@=O\ J`K~ =u~HOQ K\ K |_~. *f L^=O X H #`# *Q$uQ
_O k. "~ ~+ ` =#OQ ^` `= i OK~.
WOHH ^ # O ^~K~O ``fi O. Wk ~` =*xfl =H KO k. JQ=~,
x=fl *` =^ K JO`~O LO_k. HO`=Ok x=fl "~, JO@~x "~Q iQ}O K|_"~.
QOnr, _II JO^ ~ O\ <, J}Qi# =~ J #fluH Jifl @_~ . QOnr
'Jd~` i[# O O# O K~. _IIJO^ ~ 'Jd ~` J}Qi# =~ =Y# #_~.
*f L^=O, "~ fi~ KOk# "ix ^Q~
@@ KO k. qa#fl KOk# [O^~
H * =", T~yO# x~fiOK~. <\ H =# =[O 'O ~fi ^~}"# \H,
==# x~eOK@ `fl [~Q`< L<fl~.
JO :
1. ~` =[O 19= `|O J= L#fl O|OkOz# ^ # ^~K~ Uq?
2. [<^~ }
(Z) ~*~="#~ (a) Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~ ` Z\k ?
3. O O~ 'O ZO^ ^_K ~? *f L^= =O Hi#` Z |#_~?
4. ` O =# =[O iu x sHO KO_. ~` # W\H ^ _`#fl ^ # ^~K~
Uq?
J^# =K~O :
=#`fi :
~*OQO J##k =#^xH J`#fl` K@O . ~*OQOx III = qQO =#^xH KOk# u
~_H Hxfl ^q H W=fi|_~. D HO^ =#`fi # O|OkOz 14,15 =i
17 JkH~ }
= O^~K | _# Hxfl "H YO_=(clauses)# WKK<flO.
14. K@O =O^ '=#`fiO : ~` QO K@O ik =#`fixfl U =HH U ~RO
H^#_^.
15. =`, *u, , eOQ, H [# =# |\ qKH}
K O_@ : 1. =`, *u, , eOQ
=i [# =# |\ U ~RO, U ~xH =u~HOQ qKH}
K _^ . 2. =`, *u, eOQ [#
= H "x U X H ^x ~O Q<< U ~xH Z@=O\ J#~`, POH, H +~` # qkOz
HOk q+ u~ iOK _^ .
155
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
(Z) ^H}, ~ ~ O\, @(`=) =i * q<^xH O|OkOz# O`H "O .

(a) =, K~ =, fl# \, ~ ^~ =i ~R x^ K #_|_`#fl H =# *hH
J=~~O xiOK|_# O`# yOK_O
3) =i K Z@=O\ ` H ^ H#, D JkH~ }
Ox U QO ~xH
J_ K ^.
4) D JkH~ }
O H~O H 29= JkH~ }
O 21= "HYO_O H~O =lHOQ =i q^~O Q
"#H|_# =~ ~ J #flu H~ ^ +_ =i +_ *` O|OkOz
~RO Z@=O\ ` H ^ HeOz< J_ _ ^ .
17. JO@~x`#O x~# : JO@~x`#O x~eOK|_e. =i U^ qÔ Q nxx ~ê.
K@ H~O JO@~x`#O J< ^~K~O# ZH_< Z@=O\ "\H < J#~`Q K# @~` ^xx X H
<~O Q iQ} ~ .
~ fl =^< :
56.Z
1.
u, "^ = O, q"O, eH t` (U"< ~O_)
2.
~[~= "#~ L< WK~. O^ ^~ #, KOz O^`fiO 'uH

=u~H=x L^ iOK~. =" x~fiOK~, Js WK~, # "\H # îOK~.
3.
1856, Dfi~ KO^ q^Q~.
4.
*u , [ O.l.~#_
5.
*f L^=O
56.a
1.
*f L^=O, fiK, =#`fixfl ÒzOk. |xfl =u~HOzOk. nO`@

* T~yO, ^~ # Jxfl =` "~ <@ @ K "~Oîx ^Q~ K , q=H} #
|#~zOk.
2.
a\+ `fiO "~ Z@=O\ O~} K@

H ~. "~ J\ J= L#fl ~f
O^ `^~^KH^ .
3.
J}Qi# =~ "~ K ^"~ =i "i Hh J=~ _ f~Hx iu

LO_k. "i PiHa=$k x^, =lHOQ Z^Q ~ . "i ~x "~QK @ H~ "iH
"^ =i L^Q H~ ` xi.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
156
57
~` fiÒ`^= ~@O
1857 u~Q@
57.1 iK = :
~`^ Ki` H..1857 O=`~O X H qt+ \xH fHQ xezOk. ~`^ O POQ

i# "^\ iQ X H O \` " (formidable challenge) Z^~ O k. L`~ ~`^ O =i
=^ ~` [ a\+ "i i# =u~HOQ X H = u~Q@# =n, ^^Q a\+
"ix, ~`^ O #O_ "Q @@ `flO K~. D u~Q@ ~=_xH U X H H~}" ["|^s
H^. D u~Q@, `~ WO_ =~H OO (DO_ HOh) "i fi~i` =i
~f# J}Q^H < q^#O =# Z<fl ^ _ ~f O \`" K# ~@O.
H..1857 [iy# O @#, `~ WO_ =~H O O i# ~` =[Ox ^^
u =~xH KOk# [ _ ^ # uaOa~. P qÔ Q `~ WO_ =~H O O "i
^ # H "# ` =Q xK _O, Z= P^xfl O^_O J< ^xH =u~HOQ Hk #
~f K# ~@" D u~Q@.
H..1857 u~Q@# QiOz =#O ~ O_ J^ (Chapters) K^ =OÔ. D "^\
~O , u~Q@ H~} =i u~Q@ y# û QiOz K^ =Ô. ~ O_= ~O
~`^ Ki` =~^ O (glorious chapter) J~# nxH fi== =i e ` QiOz
K^=Ò.
57.2 H
1.
2.
3.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` g~ HOk q+ Ò\~.

1857 u~Q@ îf# qq^ H~}.
1857 u~Q@ y# q^#O.
D u~Q@ " (~h KOk#) ~} H ~, <<, Òu` =i
W`~ < ^ # `# Qi~ .
157
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
57.3 u~Q@ H~}

g~ Q~ `KH=# q+"q@O> a\+"~, ~`^ fiO Pî` O^
PiH ==# <#O K (O@iz) ~` =~\# O`` ` ~ # ==` xO" ~.
"~ ~`^ ~xfl SHO K =i ~KiH P^~} (royal patronage) ^fi~ ~f, "i
r=<kH K K#fl =$` # <#O K~. H` i (a\+) == =i iqH
q^<, ~` ~ ` , x"iH f= #xfl HeyOK~. ~f f= JO`$ (discontent)
H~}O, a\+" ~ ~` PiH ==# , "i fi~xH L yOKH=_" . ~f ~ ` , x"i
îÔ , îHO =i x~ x $, iu "~Q ~K H=_O H~ , u~Q@ <@
@
K~. SS/HIST/52 =i SS/HIST/53 ~# K^= O_)
`~ WO_ =~H OO "~, ~f ~# PHqOKH=_O =#, L#fl`, =^
`~Q u ~` [ x~^Q~. O< (princely states) i#, < == O|OkOz#
L^Q Ok# ~f, "i r=<kx H~. ~A P#=x =` ^ J#Q
O_` =i =g "i ^ # ^ #O_ ` OK|_<~. HO`=Ok ~f# i<
O|O^" # L^QH f#fl \H, "iH `= rÒ =i ` = ^#` Q L^Q=
=`" WK~. U ~f_H _ < ~.60 #O_ ~. 70 =~ OkOK '^~ L^Qxfl
qOz# L^QO W=fi^ . POQ Ki`H~_# \.P~.", ~` ~ QiOz `# =@ ''J`_ ,
q@s "^q J~# ^~ JO` =~xfl Hey L#fl \H, `# HhO X H z#fl POQ L^yH
=z#O` r`xfl, J`# O^ ^# O^^ x , 30 O=`~@ q^
`` = K# `~ "`
_, WOQO_ KOk# JC_ #`#OQ L^QO "tOz# `= ~ JkHi J=OaOK
hK" # =~# #O_ `## `# H_H#x `.
a\+"i q^< xH ~f "i PkÒ (Superiority) # îOK> H OQ
~OkOK|_<~. "^\ #O_, a\+" ~ `=# `= q^ Q< q, ~`^ #
K , WK\ O^# O` `= =`$^" # a@< `~eOK_" `= ÔQ @ <fl~ . a\+"~,
"iH =i ~fH =^ Z@=O\ =lH J=Q# (social communication) # U~~K\ xH
`flO K ^ . D qÔ Q a\+" i Pk` ^~}, ~f @ JH =#, ~f
"i@ f="# H^fi ~Q_xH H~}=~. Ô qq^ O` ~y# J[_
(uprisings), u~Q@ (rebellions) a\+ "i@ ~Q`#fl ^fixfl è* <fl~.
_ = 'J=^ ~*xfl H|oOK@O (annexation) Ô x J<H O`, =s =YOQ
J=^ PQ " H~}=~Ok. J=^ #"| Hfl =ê "@
C_, J`x ~[Ox [,
J`xx H#~ =~ q^ w`` J#iOz#@ =# Òk. _ K~ HOh # O
u~Q@ "`=~}xfl $+O zOk ZO^HO> # O Z==Ok J=^ OÒ #O_ fH|_<~.
Q W`~ ~ J`x K~
xfl $+O zOk. ~` Qxfl PHqOKH"< a\+" i
=[ HOH =#, "iH ~` ~A `= @ K q^ `, ^ "` KeO K H O, WK
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
158
|=`# H # _`~"#x
_ y<~. ~` ~# `= Jn#OH `KH< (annex iH, z=i fi ~ O_= r~= ^` `_# <<, ~h~}, |^~
ation) ÔÒ, a\+"
`=Q =~~.
a\+ "i #H [ =u~HOQ =~@ X H ^ # H~}O, "~ `= =Ò JO
L#fl@
_@
". H = q+#s ~` [# H = Q =~@ f= `fl K~. P
q+#s, O^, WO =` g^ O` =i hK"# ^_ K~. =~", "i
K~hfl "i ~ Pu =i W`~ ^`$`fi O ^fi~ K_O ~OaOK~.
O, J#=HO` _# W@=O\ "`=~}O, WOH "i K~ [ =`qfi, O^

#=H =O\ xfl`" # "# `H#_, =Ô` (H~) K èHQ, Z=Q "~.
L^~}, ~ `=H ~ +<Q W=fi|_# Q^ = O_ P=, O^ Z=H _ He#@Q
#=_O "^\~ . J=^ X H `^~ (Taluqdar) X H a\+ JkHi` J`kH =Ok ~f
PK##, "Y ~# `# =@ D qÔQ =HO K_. ''= g^ = Ô H
"t Oz =~A# "Q \~ . X H X H ^|` ZO` HO #O_ = @O|O Q" # = qx
g~ H|oOK~. g q#=OQ K^=O>, JH`Q , q=efl ^~^$ +O "O\_Òk. ~`
[ g =u~HOQ L^qOK~. g~ hKOQ xOkOz# < =^ =K~. q=efl <# H_#.
Hh, WC_ <# < = (retainers) <_Q =OÔ_ #_ , M< =^ q=efl =
^= #O_ "Q @@ =< fl#.
HOh i# ~O" # \ #O_, HOh i# ##fl JMu (unpopularity) =#
x~O`~O u~Q@# =#O Q=xOK=K. H..1763 [iy# k Q Oz# '< u~Q@
=` <, P H~# [gO^~, x~` x, ki~# ~` a\+ "iH
=u~HOQ `= K` He~. H..17661772 =i H..17951816 O=`~ =^ OQ,
c~x J<H l L^= (K~ L^=O) L^$`=~. ^H} ~`Ô q[#Q~
=[ _ H..1794 \=<H~ k"# H..1805 =i ~R ~A H..181632
O. =^ Z^~ uiQ~. H..181417 O=`~ =^ Pb ~ `^~, 1824 t=
L`~ ^ =i ~<x *Q Hxfl P@OH# $+O K~. P qÔ Q a\+" i "^\ 100
O=`~ i< HO, u~Q@ [iQ~. xO^ OQ, D u~Q@ xH" # g, ZH_HH _
q_q_Q [iy#g =i P^ xH =# S# *f =# Oz#g J~#\H, D u~Q@,
q^j # =u~HOQ q"# xH O^|^ ~\xfl P~OaOK_O =Y` =OKx
K=K.
HOh # Ox ~` ~ f= JO`$ <H#flk. "iH ` = r` W=fi_" QH,
"~ a\+ "i u~~xH Q~ ~. "i JO`$ ~Q _xH ^# H~}O, O^ H O*
OÒ xK ~, q^j "` O KeO K _^< a\+ "i x~
O. D x~ O =#
"i Z= =Ok r` sQ H` [iQ~. nO`@ 'J=^ # HH=_O, K=Ok
~ "^fiQ H~}", "i f= PQ xH H~}"O k.
159
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
x*xH ~ JO`$ "#H K ^ Ki` LOk. H..1764 O. OQ X H u~Q@

"Ô k. D u~Q@ #fl 30 =Ok ~#, a\+" ~ ~ O y QO_ |eK, ^xx
J}z"~. H..1806 "~ ~ K# u~Q@# f= O"Ô` a\+" ~ J}z"~.
1824 O=`~O 47= ~l"O\ KOk# ~ ~M~ =^, |~ =^=~O ^fi~
" @
x~HiOz#O^#, P ~ l"O\# ~^ K, x~^ # "ix H_O, Lif_O K~.
u~Q@ ~=_xH H =O Hk < =O^ =OQO_ KO|__ . J`xx, L#fl`kH~ ^_
K_x u~Q@ K_< Ja QO g^ H..1857 =i 29# Lif~. ^ J^M< `#
'~` u~Q@ H~} (causes of the Indian Mutiny) J< H O ~` [, x ~AH#fl
" QiOz D qÔ Q ~_. ("Ò g^) Z@H ~f PzOK J"@# OK<fl~ .
a\+" ~ K# K\hfl `= LxHH O QO HeyOK@@ L<fl x, `= =` # <#O K _xH,
`= # H~O^ ~OkOz#" Jx qOK~. Z@H ~f, a\+ `fixfl
'n~H q+O (slow poison) Q WH` xi`" # `_Q# =i î` *fiQ qOKQ~.
D ~A `fi H|O^ #O_ |@ _< ~ < `^x, ~ ÒK<fl P `~fi` ~*<
`= <#O ` ^x "~ PzOK_O "^ \~. ~f, `fi =~# H~O@<fl~ .
a\+" i # #O =iH `fiO eO ^< PK#` P#OkOKQ~.
W@=O\ J}z"` Q~ # i` , "i "^fiQ ~AH=_xH Z= HO @ ^ .
J@=O\ O @# H..1857, " 10= `n# [iyOk. ~ H=fi|_# H` Z< `
L yOK|_# `\ H=fi` _# HyÒ` K@|_~. `HH `\ >= O^, D
H=fi Hy`xfl <\` y fe. J~` Wk ^#fl H O^ #O_ f|_# H=fi` ` ~ # k.
H|\ O^= =i =O W~=~ f= Hk ~. D `\# L yOK_O
`= =Ò JO _O ^x W~=~ qOK~. Ô`@, HOh `= =`xfl <#O K _xH
H"x uflO^x K=Ok qOK_O "^ \~ . H|\ "~ Z^~ u~Qe# =O
P#fl"Ok.
H..1857 O=`~ u~Q@ <=kQ i` ~AH=_O "Ô k. J<O,
~f @ q=H`, ~f JO`$ =#, "i q= =i ~f =`
#=H PK~ @ a\+ "i x~H O OKH z=~ i`hfl ^"O Q u~Q@
~=_xH îf~.
57. Z. ~O fl
1.
2.
3.
_ =K, ~` ~# `= # HO^ `K H=_xH J= iz# ÔÒ Uk?

a\+" ~, ~f =^ =lH " H ` ZO^ ^ ?
~f ~*# HH=_O J##k qq^ =$` "i Z =O KOk?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
160
4.
5.
19= `|O è QO a\+" i # =u~HOQ u~Q@ ZO^ [iQ~?

HOh"~ H = q+#s# ÒK_xfl, ~f U qÔ Q qOK~?
57.4 u~Q@ Q=#O

_b H 36 " ^~O L#fl g~\ u~Q@ ~O" O k. H` `\# L yOK_xH
x~HiOz# 3= fi^j JtfiH^ xH KOk# 85 =Ok ~# L^Q= #O_ `yOz, H..1857
" 9# "iH ^ * tH qkOz, OH `yeOK~. D O@#, g~\ ~ u~Q@
^~}# ~y KO k. P `~fi` ~A, ~ * g^ ^_ K, Mn # q_^ K, JkH~#
KO u~Q@ O|OkOz# *O_ ZQ~" ~. P`~fi` "~ _b H |^~~. P`~fi` ~A
L^xH "~ _bH K~iH, xH HO "i` He a\+ JkH~# KO #Q~xfl `=
Jn#OH f<fl~ . "i H` JkH~xH zflO H= =zOk. H|\ "~ ~`^ O KH=iQ
=$^_ =i JkH~Ox |^~# JkHiHOQ ~`^ KH=iQ H\ O K~. D u~Q@
Ki#"~, " KH=iH "i q^
`# JkHiHOQ H\ O K_O PHH ~ i}=O. P `~fi`
KH=i, ~` =i =Y (Chiefs) # a\+ `fixfl Ô^ [~Q`#fl
@ #=x "~.
D u~Q@ Ô x qye# O` `fi~Q "OzOk. OQ # O "Ò `fi~<
u~Q@ OKOk. J=^, ~HO _, ^P, |O^YO_, =^ ~`^ O, c~x Hxfl
O`, `~ O* O` a\+" i JkH~O "i ^ #O_ q=H O^@ uflOK~.
WO_~ x H ^ J<H x H ^ u~Q@ K~~ JQ 20" =Ok Qfie~ # O
Òu`, ~h ~}` He~. (WO_~ Qfie~ a\+" iH q^
Q LO_~.)
~ u~Q@ [iy# "O@< D u~Q@ Q, ^~} [K Q_ , | , },
s "^Q îH# =~}^` i =u~HOQ ~\xfl yOK~. ~ ` , qq^
=$` "~, n~H k` , a\+" i fi~xH |# "~O^~ ~@O x, D O @#
X H qt+ ^#`# `K~. ~ ` =i [qO^~, "ix `= fi~xH L yOKHx x=OK
OÒ #O_ #O O QqOz# =_ "~#, |x =i H` [qO^~ ^_ K~.
_| JCQ Wz# q=~ H H H # ÔyeOz, <#O K~. a\+" i <<,
`j H~, ~} ^_ K~. =# ~ K ^ OY u~Q@ <fl~
J#_xH X H L^~}. H =O J=^ < a\+" iH =u~HOQ [iy# ~@O 1H 50" =Ok
Kx` "i 1H =Ok =# ~.
D u~Q@#O^ =`~ " # L`H`` _# |"# JO`~` =# Hey L<fl~. x*xH,
K=Ok < D u~Q@# O^=, =O =` g^ "xfl K 'q` Ô Q
Ja=iOK~. J\ #O_ =# Ô #O_ ~ O yx |+iOK_O J==x x=fi_" # k.
^ # q+ "q@O> ~ "~ fi~ =` KOk# "~# \H. "~ fi~ = Hey L#fl \H
161
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
"~Oî Q =` =~ O H^. OQ < xH KOk# ~ (Z=Q L#fl` #

O^=) J=^ Q" =~_# as M^~# H#fl (H$+ _ ) Jx y_~. J^qÔ Q, a\+" ~
M< |^~M< (~YO_ <_) =u~HOQ |~b O^=# ~ Oz#\H, "i LÔ
<~" ~ ^ . JO`QH u~Q@^~, =" S# |^~# "i KH=iQ QiOK~. =" ,
O^= W~=~ a\+" i "i ~\xfl W~=iH KOk# =# ~@OQ K~.
57.1 |^~
57.2 r#` =
u~Q@ ^ # H O^# _b , H#~, Hfl, |~b, ~h, J~ (c~) yOk. _b
x ~ O_= |^~ KH=ix, '~` KH=iQ JkHiHOQ H\ OK~. J~` KH=i =$^_ ,
|#OQ LO_#. H|\, P =O H=# ~[H <H`fixfl, J`_ K H_.
J`_ , KH=iQ ~[# K < `# HiH a\+" i` =OzQ LO_< =iH HiH =^
Ty_ ^~} J=OaOK_O ` u~Q@ q "O k. KH=iQiH W+" # ~} J~# r#`=,
X H =Y`# +OzOk.
u~Q@ =iH =Y <_ <<. g~ D O^~ O Q Q~ `K H=#
q+ O X H@#flk. J^q@O> _ `fi ^` fiH~ ÔÒ (Doctrine of Lapse) # J= K =r
fi ~ O_= r~= ^` =~_# << OK# WK@ u~ iOK_. u~Q@ =O
<< `# q^
# x O` H#~ #O_ WOw+ "ix |+iOz, `## `#
fiQ H\ OK<fl_. << `~# ~\xH =Y <H`fiO =OK ^` J`xH
JÒ` q^
_# =_, =~_ , ^~ =O`_# Òu` [O^ _O k. Òu`
Q ^ H H , x~
OQ ~@O @ =i Qi ~\ J`x < } Q Mu
Q_O z Hx_|__ . << =~ q^
_# =_ Jr=.
J=^ ~} Q" u~Q@# ÒK_" HO_, ^~OQ #_Ok. Q", `# z#fl
=~_# as M^~# J=^ ~*xH #"|Q JkHiHOQ H\ O zOk. (nxx SS/HIST/51. 51.8
Kk"~) Hfl =^ <\ H J=^ x , ~_hx P"O K H#fl a\+ \ =^ [iy#
f= ^xH X H =# *H zflOQ qye~.
u~Q@ =O ` L`~ ^ L#fl O`=O` ~@O H#yOk. u~Q@
#fl x |~b =^ [#~ H M < <H`fi O X H ÔQ U~_, _b K~ <fl~. x*xH
_b "~ x["# ~. H M <, H..1859 " Hfl, `# KO|_^H a\+ "i`
`# ~\xfl H#yOK_.
H..1857 u~Q@ JÒ` M` g~=x` ~h ~} H ~. _ `fi Ô`" #
^` fiH~ ÔÒ =# ~hH ~ `# =*xfl Q@H< iu ù O k. a\+" ~,
P" ^` =~_x ~h O#=# "~ _Q JOwHiOK^ . "~ ~hx `= Jn#OH
`K Hx, H ~x ~h =^ u~Q@# iQÒ^x, K~ ` =x kiOK Q~. "^\
~} O~Oz<, P `~fi` u~Q@ Ô Ki, a\+ "iH X H |"# ` iQ xezOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
162
. 57.3 ~} H ~
. 57.4 Òu`
~} H ~ ^~ ~H== KOk# H^ , P" ^ H x Hx_` ~|_# Hq`
<\H =#^ iQ xeK~. a\+" iH q^
# =~[ Ok O\"~, ~} H ~x
J}Q^H_xH uflOz#\H, Ok O` x P" " K~~. ~} H ~, Òu`
=i P" P< x ` Qfie~ =^ @|_Ok. P" ~@O ` H..1858 E<
17# g~=~}O OkOk. P"`@ rq`=O` P"` xe# P" fl `~ =i Ki
=O eH P" H < _ =~}O zOk. J~ (Arrah) OÒ u~Q@ ~fi [gO^~# #fi~O Q
P^fi ~O [iyOk. J`x Q |k` _# ^` O `, J<H a\+ ^_# x+ O QqOK~.
J`x |Q H#~ K~ Hx <<` He~. WOHH Ju =Y u~Q@ <_ * ^
KOk# =q J^. J`x fi~RO =^, P `~fi` * ^ K~_. a\+ "iH =u~HOQ
fiÒ` ~@O P# X H Q ^ _ Q <fl_ .
57.5 u~Q@ J}z"`

u~Q@ aOz# JÒ` *^~} a\+ "ix qxH QiKO k. a\+" ~ u~Q@#
J}z" @ uflOz#_ x =i ^~} *hHO #O_ _ f= x~# aH~.
a\+" ~, u~Q@ #fl x =`"QH _b, J=^, D# ~, PQ, =^ ~Ò ,
t= c~ KOk# [ f="# ^xfl H#yOK~. WOH ^~}"# q+ "q@O>
u~Q@ #fl x Z=~` P= H Ok H=fi |_# `\# L yOK_xH
x~HiOK~ "~ `= a\+ `= Ô K _xH J" `\# L yOK~. a\+" ~
Q= Q= `Q \O K~. Q=, @} x [# TKH` H~. [
``
$+O K\xH, JOMH [ |~OQ =~}tH qkOK~. `è ÒQ u~Q@ xez~Ok.
JO`QH Hxfl "=Ok `= }# }
OQ \~ . Hx a\+" ~, ~f Hxfl q"#
Q}~ <~ <fl~ . ~`^ O x [O` O \`" , X H`\ xz, x^= #O_ "#_O
~OaOK~. #`# *u Pq~=O [iyOk. Ki`H~ D O @## J<H ~` =Q~.
HO`=Ok nxx x H u~Q@ Jh, 'q= O Jh, 'u~Q@ Jh eK~. Hx D ~ i`?
H fiÒ` ~@=? H a\+ "iH =# L#fl |O^xfl ÒK@ ^$_OHO He# [#
=O =n# ~@=? D qÔ Q Z= "` #fl =# *hHO =# Wk X H x H
u~Q@ HO> _ Z= ==OÒQ HxOzOk. Q=xOKe# ` "q@O> ^~} ~ ` ,
qq^ =$` "~, W`~ K z#fl P^# ^# , } | ` |O_"# a\+" i
`# ZkiOK_O J<k, [O` ZO` HO #Oz q^j # `= J#q # fl ^ #,
P ^ #O_ q=H O^< "i `# J~= =Òk.
JO^H J<H= Ok ~`^ O x Ki`H~ D u~Q@# "@" ^\ fiÒ` ~@OQ
Ja=iOK~.
163
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H..1857 u~Q@ L`~ , =^ ~` O` "QOQ " KOkOk. x , =#

[ a\+" i |"# <^ ^_ K~. _b , u~Q@ ^ # H OÔQ =iOk.
|^~ nxH Q Q~Q J_. D u~Q@ ~`^ O a\+" i JkH~xfl Hê "O k.
57.a. ~O fl
1.
2.
3.
X H a\+ JkHi ''D O^~ O =n# O^= =u~HOQ zfHiOKH O

Jx J<fl_ . u~Q@ =O O^=O Y`# KOK X H L^~}x=fiO_.
u~Q@ zflOQ U ~f <_ xeK_?
u~Q@^~ PQ O U ~f =~xH =u~HOQ x~t O|_#k?
~OO
1857 u~Q@ J##k a\+" ~ J#iOz# q^< (Ô`) @ iy~# q=Y`
e `" . HOh"i ^ # H O, ~f ~` , Ku x"i# yOKHx g#O` PiH O
O^_" . ~`^ PiH == <#O K |_Ok =i ~`^ O^ a@< `~e OK|_Ok.
a\+ Q=~fl~ [#~ ~[H q^< e ÒQ, ~` QOx Hxfl O`# JO|Ô Q
`= Jn#OH HH=_O [iyOk. a\+" ~ X H ^ ^xH i# \H, "~ ~`^ O
q^ Q< qye~. ~` =[O He~# `~ + , " "i HO_, a\+" ~
`= *u L#fl`" # kQ qOK~. "~ ~f# hKOQ, ` = *u"iQ K_Q~. WOH,
a\+"~ xH ~f O^#, q=# J~O KH=_xH Z@=O\ `fl=
K ^ . a@< #O_ =z# H = q+#s, O^ =i =O =` hK" # ^_ K~.
H = q+#s a\+ `fiO "~ Wz# ~H}
=i ~ , P` xiOK_O "iHz#
Ò =#, O^= =i =O `= =`# |#~ _xH a\+ `fiO "~
ufl < fl~# fl "^# |O K iOk.
u~Q@ ~=_xH JÒ` =Y =i `H}
H~}O a\+ "iK H` Z< `
" @_" . ~, D H` `H `\# xO_xH =O^ `\ "|_# H=fi`
Q Hy`xfl <\` Q= =zOk. ^#fl =i Ok H=fi #O_ D Hy` ` ~ # O^ =#,
~ D `\#yOK_xH u~iOK~. J<H=Ok x, `fiO `= =`#
H"< <#O K _xH ##fl^x qOK~. P qÔ Q ~ ZO`HO #O_ J}K#fl
"^fiQ# JO`$x |~` O K \xH X H =~O u~Q@ ~O aOz#@~Ok.
u~Q@ H..1857 " 10= `n# g~\ ~O"Ok. x u~Q@ K, "i
a\+ JkH~# KO _b " |^~~. =$^ KH=i J~# ~ O_= |^~, D u~Q@
zflOQ xeK~. Hfl, H#~, |~b, P~, ~h Jxfl u~Q@ ^ # H O^ J~.
~, ^~ He# <# <<, ~} H ~, Òu`, J=^ Q"
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
164
O\ "i P^fi ~O =O^ #_K~. P `~fi` ~`, =# *hHO He~. a\+

~ "# H~, ~HH @
x, << ^_ K~. u~Q@ #x [
_, u~Q@^~ # ux KOK~.
a\+" ~, `= |$` < ` u~Q@# J}K_xH uflOK~. H..1859 O.xH
"~ u~Q@# J}KQe Q~. D u~Q@ q "< , ~` Ki` Wk X H Q O @#Q
qye~Ok.
JO` J:
1.
''1857 u~Q@ J##k a\+" i q^< (Ô`) =i =["^ @ iy#

f= JO`$ e `" "HxH O|OkOz H..1857 u~Q@ Q qq^ H~}#
sHOKO_.
2.
HOh # Ox ~ ZO^ u~Q@ K~?
3.
u~Q@ ZC_ "Ô k =i u~Q@ [iy# ^ # H O^ Uq?
4.
H..1857 u~Q@ << =i ~} H ~ +Oz# `# q+ O KO_.
5.
HO`=Ok Ki`H~ H..1857 u~Q@# "^\ fiÒ` ~@OQ Ja=iOK~.

g~ D JaOÒ` UHq ~? i # H~}` q=iOKO_.
H$`=:
1.
g ^Q~ L#fl QO^xfl îOz, 1857 u~Q@ O|OkOz q+ xfl, =yx

HiOKO_. z#fl z#fl rq` Ki`, < z`, `, u~Q@ q=~}` X H PO
` ~ K O_.
2.
~`^ B\< =#, u~Q@ [iy# ^ # H O^# KO_.
~O fl =^<
57.Z.
1.
^` fiH~ ÔÒ
(Doctrine of Lapse)
2.
a\+" ~ `=# L#fl` *fQ q, xH ~f` H=_xH u~ iOK~.
3.
Ku=$`"~ (qq^ =$`"~) `= =$`# a\+ "i q^< =# H=

=zOk. J\^H "~ ~A P^~}
=# r=<k yOK~.
165
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
4.
D u~Q@ xH" # q, q_q_Q [iy#q.
5.
~f J#Q O^= =i =O, `= `= =` [iy# ^_Q

"\x qOK~.
57.a.
1.
Z.
O^= =i =O, |^~# "i KH=iQ QiOK~. g~\ KOk#

O^ x _b H "o, |^~# `= KH=iQ JkHiHOQ H\ OK~.
a.
~h ~} Jn#O P< x H~. << H q^

_# =_ Jr=.
O^=, =O <H`fi Ox Jxfl ~ `= ux^xfl x~OK~.
2.
_b i_ ~ O_= |^~
3.
=_ "~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
166
58
1857 u~Q@ (17)
58.1 L^Ò :
=O^ ~O , g~ 1857 u~Q@ H~} =i Jk [iy# f~QiOz Kk"~.
D u~Q@ "Ò Q X H ~`# Ki`H ^# JOÒ K, H` ^ c[O<\# X H Ki``H
@#Q xezOk. D u~Q@ =# ~`^ O HOh i# JO`" , a\+ Pn#O
` H `fiO U~_Ok. ~f ^$ HÔ #O_ K, D u~Q@ q"#\H D J#= O
#O_ <~ #fl ~ ^fi~, X H q[=O`" # *f ~@O K _xH <Ok J~Ok. P qÔ Q
D u~Q@ a\+" ~ =i ~f W~=iH K ^ # JOOQ xezOk.
D ~O, u~Q@ fi"xH O|OkOz# JO# ÒÔ. D u~Q@
q ==_xH Q H~}# _ K^ =`~. z=iQ 1857 u~Q@ e ÒQ ~`^ O (fi~ O)
=z# =~# QiOz K^ =`~.
58.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~fi` g~ HOk q+ Ò\~.
1. 1857 u~Q@ fi=O
2. a\+ < xH =u~HOQ u~Q@ ^~ q ==_xH H~}
3. u~Q@ `~fi` ~`^ O a\+ "i i# =z# =~
4. a\+ "i # @ q^=O`# ~f "Y i =z# =~
58.3 u~Q@ fi=O :

1857 u~Q@ fi =O Ki`H~ K~ îfOk. Wk H =O ~ K# ~@=,
a\+ Ki`H~ `z#@ ~` ~ =z# u~Q\ H *f"^# ~f
167
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
K #@ Wk X H fiÒ`^= ~@=? KH \ ==H$ `"# \ H Z@=O\ H~}O O_

(spontoneous)) J\H
C _ "^# u~Q\? Wk ~` [Oî =<"# uaOaOK O ^
H H =O xHOQ =`" ~ y# u~Q\? fl D u~Q@ QiOz K^= _O Z^~
Hxfl fl Q K =K.
D u~Q@ g~\ 1857= O=`~O " 10# "Ô ^x g~ Q~ `KHQ~.
WO` =O^, H=fi` |_# `\# LyOK_xH x~HiOz# 85 =Ok ~f
~# L^Q #O_ `yOz, 10O=`~ * tH qkOz H OH " H~Q~O
_" ~. D K~ uK~ Q, "i `\ ~ "i a\+ JkH~# KO, H~Q~O L#fl
~# q_O z, u~Q@# =n~. J u~Q@ "^@Q ~ #O_ ~O" O k.
Hx, nxx PqÔ Q H\"
@O ~ # k H^. D ~ _bH `~e"o, |^~# ~`^
KH=iQ JkHiHOQ H\ O K~. D qÔ Q K _O ^fi~ "~ u~Q@# X H q= O` _#
Ô Q =~~. P qÔ Q ~@O ~, "i JkH~ =^ HO_, ~ O_ ~[H
=^ "^# @~Ok.
X H =Y"# q+ "q@O> D u~Q@ H=O ~ =`" iqÒ H^.
~ u~Q@ "^# "O@< =# [(~) _ J[_ ~Q~. ~
a\+ JkH~xfl <#O K# `~fi`, =# [ | , |i, Q_ , s =O\ (Uk îH`
^xx) P^# L yOKQ~. J, K O` ~ D K~ , Qg} [<
@ L#fl
O `y~Ok. W`~ O` ~ u~Q@ K H=O^ [
u~Q@ K~ =i ~ ^ xK@ _ g~ u~Q@ "^\~. ^,
PQO` L#fl ~`, W`~ =$`"~ ^<, ^= H~# [gO^~ JO^~
u~Q@ OKx H^xfl "e|K~. WH_, =#O =YOQ Q~ `K H=# q+ O,
a\+ JkH~# KO# ~ =lHOQ # K # =~xH KOk#"~. ^^Q J^
OÒx u == @O|O #O_ HhO X H~ # O ux^ O =OK~. P qÔ Q
~x 'xO ##fl ~ ` Q K=K. a\+ "~ K# Uq^" # ~ "# x~
"< J`x
=O KOk. D ~HO Q K D 'J[_(mutiry)a\+ "i u~Q@< QH ~[H K~Q
=iOk. ~ P# =# *hH P` =#fiO K@O` u~Q@ X H
~[H ~O (Political character)=zOk.
HO`=Ok Ki`H~ D u~Q@# q $ÒQ "Oz# KH\ ==H$` @Q
Ja=iOK~. gi JaO H~O, J<H ~f x H ^ Jhfl H X H ~ OQ U~_,
1857 " 31 `n# u~Q@ K x OHeOK~. << =i * ^ KOk# =q
J^ J<H x H ta~(contonments)` O|O^ Hey LO_, u~Q@ ^ # qH
=OK~. D @ O|OkOz# q+ xfl qq^ O` Kf =i Z~ H=# O_O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
168
^fi~ "OK ~. D @x JO#, H ~ =i < qa#fl O` OKi,

P O` èiK~. =i HO`=Ok Ki`H~ "^#` UHq OK^ . "i JaO
Wk ^H O H~O [iy# @ H^. u~Q@ < =^ Z@=O\ J=Q#(communication)
L#fl@Q Qx H u~Q@^~K Z@=O\ qfih =K~O JOkOz#@Q Qx "` ~fiH
H Qx u~Q@^~ "# QO^ P^~ Qx =. H|\ u~Q@# D q^" # =#
"MxOK_O H+= =Òk. u~Q@ "#H X H ==H $ `" # @ L#fl@ JxOz<, u~Q@
JH`Q "^ =xH P ^H O J#H#flO`Q =O^ "H ~Ok.
u~Q@ L`~ , =^ ~`^ = O`\ "OzOk. ZC_` g~\ ~, |^~#
~`^ KH=iQ H\ O K~ J\#O_ D u~Q@ Ô W`~ O` #O_ =z# J<H
=Ok ~ "i` K~~. OQ # =O` u~Q@ <fl~ . =~ 20,000 x H
^ Q q^# Qfie~ O#O x =O\"~ Òu`, ~h~} H#
K~~. J=^, ~YO_, ^P, |O^ YO_, =^ ~`^ O, c~x K O` =i
`~ O* O` a\+ JkH~# =}HO K_O H$`H$`< ~. O^, =O ~*,
"i < =i ^~} *hHO JO^~ D u~Q@ O^~OQ UH=~.
u~Q@^~O^~ |^~# `= KH=iQ JOwHiOK~. "~ W`~ =`# Q~qOK~.
a\+" ~ D L^=xfl J}z" _xH K# H$+x |\ nxH ik, fi" "iH J~= ~.
a\+" ~ x~
Q, qKH}
~ ÒQ `= |xfl yOK~. "~ [<efl |~OQOQ Lif~.
Q= Q=# `Q \~ . JC_ '^ O_< >" J< uH uxk ''a\+ "~ ~`^ O
#q[O kOKe LOk Jx "_O P~O Ug ^ .
~, ~` =i W`~ =$` "i Ja~K` @, "i Qfi= QiO, D
u~Q@ x["# |xfl =i xi+ ~xzOk.
~ fl 58.Z
1. 1857 [iy# O @## '~ u~Q@ Q K _O iH^. ZO^?
2. HO`=Ok Ki`H~, u~Q@# X H ^H O H~O K# @Q qOK^ . ZO^?
3. u~Q@ "^@ ZH_ ~O" O k?
4. =# *hHO UU =~ "~ u~Q@ =Y ` =OK~?
5. ~`^ [, ~[H 1857 O=`~xH =O^ =`~ " # (communal)H^ J< `xfl
` H O Uk?
169
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
58.4 u~Q@ " O# H~} :

1857 u~Q@, ~`^ O a\+ =*xH X H # " qiOk. D u~Q@
H..1859 =~ H#yOk Hx P `~fi` a\+" ~ ^xx J}z" ~`^ O uiy i~
`= =*xfl <H~. WO`\ Ju=Y"# L^=O, q ==_xH H~} Uq\? WC_
=#O sH^ O.
u~Q@^~, [ # ux Ok#\H, Ô "Ò Q "i "#H x=^ . "~,
=_ "~, q^=O`, ^ [gO^~, ~`^ O x J<H ~ , u~Q@^~#
J}z"_O a\+ "iH _~. u~Q@^~, "~ =i =_ "~
^_K ~#fl q+ xfl g~ D O^~ O Q Q~ K HQ~. u~Q@^~ P~=~ f~_xH
"~ `= ^# =i = ~O O ^fi~ K
`x"fix u~Q@ ^~ X u_
K~.
=_ "~ M` H#, u~Q@^~ He"~. "~, a\+"i #
=# u~Q@^~, `=
OÔ, PK~(superstition) =i fi= q^< HQK O@<fl~x "~ qOK~.
q^=O`# ~f D u~Q@ ^~OQ L<fl~ ZO^HO> a\+ "ix, g~ Ja=$k
=i P^ xH` Q qOK~. a\+ "~ Ja~ K H~ , ~` [ Ja~K ÒQ
`H |_`#fl q+xfl g~ J~O KHH ~. u~Q@^~ 1857< a\+"i
JO`~O Qxfl J~O K O>, D q+ O J=Q# K H=_xH q^=O`# ~f K
HO \ O k.
^ [gO^~ q+xH =, "i Z==Okx a\+ "~, "i " uC<fl~.
~ ` =u~HOQ a\+" iH _@
O giH K P#OÔQ LO_@"QH QQ qOK"~.
H|\ g~ a\+"iH O K_O K~Q ==iOK"~. J=^ O\ O`,
u~Q@ #fl `^~ (^ [gO^~) `fiO "~ `= Pn#OH fHx "i
'Z\ # uiy "iH Wz"=x g W=fiQ<, "~ u~Q@ #O_ ^~OQ =K~. H|\
nx=#, u~Q@ ^ [gO^~ H~O(support) H =O "i fi~ [< H" #x, Jq
f~Q< "~ H `C <fl~x =# Òk.
~`Ô ~*(~) _ W^ "Yi =H=~Ok. "~ fi~i`
=i a\+ "iH
_~ . Qfie~, Ok , WO_~, ~, ^~^ x*", *^ ~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
170
~*, #"|, \ , #, lO^(jind), Hj~, < u~Q@# J}z" _xH

a\+" iH _~ . D H~}O =# P =[< J "= H@~ LO_"O Jx K~. W@=O\ i`
u~Q@^~ q^j`# =i `\ ~f` ~\ K = =zOk. D qÔ Q
Wî x Z^~=_O, u~Q@^~ K H+= ~Ok.
u~Q@ q ==_xH =~H ^ # H~}O. u~Q@ K# ~f H#y#
J<H`. < "Y~ J#=#O, J`# _ L<fl~. Jr=, << _bx
OîOK=^x xK `# KH=i =O^ ` " `_x(over-shadowed) WK_. "iH H OnH$`" #
<H`fi O ^ . |^~# `= KH=iQ H\ O z<, P# Z=i# i xOH _.
x*xH, |^~ =i r#`= ~ @ HO`=ÒQ q^` K, "i fi~
[< HO a\+ "i` OkO (negotions) [i~.
a\+" i @ Q ^~} ^fi+O ` `, u~Q@^~ X H +" # q +` ~[H
=O Qx H `fi ~ }oH Qx Ug=.'' `= H~# H~, # uiy O^@
Q# ~@O K# fi O Mn Q "ix K =K. a\+ "ix ~ê# `~fi`, Z@=O\ ~[##
JOkOK giH è^. i # ~[H , x H }oH OK@ =#, D J[_(uprisings)
X H^x` =~H\ O|OÔ O_, X HH= û O_ H#Q~. J@=O\ i` q"#
} Q@H= =zOk. JO`HH a\+" ~ u~Q@^~# X Hi `~fi` =~Hix =~Q
J}K_O H$`H$`<~. ~f D J<H` H~}O, "i P^xH *f"^ =#
OK_" . Z=i ^ H J~<, "i O`xfl qOK_xfl |\ QiOK|_Òk. J~` WH_ _b x
uiy OkOK_O H =O 1700 a\+ # O Q S^ \ =i 3200 ~f <fl~x
`H=_O P~O _# H~^ Jx K=K.
u~Q@^~, xO^ OQ, K ^~ OQ ~_~ Hx "~ "i @# HH@
Q
H#yOKH ~. "iH P^ xH P^, W`~ ^ =y JO^@ ^ . "~#
HQ@_O J< gi û =#, "~ gix ^fi+OKQ~. ~ P^ Ou HO a\+
"i P^Q~ #O_ fin#O K #fl P^ =y P^~_ " ~. Wk [OQ< Z=HO
xK ^ . =# ~, | , Q_ , ^# , }, s =i H_=` ~@O
K~x g~ Q~ `K HQ~. =~H" a\+"~ P^xH P^ Oux Hey<fl~. D
HO a\+ "i =["Ô JOu=^(climax) KiOk. a\+ `fiO ~` x = `fiO
@# H#yOKx `zOk. H|\ "~ u~Q@# J}z" _xH, ~`^ O H =#+ #,
_|#, P^# =OK ~. a\+" i Ju^ x H |O =O^, u~Q@^~ ^~ O
x|_ H ~Ok.
171
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
1857 O|~ 20# a\+ ^, _bx PHqOK~. =~A t~K^#O [iyOk.

=i |^~ Ô #O_ "Q@|_Q ~OQ< i_. J u~Q@
fH(symbol)`yOK|_Ok. 1858 E< 17# ~h~} ~@O `< =~}O zOk. Òu`
X H [gO^~K #=H^xH Q~ 1858 U 15# =~}xH Q~ _. <<, H#~
F\q < i= =zOk. J H..1859 O=`~xH u~Q@^~ <
Kx~ ~`^ O a\+" i JkH~O ## [iyOk.
1857 u~Q@, a\+" i =* "^xH =u~HOQ ~f [i# X H Q ~@O.
J~` SH`, +" # H~K~}
}oH, P^ xH P^ Ou, Jxfl =~ P^~}
H =_OK
a\+" ~ u~Q@# J}z" _O [iyOk.
~ fl 58.a
1. q^=O`# ~f u~Q@# ZO^ PîOK^ ?
2. Q~= fl~ [#~ HxOQ ''("~) `## P J_H@
(breakwaters)Q xK~ H ` P =[#
"O H@ "O J<fl_ . D WO^ '"~ J#Q Z=~=~?
3. ~f SH` OK_O = u~Q@ q "O k. J~#\H D u~Q@ ~f#
UHO KO k. Z?
4. u~Q@^~ ^~ =O`# \H F@q <~. nxH x H H~} Uq\?
58.5 1857 u~Q@ a\+" i uO^# :

'1857 a\+ "iH X H kQOuH~" # J#" xfl qyeOk. Wk ~`^ O , a\+" i
(JkH~xfl) Pk` xfl Q_Q _ _OzOk. `` e ÒQ Ô J<H i< O~} `|_~. D
=~ ~f =*xfl, ~f PiH fi~xfl, ~f `fixfl J#su qÒ
K~.
(Z) i< O~} :

~`^ O JkH~xfl `~ WO_ =~H O O #O_ a\+ KH=i(})(crown)H |^~
1858, ~" O\#O^ X H K@O K |_Ok. `` e ÒQ, JkH~O HOh _~ H ~ #O_ ~`^
~[==~ H~î(secretary of state)H |^~OK|_Ok. D# Hx(=O_e) O K O k.
'\ H@s, a\+ H a<\ X H _ J~ LO\_, =i ~" O\ ["|^sQ LO\_.
Q=~fl~ [#~ ^q H#yOK|_Ok, P# " ~Q eK"~. J\#O_ =~ xO`}kH~O
~`^ O HO_, O_< |^~OK~. a@< =i ~`^ =^ H..1870 Z~= Ô
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
172
^fi~ U~@ K# =Ô`~ H | == =# \ H@s, ~`^ xH O|OkOz# ==~

=i x~
O|OkOz "O@< OkO K g~Ok. Hk=Ok ~f` 25 WOi
l\ " Hx(Imperial legislative council)x U~@ K @"QH K\xfl K JkH~qz# Wk
H =O X H O OQ =`" qye~Ok. =O_eH KOk# ~f Z#flH|_ O_
xqOK|_@O =#, ZOH q^
# ~` =~A, <, ^ [gO^~ =i
"~ Z= J=H=K~.
H..1861 K |_# '~f =O_ K@O (Indian council bill)J\=~ L#fl H OnH$`
i#O_, ~ Z= JkH~ WzOk. J^qÔ Q #=O_ =^, O~, OQ
=i W` ~ ~ < H_ ~ . Pi H q^ #O =iO` H OnH i OK | _ O k. ~
=(Mayo)1870 H O^ =i PiH ==~# "~ K@ K~ K\ _. `` e ÒQ,
~R `fi q^, b, * , "^ = =i ~ ^~ =#flQ =#OkOK@ `=
Ok# HO` "` _|# Y~ @@ ^H ~K# K~. D K~ ^fi~, ~(provinces)
fiÒ` uu "= OQ HeOK|_O^ ^ J< q+O =# J~O H^. ""xH H O^ `fi"
xO`}, ~ "H}
# H#yOzOk.
J<H=Ok POQ# xi+ JkH~` O U~~K< ~f JaO`
UHq OK~. J@=O\ xH O 186468 =^ H "^\ Q U~@ K |_< ^^Q
g@xflO\ `fiOK <q<\ K|_# O_Q l "l\ g\H J^xQ LO_"~.
J~` H..1882 ~ i< ^~ OQ X H `fi f~<xfl *s K~. D f~#O H~O xH
==~# x~fiOK Qg}, #Q~ xH O J#kH~ [ K` Z#flH|_# "~ Q
LO\~.
(a) * = :
^ =i JkH~ <hfl WO_ < q sfi(Indian civil services) KOk#
Ku LO_q. I.C.S , O_< x~fiOK|_ X H O=ìH (|~OQ) ~fiuH \ sH
^fi~ ZOH K |_"~. K=Ok ~f D sH [~# \H H =O Hk=Ok =`"
ZOH
"~. nxH ^ #H~}O. D sH O_< POQ=^ =O x~fiOK|_k. JO`QH Wk
w =i \< + i*#O J=~O H|\ ~f D sH H$`~ =_O

KH+O Q LO_k. nO`@ D \ sH # J~` =# H..1859 L#fl 23OII
#O_ H..1878 19OII `yO K_O =# ~f D sH \ _@
O J^ =~Ok.
PqÔ Q S~"~ D "qQO "i |xfl O^` =K~. a\+" ~ "i =*xfl
H=OQ #_@ q+ O K =YOQ iQ}O K|_k .
173
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
() # O #O^ K |_# =~ :
1857 `~fi` # O #O^ =~ K _O Jx"~"O k. '`~ WO_ HOh ^
a\+ ~}(Crown) ^` He~. # O #~fi =H i OK|_Ok. OQ S~"~ =i
~f x+ux Oz# 1:2Q#, =^ =i O 2:5Q#, # O ~ K _" # k.
u~Q@ #fl x # ^` ~ (non-martial)Jx, u~Q@# J}z" _O a\+ "iH
_ Q~, ~ # =i # ^ x (martials) H\ O K|_~ . ~ =#OQ
"^\ a\+"iH, ~`^xfl [~OK_O _, P `~fiu u~Q@ #fl J=^,
c~, =^ ~`^ O =i ^H} ~`^ xH KOk# x # ^~OQ LOK~. "~ L^ ~fiHO Q
=` =i J=`(balance and counterpoise) q^#O` @ 'ql Oz eOK(Divide and
rule)Ô`# QiOz, ~f SH`# ^~O K
@ Ô x a#fl O` KOk# =i
qa#fl =` KOk#"ix X H xH Ô (regiment) LO_#@ K~. JO` ^ <xfl
x~fiOK_xH ^ "` Y~ K e =zOk. H..1904 O=`~xH ~`^ ~|_(revenue)
52% # O g^ Y~ K e =zOk.
O# ~*` O|O^(Relations with Pricncely States)
1857 u~Q@ a\+" ~ JO` HÒ J=K# ~`~ qb#O(Reunion of pricncely
states) J< `= Ô`xfl =~<fl~ "i H+
= O D i `= H # xeK~x "~
`<fl~ . D K# q^
` =, P~* K, P ~* O<xfl
Jk+O K@ "~ _x xqOK< HeOK_O ` @ q +` "i ~*# qb#O K =<
g e=fi|_~. a\+ Ki`H~_, .W.~|~ ''J\ #O_ "ix, =*xH |~AQ
~HO K@O a\+" i q^#=~Ok. J~` a\+" ~, ~ JO`~` q+ *HO K H=_O
H#yOK~. JO`QH "ix ~fi=Q JOwHiOK=x P |=O` @|_~ . HxOQ
1862 ''WOQO_ =~} Z^~x ~Q, ~`Ô X H ^# HQ Zky =O^
xezOk Jx H\ O K~.
H..1876 qHi~}x ~`^ xH '~}Q ^q x fiHiOz#_, ~`^ O a\+
~fi =kH~O ~ " O k. a\+ " , ~`^ ~ i fiKQ `= JkH~xfl
K~OK~. a\+ "~ ~`^ ~ *f L^=# X H" #O_ J}z "_xH
J=~" # U~@ K, =~H " # Hxfl ~ P^ xH i## " @_xH uflOK~.
(W) ~A, fi=, [gO^~ @ a\+ "Y i :

D =~xH KOk# "~O^~ , a\+ "iK Q O Ok, = JkH QO O^~.
giH ~ ` Y~` q W=fi|_Ok. ~ e@< K #@ H= O`"# xH L#fl` =~"i H~O
O^@O, a\+"i ^# q^#O J~Ok. P# 1876 ''W\#O_ WOQO_ ~}(crown)D
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
174
H= O`" # xH L#fl` =~ P, P , # `, P ` YzÒQ QiOK|_Òk

J<fl_ . Hx [gO^~ "i ~fi ~fi=kH~xfl uiy O^H ~. "^\ g~, gi
O` #O_ ~ # O@ ` H q^ g^ xK , H@ x= , `# =i
P^# HeyO_ fiÒÒQ < xfl Hey LO_"~. 1857 `~fi` D H@ e" _~.
` [ K |_~. # O xe"
|_Ok. =i giH H \~Oz# = `fi P[
H #^(sanad) ^fi~ giH i HeOK|_~. ~`=~O H^~Q qye, ~*
fi=Q J~. "" xH, x["# JkH~O a\+ "~ K~OKQ~.
(Z) P^xH` ^$HÔ @ uK~ :

19= `| è O=`~ a\+" ~ ~`^ xfl P^ hHiOKx uflOK~. PK~}
^ O HH~< HhO =@ (lipsorvice)~f "i fiO `fiO U~@ K H$+
K x qOK|_k. WC_ ~f `=# `= ieOKH#@ xH~~ J#fl q+ O
|~OQOQ K |_Ok. i< uK~~O Q `fi x~}O ~f K@ HeOK|_^ .
'u ~^ K |_O^x, qÒ` #ifi" J#=u x=fi|_O^#fl q+ O g~ Q~
`K HQ~. W@=O\ O O~} u~Q@ ` H O|OÔ Hey L<fl x qOK|_Ok.
H|\ `fiO H" } <`# q^< #O_ H `C Hx, O~ `= H~O JOkOK_O
=x"Ok.
J^qÔQ a\+"~ ~`Ô `= i## =`~`"# qÔQ JOkOK@,
q+#s =`=i_(proselytisation)q+ O JO` HÒ JOkOz# `xfl P" ~. H`
q^#O H~O "~ =` q+ `@O Q LO_Q~. ^xH L^~}# K, `fiO"~
O^ ^" =OEi K# x^ QiOz O~ q+#s O O "~ P~Oz#_, "i
P~}# "# fH= =zOk. "i P~} u~ iOK|_~.
(l) qH K\(Labour legislation)

H~Q~, xK q(Hi) iu K ^hOQ LO_k. gi
iu , WOQO_ iqH q= O [iy# "^\ < L#fl iu x uaOaOzOk. "~ "~O`
= O_ ~A 12 #O_ 16 QO@ xK e =Kk. JO`QH "iH < 4~. #O_ 20
~. =`" i`+HO (remuneration) ^H k. "i K~ , J~Q O~H}
QiOz ^ =OK "~
H^. a\+ `s^~, H~Q~ K\ K=OkQ `fiO g^ X u_ `K~. a\+
`s^~, ~f =~\ ~`Ôx `= \^~ `=HO> Z=Q J=H
y~ "#x
_ Q~. H..1881 ~` `fiO "@"^\ ~` H~Q~ K@O KOk.
Wk Hi O|OkOz#k. ~ O_= ~` HiH K@O H..1891 K |_Ok. nx =#
11 QOII xk#OQ x~~OK_"#k. =i JO^~ Hi "~O X H ~A =Q
175
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H\ O K_" # k. Hx D ~ O_ K\ U X H\ a\+" i Pn#O #_# fl ` , H `@

=iOK^ . Hi iu ^ hOQ LO_~Ok.
(K) =`~"# J<H`# ÒK@ :

O^= =i =O J<H `# ÒK@ L^ ~fiH" # `fl K |_~.
O^=, =O SH`=< u~Q@ q[=O`=~Ok. a\+" ~ =O g^ LÔ(heavy
hand) "~. =O
` H=hO_ LO_\xH O^= == K~. nxH =u~HOQ
H..1870 a\+ "~ =O J#OQ, O^=# ^~O K *f L^=xfl h~Q~
`flO K~.
(S) q^ q^#O =i "^= =~O :

"^\ `fiO H..1833 `~fi` P^ xH q^# ÒzOk. H..1857 HH`, O~
=i =^ qq^ <H|_~. q^=O` Z==Ok u~Q@ #^ .
Hx, `fi~< g~ `= <~ #fl Pq^`> a\+" i ^H L^ # q+ O z, ~` #
Qfi= H=\xH |"# "^# qxOK~. J\ #O_ ~f L#fl` q^=H
`yOK|_~.
a\+" i` =# ^ O^#fl q^=O` P, J_ iH "~ f= x~
Q~~. "i kQOuH~ K^ J#"` @ "i ~Q`#fl *f"^ J#`
`(literature) ~O =H= ~. L^~}, ~Q~ ~K# ~h~}, Òu`
QiOz H |OHOKO^ K@
s ~` H#|_ ^ H JO# ijeO=K. "i P H#yO,
"i QiO# JOîH èK @ Hxfl ` H O U~@ K = #fl^x , Ja_~ .
J`~fi` D JO X H Jd ~` O OQ U~_\xH ~` *f HOQ U~@ ^Ô
K~.
(*) *ÒH~O
(Racial Arrongance)
u~Q@ =i W~" #O_ K |_# JH$` W~*` =^ JQ^xfl =iO`

OK~. a\+" ~ *ÒH~ ^~}x (racial superority) î ~f#, ~ , ~,
D`H# =^, @, H| "^Q O` #OQ K"~. [=~ < D HOk
qÔ Q L@OHOK~.
''~`Ô "=(=#=) a\+"i # "^#\ #O_ *u(=~) qKH}# Jxfl
~# Z^~O@<flO. WO^ Z`Q _ J<k Ug ^ . Wk JkH~O L#fl"iK =@
K x + xO^ OQ `= JkHiH K~ K|_^. =@ H<fl "i K` ^fi~
`~` ~ Q, u O=`~O, ~`^ O X H *uQ, ~f = Q J==xO|_, OQ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
176
K_|_`<fl~ `` e ÒQ, ''a\+" ~ =i ~f =^ =#H( =#` fi ) JQ^ ~Q_ xH,

*uqKH}
WOH ~Q_ xH H~}"O k
1857 u~Q@ ~`^ O a\+ `fixfl =}HO zOk. J\#O_ WK\ i< O`
"i < "i x~
Q\ xO`} K =~ K~. a\+ # *ÒOH~O
iy~Ok. Wk "^q =~O |"# uK~# ~OzOk. "~ K# ~K# *f
"^fiQ=O(sentiment)=i *f " H ` (National Unity)U~_\xH X H =^< ~.
~ fl 58.
1.
1857 u~Q@ Ju=Y e Ò Uq\?
2.
1858 `~fi` # O H #~fi H ~ }

=O Uq\?
3.
u~Q@ =O `= H~O JOkOz# ~f a\+ "~ Z

_~?
4.
q^=O`# ~f u~Q@ H~O JOkOK#\H "i @ a\+" ~ ZO^

``fi "Y ix î OK~?
5.
a\+" iK " @|_# HiH K\ "" xH =#=`# `# ~ OK^ Jx ZO^

KQO?
~OO :
HOh ~ "i a\+ JkH~ @ q^
`# K@ u~ iOz#O^ =# g~\
u~Q@ "Ô k. u~Q@ W`~ ~, =# [H K `fiiÒQ =i q $ÒQ
"OzOk. u~Q@^~ HOh "i JkH~xfl (ZkiOz) u~ iOz, |^~# "i KH=iQ
JkHiHOQ H\ OK~. P qÔQ W`~ u~Q@ ~* KH=i @ `= q^`# è#
e ÒQ u~Q@ ~[H ~xfl OìOK#flk.
u~Q@ ` H (=Y) Q}O =# |xfl OìOK#flk. ~ ` , W`~ =$` "~ ^
< =i P #, ^= # H~# [gO^~ a\+" iH =u~HOQ Ô <fl~ .
"~ "iH îH# P^` ^~ OQ ~_~.
u~Q@ X H ^HO H~O K|_# @ J# q+O g^ a#fl "^# =K~.
^~^$ += ` u~Q@^~ O|OkOz qfih q=~ JO^@ =. u~Q@ "#H
X H ^H O L#fl^x J~` Jk J##fl `k HO> =O^ "Ô ^x =# J~= =Òk.
u~Q@^~ ^~OQ uflOz#\H "~ q[=OÒ HH~. nxH J<H
177
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H~}<fl~. ^x H "~ =i q^=O`# =~ nxH H~O JOkOK^ . ~f

, < "i O` [< HO, u~Q@# J}z" @ a\+" iH _~ .
u~Q@^~O^~ HH@
Q Q^ . "iH X H =~_# <_ O_ _.
u<_ Z=iH "~ X O@iQ ~_Q~. nO`@, u~Q@^~ X H +" # ~[H ,
xH H~K~} ^HO OzOk. "iH ~`^ ~ *f"Ô ^H O|OkOz#
P^ xH =## Q iOz ` e ^ . u~ Q @^~ P ^ , W` ~ P ^
Ou(ammunition)H=_O i# =K~ == H=_O =# u~Q@# a\+"~
J}z"Q~.
1857 u~Q@ `~fi` ~`^ O i# J<H =~ K@ K <fl~. H..1858
K |_# ~" O\ K@O ^fi~ i# K JkH~O `~ WO_ HOh #O_ a\+ ~}(crown)
|^~OK|_#k. Q=~fl~ [#~ H~x~fiH =O_e U~@ K |_#k. i# X H uK~ Q
=i, ~f @ x~H "Y i î OK|_Ok. `fi i# ==~ U X H ~fxH
=z` #O HeOK|_^ .
a\+ "~ X H L^ ~fiHOQ< 'ql OK eOK Ô`xfl \OK~. < xfl ^
x (martials) ^` ~ x (non-martials)#~fi =H i OK|_~ . J^qÔ Q O^=, =O
Wî \ J#OQ LO@, =`H~}` W~=ix ql OK~.
u~Q@# J}K_O _# ~f <, ^ # ~ @ ^ ~fiHOQ
=iOK~. WOH" a\+ "i fi~ i` Ô`# q+ O z# q^=O` =~O a\+ "i
Q~Q L<fl~ . ~fOî @ *ÒOH~ ^~} J=OaOK~.
JO
1.
X H q@s JkHi _ x W KiOK_ ''g # O Ô ~ ` =~O #O_ fH|_k

g~ H#H D ^ [ == # qz#flO K, # O "i #u îO k. ZO^HO>
"~ [ Q" H|\ =@# ijeOz# g^@, 1857 u~Q@ fi "xfl sHO KO_.
2.
1857 u~Q@ q ==_xH ^ # H~} Ò_?
3.
u~Q@ `~fi`, i< ==, # O, *= ~OQ ~`^ i# fHx

~|_# =~# sHO KO_.
4.
u~Q@ `~fi`, ~` , [gO^~, q^=O`# ~f, O O~ @

a\+ "i =z# =~q?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
178
H~H= :
u~Q@ `~fi` ~`^ #, HOh #O_ a\+ ~} K` H "oO^x g `.
g~, HOh, a\+ ~} i< q^<# iO_. nxO^ i< x~}O, PiH
q^#O, O< @ "Y i, # O, =lH K\ ~H #, q^q^#O JO# iQ}#H
fHO_.
~ fl =^<
58.Z
1.
u~Q@ #O^ ~, =#~ <fl~ . a\+" i # J#q Oz# ^

e `" D u~Q@. ZC_` ~, |^~ `= KH=iQ JkHiHOQ H\ OK~
JC_ Jk X H ^~} J[_ H^x, X H q" `H OQ==x x~OK~.
2.
u~Q@ < =^ Z@=O\ =K~ == L#fl@Q K "` ~fiH P^~ =.
3.
g~\ 1857 " 10 = `n#
4.
~ ` , W`~ =$` "~, =`~ " # ^, <, ^=, P H~# [gO^~
5.
O^=, =O i SH` L#flk. "i~=~ H ~_~. "~ `= KH=iQ "

x JOwHiOz ~ ~O "i "i =`# Q~qOK~.
58.a
1.
u~Q@^~ ~`^xfl Ja=$k Ô #O_ u~QqO KK<fl~x q^=O`#

~f èK~. P^ xH a\+ *uK ieO|_@O `= Ja=`=x qOK~.
2.
u~Q@# J}z " _O a\+ "iH O K# ~` =i <.
3.
~` [Oîh X H `\ `K @ u~Q@ X H =Y` =OzOk. Wk "i `=O`

X H ^xH KOk# "~=< $ `zOk. Wk ~f ix , ^H x ~ OzOk. Wk
P^ xH *f L^=xH @ "O k.
4.
u~Q@^~ =~ <H`fi O OzOk. i# <_ X H~ _ ~ . "iH

P^ xH P^ H ^ =y JO^@ =. î i # ^ ÒÒ H, Z=iH
"~ X O@iQ ~\ @ =# a\+" ~ K èHQ gix J}z"~.
58.
1.
~`^ i<kH~O `~ WO_ HOh #O_ a\+ ~}H |^~OK|_Ok.
2.
Ô <
(martial)=i (non-martial)^xH
179
^~OQ LO_ =~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
3.
"i "~ # ^`` fH< # JOwHiOK~. "i "i Q =Q`# H_`=x

"\x q +` qb#O K =x g WK~.
4.
q^=O`# ~f `= <~ #fl *f"Ô, P^ xH *fi= "` ~`^ O

a\+ "i ## tflOK_O "^ _`~x a\+" ~ qOK~. `fiO "~ D =~O
`= =["^ Ô`# J_ O\~x qOK~.
5.
a\+" ~ K# HiH K\, H~Q~ xK Hi Z@=O\ [<xfl K~H

~. Q D K\ a\+"i Jn#O L#fl `, H `@ xK "iH
=iOK
^ . `fiO `@ OHO ^~# "i `@ xK ~` Hi# ^_
K Òz#@ += ~Ok.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
180
59
~`^ O *f" =$k
59.1 iK O :
1858 `^#O`~O '#=~Ò "Q=OÒQ =$k KOkOk. *f~ [ ~[H
K` # O OO^#. ~f H=OQ Ô POQ
q^#O# `H#Qeyi. POQ

q^#= eÒQ [~QK#fl PiH ûx J~= KH#Qeyi. POQ q=Hq^<#, U
~OQO x = J=H W=fix "i "Y i += #. O O~ , q^=O` [#
"#=#kQ, =#OQ =~# fiHiOK=#kQ "ei. [ Pà=#=#,
fiK "#, =Q`# OOkOKyi.
POQ Ô J#iOz# UHH$` <q^< ~f *f`= =$kH
=~= # ` ~ O K#. ~ fi , >eQO ^ ~f < =^ J=Q# =iO`
OO^@ LHi Oz#q. ^= " @|_# ` q^ ~f P^ xH O KxH
^Q~ Ki#k. =^} O` eÒQ *f"# KiOK J<H uH [
JO^@xH =z#q. g\ JxflO\ e Ò ^ [ `=O` X H> J# =# ^Q~ i .
D ~O ~f *f"Ô# OOkOz# qq^ JO# ijeOK@ [~Q#.
`= [< ux^ O =OK `fixfl U~~K H# k ~f J_Q " @ D
~OO Q=xOK=#.
H :
D ~ J^ #O ^fi~ HOk q+ Ò\~
1.
POQ # fi=O, *f SH` [ UqÔ Q L Q_ # q^#O
2.
Ô " @|_# ` q^ ~f *f"#, fiK"Ô#, *fi=

==# QiOz Uq^= Q ^Ô K# " J#fl q+ O
181
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
3.
Ô =kOK|_# "~ uH [ OOkOz# ~[H K` # O
4.
[# *Q$u ~ K\ O O~ `
5.
POQ J#iOz# q=H q^<, *u JOH~ q^< ~f# UqÔQ

q`" #i#" J#fl q+ O
6.
~[ uxk e@< J#iOz# J}z"` q^< [ *f` =$kH ^^_ # qÔ
1. Ô POQ # fi=O :
~f *f " zQiOK@ JOQ
J#iOz# < fi~ fi"
=YOQ ^^_ # q. POQ
q^< [ *f zO`## ~ Oz#q. POQ
`=
[<# i~HO KH#@, ~f# `= q^
Q J^ @H#@ =`" `=
^xfl [~OK~x `H#Qeyi.
WO` =O^ ~ POQ
^_ fi=O# QiOz `Hx <fl=. D q^<
Ô x fiO O=$k fi=O Q PiH ==# POQ
~fi <#O K P#O *f~
=~H "}*# " \i . nx e ÒQ ~`^ O POQ
=Q =i "iH =_^ ~#
~ ~ K ^# =~Ok. "i == # qH~OK H#@ X H =~\Q =`" K_|_#.
gi q^<# =Y ~f# ZO.l.~#_, ^^ <~l, P~..^` "^Q "~ `=
~K# ^fi~ [ èKi .
POQ P^xH ~"} ^<# Ô "\i. g~ ^= ~fi#, *f
~ ^~#, =O`##, ` H~#, >eQ H~# JO^@xH `zi. Wq Jxfl
[# ^Qi H fHx =K@ ZO`Q< ^^_# q. D H~# Ô " @@ ^fi~
"}[OQ ^xfl HQ@@, Ô POQ ## i~HOK@ POQ uflOz# Wq
~HO Q ~f K` # O zQiOK@ K=~ ^^_ #q. Ô [~QK#fl i}=#
[ P^ xH ~"} ^ ^fi~ ~ ~O J=Q# K H#Qeyi. *f"^ < D
~"} ^ O` ^"OQ q $ÒQ ~\Oz [ Q *f"#
OOkOKQeyi.
POQ
Ô H OnH$`, UHH$ ` < q^#=# "\i. e ÒQ ~[H, <
<~OQ Ô SH`# kOK#. UHH$ ` # [# q^
Q =~@H QH, [
K` < xH LHi OK#. JOîH X H q^" # = [# X H `\ `z *u " H ` `__Ok.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
182
59.4 P^ xH q^# " @@ :

*f`= =$k P^ xH q^ ^ #` +OzOk. H = q+#s, a\+ `fi P^ xH
"#fl ~f H$+ e ÒQ POQq ^ " KOkOk.
POQ q^ ~`^ O a\+" i ~[H, <, PiH [<# i~HO K L^ =`
" @|_#k. Ô POQ # Q #_K@ J=~" # Q=#, U[O@#, W`~ HOk~
L^Q# =~H#@ POQ q^# Òzi. POQ
~f# '<QsQ
fik^@ POQ q^# " @|_#^x KC Hxi. Hx W`~ POQ ## ~fK X OK@
POQ q^# X H ^# OQ "_~x Ja_i .
~f H}O#O_ ijeOz# ` q^ J<H=Ok ~f S~#Oê P^xH
"# J~O K H#@ L _# ^#@ xifi"ÔO. JOQ +# J^ #O K @ ^fi~
~f
, uH, ùfiH PK< q^<# OOkOKH#Qeyi. D q^ e `=Q
~f F~ , ~, H, |~, OÔ, ^= ~<, =~ "^Q "^= ~K# #, PK<
q^<# PHoO K Hx q`"i. *f`, fii#, *fi=O, fiÒÒ "^Q
=## QiOKQe yi. S~ <# =l#, Qie "^Q "ix Ja=xOK@ "ê_i.
O z q= O _ q`" fiK, =#`fiO, ^~ " _ PHi` i.
POQ q^ Ô Jq` *^~} Ok J<H=Ok ~f 19= à<\H #`#
i` # J=QÒ K Hxi. WOQO_ "o# ~f fiK, fiÒ` Hey ~f
# x~HiOKK#fl "i "Y ix J~O K Hxi.
POQ + Ô O $Ò, i , O^h + #O X H J#O^# +Q ^#`#
OkOKH<#. H =O POQ +^fi~ =`" HH ~f Of + Ò *f`#
[ OOkOK@ HH` +Oz#=# "" xfl qiOK~^. Of + ~zOz#
#=, ", Hq`fi [# QQ K` # =O`# K#q. [ POQ =u~H`, ^ H x
OOkOK@ |OHO KO^ K@
s ~zOz# 'P#O^=~O , n#O ^q` ~zOz# 'h^~ } "^Q#q
JÒ` ^#` +Oz#q W`~ *f ~K~` Jq H <^ A~=, =~i
q+ zO H~, `qO |=}~u, On ~Ò^ s+ KO^, L~ J <
Pe "^Q"~ =Y.
P^ xH "# *f`, fiK, =#`fiO, *fi=O "^Q =## ~f `
q^ OOkOz#q. ~f POQ # H "= fi"xfl J~O K H#Qeyi. JOQq ^,
~f ` e ÒQ *f" Jq` "Q= OÒQ ~f OOk#q.
183
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
59.5 uH :
*aO# $+O K@, " K @, q`" #~@ 19= à z=i#O_ uH
JÒ` H= O`" # `# +Oz#q. Of + "=_ uH OY <<\H iy#q.
1875 <\H Ô 374 "~ uH Of +#, HH O Q POQ +#, HH Of
+# "=_KO__q . WqHH 147 uH H =O POQO =kOK|_KO__q . POQ uH
H<fl Of uH J`kHO Q [ Kk""~. q^=O` J<H= Ok *f <
D uH# #_i . `fi q^<# D uH KiOK@, q=iOK@, "MxOK@ [iQ_k.
[ a\+ =u~H`# OOkOK@ uH ` ZO`< LOk.
uH [ ~[H q^# OOkOz#q. H =O uH e ÒQ HH` KOk#
Dfi~KO ^ q^Q~, O~H KOk# ^^ <~r, Pb ~ KOk# ^ J=^M<
*f~ < Hyeyi.
D HO <\ =Y uH U=#Q
OQ : k O^, \ \(POQ uH, J=$`|*~ uH, (POQ, OQb)
O~ : =~i (POQO ), H i (=~i)
=^ : k O^ (POQO ), fi^jq`< (`qO) H~ uH (=O)
L`~ ^ : k J_fiH \ (POQO ) J*^ (L~) O^< ~`r =< (Ok)
O* : k\|< (POQO ) H#~, JHsWP" (L~)
uH [ *f "#, ~[H K` # O# OOkOK@ =Y` +Oz#q.
59.6 #~r=#O:
S~ O_`# =H=~ *"x, "<~ qeO, ~qeO *< "^#"~
~f# P~.l.O _~~, ^ #O^ ~ fi u, fiq q"H#O^, "^Q"~ ~fi ~f "~` fixfl
=Hb# =*xH q=iOz K` # =O`Q K@ Q H$+ Ki.
POQ J#iOz# *ÒOH~ q^< ~f Pà=#O# ^|f#.
fii# ~f J#~ J# POQ #=HO ~f# HOK~K#. D qÔQ
JO`$H <# ~f# O H, =` O~ K`~ izi. 19= à ~OO#O_ "^#
D O O~} L^= *f fi==` [# *Q$`~ K # . D O~ [ ^ H x
~ Ozi. P~=[O# O zi. ^ #O^ ~ fi u "^ q*# ~fi fix K>#. D`x Ô`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
184
fi^j =# <^ "#q. ^#O^xH ~fi" #=Q "òxQ ~` #~r=#

`=xQ MuQOz# ~*~"#~ ~f =*xfl OiOK@ QH$+ K#.
O^=O O|O^# QiOz ^ J=^M< J<H L<=# WK#. ~f
B#fl` O# QiOz fiqq"H#O^_ O KxH èK ^j P`qfiO# OOkOK#.
HH"} ~f PûH ~f O $u ` uH O $uH<fl Q^x
qfiOKyi. ~f fia=#O OO^#. q^j # =# HQ ## `Hxi.
e `=Q " = =# `H#@ =# [< QH Hxfl # ` = Oq Oz#q. `^# O`
HO HO`=Ok Ju*f"^ Q_Q ^ Q` " " xfl HiO KK JOê "#H@`#=#
|#`# qiOzi. ~HO Q D Ju*f` `^# O`~ HO ^~} =``` fi ^~} |_ @
^^_#q.
O H, =` L^= [ ^ H x OOkOz#q. [ K` # O HeyOz fiÒ` "#
OOkOz#q.
59.7 L^Q ^ :
Wz# g# POQ
qiOK@, q^=O`# ~f L#fl` L^Q# x~HiOK@
~f *f` " OO^@ =YH~}=#. WO^ = JO`~=Q
J~qO^ +#, Q~ fii ~#O^# ~ O^<^ #s WO_ < q sfi J#~Q H\ O K@#
Q=xOK=#. 1858 K# qHi =~} H@#, 1813 K~~ K@= Wz# g
H~O *u, , =` P^~OQ L^Q J=H x~HiOK|_= J# q+ =# POQ `fiO
iQ qiOK#. q sfi L^Q ~f# ZOH K@ POQ `fiO iQ
q=Y` K#. q sfi sH H =O WOQO_< [iQ_k. D sH =iqu H =O 21
O=`~=Q x~~ Ozi. Hx D i=ux e@< HO 19 O=`~ `yO zi. nx e ÒQ
q sfi L^Q=H ~f i =$Q=#.
POQ
Pk` ^~}, q=H q^< ~f# f= J <xH QiK# q. D J <xfl
=H ~ K @ q^=O`# ~f `= `fl Ki . WO^ Q" ~ O^<^ #s WO_ <
J+<# OK#. q sfi q"Ô *f~ L^qOK@ K# `fl
"@"^\ k.
q^" e ÒQ H==Q J<H =Ok ~f uH "OQ=, <"^, L^
=$` "t Ozi. POQ
î OW# JOH~ q^< ~f *f "# =iO`
OOkOz#q.
185
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
59.8 *u JOH~O, q=H q^< :

1857 u~Q@ `^# O`~O POQ
*u JOH~ ^~} JkH= #. ~f
"~ U==# î Ozi. POQ
`= x"# ~f ^~OQ "~ Q xiOKHxi.
"i H ~f " O ^ . "i` =#OQ ~f ~ }OK@ g^.
"iH =# JOkOK ~f# #OQ KK_" ~. W@=O\ q^< e ÒQ J<H O`
POQ
=u~HOQ u~Q@ ` = [iy#q. Hx W@=O\ u~Q@# POQ `fiO ^~}=Q
J}z"#. L^~} 1872 =~H @ 49=Ok t# Z@=O\ qK~} H< HeKOi.
<# ` = Dq=H` # î Ozi. X H `~ <~O K# ~fxH Hi#tH# , `" iH
èH\ tH# WK_"~. ~f `=Ô `= x = rqOK= =K#. W@=O\
J==#H~ i` [# UHO K @ ^ #` +Oz#q.
~ fl 59.Z
1.
~` *f^=O POQ
" \# P^ xH ~"}, "~ ^< Uq^" # =O#
K#q.
2.
~`^ O POQ q^# " @@ a\+" i L^ = Uq?
3.
OQ, O~ #O_ =kOK|_# POQ uH Uq?
4.
19= à [iy# O H, =` L^= U *f L^=Q =|_#q?
5.
q sfi L^Q #O_ ~f# ^~O K @ POQ `fiO K\ # K~ Uq?
6.
O K=O` *uq=H q^#O# =u~HOQ U Ô D q^<xfl H#yOK#.
59.9 `H}
H~} :
1870<\H ~`* f " iQ |_ *u H= O`=Q ~Ok## e@< " \#
*=u~H q^< H W~a # u~iOz# POQ <* xH =u~HOQ <~Q Z@=O\ K~
fH#H #. 1885 HOQ # #O_ *f^= O\Ò Q xi+" # }oH Q@
~O= #. nxH O|OkOz# =ixfl q=~# J^ #= K^=.
e@< eOz# <Q O=`~ (187680) <HO J<H ~` =u~H K~ ` Q#.
~f =<"# e@< ZO`=Ò iQ}xH fH#^. WOQO_x #q
[=# J#OQ W`_ ~` =u~H q^<# J=OaOK#. e@< q^< ~f
*f "# =iO` |Ò K L^== ^" O Q qi OK@ =~O ` ~ = #.
~`^ O f= H~ =` W|O^ Z^~#KO_Q e@< J#=~O Q P< ^= K @, x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
186
~ ^
xfl K~O K @, WOQO_ H [ ~WO^ a~^# fiHiOz# O^~ O P_O|~OQ
_b ^~~# U~@ K @ "^Q e@< K~ # ~f f==Q U=yOKHxi.
JO`HH e@< 1878 ~f P^ î OK@ xOQ q^<xfl ~OkOK#.
nx#O_ S~ "# q#~OK#. e@< J#iOz# *u =u~H q^< 1878 K#
Of uH x+^K @
= ~H+. nxx ~f f==Q QiOzi. D K@= #O_
POQ uH# q#~OK#. 1878< q sfi sH [~Q J ~ =iqux 21
#O_ 19H `yO K#. nx e Ò q sfi J=H ~f =iO` ^~" i . D K~ #
q^=O`# ~f x~O zi. D O^~ = Q ~ O^<^ #s X H |O_" # L^=xfl
#_#. DqÔ Q e@< K~ ~f *f" OO^@ K=~ ^^_ # q.
e@< `^# O`~= ~[uxkQ =z# i< ~f "l\ `* u =^~# qKiOK
JkH~# HeOKK X H K@O # `K @ uflOK#. D a< W~ Jxezi. (D a#
i< < ^~_ .W.W~ ~OkOK#) Hx D a# `" ~ =u~HOzi. ZO`\
L#fl` q^=O`# # ~f <=~ `" ix qKiOK@ J#~x a\+" ~ Ja_i .
z=iH POQ `fiO D q+ = S~" J#OQ< ==iOz q=~ Q~ #.
D K~ ` ~f f= JO`$H < POQ
*ÒH~ q^<# U=yOKHxi. W~
a q^#O ~f# O \` ~K @ =Y` +OK#.
W~ a q+ O i< " O HO`"~ q sfi =iqux OK@ ^fi~ HO`
"~ [ "C# OkOK@ =#. `^ 1815 _O|~ Jd ~` ~
L^="kHQ *fHOQ # ^fi~ L^== xi+~ k^H <#.
W~ a q^#O *f~ ~f [<# ~HO KH# k L^=O ~O`~O
KO^@ `H}
H~}=#.
~ fl 59.a
1. e@< K\ # ~` *u=u~H K~ # ~#=.
2. 187778 O=`~ =^ HO ~ O^<^ #s U q+ O *f~ L^=xfl #_#.
3. W~ a< q"Ô #O_ ~f Z@=O\ Q}~# <~ Hxi?
~OO :
19= à ~ O_= QO ~f *f`" `fii`Qu =$kKO k#k. nxH ^ #OQ
a\+ < fi=O =YH~}O. ~f WO_ < POQ
`= fiO`^ O Q qO^ x ,
^ O^# `~e OKH# =@ "i H =x Q OKQe yi. nx e ÒQ q^j # =yO
K =## PK# ~f "t Oz#q.
187
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
#`# ~`^ O # Pq+iOK@ P^ xH ~"} "~ ^<, WOw+ q^, W`~ P^ xH

" `__#q. `= [<# `= =[O# i~HO KH#@H POQ
PzOyi.
*f< ^" O Q ~ \Oz POQ # e `# [ q=iOz "ix K` # =O`#
K@ bH$ì. Ôx Of uH, W`~ ` *f` ==$kH
^^_#q.
POQ
# =u~HOK ~H ~f# |Ò K @ 19= à O O~}
L^= ZO`Q< LHiOz#q. q^j # ~f O $ux kQ*~@, fia=#O#
^|f@ `fl K y#q. W@=O\ @# |=[O, P~=[O, ~=H$+
=~ "^Q O u\OK@ QH [# *Q$u Ky#q. D Ohfl fiÒ`
~`^ xfl QiOz# PK## [ ~ H uOz#q.
~f POQ
Wz# g# qiOK@ e ÒQ [ a\+ qfi=
#fly# . J<H= Ok q^=O`# ~f Lk H~= #. u~ q=H q^< +O Q
J= K |_#q. q sfi O~} Of uH K@O W~a q"Ô "^Q JOhfl
~f H<fl `" Jk =# =# POQ
î OKyi.
a\+" i ~` =u~H q^<# u~ iOKK ~ O^<^ #s 'WO_ < P +< #
<H#. 1885 ~` *f HOQ J=ìOK#.
fl :
1.
` PK#, q^q^< UqÔ Q ~` *fÔ# qÒ K# q.
2.
W~ a q"Ô J#Q Uq?
3.
~` *f^=O UqÔ Q ~` [ [< a\+ *uH [iy# ~} e `=x

K=K#.
4.
HOk "H# Kkq W=fi|_# fl =^< "=.
'
'e@< J#iOz# K~ uK~ Q ~f K\ # K~ *rq`xfl O \` ~ z #q.

~[H Qu H~}OQ " H r=<xH J#OQ =K@, n~ ~\xH J#=Q
=~^~
1.
e@< <HO UqÔ Q *u =u~H HOQ Ja=iOK|_#? J`x q^< L^~}x=.
2.
e@< " \# q^<# q^=O`# ~f Uq^= Q x~O zi?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
188
60
~` *f^==
(18851905)
60.1 iK O :
19= à kfif QO ~f ~[H K` # O OO^@ ^^_ # qq^
JO# Q` ~O J^ #O K @ [iQ#. POQ # #Oê "= fi==# J=Q#
K#fl ~f `=O` O\`" O# U~@ KHx L^qOK@ ^"i.
H..1857 èiQ POQ
# ZkiOz ~_# ~f =@ H..185960 he=O^
`@ [=# =u~HOQ ~_ `= `# Ki. H..1875 ~ ` JOu =~R#Oê
J=^#Q~, < L^=O ~^#. ~ ` HH Hxfl yi[# =~, #Q~x L#fl` =~
` O `= x~# # u~Q@ ~O =H i zi. q^=O`# ~f "^= a\+ =[
"^ q^<#, PiH ^_ =u~HOzi. POQ
Oz# #fl#, uH POH #, q^ q^<#,
Oz# Lk H~#, POQ
*ÒH~O# f==Q ~f x~O zi. ~f
*fi=xH J#~x POQ
K# H@
# ~f f= PQ xH H~}=#.
H..1885 72 =Ok ~[H ux^` ~` *f HOQ J=ìOK#. *f
~ J=ìOz# è "kH HOQ. #`# *f K` < xH ~[H PK# HOQ fHQ
qOK|_#. 1885 #O_ HOQ HkHO< X H =# "kH ~#O_ L^= OQ =i
Ô x a#fl =~ [#, a#fl Ô` <# HH#QeyOk. D HO ~`^ O X H
#`#*uQ ~O`~O KO^QeQ#. q $`<k xiOK|_# *f^=O OK Ki`<
Ju^ * ~@OQ k KO^#. "^\ QO è 20 O=`~= (18851905)
*f^=O# J^#O K^=. HOQ #, ^x H, q^<, HOQ _ a\+
"Y ix D ~= J^ #= K^=.
189
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
60.2 H
D ~O # J^ #O K# =@ HOk JO _ i J=Q# U~_#.
1.
HOQ # =O^Q =lH, ~[H O
2.
HOQ # q^=O`# ~f K# H$+
3.
18851905 =^ HO HOQ P
4.
H~ ^# H~ *f"^ J#iOz# q^<
5.
HOQ _ a\+ "Y i
6.
è`~O *f"^ *f^=xH K# H$+
60.3 è ~[H O :
HOQ # ~fi" Ô J<H =lH, ~[H O Pq~q Oz#q. ~OO
W@=O\ O =[O#Oê X H =~O "i [< H~ U~_#q. D O *f~
^#` OzOk Wq =[Ox Jxfl =~ [< QiOz PzO H ~#q. g\
xf~ = Q ijeOz D q+ O += Q#.
~`Ô ~[H L^= <Ok eH# è=H ~*~"#~. ~f
=# POQ
^$+H fHx =z "\x i+iO=#kQ W`_ `fixfl H~#. H..1818
fi= =[O# ~ O z fi= [<# i~HO K@ uflOK#. O \`" #
~[H == U~@, ~*OQ|^" # L^= D i}=O <Ok JxK =K#. H..1843
a\+ WO_ < \ J# =~H ~[H "kH OQ O K_ =# [ =# `fi
^$+@H fHx =K `flO K#. ~ O_ O H..1851 <\ qb#" a\+ WO_<
J +<Q U~_#. 1852 =^ <\ " J +<, O~ J +< O K|_#q.
D HO <H|_# O =[O#Oê =Y = ^x H=~O =Y` +Ozi.
W@=O\ O xH, Of fi == Hey LO_#. ~f# < q^#=, q^"
="H O K @ D O H$+ K#. ~f H~# ~ ^ ~O a\+ ~" O\
=iOK_"~.
H..1857 `^# O`~O q^=O`# ~f a\+ WO_ <== =^ ^~O
H=OQ JkH=#. a\+ q^< _ ~`^ "^q =~= =iO` Hi# "Yix
J=OaOQ#. g~ POQ
^_ q^<# +O Q J~O K Hxi. H..18601870 =^ HO
~f =[O J<H =~ K~ ##. *^~}
Ok# "kH <<\H |_# q.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
190
D O q^=O`# ~f H ^# =~Q xez#q.

H..1866 ^^ <~l O_< 'D WO_ J +< # O K#. ~f
=# D O ^#OQ KiOK#. =@ D O Y ~`Ô J<H #Q~
<H|_#q. H..1870 ZO.l ~#_ [ =<"# `fi ^$+H fHx " H O`
< ~fi[hH =# O K#. Q ``fi "`, =~^ i J~# ~#_ <H`fi= D Q
*a "kHQ xK#. H..1881 =^ =[# J# ~[H "kH "QxH
=K#. H..1885 ~ *"`, H .*.ÒQ, |^n< à H$+ e `=Q O~ _x
J +< O K|_#. D O xfl POQ
q=H q^<#, ~+" # K\# =u~HOz#q.
HOQ # ~fiO Ô <H|_# ^ # *f "kHQ HH` O K|_#
WO_ < J +<# K =K#. D O qk q^< ^^ HOQ K ^Qi eH#
HeyO_#. D O # ~ O^<^ #s ^ # `î. P#O^" < , ^fi~H<^
QOQe "^Q "i H~O` ~O^<^ #s WO_ < J+<# H..1876 A 26#
O zi. L=_ H ^# H~ , ~f# "H ~K @, *uH LHi OK ~[H "kHQ
fik^@
nx H O.
Q` ~O q sfi sH = iqux 21 #O_ 19H `yOz# q+=#
Q=xOz<fl=. WO_ < J +< D x~
xfl f=OQ =u~HOz ^" O Q nxH =u~HOQ
[# UHO K @ uflOK#. H..187778 O=`~= =^ ~ O^<^ q $ÒQ ^ ~ @#
K D q+ = [# *Q$`~ K # . WO_ < J +< e@< K# P^ K@= #, Of
uH x+^ K\# ` O f=OQ q=iOK#. WO_ a\+" i [=#Ox `
`@ xK K#fl ~f u Q` # "~Q ~K @ WO_< J +< H$+ K#. D
O Y OQ =`" HH " ~`^ O J<H O` <H|_#q. Hx DO
H..1886<\H *fHOQ qb#=#.
D q^=Q H..187585 O=`~= =^ #`# ~[H i}= J<HO
K@K H<#. q= " Q = ~[H Kii. ` ~[H PK# #O
#`# PK# "t Oz#q. g\H` _ *f uH ` O ~[H H~H=# [ "Q= OÒ
K @ K~H # `# +Oz#q. W@=O\ uH kO^, \|<, OQe, =~^, H i
"^Q#q =Y"# q. <\ H WO_ < J +< *f ~ =M`# OìOKH<#.
H..1885 *f HOQ # PH HOQ OqOz# Ki`H O @# H^. Ô #Oê
~[H K` # O =YOQ, H..18601870 =^ HO "QxH =z# qq^ "kH JOu=
~H #Q HOQ J=ìOK#.
191
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ fl 60.Z
1.
HOk fl W=fi|_# =^< iJ~# ^xx QiOK=.
A.
HOQ =O^ O K|_# O HOk"x "\ H~H=# HOQ` ^y#kQ

K=K#.
i)
a\+ WO_ J +<
ii)
< ~fi[hH =
iii)
WO_ < J +<
iv)
O~ _h J +<
B.
18301840 O=`~ =^ HO O K|_# O D H}

O# ^ #OQ Hey L#flq.
i).
Oz`, xH H}
=# Hey L#flq.
ii)
*f ~ JÒ` *^~ }
# Ok#q.
iii).
~[H H}
` =~ ukH LO__q .
iv)
g\ ^# H O O H, =` O~}
2.
WO_ < J +< U q+ " Jd ~` ~ x~# ~OaOK#?
3.
1830 <\ O 1860 HO =z# O a#fl" # q.
60.4 ~` *f HOQ # :
~`^ O #Oê a\+ e` ~ ~O" # ~[H H~H e ÒQ *f~
X H ~[H "kH U~@ îf#. ^= #Oê qq^ O`x <O^~ *f~
X H ~[H "kH P=H`# QiOzi. POQ
_# U.F." J# q sfi ^g q~=}
K# JkHi ~f <# HHx HOQ # H$+ K#. ~` *f HOQ è
="O H.. 1885 _O |~ O~ #Q~O _| ..#s J^H` # [iQ#. D ="xH
^ qq^ O` #O_ 72 =Ok ux^ xi. =Y *f <_# ~ O^<^ # s
WO_ < J +< P^fi ~O 'WO_ < <+# H#~ < U~@ L#flO^# HOQ ="O
#^.
*f HOQ Jd ~` *f OQ J=ìOK#. Ô OOk, *f, ~[H K` < xH
H OÔQ ~` *f HOQ J=ìOK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
192
60.5 ~` *f HOQ # :
[ tH}
WK@, *a "kHQ fik^@
, *f"^ < =^ fl ~fiH
O|O^# OOkOK@, *f SH`# OOkOz ~ ~K @, ,=`, O` q=H`
H JOî J=~# `fiO ^$+H `K @ `# ^ # H =x HOQ ~OO H\ O K#.
q^=O`# , ~[H K` # O Hey# ~fO^~ X H L=_ "kH# U~@ K H#=##
PK# u~" HOQ # . D O ^fi~ *f "# =$k ~K =#x H =. <<\H
~QK#fl * JO`$x x~kOz X H '~HH H"@O(safety value)Q HOQ# U~@ K @ `#
L^=x U.F." H\ OK#. " H~O H~# HO`=O^ ^ "#HQ HOQ
# [iy LO__k . q^=O`# ~f UH" *f ~ ~[H "kH# U~@ K
`fl# JC_ ~OaOzO_@ =#= qOz<=. D H= KOk# < H =O U
Hk=Ok [ ux^ O =OK"iQ HH, *u ux^ Q ==iOK@ ~OaOzi. H#H
D `~O è <# *f` <^ "# qt+ Q ~#=K#.
HOQ s Ki`# qq^ ^ Q =sHi OK=K#. Z) 18851905 a) 19051919 )
19191939 _) 19391947. =O^Q D ~O 18851905 ^ HOQ _=O_, "\
a\+ `fi "Y ix QiOz `H<^= .
HOQ è ^ < Ô #Oê Jhfl O` < HOQ ^Q~ i . gi ^^
<~l, _| . #s, ~ *"`, QH$+ QY ZO.l.~#_, Z.<.#s, =^<" < ==,
l.|=}J~ "^Q "ix =Y=Q K =K#.
q`"^, L^~" <^ HOQ J=ìOK#. D è ^ HOQ ^#OQ
<"^, uH O^ , "^ ` _ O_#. JO`HH D ^ HOQ == @}
O` q^=O`H iq`"
O_#. è HOQ < POQ #, "i <O JKOK
q= H^. gi JaO ^xH POQ # =Oz^x, "i =~^ ~ H`fi O, "i tH}

^= ux^ `fi # ^=x #qi. a\+ ~" O\# g~ Q_= Q qfiOzi.
q`"^ < a\+ ~[iHxH u~Qx q^
, fiK# Ja=xOK POQ
K@= #
Q~qOKK, Ô *=u~H ## K *~x Ja_i . ^ # q`"^
^$+ ^ #H~ `fiOx L#fl` <kH~ Qx, a\+ H^.
è ^ HOQ ^ # H~ U=#Q Z) ux^ #Y a) Jxfl sfi ~f
J=H ) x H Y~# xOuK@ _) ~f x H tH}
W) ^~}, OHuH q^#
"K
@ Z) L#fl` ^= ~f J=H, q sfi sH # WOQO _, WO_
x~fiOK@ l) ~` ~=# `yOK@ K) ~ # i~HOK@ S) <Y#
193
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
H~x~fi}#, H~x~fiH Y#O_ "~ K @ *) LC #fl# `yOK@ H ) fi= #O_

H^~ # ~HO KK K@= # =~@.
H~ ^# HOQ ~*OQ|^" # q^<# J#iOz#k. D q^< =Y"# q.
f~< K @, L<=, `fixH Js =iOK@, <# WOQO _ O@ "^Q#q
JO`QH, `= ~K# ^fi~ [# K# `=O`# Ki . `= `fl ^fi~ `fixfl Hê OKx
i` < WO_, WOQO_ `= L< ^fi~ *a=# `fixH
èK `fl Ki . WOQO_ qq^ H~ `# =OkOK@ QH 'WO_ J# uH#
#_i . Hx gi q^< a\+ `fiO Q O^#H #<_ q=~# q`"^ Z^~xi.
Ô HH "`, *fi=`"# *f L^=O# ~OaOz, [# ~[HOQ
K` # =O`# K =#<_k è^ HOQ < H O. nxH~ X H *f "kH# U~~z
^x ^fi~ = "Ô# =u~HOKK, *f "# [ OOkOK@ H$+ Ki .
60.6 HOQ a\+ `fi "Y i :

~` *f HOQ POQ `fi "Y i Ò J^#O K^=. H..1885 HOQ
# [iy# HO POQ `fiO# HOQ U=yO ^ . HOQ =" POQ JkH~
` O <_ " ~. H..1886 <\ Q=~fl~ _i < HOQ <# qO^ PfixOK#. Hx
HOQ `fi Y` Z= HO H#Q^. H..1887#O_ a\+ "Yi =~ =K#.
`fi x~H "Y ix q=iOKK HOQ Hxfl H~ `=# =kOK#. POQ `fi= HOQ
=u~H=Q ~^ J=^M<, ~[ t=^ =O\ "ix Òz '<>_ WO_<
\ \H J +< J# O # # HOQ \Q ÒK#. _i < `# ^g q~=}
=O HOQ q^<#, ^` # u~iOKK#fl@ H\ O K#. HOQ Ô Jufi J
OM [#= H~ xKK#flk, nx *f ^~} =x _i< H\ OK#.
HOQ Z@=O\ H O H Q O` "K#fl^x J=# K#. ~`^ xH ux^ = =OK
HOQ ^x `fiO H\ OK#. nx e`= JkH~ =~= HOQ ^~=#.
H..1890 `fi JkH~ Z=fi~ HOQ =" [~ H~^x `fiO H\ OK#.
*f "# K~O K @ ^# == Q q^==# JOQ `fiO =~@ `fl
~OaOK#. =`KO^"^ P^fi~=x qÔ# `fiO ÒK@ ~OaOK#.
H..1903 q^K@O q^ `fi i xO`} LO_Q ^x `fiOH\ O K#. H..1898
uH fiK POH qkOK#. `fi =u~H "~ # KiOK## P~} uH# x~O kOzi
=YOQ ~[uxk H~< HOQ# |# ~K @ HOH}O H@H<#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
194
60.7 q`"^ H$+ ij# :

HOQ è 20 O=`~= *f^=O Uq kOK#? `fi= gi HiH#
ZO`=Ò <~" ~ #? HOQ <O^~ HOQ q^<` O`$ KO^@ [iy#^? "^Q
fl =^<# ijeOK=# J=~O H^.
è^ KOk# HOQ <H`fi O iq` ~ e `# kOKQe Q #. [u~
Ja= ~~f, = i~xH 20 O=`~= K# L^=O e ÒQ kOz#k
#O. `fixH gi [<# <~" ~ L^ O ^ . =# *hH ~ L^=xfl qiO
K @ q`"^ q "i . H..1886 aH sfi Hg+< U~@# gi iq` q[OQ
K=K#. WOH# H..1892 WO_< Hx K@O, ~`^=, O_< UHHO q
sfi sH x~fi} "^Q#q q`"^ q[Q K =K.
`= H# <~" ~ #O` =`=# q`"^ < q O KOk~x qOK@ g^ .
gi =eH q[= [ ~[H K` # O# OOkOK@. g~ J#iOz# 'J iOK@, q*# ,
~ ^ K @ J# q^#O qHO z# ~[H i*<xH x^~ #O. HOQ "iH ="
[~Q ux^ OY uO=`~O Q}hOQ iy#q. Wk q`"^ kOz# SH` x^~ #O.
~`^ O a\+ PiH q^<#, e `# D HxH KOk# ^^ <~l, P~..^`, "K
"^Q "~ x~`= Q J^ #O Ki . O^# ^KHx = a\+ q^<# g~ ZO_Q\ i .
` H # q`"^ `H}
" ~f JOkOK H ~## ~`*f^=xH |"#
<^ U~@ K @ g~ iQ b H$ì . H#H g~ *f^=xH iJ~# ~OO #
JOkOK~x K =K#.
60.8 Ju"^ q[$O}

:
q`"^ J~#, ~^, q[ q^<# HOQx HO`=Ok *f"^
=u~HOzi. gi ^$+ D q^< x~~H O , x~ QO. D ^# ~[H aH@# ^ Jx Ja=iOzi.
O~} K~ `< ^ =x, =@` H^x gi#=HO. JO^=# a\+ "ix J iOK@ |^
"i =u_ `=#x g~ x~~ Ozi. ~*OQ ~~f #O Ju"^ 'fi~*=# Hii.
q`"^ J=~ q^< Ju"^ ^~} |_ @ ^^_ # q.
~ fl 60.a
1.
2.
3.
HOQ è^ U =lH =~O HOQ ^# =OQ LO_#.

HOQ# " '~HH H"@= Jx Ja=iOK@ UqÔ Q q=iOK=K# ^ q=iOK=K#.
U q^" # PiH ^_ q^<# ^^ <~l, P~. ^` "^Q < q=iOzi.
195
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
4.
HOQ J#iOK 'q[ , iOK q^<# HOQ #Oê U =~= < =u~HOzi.
gix U=x ezi?
~OO :
19= à è QO J<H =lH, ~[H "kH <H|_#q. g\ H..1836 fi=
O O. H..1856 =^ <\ " J +<, O~ <\ " J +< "^Q#q =Y"# q.
D O =[Ox X H O` ^ X H =~ [<# i~HO K@ LHi Oz#q.
H..1857 `^# O`~O Ô ~[H H~H f=`~= #. q^=O`# ~f
< POQ
^_ q^<# H=OQ `Hxi. H..1866 ^^ <~l O_<
X HO # O K#. H..1876 ~ O^<^ #s 'WO_ < J +< # OK#. =^,
O~ #Q~ PiH W|O^ =u~H=Q J<H "kH "QxH =z#q.
H..1885 ~` *f HOQ O K|_#. ux^ `fi # H~ *f ~
J=ìOz#k HOQ. ~*OQ q^< ^fi~ = i~xH HOQ `` H$+ K#. <
L< ^fi~, H~ ` ^fi~ `fixH `= x~## èi.
H=OQ HOQ `fi ` iQ =~#. HOQ q^<# `fiO x~HiOOQ#. q^#
xOuOK@ `fiO J<H K\# K#. Hxfl <==` ~~f ^fi~ HOQ# J#OQ
=~H#@ uflOK#. D HO `H}
~[H [<# kOKH ~## [
~[H K` # O# OOkOK@ q`"^ q[O kOzi.
fl
1. ''HOQ # PH HOQ [iy# Ki`H O@# H^ D JaO` h= UHq OK^" ? h
JaO# `K `y# H~} "=.
2. "^\ 20 O=`~ HOQ ^ # H Uq? < D H ^# K# H$+ Z\k .
3. = i~xH HOQ è^ K# `fl Uq
4. HOQ _ a\+ `fi "Y ix q=iO=.
5. a\+ # =u~HOQ [iy# L^= q`"^ H$+x JOK< " =.
JO :
* K` # O uH ^ # ` H^. JO^=# fiÒ `xH =O^ HO#O_ K iO|_K#fl
uH H~=# "o <\ uH +Oz# `#, *u x~}O "\ H$+x `H#=.
q $` J^ #=: a\+ "i PiH ^_ q^< ~f JO`$H =H~}O. ^^
<~l K~O K# 'O^# `_z@ q^#O# J^ #O K =.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
196
61
~` *f^==
(19051918)
61.1 iK O :
*f^= ~QuH è `~xH KOk# < Q\ <k "i. D < H$+
= *uH JOkOKH ~## `^# O`~ H < iJ~# =~O # KQe yi.
H..1905 1918 O=`~= =^ HO *f^=O =iO` =O^ Q#. fiÒ`
L^== Jxfl ^ # ^~} "t Oz#q. D ~O # OQ q[ # (H..1905)` ~OaOKÔ .
OQ q[ # =u~H L^=O *f^=xH #`# k# KOz#k. D L^=H= #O_
=, q^~ *f^=O Qfi= Hyeyi. D HO q`"^ ~*OQ ^~},
Ju"^ L^= =O`~OQ H#y#q. fiÒ`= H~ f="^ K# `Q# D
~= J^#= KQ~. D HO POQ 'qlOK eOK q^#O# g~
`H#Q~. D q^# e `=Q O^=O SH` ^|ux "~@ ^~} ~O= #.
D JÔ qO\=~ O~}, =O>Q K" ~ ~*OQ O~}# QiOz `H#Q~.
D ~O =yO *f^=O ZO` f=~H K~ H<< J=QÒ JQ#. H..1918
<\H QOn PQ=#O# ~OQO ^" L^=O z=i JOHxH K~ H<#.
61.2 H
D ~O J^ #O ^fi~ HOk q+ Ò\~
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
f="^ *f " UqÔ Q =$kKO k#q

OQ q[ # ^fi~ POQ
~[H [<
fi^j, |+~} L^= fi=O
20= à =``` fi ^~} "
qO\=~ O~}
197
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
6.
7.
q= L^=
fiÒ` =~O fi^j L^= =O
61.3 f= *f"^ q[$O}

:
Q` ~O Ju"^ =# HOQ "t OK@# QiOz `<fl=. D =~O <~ Q
` H K~ ^fi~ H~ ^# ^ =x qfiOzi. D ~O f=*f"Ô |_ @ Q
H~}=# =O^Q ijeOK^= .
q`"^ #q# ~*OQ|^" # ~@ q^< O KO^H ~# q+ O# =#O
J^ #O K @ [iQ#. `fiO ~f Z@=O\ ~~f# W=fi^ . q`"^ #
=O_# q $`~ K = #x Hii. e `=Q H..1892 WO_ < Hx K@O K |_#. D
K@O ^fi~ # =O_ HO`" ~ qi OK|_#q. Hx D K@O ^fi~ X #Qi# "= [<
#O. #=O_e JkH~ =~x^ K ~. H~x~fiH Y Jqfi H@# K JkH~O
^ . D K@O q`"^< JO`$H QiK#. D qÔ Q f= JO`$ ~f 20= à
"t Ozi. O~} H~ POQ
# iOz# q`"^ [ JMu Oki. W@=O\
q`"^ |^ Ju*f " Q < *^~}
iQ#.
Ju"^ " Q < ~f fii # J~x #qi. a\+ q^< e `=Q
fi O O=$k Hey# ~f Qg} PiH ~fi <#=#. H..189697 O=`~= =^ HO
=z#
OH~ H=xH 20 qe< [ |eJ~i. a\+ `fiO K\ # H=x"~} K~
ZO`=`= O`$H ~ = H #. `fi q^<# uH q=iOKK H=xH Q~ # =~R
~`# #fl KeOK=^x xK#. H..1897 |e# Q "k O` POQ
J#iOz# J=#+ K~ # ` O uH q=iOK#. `fi =u~H H~H# ÒK
=HQ POQ `fiO uH# x~O kOK#. Q "k x~^H Hg+#~ ~O_ ` uH q^<
~}=x POQ `fi= qfiOK#. uH 18< * tH qkOK|_#. H= } H~@ uH
x~HiOK#. W`_ *uH Q <xQ J=ìOK#. [ W`xx 'H=# Jx HiO z *uH
aOz# #`# HQ qOzi. W@=O\ PK< q^< Q J~qO^ +, a< KO^ "^Q"~
*^~}
Ok# <H HQeyi.
D HO ~f ~fi " = O# K\K # =~ O O~ H$+ =#= Kkq<fl=.
^ #O^ ~ fi u, q"H#O^ "^Q "~ #"# ~f "~` fixfl [ q^ izi. `
<QiH` Q^#fl = #O_ |@ ~=#kQ ^ #O^ ~ fi u, q"H#O^ =i uH Q}u
#=~`#, t"l [Ou L`"# "_ HQ [~H#=#kQ xK#. t"lx P^~ OQ
fHx ^xfl q^j # #O_ q=H HeyOK =#kQ uH =`# H~#. J^qÔ Q J~qO^
+ fi~[O#, fii## kOK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
198
Ju"^ *f "# K~O K@ <\ uH K~H# `# +Oz#q.

|OHOKO^K@ s ~zOz# P#O^ =~O #= JOê =O^=`~ Q O [# QQ q`" #i#q.
=O^=`~O Q= H..190607 =^HO ~O"# OQ q[# =u~H L^=xH
Ti#. D Q P## `fiO x+kOK#. Hi, =~i, J=$`|*~, O^, H~z
HxH, QO`~ "^Q uH f= *f "# q $ÒQ K~O K# q.
q^ ~OQ= [iy# H$+ e ÒQ *f ", *fi= Ô` qi Oz#q. D
q^=O` *f^=xH ^ # <H`fi OQ Zky =iO` ~ OK#. "i J~` `y# J=H
fiÒ` ~`^ O ^ _Q =x "~ Q\ Q #qi.
=Hb#OQ W`~ ^ [iy# i}=, f="^ *f " "H ^^_ # q.
WOQO_ =u~HOQ [iy# S~O_ ~@O, W@b Jax q[O(1896), POQ
=u~H=
~ K# L^= (18991902) "^Q#q ~f uH ^ #OQ K iOz#q. H..1858
`^# O`~O [< q[$O}
, [< Ku ~ F@q(1805) "^Q O @# ~f# Q
qÒ K#q. Hi uH uH ~f [<# P^~OQ fH#=#x H~#. [<
Ku ~ F@q S~ Pk` O K=^| f#. `" ~ Ju` J# <#_ \OK#.
[< ~ K# x WO_ WOQO_ KQ^x H~z HxH H..1905 "~# KiOK#.
W@=O\ <^ O HOQ "iH ="O H..1905 <~ [iQ#. |+~}, fi^j
q+ HOQ #Oê ~ O_ =~ =^ Ja^ U~_#. J~## H..1906 HOQ
J^ _ ^^ <~l WO_ a\+ ~[O QOQ fiO ## O^Q ^x H\ O K#.
q`"^, Ju"^ =~= =^ ^~= =iO` JkH= #. e ÒQ H..1907~` ="O
uH `# =~O ` HOQ# g_#.
HOQ ~ O_ =~ U~_#. q`"^ a\+ # O~}# H~Q Ju"^ i#
=~Q fii## Hii.
~O fl 61.Z
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ju"^ Uq+ " q`"^` qk OK~?

^^ <~l ~K# UqÔ Q ~f Ju"^ *f" =$kH ^^_ # ?
O H, =` O~} L^= ~f# QQ K`# ~z ## Hxfl =u~H "#
KOz#q J@=O\ " X H^xx q=iOKO_?
f= *f"^ =$kH q^ UqÔ Q ^^_ # ? X H L^~} `=?
POQ # =u~HOQ ~f# L`~z # O K O @# Uk? U <#_ D O @#
^fi~ J^$=#?
199
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
61.4 OQ q[ # :
H..1899 #^x H~< ~`^xH ~[uxkQ xqOK|_#. ~`^ <
==# J`=~O Q =~ K =#x H~< qOK#. D HxH ~` *f< O \`"
HOQ J^fi ~= i K` # =O`
O_Q, HO`=Ok uH <H`fi O Ju"^ <Q
=ii. D Ju"^ < L<, ~K# , =# *hH=# QQ L`[ ~z #q. JO^=#
H~< `# `H}
K~ ^fi~ <<\H |_ K#fl *f"^ H~K@ f= `fl K#.
`# H ^# QOQ H~< =~ NH~O K>#. b, xH ==#
#~xiOK#. H..1904 qq^ K@O K "\x `fi JkH~` xO#. xH fii <
O fiO uu x"iOK#. qt, h\ ~^, ~ fi ~OQ J<H K\ ^fi~ =~
K~ K#. D qÔ Q ~`^ O a\+ =[ "^ xO`}# =iO` ~ ~ K @ Jxfl
`fl K#.
H~< *u=u~H H~H JÒ` q"^" # k H..1905 K# OQ q[ #. OQ#
~ O_Q ql OK x~
O fH#|_#. OQ q ~R"# O^# < = H~ OQ
q[ # Jx"~=x H~< `fi= H\ OK#. Hx q[ # q Q= "= H~}= H^.
<\ ^tOQ H~î i =@ OQ q[ # H ~[H [#= U=#Q a\+
` ~ # q_n@ =i |#~K @. ~f SH`# ^|f@ OQ q[ # UHH
H O. OQ q[# O^=O SH`# |#~K@ X H PÔQ qOzi. `~
OQ <kH~O# ==n H@ @
@H OQ q[ # [iy#^x H~< fiOQ _H
H\ O K#. W@=O\ PK#` JOQ `fiO =` <# Òz "i H~#
O^ `fl= K#.
OQ q[ ## ~fO^~ UHHO~=` =u~HOzi. OQ# HOKiz J==#
~K @H q[ # [iy#^x OQb Ja_i . *axH, [ =<" U=`=
POQ `fiO ^#`# W=fi^x H..1905 \=< J# uH ~<#. OQ q[# HOQ
JaO }oH H~O K# Ô. OQ #O_ On O`# c~, X i O`#
"~ K =#<_ HOQ H~# `fiO u~iOK#. JO^=# OQ q[ # J PO`~O
+O Q =H= #.
OQ q[ #` ^" L^=xH <Ok eH #. q[ # J=xH =z# H..1905
JH|~ 6= `k# *f O` k#OQ \Ozi. T~yOQ, ="O , ~ H~H= J<H
O` [iy#q. [ =O^=`~O w`xfl POKK g^ xH =zi. ~gO^<^ ~Q~
OQ X H *fw`xfl ~zOK#. [ `= SH`# èK K ~ ~O ~v H@Hxi.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
200
fi^j, |+~} L^= :

H..1905 PQ 7# q[ # =u~H L^=xH <Ok eHi. P~A P#O^" < 50" =Ok
[# L^t Oz O yOK#. D ="O a\+ L`` # |+iOK@ WK#. ^j
i=# ÒK@, a\+ [<# ^|f@ D |+~} =Y L^ O. D qÔ Q
|+~} H~H=O ~ O_ q^= L Q_ # . nx e ÒQ fi^j i= |_ @ QH
Lk H~ = OO^@ g HeQ #.
fi^j L^= e ÒQ ~f fiOH qfiO OO^#. |+~} H~H=xfl
K~O K K "k =" [iy#q. a\+ == # |~OQOQ ^ #= Ki . q^j =
qH =^ H \OQ Ki . Ô #Oê [qO^~, "~, ~[H < D L^=O
xi. q^~ D L^=O =Y` +Ozi. g~ q^j HyÒ "_@ =u~HOzi. g~
fi^j L^=xfl PK~}
\ a\+ "i J}z"` q^<# u \Ozi. Q$ #O_ |@
=z ` O L^=O xi. D L^= HO #O_ *f^=O Qfi=i .
OQ q[ # =u~H L^=O OQH iq`= H^. fi^j L^=O fi~[O H OQ
^"OQ [iQ#. D L^=xH uH <H`fiO =OKQ |+~} L^=O ^ O`
[iQ#. < uH P^fi ~O ^Z `# q^j = ^ #HO_ [iQ#. H=OQ D L^=O i^fi~,
_b , PQ, [= "OK#. _b D L^=xH ^ ^~~* <H`fiO =OK#.
OQ q[ # =u~H L^=O *fÔ n~ =O# K#k. *f`# D L^=O
=iO` |~z ^ H x [ OOkOz#k. ^ H ` ~gO^<^ ~Q~, ~[h HO`<, =O^^
=#flQ "i ~K# [# QQ q`" #i#q. " H u @# ZO` |"# ^ D L^=O
^fi~ |~` = #. H..1911 POQ `fiO OQ q[ ## ~^ K #. P X H z#fl
^" # [< ~# F_Oz# HO ~O" # =O^=`~O L^=O =`$Ô H~ ZO`\
`QxH# [# O^ ~ z #k. [< ~# F_OKQ ~f q^j ## ZO^ x~kOK~ x
~f tflOKHx *f "# =iO` ^$_O Q OOkOKH#@ ^^_ # .
HOQ fi=O OQ q[ # =u~H L^=O Q =O# K#k. q`"^ fi^jx
|~z |+~}# =u~HOzi. Hx Ju"^ fi^j` @ |+~# =iOzi. |+~}
Ju"^ ^$+ =OK~ PiH X u_x `K @, JOQ
=["Ô ~[H L^=xH
fiO O=$kx kOK q+O LHiOKk. `î *f^= Q=#O J#iOK=#
q^< q+" ~O_ =~ (Ju"^, q`"^) "~"~ Q=# =~# ZOK#flq.
H..1907peH `^# O`~O HOQ q`"^ Pn#= LO_Q, Ju"^ ^^ 9 O=`~=
HOQ ^~" O k.
201
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
OQ q[ # *f^= =Q`# ^|f@ H OQ K |_#. q[ ## ~f f=OQ

=u~HOzi. D L^= HO fi^j, |+~} H~H=# K\ i .
~ fl 61.a
1. OQ q[ ## a\+ UqÔ Q =iOKHxi.
2. OQ q[ # "#H POQ
~[H H O Uq?
3. OQ q[ # UqÔ Q *f^=O# O \` ~K @ LHi OK#?
4. fi^j L^=O UqÔ Q ^j i= Ò# WK#?
61.5 =O bQ # (1906) :
19= à kfif QO Ô ~[H K` # O QQ =$kKO k# f~# =#O J^ #O
K=. D HO D K# Ò` @ =`K O^" ^ ` O OOk#q. a\+ "i Ò`
e ÒQ Y` Hey L#fl O^=O =~ =^ "+ = iy#q. nxH POQ
J#iOz#
'ql OKeOK q^#O ^ #OQ H~}"# k.
1857 ==n JkHOY xi. <\#O_ POQ ==n#
qfih Q iQ}O K^ . JO`HH POQ
Ô ~*kH~ ==n #O_ PHqOzi.
JO^=# ==n# `= è`=Q qOzi. Hx H..1870 `^#O`~O Ô
*f"Ô |_# . JO^=# "*i\ O^= =~Q "< i\ J~# ==n`
fl O|O^# OOkOK@ POQ
`fl ~OaOzi. D `fl Ô x #"|,
fi= |izi. <\H ` q^q^<# =iOz# =O O~ ^ J=^M<
JOQ iQ HiOK#. 1880< O^=O ~[H [< X H q^"#q
H=x J=^M< H\ O K#. W`_ HOQ# =u~HOK`, ==n# HOQ K~=^x
WK#. `fi sfi ==n `H ^ HeOK=#x W`_ "kOK#.
DqÔ Q O^=O "~@ ^~} J=^M< èc* <>#.
Ô =```fi ^~} OO^@ =lH, PiH i` Ò ^^_#q.
==n `, POQ q^ KHO ^~O LO_i. eÒQ g~ "#H@ `#O`
q^#Q qye~ <~OQO ^= ^~" i . g~ "~ ~OQO ^Q ^ KH
~i. Z==Ok fi= Pn#O LO_~i. D =O fi= POQ
q^
Q
=i `= Pn#=x ==n# O^= =u~HOQ qxyOKHxi.
=``` fi O qi OK@ =~H =Y H~}O Ô |_# f="^ *f". D "
^ #OQ O^=`, O $` ukH |_# q. g~ K\ # t"l [Ou, Q}u #=~`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
202
"^Q H~H= O^ =O =^ ^~O# OK@ ^^Hi J~#q. t"rx B~OQ*| #

ZkiOz# Q<xQ HiOK@# =O riOKH#H ~i. p# ~f O $ux
OtOK` =^Q ==# q=iOK@# ==n =[O OKH#. p#,
=^Q =* =` ukH HH PiH, ~[H [< P^~OQ U~_#=#fl "" xfl
D =~ Q=xOKH~#q. ~f L=_ O $u ^|ux O^=O PK#
q+i`"#q.
"~@ H..1906 <\H =iO` |_i. POQ
Ò` =O ^ _H
#"| PQM<, #"| "< L= <H`fi O =O bQ# O zi. nxH =O^ =O
uxk =~O PQM< <H`fi O ~[uxk qO\# He@ Q=<~=. Ô Z@=O\ ZxflH <#
==n ` H ux^ O# HeOK=#x g~ qO\# Hii. nxx qO\ "O@< JOwiOK@
QH H..1909 qO\=~ O~} J= K#.
~` *f^= Ki` Ô #Oê =O ~[H Ki` WO_< =O bQ #
JÒ` =Y O @#. POQ
~f =O # q^
Q K H =` =O bQ#
O zi. `fiO =O ~[H [< O^= [< a#fl" # =x H\ O zi. D
q^" # K~ ^fi~ ^j ==n# `= J# =~O Q =~H#@ QH q^=O`#
HO`=Ok =O # HOQ K~x =fiH=@ POQ
q[O kOzi. =O bQ OQ
q[ ## =iOK#.
=O bQ K~ K=~ P =~xH KOk# L#fl` `~Q ` "i [< H~ H$+K #.
==n ^`~ Q u "ix QiOz bQ ZO`=Ò ^ K^ . `^# O`~ HO =#
==^ Pe, =< J|H O "^Q "~ "|, =O [gO^~ =u~HOQ =\_Q e yi.
O^=O *f"Ô Z@=O\ q"Ô^x P*^ H\ O K#. *fÔ OOk# =`
"+ = # q=~OQ `^ i ~OO KiOK^= .
a\+ "i K~ e ÒQ Ô x O^=O Y` ^|u<#. X H =~xH =u~HOQ
=~Hix ÒK q^< ^fi~ ~` *f "Ô# ^|f@ POQ
uflOzi.
~ fl 61.
1. q^=O`_# ^ J=^M< =O\ <_ ZO^=# =O "~@ "^# =iOK#?
2. =`K O^ "Ô |_ @ ^^_ # PiH H~} X H ^xx `=?
3. Ô =`"Ô OO^@ POQ
~`^ K i ` ~OkOz# O^, =O Q
J# q[ # UqÔ Q LHi OK#?
4. =O bQ ZC_ O K|_#?
203
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
61.6 qO\=~ O~} :

OQ q[ # =u~H L^= q[O, HOQ H~H POQ
# PO^# QiK# q.
JO^=# POQ
'ql OK eOK PÔ # Ô yOzi. q`"^# O`$ ~ z
Ju"^ *f"Ô# xOuOK@ uflOzi. WO^ QOQ H..1909 WO_ < Hx
K@O# ~OkOzi. (D K@" qO\=~ O~}Q =|_#). JO`HH, H..1911
OQ q[ # ~^ K
|_ #`#OQ c~, X i ~# U~@ Ki . J^ O=`~O ~[^xx
HH` #O_ ~[^xx _b H =ii.
H..1909 ~*OQ K@O H=O H..1892 K\xH H#yO =`". D K@O ^fi~
Z@=O\ Q =~ Oq OK^ . H O^#=O_e J^# Qi+ OY 60H OK|_#.
~R #=O_e OY 3060Q x~~ Ozi. H O^= JkH~ JkH ÒQ LO_i.
~ =`= a#flOQ LO_#. <q<\ ^~}OQ POQ J# "Y i< J=OaOzi.
D O~} ^fi~ Q=~fl~[#~ H~=~O X H ~fxH `fiO aOK#. Z..< D
^q x Ok# è~f_. H..1909 K@O Hx xf~ Hxfl =~# `K #. f~<#
" @@, |_\ JOwH~xH =O^ ^x KiOK@ g W=fi|_#. Hx x H, q^j, O<
q+ O Z@=O\ f~< K @ g^ . |_\ F\OQ J=HO Wzi.
"" xH PK~}
D O~} e ÒQ ~f Z@=O\ [#O HQ^ . #
=O_ H =O O Q =`" xK# q. xH fii#, *fi= == ^$
D O~} Z@=O\ K~ fH#^ . a\+ "i q^j q^<#, J*fi= ^`
^_ fi=O Z@=O\ =~ ~^ .
D K@O x JÒ` ^~~" # JOO D O~} Ô =ùkH# ZxflH ==
}O @O. ==n D K@O ^fi~ ` H x[H =~ H \~OK|_#q. D x~
O
^fi~ [# q_n ~[H , PiH [<H<fl =``` fi ^~}H JkH ^#`# OOkOKH#
u H ~f# kQ*~@ POQ
uflOzi. ==n [< "i ux^ O#
qOz# <# H\~Ozi. eÒ O^=O =^ ^~O JkH=#. ==n
K@ X H K@O# U~@ K "ix ^= qye# "iH ^~O K @ D K@= qxQ_ # ^x
< Ja_# . D O~} `^# O`~O =[O#Oê W`~ =~ ` H < H~ L^qOzi.
H..1935 <\H i[#, POQ WO_ < ` O ` H x[H =~# H \~Ozi W@=O\
K~ ^fi~ *f` " z<fla# fl=Q =Ô "\# . QOn JaO D K\ K _x
O~}.
q`"^ <# QO^~QxH QiK, "ix q_f `^fi~ =$kKO^K#fl SH`#
~f ^|f H OQ H..1909 O~} K |_#q.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
204
~ fl 61._
1.
2.
3.
4.
qO\=~ O~} q" `H =~# " @H ~#qJx Z@ K =K#?

Q=~fl~ [#~ H~=~ Q xqOK|_# è ~f_ Z=~?
H..1909 K@O #Oê U JOO Ô =``` fi O =$k KO^@ LHiOK#?
QOn U D O~}# K _x O~}OQ Ja=iOK#?
61.7 q= H~H :
20= `|O *f^=O Oq Oz# =~H i}=O qH ~H =$k. =`$^xH
a\+ ##O_ `H} " q=H HeyOK=#x J<H= Ok = q= =~xfl ZOKHxi. fi~[O#
`K @ Ju"^ " O =`# x~ QiK#. Ju"^ *L^=, q^j= |+~},
<<, qÔ |+~}# ^ #OQ K> # . gi H$+ e ÒQ <\ =` `QO`
_# ^ H OO^#. W@=O\ =O^~ POQ # uH ^_ ^ _ i .
q= "^ Ô J<H ~ q= O # <Hi. H..1904 q._.=~~ 'Ja#=
~` J< q= O xfl O K#. J#j# qu, QO`~ J# q= O "QxH
=z#q. 190708 <\H D q" f=`~" POQ
O| ^_ iH~. <\ Hxfl
uH ` O q= "# K~O K \ =M` +Oz#q. J@=O\ uH QO`~,
O^ , =O^=`~O "^Q#q =Y"#q. =~R H uH, " x =Ok~ "^Q uH
q= H~ H~H# QQ K iOz#q. Q i ^ =# QiOz Jq<+ KO^ \ K~
"# K iOK#.
*=u~H POQ JkH~#, ^ ^#, q= ^# =kOK H~H=xfl q= O
K\ # q. P^ Ou H~ ^_ H~H=# yOzi. H..1897< Q Hg+#~ ~O_ `
D O^~ O [H `K H#=#. H..1906 `^# O`~O qH ~H f=`~= #. H..1907
OQ Q=~fl~ ``flO K qi. <=i HOQ~# ` K@ KH,
n~O O| " Q, P `flO q =#. D `flO HOQ~ =~Q W~=~
= } H~i. KH P`` K H#Q, n~O =if|_#. *u D W~=i qH ~
x"o =iOK#. H..1909 HH` X H aH @~, X H _\ b iO_O\
` Q~i.
H..1912 ~[uxk iO* KOkxKH =^ ~ai , z< < J# q= H~
O| "i . D ^_ ~[uxk Q_Q J`x JOQ~H _ =~}O K#. O_< =^<
_OQ J# q= H~_ H~< " e J# POQ
x `K#. H..19081918 O=`~= =^H=
205
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
186 =Ok q= H~# =kOK@ [iQ#. D q= H~ H H=OQ c~, X i , L`~ ^

qiOK#.
~f qH ~ `= K~ # =#^xH iqÒ K ^ . W`~ ^ =~ ~f
q= H~H ^_i. gi OlH$+=~, q._.=~~, ~^, JlÒQ,
"_OzHlH= "^Q "~ =Y.
q= H~ _ `fiO J}z"` q^#O# J=OaOK#. q= H~# `fiO K@=\
J}z" @ uflOK#. uH POH qkOK#. =" x+Ô \i . H..1908
P^ K@= K |_#k. ~f Hq# K@= =iOK|_#.
"^\ O K ^ =O uiy q= H~H= ~O= #. H..1912 <\H
q= O #~HH~ } KOk#q. D HO W`~ ^ ~f q= O =iO` |_# q.
H..1915 `~H<^ ^, <O Q, ~^
"^Q "~ Q^~ sx O zi. P^#
HiOz, q= Ò# =kOz POQ JkH~# JO`" OkOK@ H OQ Q^~ i J=ìOK#.
"^\ OK ^HO D qH~ a\+ =u~H ^# [~h, ^x q` ^` He
i< 'WO_ < WO_O_< bQ# U~@Ki .
D HO 'H=Q@=~ J# O @# OK#O HeyOK#. H..1914 H=Q@=~
J# [< <H t, HO`=Ok O*a ==n OQHOQ #O_ H #_ #Oê "OH"~
#"i . Hx gix H #_ `fiO J#=uOK^ . g~ uiy WO_ |^~Q g~Oîx
qH ~Q qOz POQ `fiO "ix HH` kOz x~O kOK#. } # |=OÒQ
~ O* O `flO [iy# O @# 20 #O_ 40 =Ok } H~i. D
O @# POQ =u~H`# =iO` Oz#k.
H..1915 |=i 21# Q^~ s O* ^ u~Q@ }oH Ô
K Hxi. Hx `fiO =O^Q nxx `Hx q= H~# x~O kOK#. 42=Ok Q^~ i
# D O^~ O Q Li fi. 114 =OkH =r= H~Q~ tH, 93 =OkH n~H * tH#
qkOzi.
HH" } q= H~H `Q = YO \ # q. q= H~ `=H ^# b H$`
HH ~## *f`==# OOkOK@ "i H$+x, `Q# ` =Q JOK< " @
g^ . g~ K# `Q J<H= Ok ~f Q ~}# HeOz#q.
H..1907 `^# O`~O HOQ q^#O` qy~# =` q= H~H PH Ki.
e ÒQ Ô J<H q= O Pq~q Oz ^~# O @# K@ K H<#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
206
~ fl 61.W
1. q= H~ O z# X H q= O O ~ Ò_?
2. Q^~ s q^< Uq?
3. "^\ OK ^ HO q^x ~f q=H~ UqÔQ POQ ##
JO`" OkOK@ `fl Ki .
4. q= H~H# POQ `fi= Uq^= Q J}z"#.
61.8 "~ (fi^j) L^=O :

H..1914 "^\ O K Ô ~O" # "O@< HOQ Ô WOQO _# =iOK@
x~~ OK#. nxH u OQ a\+ `fi= ~f fii## WK^~x HOQ qOK#.
"" xH Ô WOQO_ = ~* `# J^# xH#@H K K#fl^x HO`=Ok HOQ
< J~O K Hxi. JO^=# fii# JOQ
=u~x Q Ozi.
H..1914 O=`~O * tH# iK Hx uH q_^#. D * rqÒ uH
PK< q^< J<H =~# `K #. HOQ# *f^=xH fHQ qOK# HOQ
P"Ô x^ Z@=O\ ~[H K~ ^ OH^x Ja_# . JO^=# =O^Q uH HOQ
^Q~ Q @ `fl ~OaOK#. Ju"^ HOQ K~ = JQ@# JxaO\ =iOK#. JO`=~
k=*# =[ H~H= iq`" # JxaO\ HOQ "O K#. ~f fii#
i J~x, ^#O`~O J@=O\ fii## W=fi=#x JxcO\ ~<#. H..1914 #O_
JxaO\ fii#("~) H~ xK @ ~OaOK#. D L^=xH JxaO\ #WO_
H=< J# `# uH# ^ #OQ qxyOK#. JxaO\, uH H$+ e ÒQ Ju"^#
uiy HOQ qb#=Q@ H..1915 "iH ="O HOQ =ux è#. H..1916
U uH, O |~ JxaO\ "~ bQ# ~OaOzi. uH <H`fi Ox bQ
=~R, H~fl@H, =^~` O`, c~~ uxÔ =OKQ, JxaO\ "~
H~H# qye# O` "OK#. D ~O_ bQ ^xH fii## JOkOK
H O` H$+ K# q. uH ''fii# < [#, ^xx kOz f~`# Jx QiO K#.
H=OQ "~ L^=O f=~H K~ H<#. L^= K~xH #`# ^` # <
qxyOK~. uH ^fi~ =`" HH J<H Of + < H~ `=# =kOz
[ "~ H# K~O Ki. |~OQ , w`, Q L^= "H QQ
^^_ # q. D L^=O =#, q^~ # q+= Q PH@H<#. HOQ <# `*|^~
, "f <, z`~ O [< ^, [u~, "^~, .P~.~=fiq JOQ~
207
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
"^Q"~ L^=O Kii. H..1918 <\ uH ~OaOz# bQ 32,000 =Ok, JxaO\

bQ 27,000 =Ok Q Kii.
"~ L^= " POQ `fiO# W|O^ QiK#. D L^=xfl J^K @
K~ K>#. H..1916 c~,=^ ~` O` JxaO\ ^xfl `fiO
x+kOK#.uH# _b , O* O` J#=uOK^ . H..1917 =^ `fi= JxaO\#
P" J#K~ # *i J~O_, a.."_ ` x~O kOK#. nxx ^" = Q [ x~O zi.
D HO< q`"^ <# =^<"< ==, Z.<.#s, ZO.U.l<fl "^Q "~
"~ L^=xfl |izi. |=}O JOQ~ JOQ H\ Oz# '<\_ Q~"xfl
u~iOK#. JxaO\ q_^ `fiO X u_ JkH=#. H..1917 HOQ ="O
uH Ou` u @## #LO ## ukOK#. `fi q^< <# =iO`Q
L^=xfl f=`~O K @ iH#. QÒ`~O H H..1917 O|~ `fiO JxaO\#
q_^ K#. HOQ JxaO\# 1917 HH` ="O J^ ~eQ Z#flH<#.
Hfl X_O|_H (1916) :

"~ L^= =Y`# gHO K@ =O^Q H..1916 [iy# i}=# QiOz
`H#=#. H..1916 q`"^ Ju"^ UH"i. Hfl X _O|_H eÒQ =ObQ
HOQ K~= #.
~`^ =O JkH Ò POQ
q^
Q L#fl q+ = =#= WO` =O^
~= J^ #= K <fl . ^ J=^M<, PQM< "^Q "i Ja=
POQ
#< =O ~H}
^ _Q ^. Hx O K ^xH =O^ [iy# i}=
==n# JOQ ^~=Q@ ^^_#q. H..1911 OQ q[# ~^
==n# x~ QiK#. "^\ O K Ô =O ~[O @s WOQO_ =u~HOQ
~_ F__. ~f =O @sx `= `= <H`fi Ô Q qOK_" ~. a@< J#iOz#
@s =u~H q^# e `=Q WO O $uH POQ
^ # `=x ==n qOzi.
@s =# P, H"_ "^Q uH q $ÒQ K~O K# q. W@=O\ i`
= =O <# =< <H`fi ^ `# K\ i . nx eÒQ =O bQ Pe ~
O^ == `y#. e `=Q =O bQ HOQ q+Q L^=O# #_@
H..1916 Hfl X _O|_H JOwH~xH =zi.
HOQ, "~ bQ q+Q ~*OQ O~}H~ L^qOK@ X O^= k~#.
L=_ H =#, ^= fii< kQ }oH U~@ JOwH~= k~#. #=O_
JkH~# q $`~K@, ~[uxk =O_e ~f ux^=, HO^# =O_e
==n ` H ^#`# WK@ HOQ =O bQ =^ JOwH~O k~#. J^qÔ Q
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
208
O^= JOMQ Q OQ, O* O^= [< bQ P"Ô è#.

O^, =O =~ 3/4 P"^= x^ Z@=O\ f~#=# ukOK~^x x~~ OK|_#.
Hfl X _O|_H "" xH =#iQ [iy# X _O|_HQ qOK@ g^ . ==n
#=O_ ` H i[~fi+< *u =u~H=x "kOz# HOQ `# JaO# =~Hx
^xx JOwiOK= =K#. D x~O HOQbQ Y`, `^fi~ O^=O SH`
^_Q ^x qOzi. `èH=Q D X OÔ *f"^xH `èHOQ |xfl K i##
n~H = Q #xfl qye#k. D X OÔ e ÒQ U~_# O^=O SH` n~H =
x=H #. HOQ P"kOz# ` H x[H=~ i[~fi+<# u^## uiy u~ iOK#.
e `=Q W~=~# H@ g#O` Ja ^ = _ #q.
HOQ=O bQ =^ ki# X OÔ *f^= Ki` Q =Y` Hey# O @#.
D X OÔ POQ
# J=Ò K#. *f"^# O`$ K =# P=H` `fixH
HeQ #. JO^ QOQ <\ ~` ==~ H~î, =O>Q H..1917 PQ a@<#Oê
H=< X H H@# K#. i# uY#O^ ~f u#Ô# OOkOz,
Ô fii##, ^`` ## "@@ `fi ^# P=x H\ OK#.
=O>Q H..1917 #=O|~ ~`^ xH =z q $ÒQ ~ \Oz *a# HiOK#.
H..1918 U =O>Q K"~ ~# KiOzi. nx P^~OQ H..1919 ~`K@O
K |_#. D K@O # QiOz `^ i ~O KiÔ.
"~ L^=O, Hfl X _O|_H ` e ` J<HO QKiOK#. Wq fiÒQ x=H
~#q. H..1918 `^# O`~O L^=O H==Q |#_# . L^=OxH =z# q`"^
=O>Q H@
#` OuOz L^=O #O_ x+qOzi. uH ukOz# # LO ## J<H= Ok
=u~HOzi. L^=xfl =O^ fHx " =~ <H`fi O OK#. Hx "~ L^=
H$+x *f^=O ` =Q JOK< " @ g^ . *f^=xH "<fl =H=O\ <#
D L^=O "QxH `z#k. D L^= `^# O`~" QOn *f^= <H`fi O# K> # . Jxfl
=~ `= "# q $ÒQ K~O K H#Qeyi. Q=, #Q~ =^ \ + " # J#O^<
U~_, `^# O`~ H L^= =iO` |"# == U~_#q. D qÔ Q "~ L^=O
"<^ H~" KO^ QOn *f <H`fixfl K@
@ =~O # HeOKQe Q #.
H..19151916 O=`~ "~ bQ# X H ^xx uH, =~H ^xx JxaO\
~OaOzi. "~ ^ fii# ^#O`~O Wzf~=#x < L^qOzi.
209
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ fl 61.Z
1. O K Ô *f < ZO^=# WOQO_# =iOzi?
2. "~ bQ H O Uq? `# P # bQ UqÔ Q K~O K#?
3. 1916 Hfl X _O|_H ^#` Z\k ?
4. 1918 `^# O`~O "~ L^=O Q}h"# #`# kOKH =@ X H H~}O `=.
~OO :
1905 H~< OQ# ql OK#. < O H~ K |_# q[ # Jx H\ O z##
Wk ^ *f`# ^|f@ xfl# @ Jx [ `Hxi. D K~ # ~f =u~HOzi.
OQ q[ # =u~HOQ Jxfl =~ L^qOzi. a\+ == # |+iOK` fi^j L^=O
[iQ#. nx e ÒQ *f"Ô L^$ `=#.
`fi J=#+ q^<, q`"^ " = e ÒQ 19= à z=i HxH [
~rH K` # O =$kKO ^#. e ÒQ uH =O\ Ju"^ J=ìOzi. |~OQ ^fi~ f=
*f`"^=# K~O Ki . ^ #O^, q"H#O^ "^Q "i ~K# , [< Ku ~
F@q "^Q#q Ju*f"Ô# qÒ K# JO. HOQ U~_# a#fl ÔÒ
e ÒQ HOQ 1907 ~ O_Q pe#.
Ô iy# *f"Ô POQ# J=Ò K#. O^=O# "~K
`fl K yi. e ÒQ OQ q[ # [iQ#. PiH "#H@`#O, P^ xH q^ OK@
"^Q H~}= =# ==n Qu ^`=O OK#. O^= #"# "~` fi
Ki`# POQ HiOK@, Ô iy# O^ =`KO^ "Ô, ==n# =iO`
PO^# QiK#. 1906 WO_ < =O bQ J=ìOK#.
H..1909 qO\=~ O~} ^fi~ ==n# #=O_ i[~fi+<
HeOKK uiy ql OKeOK q^<xfl POQ
î Ozi. D K~ [x *f"
f= =O# K#.
*f^=O D HO#O^ J<H LQ"^ H~H K@ KH<#. a\+ #
= # JO`$ KOk# = P^ ~@ =~O # ZOKHx POQ
O| ^_ ^ _ i .
W@=O\ K~ q^ ` = ~f K yi. W@=O\ H~H Q^~ i k
KO^#. Hx a\+ `fiO J#iOz# J}z"` q^#O e ÒQ LQ"^ H~H H=OQ
|#_#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
210
"^\ O K ^H = POQ
^xH fii## WK^~< _ = ` ~f
Q Oz H..191516 O=`~= uH, JxaO\ "~ bQ# ~OaOzi. g~ Jkx"
uux (self govenment) Hii. 1917 =O>Q H@ #` "~ L^=O |#_# . `^# O`~O
*f^=xH QOn <H`fi O =OK#.
fl :
I.
100 ^ =^< "=.

i
` q^ UqÔ Q ~f f= *f "# OO^@ ^^_ # .
ii
fi^j L^=O , q^~ Z@=O\ `# +Ozi?
iii
Ô =``` fi ^~} |@ Ki` ^# Z@ LHi OK#?
2. 19= à z=i ^|O Ô LQ"^ " OO^@ Q H~} Uq?
3. fi^j L^= ~OO *f^=O X H Q = ~O=#. fi^j L^=
=Y`#,fi=O# JOK< " =.
4. 'qO\=~ O~} Ô *fi= == # U~@ K H Q q`"^ <#
f= QOÔ~QxH QiK# q D JaO P^~OQ qO\=~ O~}# JOK< " =.
5. 20= à ~OO Ô =`K O^" ^ " OO^@ Q H~} Uq?
6. Hfl X _O|_H *f^=O UqÔ Q X H Q O @# Jx K =K#.
7. "~ L^= H Uq? Jq ZO`=~ "# q
J^# =K~O :
H..1907 HOQ ~ O_Q pe#. q`"^, Ju"^ "~ _i . QY, uH Ô`#
"\=^ "~ ^ =# `Q J^ #= K O_.
61.Z ~ fl =^<
61.Z.
1
q`"^ q^<# Ju"^ =u~HOzi. POQ `fiO` =K =~# g~ =u~HOzi.

g~ fi~[O# Hii.
2.
D ~K# Ô HeyOK PiH ^+e` [# K` # O# HeyOz#k. ^ O^ UqÔ Q

a@< `~e OK|_< <~l q=iOK#. PiHa=$k fiÒ` == ^_Q ^x Q Oz
~f fi~[O# Hii.
211
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
3.
=```fi"Ô
(Z) q^=O`# ~f P^xH *f "# J^#O Ki. POQ #x

J<# g~ `Hxi.
(a) J~` `y# L^Q O^x q^=O`# ~f = JO`$ KOk LQ"^
" _ PHiì .
5.
Jax Ku W@b F@~, POQ

=u~HOQ =~ ~@O, ~ [< q[O
"^Q O @# S~ ~* Pk` xfl, "~ Ju` J#fl "^xfl ` z#q.
61.a.
i## =~= OÒQ x~fiOK@ gx qÔ Q OQ ^ ~R=x POQ JkH~
H\ O K~. JO^=# OQ ~R q[ # Jx"~=x H\ O zOk.
2.
~fx *f"^xfl x"iOK=#x POQ Ja_i. O^, =O#

q_n "i SH`# ^|f@.
3.
q[ # =u~HOQ [gO^~, "~, ~[H < JO^~ K` Hei. ,

q^~ K~Q OQ q[# =u~H L^=O xi. Jxfl =~ #@ =#
L^=xH #`# |O K ~ #.
a\+ "i a#fl"Y i e ÒQ ^" O Q # LO # L^=xH îf#. QOn fiOQ
LC `Q O# ~OaOK#. *f^=O Q *L^=OQ =~#. `fiO L^=xfl
^=# ^` J}z" @ uflOK#. `fiO ~O_>| ="O U~@ K#.
1931 QOn Wifi< X _O_H k~#. Hx X _O|_ <\ "=H , = =u~HOzi.
[ q[ ## `K @ QOQ POQ `fiO 1932 H=# J"~# H\ O K#.
nxH x~# Q QOn x~~nH K#. `^ < X _O|_H ^fi~ OHO =y#.
1935 ~` ~*OQ K@= ^fi~ Jd ~` =Y J=ìOK#. 1987 ZxflH HOQ
x JkH ~ Q O^#. J<H ~ HOQ i JkH~xfl K># .
61..
1.
POQ
Ô # =ke# "*i\ O^= J OM# ==n Pk` O#
K~OK^~ x J=^M< JaO. ==^n `q^# J Oz, POQ #
q^
Q LO_Q ~x W`x "^#.
2.
=~H, iqH ~OQ ==n K~Q #^. g~ ^Q, fi=

Pn#O LO_i. "ix O^= =u~Q ~OkOK@ ` ~ = #.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
212
3.
Ki`# Dq^= Q "MxOK@ ~[H i}= = H~}=#. JO> Ki`H~

JaO =^ QO =O HQ qye# "~O^~ eì .
4. 1905
61._.
1.
#=O_# q $`~ z ## `fiO JkH # `= HO =OK qÔ Q K H#QeQ #.

#=O_ H =O =O_Q qye#. D K@O UqÔ Q# fii#
^^_^.
2.
Z..#
3.
==n ` H x[H=~ U~@
4.
`^#O`~O O=`~= W`~ =~ KOk# "~ `H i[~fi+<# Hii. eÒQ

~[H " Y ` ^| u<#.
61.W.
1.
Ja#= ~`, J#j# qu, QO`~
2.
JkH~# JO`" OkOK@, q= `xfl K iOK@, P^#, =wx =iOK@

Q^~ q^<
3.
a@< =u~HOQ [~h` K` H@, [~h #O_ P^# =iOK@.
4.
J}z"` q^<# J= ~K @, uH POH qkOK@.
61.Z.
1.
~f H~O e ÒQ a\+ ^xH fii## JOkOK^~ x Ja_i .
2.
H~`# =kOK@, |~OQ *=" U~@, #$`, <@H ^fi~ fii#

^ =Q#x #qi.
3.
fii# H~ HOQ, =O "^ X H " H H~K~}

# JOwHiOzi.
4.
a\+ "i O~} q`"^ qfiO H^. q`"^ L^=xH =~=O`"#

<H`fixfl JOkOKH ~Ok.
213
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
62
~` *f^=O (19191939)
62.1 iK O :
19191947 =^HO# *f^=O z=i JOHOQ K=K#. OK Ki`<
q#`fl" # JO J# PÔ ` QOn *f L^= JOu=H O# 1947 <\H kOK#.
D ~O 19191939 =^ HO *f L^= Q=<xfl =#O J^ #O KÔ. D
HO *f L^=O a#fl Ô` "t Oz#q. QOn `Q O, Q ` O Q q= ~@O,
fi~[ "^ # " O , < ="^ ", +KO ^ ~fi~H "^# "~
"~ ~[H " *f^=O K=. D ^ =, =$^ , , , "^=,
Hi, ~ ` JO^~ L^=O Qfi=i . D JÔ *f L^= Q=#O` @
= *Q$u, JO@~x`<xH =u~HOQ K\ # L^=, =^# =u~H L^= "^Q#q
JO`~QQ K_Q O. Hx D ^ O^=O O|O^ <<\H |#_ =`<Ô
KiQ#.
~ fi ~* kQ y# L^=Ox =Y i}=# J^ #O K^=.
62.2 H :
D ~O J^ #O ^fi~ HOk JO Ò\~.
1.
1919 K@~ H# îf# JO, D K@ =Y JO, K@
2.
~\ K@ =u~H L^=O, * <xQ QOn u~Qx #O# OkOK@
3.
d` x~H~}
L^= H~}, L^= H~H=
4.
*f L^=O fi~["^ H$+, x~H~}

LO ~}
5.
1922 `^# O`~ HO =$k KOk# ="^, q= ~\
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
214
6.
1930 O~ fi~* f~#O, POQ

"O_"Y i
7.
# LO # L^=O
8.
1935 K@ =YO
9.
193539 O=`~O =^ HO <\ i}= HOQ =Ou=~, *f, q^j q^<

=$k, fi^j O< i}=, =`<^ q[$O}
62.3 1919 ~` `fi K@O :

19191914 O`~O =^ HO HOQ =O bQ =^ O|O^ Q` JÔ
qOz# Y` ^~} #O_ a#fl "YixH =ixq. Ô POQ i
H~# JOkOz# Ô x Jxfl =~ ^#O`~O ^ [<# i~HO K` POQ

#`# ~*OQ O~}# JOkOK^~ x Z^~ K_yi. Hx "" xH a#flOQ [iQ#. Ô
~f H< qye#k. ~f i= J<H W|O^# Z^~#flq. Hi
LkH~ =#. ~ ` #fl ~O JkH= #. q^=O`# ~f `y# L^
H~#q.
Ô fiO x~
ÔÒ# K~OxH `K #. =["^ = [
*fi= ==# JOkOK^=x #=eHi. Hx Ô =y# =@ D hfl
J^$=#. #q "~# [ q= " q#flO\#q. Ô , S~ _`# O#
|~` O K#. Ô J<H =u~H e `# Z^~x# S~ ~* '`" x B#fl` O J#
Ô`xH J~H~x `@`= #.
^H O O KO Oq Oz# JÒ` =Y O @# 1917 ~ q= O qH, H~ H
u~Q@ e ÒQ ~ *~KH=~ # JO`=#. ="^ ~[OQ J=ìOz#
~ `# Pn#O Q = ~* fiO ## kOK#. nxx =~^ ~ HOQ fHx
W`~ =~* [ fiO# k Q=#O# ~OaOzi.
W@=O\ i` ~f Hxfl ~~f# W=fi=# P=H` H^x a\+ `fi=
x~~ OK#. WO^ QOQ 1919 ~*OQ K@O # Ki .
1919 K@O :
^ < == D K@O J<H =~# `K #. D K@O H OÔ kfi q^<xfl
" ># . D ~ O_ U=#Q O@ l\ " JOc(kQ) Hx P \ (ZQ=) .
kQ= <q<>_ ` _ OY 144. ~ O_= OY 60. "i 34
=Ok ZOH 26 =Ok <q<>_ . D #Y Q=~fl~ [#~. J`x Hx
215
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Z@=O\ JkH~O ^ . Hx Q=~fl~ [#~ #Y# xOuK JkH~O H^. JO^=# D

K@O ^fi~ H O^ # =z# =~ Z@=O\ ^#` ^x K =K#.
^fiO^fi # :
D K@ =YJOO U=#Q ~ " @|_# ^fiO^fi #. <O# H O^*a`,
~R*a` Jx qlOzi. ^~H}, q^j ==~, , >eQ =O\ *f =Y` Q
JO H O^ *a` H=. gx i[~fi_ *a` Jxi. g\x Q=~fl~ Pn#O LOzi. Of
^#` Q JO# P~Q=, xH `fi, q^ "^Q#q \<~ *a`Q #
q^# =O` JyOzi. Hx J=~=x qOz# =O` Q=~fl~ JkH~#
|^~OKQ_.
K@ :
K@O ^fi~ J=xH =z# ^fiO^fi `fiO 1921 #O_ 1937 =~ J= LO_#. D
^fiO^fi `fiO =~= OÒQ xK H #. D K@ " O# J<H H~} H=.
^fiO^fi `fiO J# Q" ~+" # k. <kH~# ~ O_Q ql Oz u^xx
fiÒ`=Q ~OkOK@ ~[H Ô`xH =u~HO. ~[O X H O. H#H JOê <
qQ# ~ O_Q q_n=. JkH~ q[ # J
OQ [iQ#. \<~ *a`x JO
uiy Q=~fl~ JkH~qK@ iQ q~Ô .
D K@O ^fi~ [ ux^ = =OK =O` H~x~fi H =~O #Oê JkH~ |$O^xH
x~O`~ ~} `~f |_#. D ~} Q=~fl~ ZC _ JkH~ =~xfl =iOK_" _. =O`
iu K |#O. =Oux Q=~fl~ xqOK=K, `yOK=K# _. # ` O =Oux
`yOKQ ^. #Y Q=~fl~ [#~. J`x Hx Z@=O\ xO`} ^ .
PiH Y H~x~fiH Jn#O LO_@ =# ^fiO^fi `fi f~ =iO` |#_# . OH =
H~H=hfl =O` ^ ` HQ, "iH Z@=O\ P^ O_#. x^ H~ =OÒ^~
PiH H~î ^ P^~_ = O_#. PiH H~î i[~fi_ Y JkH^ $ + xe \<~
Y# \ O KH#^ .
OQ D K@O *uxk Z@=O\ ^ `# W=fiH #. uH JaO D
K@O 'ZO`=Ò P"^ QO Hxk H O^, ~R `fi xf~# =~@ D K@O iQ
q = KO^#. QOn D O~}# =O^Q fiQuOz## O=`~ HO< `fiO ~\
K\ K *f`# J}z" `flO K @` `# "Y ix =~H<#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
216
=O>Q K" ~ O~} *f < P , JOK< K =u~H fi=O#

Hey#flq. #Y Q=~fl~ [#~, H~=~O Z@=O\ J^ H#. ~H
H OÔixO`} Hey O_#. F@ K iqÒ.
62.4 ~\ K@O (1919) :

~f 1919 yOz# ~\ K@O# < f=OQ =u~HOzi. "^\
O K Ô ~f POQ
K# = `H~OQ *fi= ~~f# PtOKQ
~\ K@O [ P# iQ J_ K#. ~\ K@O (<=i ~\K ~OkOK|_#q)
iQ *u=u~H fi=O Hey#q. ~ fiK# iOz, U =H<# qK~} H< x~O kOK JkH~O,
`fi =u~H H~H= POH , L^=, T~yO x+^ "^Q#q H}
=Q Q
~\ K@= # ~f UHHO ~O ` =u~HOzi.
QOn ~\ K\# f=OQ YO_OK#. D K\ =u~HOQ L^=O# ~OaOK#. D
L^=O ^fi~ *f^=O QOn <H`fi O "^#. D O^~ = Q QOnH O|OkOz#
=Y =K~O# HO` `H#=#.
62.5 QOn è rqÒ :

"<^ H~" KO^ QOn 1869 JH|~2# Q[~`#Oê ~|O^~ [xOK#. ~|O^~
O<xH W`x Ò_ ^ xQ xK#. QOn WOQO_ <O \# Ok `^# O`~O
^H}
H HO`HO < ^~xQ xK#. =lH, PiH J=#` Q <\ ^H}
PH QOnx JqÒQ H=~i K#. JK@Q ~f Z@=O\ ~, F@

=. JO`QH g~ #Q~ Hxfl ` H O`< x=OK=#. ~ ^~ gi ~H H
POH LO__q . fi`*f_ H#O^# QOnx "^\ `~Q u ~ w #O_ <\ " # O @#
JOîH è#^.
W@=O\ *ÒH~ q^<xH `~kOK=#x QOn x~~OKH<#. Hx H ^#
O# =~O Q QOn =uOK^ . QOn `Q O# `# ^ # PÔ Q fiHiOK#. nxH
LH~ }
=Q ` O, JO# Ki _## HeyOK @ ^# fiKO ÔQ iOK=#x
QOn ÔÒ. QOn JaO =#==$u fi` Q =Ozk H#H `Q O J< PÔ
^fi~ Z@=O\ ^+ << =~=K#. QOn K_ # ^fi+OK#. Hx K_ K"ix ^fi+OK^ .
JO^=#< QOn `# `Q PÔ # a\+ =["Ô yOK< Qx a\+ [
H^. QOn JaO `Q O JÒ` ^$ _"# k, ^~ O` _ L#flk.
217
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
^H}
H L^= =~H H}O U=#Q =[O#Oê Jxfl =`, + SH` kOK@. QOn
L^=O O^, =O , H = , i, Q[~u, L#fl` "~ =~, Hi JO^~ xi. D
Q" =[Ox JOî Ja=<xH, = QOnx `x K#.
QOn ^H} PH#O_ 1915 ~` ^xH uiy =K#. =@ ~O_ O=`~=
q $ÒQ ^ ~ @# K#. Z@=O\ ~[H H~H #^ . 1916 Q[~` #Oê
|~u P==# <H#. 19171918 =^ HO QOn =_ L^=# K> # . Jq
KO~< `Q O, J=^^ # q Hi " , Q[~` #Oê M_ #Oê Hi
" . D =_ xH = O|OkOz# L^=. D L^= ^fi~ QOn ~`^ =#
*hHO# iQ `#^# ~[H e J^ #O K#.
c~ #Oê KO~< ~ ` qkQ `= q 3/20 =O` he=O^# O_Oz ^xx
a\+ [=# x~~ Oz# ^~ qH~O=#. QOn D =# K> # . QOn " xfl
c~ x+kOz# kH iOz `^ D = `fi= X H Hq\ " @ X Oz P Hq\
`# _ #. e ÒQ `fi= ~ ` Hxfl ~~f# =OE~K#. Wk QOn Ô
kOz# è q[=x K =K#.
1918 J=^^ #Oê #q Hi [=<xH =u~HOQ JkH "`<
H~ KK#fl "# |~K#. JOÒQ "# K=#kQ QOn Hi
L^kOK#. D q+ " QOn x~~ nH# K> # . D " ^" O Q [ ^$+ _# .
`^ HOh [=#O "`< # 35% OK@ JOwHiOK#.
QOn `^ i L^=O Q[~` #Oê M_ [iQ#. WK@ O@ O_H ~##~` #
i #fl# KeO K=#kQ ~ q# JkH~ X u_ Ki . QOn ~` ` He `Q O K># .
D L^=O WO^ l<, = > "^Q"~ QOn` Kii.
QOn `Q = PÔ ` K# =_ Q x^= Q ~f Q=#
H~Q~ Hi# "e#q. ~``, Hi` QOn OOkOKHx# O|O^ P#
x~_O|~ r=# e QOnx X H Q *<xQ xe#q. Q= uiy H= O`= HQey#q.
=` ` O QOnx Ja=xOyi. Mn= ^~}# JO^~ ~OaOzi. PqÔ Q POQ

~\ K\ K <\ ^ [ QOn <H`fixfl =#iQ P"kOz P# `Q P^xfl
[ fiHiOzi.
62.6 [e<" Q =~}HO_ :

~\ K\xH =u~HOQ 1919 U 6# QOn Wz# OkOz ^" O Q T~yO,
~ H~H= [iy#q. D L^=O O^=O =~ Jxfl x#q. D =u~H L^=xfl
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
218
Hi# OQ J}z" @ `fiO Jxfl K~ QH <#. J<H ^~< `fiO O*, O~,
J=^^, HH`, _b "^Q #Q~ _#. O* #Oê _II` , _II n<H K #
`fiO x~O kOK#. D q+ " O*#Oê J=$`~ [iy# O@# ~` Ki`< ^~}
O @#Q K =K#. D #Q~ Ou^` # `fiO [#~ _ ~ JyOK#. W`_ #Q~O
T~yO#, # x+kOK#.
1919 U 13# [i< " Q X H |~OQ # U~@ K Q "k=Ok
*hH= [~i . D K~ # _ ~ H=tH} ~ÒQ qOz [# O`
QiK x~OK#. `# \O` "^ #O# K@=># . "^<xH Q X H X H ^fi~O# # O`
xO#. [ Z@=O\ KiH W=fiH< H P^qK#. D ^~}HO_ =O^k
=Ok } H~i.
[e< " Q =~}HO_` =`*u kQOu KO^#. ~H+ KOk# a\+
=["^xH f=OQ U=yOKHxi. D O #@ x~# Q ~gO^<^ ~Q~ <\ _ Q~"xfl
u~ iOK#. Hx D K~ POQ
# HkeOKH #. O*x J=$`~ [ f=OQ
=#O KOki. D O @# *f^= Q=<xfl =~#.
QOn =# *hHO` xfl ` O|O^# OOkOKHx *f^=xfl #`# O^xH
fHx=K#.
~ fl 62.Z
1.
"^\ O K ^#O`~O P , PH x = ~* *f L^= f=`~= Q@

X H H~}O `=.
2.
^fiO^fi `fiO UqÔ Q xK#.
3.
`Q O#Oê ~ O_ H}
= Uq?
4.
QOn #_# KO~<, J=^^, M_ L^= Q g H}

= Uk?
5.
~`^ Ki` 1919 U 13 U pH\ ~AQ iQ}O K|_#.
62.7 d` L^=O :
"^\ OK ^#O`~O Ô ~[HOQ K`#=O`# ==n d`
L^=O# Ki . Ô @ix F_OK@, `~+ =[O# qz#flO K @ a@< ^ #`
+Oz# q+ =# J^#O K
<flO. J<H= Ok ==n @s<# `= =`^Q
(Yb) Q~qOK^~ . @s _ a\+ q^< ==n =`qfi# ^|f#q.
219
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Pb ^~ (==^ Pe, H` Pe) <H`fi O d` U~_#q. D Hq\#Oê

HO J[`M<, =# J*^, ` "x "^Q"~ =Y. @s = iJ~# =^<
`Hx =# i+iOK=#kQ g~ `fi= X u_ `zi. 1919 #=O|~ Jd~`
d` ="= [iQ#. D ="O QOnx J^ xQ Z#flH<#. `= H~# JOwHiOK#O`=~
POQ
Z@=O\ H~O JOkOK~^x ="O f~xOK#. J^qÔ Q =O bQ HOQ
q^< i HiOK=#x x~~ OK#. uH, QOn =O\ < d` JOO O^=O
SH` ^^_ KH \ J=HOQ qOzi.
1920 E< [iy# Jxfl i ="O qÔ # |+iOK=#x x~~ Ozi. 1920
PQ 1# d` Hq\ x~H~}
# ~OaOK#. J^ ~A# QOQ^~ uH ~= kOK#.
x~H~}
, uH =~}O [ L^fiQO OOkOz `fi =u~H T~yO ~fi ` [iy#q.
[ x~~nH K ~# [ii, "^\ OK Ô `# =# Q~Q POQ

Wz# H [ ~W` Q~=O# QOn i`lOK#.
62.8 x~H~}
L^=O (192022) :
QOn ukOz# x~H~}
^H O #HOQ J"kOK#. O*, d` =
P"^ Q"# i~ aOK#O`=~ x~H~}
K =#<_ QOn x~
xfl HOQ
1920 O |~ [iy# ` H ="O P"kOK#.
x~H~}
a\+ "i a~^, Q~"# qiO K@,xHO #O_ ~r<=
K @, `fi sfi# =ke" @, `fi =", ^~~# |+iOK@ x~~ Ozi.
JO`HH <<# |+iOz, q^j == # "_~^x f~xOzi. <#O |^
OK~f# U~@ Ki . Y^~ # qkQ "_=#x x~~ Ozi. O^=O SH` @|_=#x,
JO@~x`#O# q_<_=#x, JOÒQ D H~H==xflO\x x~fiOK=#x QOn
WK#.
HOQ `# #`# q^< J#Q}OQ J#iOK=# x=# =~Hx#k. ~*OQ
^` ^fi~ fi~[O# kOK=#x H =# Ou`Q, JO q^< ^fi~ kOKH#=#x
=~H<#. x~H~}
x~fi} H~ 15 =Ok ` _# X H Hq\x U~@K#. D
Hq\ ^fi~ Jxfl O` xH [` xfl` O|O^# OOkOK@ H$+ K=#.
HOQ `fi ~O O=`~xH 4 J} `yOzi. D ~O Ò x~O Ô H^. HOQ
K~ @ =iqux 1921 21 #O_ 18H `yO zi. HOQ O^=O =#ux^ O#
Wzi. 1923 <\H HOQ `fi OY #Q~x ` e# Qg}OY ~\O J#.
HOQ ~@flO =_@, JO@~x`#O# x~eOK@, *f q^", =# K`#~K@,
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
220
O^=O SH` =O\ x~}`H H~H=# K> # . D qÔ Q HOQ =["^ #

x~eOK@ `Q O J< PÔ ^fi~ X H q $`" # ukHQ HH "kHQ J=ìOK#.
192122 O=`~O OQ, O*, O~, L`~ ^ , c~ "k=Ok q^~
qÔ # |+iOzi. ^ <"^ .P~.^, ZO..<, = > "^Q
"~ <"^ =$u |+iOz HOQ Kii. [ fiKO ÔQ q^j = qH#, H
^H}# H \OQ Ki . W@=O\ K~ e ÒQ `fi PÔ Q}hOQ `Q # . x~H~}
L^= x~fi} H~ HOQ 'uHxkx U~@K#. 6 < H= D xkH H\ ~

= J#. ~@flO u WO\H zflOQ =i Y^~ *f^=xH x~OQ =~#. D
HO ^^ 30,000 =Ok H~H~ * "oi. * " @ J##k Q~= zflOQ qOzi.
<<\H x~H~}
f==#. L^=O K~Q xi. L^=O H~
"~ `= P~ }
O# q~OQ Wzi. a\+ # = ==n H#Q@ =`q~^= x
1921 E ==^ Pe H\ O K#. JO^ `fiO Pex x~OkOK#. QOn D K~#
YO_OK` ~f Z=fi~ POQ H= LO_~^ Jx WK#.
1921 #=O|~ " ~=~_ ~` ~ @# =K#. O~ #Q~xH " ~=~_
K~ #. ^" O Q ~ HOQ WK#. " ~=~xH x~#+"# g^ , `
"# ^H} fiQ`q K#. a\+ q^
, QOn J#K~ Hxfl O` ~} [iQ#.
b H 53=Ok Kx~i. W@=O\ K~ QOnx f=OQ J[_H QiK# q.
x~H~} ` `fiO f=OQ PO^# KO^#. L^= J}K" ` JxflK~ # fH<#.
HOQ, d` "O\~ ^# x+kOK#. |~OQ , T~yO# x+kOK#. QOnx
q#~Oz qye# <Oîx x~O kOK#.
1921 _O |~ J=^^ [iy# HOQ ="O JOÒQ x~H~} #
H#yOK=#x JO`HH # LO # NH~O K@@ x~~ OK#. x~O kOz# "ix q_^
K @, uH POH `yOK@ QOn POQ
X H"~O Q_ =# WKK 1922 |=i
1# X H H@ # K#. 7 k#= `^# O`~O x~H~} # #LO #OQ =~^=x `fiO#
KiOK#. Q[~`#Oê ~e # LOQ# x~~ Ozi.
Hx x~H~} L^=xfl QOn 1922 |=i 12# J~O`~OQ xe"#. nxH
^#=Q 1922 |=i 5# Q~H~ #Oê KsK~ Q=O [iy# O`H O@#
H~}=#. PQ= [ b Z^~^_ K b+< # `Q \ i . D ^ #HO_
22=Ok r=^#"i. D O@#` H`KOk QOn x~H~}# x"#. QOn
x~
O"~ HOQ `\# # LO # xz#. D x~
O J<H= Ok HOQ <#
x~~ K # . D K~ # KO ^ *uH Hey# Q q` Jx =iOKQ [=~ < Ò
221
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
x~`_# . J~# g~O^~ QOn x~

xfl P"kOzi. QOn JaO x~H~}
,
# LO # WOH Ô H=# "`=~}O <H#^ . ~f ^ ~@ =~xfl
ZOKHx# ^x POQ
K O Q J}z"^~ . H#H P =~O P"Ô H^.
x~H~}
L^= LO ~}# POQ `fiO J=HOQ fH<#. 1922 =i
10# QOnx ^^ <~O HO^ x~OkOzi. QOnx `H <#O qKiOK#. QOnH 6
O=`~= * tH qkOK|_#.
D H=< d` L^=O iQ |#_#. @s =H" Yb
=u~HOQ L^qOz ~[O# =Ò "~K#. eÒQ WO_ d` = ^#`#
H#.
~ O_ L^= H ^ # q "# \H *f^=O ^#`# OìOKHx#q.
d` L^=O ^fi~ J<H= Ok =O < *f L^=O "t Ozi. x~H~}
L^=O ^fi~ ~ ` , q, =$ux "~, ^H}^~, L^Q =~ *f^=O Kii.

QOn Ô` =~= Q= qi Oz *f^=xH #`# Hx =iOKH<#. D
L^=HO K\ # Mn, q^j |~} e ÒQ [ fi O O=$k, P`qfi OOk#q.
L^== = " O # =~H i}=O. D L^= eÒQ HO`" ~ =`=~ O
^ _# . O^=O He L^qOzi.
x~H~} LO~} H=O `èHOQ< =# *hHO qOK#. 1922
|=i 23# OQ WO_ uH QOn 1920 ~OaOz# ~@O `k=~ [~Q ~@OQ
QiOK=# =O POQ
=z#k. P `k ~@O X H < ^ X H O=`~O ^ J<H
O=`~ H=K#.
x~H~}
, d` L^= *f^== Q =O# K#q. H k ~f
D L^= P` qfiO# OOkOz#q.
~ fl 62.a
1.
d` = ^ # H~} Uq?
2.
x~H~} L^= H O Uq?
3.
*uH <H`fi O =OK H=O 1920 HOQ Z@=O\ ==Q` =~ =z#q.
4.
U O @# x~H~}
L^= x^ H~}O =#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
222
62.9 fi~* i :
x~H~}
L^= x^, QOn x~O Ô "^Q JO *f^=O =O#
K#q. D =O ## |+iOK q^<# q_<_=#kQ .P~.^,
ZO..< xzi. #=O_ [~Q ZxflH x "\ "t Oz `fi xf~#
J_H #=#x gi JaO. Hx gi Ja# HOQ P"kOK^ . = > , ~*O^^,
.~*QKi "^Q"~ ^ JaO` qk Ozi.
HOQ QOQ 1922 .P~.^ HOQ d` fi~* ix <H#. #
ZxflH # |+iOK q+ O q#~Oz qye# Jxfl HOQ q^<# fi~*i JOwHiOK#.
1923 ZxflH fi~*i <# . H O^ #=O_e 101 < 42 <# Q KH<#.
D i 1919 K@ # ^#OQ =u~HOK#. 1925 D i q~ ># HO^
# J^ xQ Z#flH#@ q[O kOK#. # D i `= L< ^fi~
`fi K~ # q=iOK#. `fi |_\ x H \~O# =~ u~ iOzi. `fiO g\
JkH~xfl qxyOK= =K#. [ x~, x $ L#fl HO fi~["^ H~H
HO` L`=# HeyOK#.
1925 E< 16# .P~.^ =~}O` fi~*i |#_# . Ô iy# =``` fi ^~}
fi~* i |#_ @ =~H H~}OQ K =K#. =ObQ, O^ = H~H
~[H # q`" #i#q. fi~* "^ HO`=k =``` fi O " =~ei. QOn K# =`=~
x+[#=#.
1926 ZxflH fi~*i O KO^H #. Q` ZxflH kOz# q[# "~
uiy O^H ~i. HOQ # LO# Wz# =O` g~ # #O_
x+qOzi. fi~["^, QO^
"^ "i "i ik HO` x~}`HOQ ==iOzi. Hx
D H= *f [<# HOHOKK P =~O L^=O xOKH #. uiy
= < Hg+< x=HO [iy# "O@< *u UH" L^= =~O #_z#k.
5 O=`~= HO fi~[ "^ `= q^< ^fi~ *f^=O #`# Q#
Ki . # gi H~H [ [< r=O# xe#q. x~H~}
x^ =# U~_# x~ #O_ HO` =~@ HeOz#k.
223
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
62.10 f="^ L^= #~^~ }

:
= < Hg+< |+~} =O^ 1922 `^# O`~O Ô [iy# qq^ O @## QiOz
J^ #O K =#.
x~H~} L^= x^ Ô X H q^" # x~# HeOK#. x~H~} L^=O
x# J<H= Ok =# QOn `Q Ô` qfiO #fly# . O*, L`~ ^ ,
c~, OQ O`x = ~ Oq Oz# H=x q= " @ PHi` uiy
^ ~@ =~xfl ZOKHxi. 1925x ZO.<.~ JO`~f H=x sH ZOH
#.
=YOQ ~ ` , Hi q= ~@(=~xfl) q^< " PHiì . OQ KOk# uH
q= "# q+O Q K~O K# q. H#~ O^< iaH < J+< J# q= O O
O K|_#. D O O a\+ = # =u~HOQ P^ ~@O# ~OaOK#. `= ~\
H=# P^ =#~ g~ `fi P # HQ\i . 1925 [iy# HHs ^_ WO^ KH \
L^~}. D H POQ `fiO J<H= Okx x~O kOz Hi# tH qkOK#.
1928 <\ Ô q= H~ OY Q}hOQ iQ#. O^<, iaH < J+<
KO^Y ~ P*^ <H`fi O O^< +e J +<Q ||_#.
1928 JH|~ O* Hi, [u~ =< =u~H L^=O x b
\^| Qi J~, } H#. D J=#+ K~ # q= H~ f=OQ =u~HOzi.
*u Q~qOK X H Q <_ X H a\+ JkHi s |e JQ@ ~` *uH Hey# J==#OQ
qOzi. 1928 _O|~ QÒQ, ~[Q~ J# q=H~ [u~ =~}xH H~_#
O_~ # He KOi.
1929 U QÒQ `# J#K~_# a.H.^`` He HH` # O
"#. H =O a\+ "i ^$+H `= H# è* @ W@=O\ K~ K = =zO^x
g~ H\ O zi. POQ `fiO gix, ~[Q~x x~O kOK#. q= H~ * rqÒ JÒ` ^~~ O Q
LO__k . gi Hh ^ H~ [u<^ J# q= H~_ * 64~A x~~ nH K
}`QO K#. ^ [ ZO` =u~HOz## a\+ `fiO _Kq # \ 1931 =i 23#
~ Q ` O Q, ~[Q~, M^ # Lif#. ~` *u=` g~ K# } `Q#
*~ JiOK#.
W@=O\ q= H~H OQ ~< <H`fi O [iy#q. 1930 z@QOQ
a\+ P^ H~Q~O ~< ^_K P^# HQ>#. W`xH Q}+ Q + H<^
"^Q"~ HiOzi. D q= H~ OQ J<H= Ok H~ JOkOzi.
"i u` =_H~ , H#^`, a<^, OuQ+, h` Kî "^Q "~ =Y.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
224
Ô qugi# q= H~H# xOuOK@ `fiO J<H Hi# K~ # fH<#.

q=H~# xOuOK@ `H K\# ~OkOzi. J<H=Ok q= H~# x~OkOz
Lifi. 1931 KO^Y~ P*^# J^ He KOi. W@=O\ K~ eÒQ q=
~\ H=H=OQ |#_# q.
qugi# ^H ^~ `Qj` Q q=H~ H$+x Ô#Oê =# =#=
q+O Q P~kOz q= H~ x"# JiOz#k.
62.11 = < Hg+< (1927) :

1919 ~*OQ O~} ~` *f <# ZO` =Ò O`$ ~K H ~#q.
1927 <_ WOQO_ JkH~O Q H<[ ~"\ " s `fi~ [~Q = ZxflH # ^$+ @Hx
1919 ~[OQ K@ x f~# ijeOK@H X H Hg+<# xqOK@ x~~ OK#.
1927 _O |~ a\+ `fiO xqOz# Hq\ = < Hg+<Q =|_#. ~* <
= < D Hg+< K~ < HQ, D Hg+< 7Q~ # xqOzi. =<` Hg+< "Ò
`* u "i` _ LO_@ =# ~f = < Hg+<# =u~HOzi. ~` ~*OQ O~}#
~OkOK=#k. ~f Qh q^j H^x HOQ Ja _# . ~f fi~*xH
J~ J~#k Hxk POQ UqÔQ x~~OK^~? Jx HOQ tflOK#. HOQ`
O^ = =O bQ "^Q Jxfl ~[H H =< Hg+<# |+iOK@ x~~Oz#q.
= < Hg+< 1928 |=i 3# O~ #Q~ ~ @# ~` O^~ ## ~OaOK#.
~`^ O = < Hg+< ~ \Oz# u #Q~O # *O_`, =< Q H x<^` [
=u~H ^~ ## Ki . D ^~ b ^~}OQ sKs Ki . D O^~ O Q 1928
JH|~ 30# ~ [u~ <H`fi O [iy# ^~ # b K# s Ki
f=OQ Q_# [u~ 1928 #=O|~ 17# =~}O K#.
62.12 < x"kH qi}= :

~`Ô Jxfl =~ [# O`$ ~KQ ~*OQ O~}# U ~f_<
~OkOKQ _? Jx <\ ~` ==~ H~î |~< _ " q~ #. D "# fiHiOz
HOQ <_# "f < X H ~*OQ =~^# ~OkOK#. nx< < i~ Jx
ezi. WO^ ~` ~[OQO Jkx"+ uux Hey LO_=#x ukH ~` _#
=YQ U~_=#x, Ô ZxflH =` ukH [~Q~ ^x, =[#OîH F@ #
W=fi#x < ukOK#. Hh D x"kH# O^ = , =ObQ, =Y u~ iOK#.
< x"kH a#flOQ =ObQ <_# l<fl 14 ` ~*OQ ^Hxfl H\ OK#. D
225
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
^H O l<fl =ùkH ZxflH # |iK#. < x"kH# = <# [=~ <,

KO^ "^Q "~ =u~HOzi. 1928 HH` [iy# HOQ ="O D =
< ~fi fiÒ` f~#O K =#x uflOzi. Hx QOn, "f < "^Q "~
Jkx"+ uux kOKH< ~ fi~[ f~#=# K@ Ò^~ @ K~ Jx Ja_i .
~` ^xH 1929 _O |~ 31 Jkx"+ uux WK@ Q_ =Q x~~ Oz Jk J= Hh
HO ~ fiÒ`=# ukOz ^x ^# H~ # LO## K^=x KiOzi.
~[uxk Wifi< HOQ KiH# iQ}OK=@` HOQ 1929 _O |~ ~
="" O~ fiÒ`" UHH H OQ H\ O K#. D ="O [=~ < HOQ
J^_ J#. _O|~ 31, 1929# < ~ ~q#n f~O ~` u=~ `HO#
ZQ~" ~ fi~* u[# K~OK#.
fiÒ` u[ POQ `fi= ~f fiK fiÒ`# iOK@ QH =#
=~# ^KHx ^ PiH ~[H , O $uH PûH == # <#O K# O^=# POQ
`
O|O^# =^Hx ~fifi~*# kOK@ = H O Jx H\ O K#.
D qÔ Q ~ HOQ ="xH fiÒ`^=O q+ ^#` K@KH<#.
<\ #O_ fi~[=#Q i ~[H fiK Jx QiOzi. *f^= ~kQ QOnx JOwHiOz
~ fiÒ`xH # LO ## PÔ Q fiHiOzi.
~ fl 62.
1. fi~* s q^< UqÔ Q HOQ a#fl" # q?
2. fi~* s < W~=i ~ `=.
3. JO`~f H=x WO@~fl+< ZxflH # è ~f_ Z=~?
4. = < Hg+<# ZO^=# ~f =u~HOzi
5. 1930 fiÒ` u[ *f"^ H = Uk
62.13 # LO # L^=O :
QOn # LO## 1930 U 6# K>#. P~A QOn Ô_Q=xfl Ki =^
f~xH "o K@ =u~HOQ LC# `~K#. ~fOîx qÒ K LC K@O#
kH iOK=#x QOn x~
O.
# LO # L^=O x~H~} a#fl" # k. x~H~} ~f POQ

HiOKH H =O HH ` =Ozi. Hx # LO # *=u~H K\# kH iOz `^fi~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
226
`fiO# O aOK
@ H OQ @Hxi D L^=O ^fi~ POQ ## Ô P"Ô H^x
~f +O Ki .
QOn` ~O"# LC `QO ^ "OQ [iQ#. `q<_ LC `QO
.~[QKi <H`fi O [iQ#. JO LC `Q O` @ W`~ < kH ~} [iQ#.
`~ ~`^ O #fl x~H~}
[iQ#. Q[~` #Ok M_ Q=~` qt # KeO K@
x~HiOzi. =~R, H~fl@Hx yi[# J@g K\# kH iOzi. L`~ ^ ~ ` t #,
[gO^~ H# KeO K^ .
t"`~ ~`Ô # LO# L^=O JkfifOQ [iQ#. 'i^ QOnQ
MuQOz# M< J| Q ~M< <H`fi Ox Y^ d^=`Q~(Q = O`x =) J# fiKO ^
^= # U~@ K#. D Ô # '~_+~ Jx ezi. D Ô =~ H [~= #kQ
POQ JkH~ P^tOKQ x~^ H [~@ x u~iOzi. eÒQ xH
<#O P x # qKiOz "iH * tH# qkOK#. Ô x Jxfl =~ OOkOz#
*f " D O @# x^~ #O.
D L^=O = K~Q xi. g~ Q$ #O_ |@ =z `Q ta~
xi. q^j =#, H# qH~OK ^H}# H \OQ Ki . sKi Q_#
"iH ^= zH` # K @ J<H= Ok = =O^ =zi. q^j == # |+iOK@,
H =u~H L^=O q^~ , = ^ OY xi. z#fl ` = '"#~# J#
~` L^=OxH =zi. QOn =Ô#O_ ` ~ K# Q_ LC ^" O Q Q L^=xH
îf#.
~O= D L^= q+ O `fiO *HO K H#^ . =^f~O "O|_ `
K LC# ` ~K# O` =`=# [~Q =Ô Ug^ JOQ
D L^=xfl J=#
Ki . Hx L^=O <<\H f=" Jxfl O` qiOK@` `fiO "x L^=xfl ["#
^~# K~ ` J}z " @ Jxfl `fl# K#. 90,000 =Okx * x~O kOK#. D
OY x~H~}
x~O kOK|_# ^xH<fl 3~@ JkHO . QOn` <O^~ *
"oi. HOQ O xflO\x K@ =u~H"# qQ H\ O zi. uH POH qkOK|_#. D HO
q^j == =Y=Q =, Q~ @ "^Q kQ=` 50% `y #. `fixH =Ô
J=H #O_ aOK ZH * #fl Q}hOQ `y #. # [~Q ZxflH # |+iOzi.
62.14 ~O_ >| =" :

= < Hg+< x"kH# KiOK@ O_< 1930 "^\ ~O_ >| ="O # U~@
Ki . nx=# Z@=O\ e Ò LO_^x D ="O # *f HOQ |+iOK#.
227
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
QOn Wifi< X_O|_H `^# O`~ i}=

^~# OQ # LO # L^=xfl J}z" @ H+= x Q Oz# POQ `fiO QOnx K~
PfixOK#. 1931 =i 5# QOn~[uxk Wifi< =^ X H X _O|_H k~#. e ÒQ L^==
`èHOQ xe"
|_#. QOn ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="O #@ JOwHiOK#. O`
~@= K# "ix qx~Oz qye# "ix q_^ K @ `fi= JOwHiOK#. f~O`
Q=x [ `= J=~ H~ LC# ` ~K H< # HeOzi. OuÒ H \OQ#
[~H#@ `fiO JOwHiOK#.
QOnWifi< X OÔ *f [#O Q X H = P"Ô aOH< QOn L^=O#
x^ K @# "=H " Q =` JOwiOH # Hx QOn `fi=# qfiO K#.
* #O_ q_^# "iH JÒ` #"# fiQ` aOz#q. D L^=O POQ
=u~HOQ
~_Q =<_ qfiO# ~f OOkOK#.
~*OQ O~} q+ " QOn ~ O_= >| ="= x KiOK#. Hx D
K~ q " QOn 1931 WO_ uiy =K#. 1932 xe" # # LOQ# L^=xfl
uiy ~OaOzi. Hx L^=xfl `fiO J}z"#. QOnx "O@< x~O kOz HOQ# `fiO
x+kOK#. J<H J}z"` K\# K#. Z^~ uiy# "ix `fiO x~H}
OQ J}z"#.
1934 U =~ D L^=O H#Q#. Hx H=OQ |#_# . QOn HO`HO H jH
~[H ^~=#.
62.15 H=# J"~ 1932 :

~fx *f "^xfl h~Q~@ QOQ 1932 PQ a\+ `fiO H=#
J"~# H\ O K#. nx H~O Ô , ==n, H = =iHO^~ "< i\.
giOîH # ` H i[~fi+< HeOK|_#. JO`QH J}Qi# =~# i[# i[~fi+<
HeOzi.
D K~ ^fi~ i[## O^= #O_ "~ K "ix ` H ~[H =~O Q ~#@
*f"Ô^~ =u~HOzi. D J"~ =u~HOQ QOn, * < x~~ nH# ~OaOK#.
JO@~x`#OH =u~HOQ [~QK#fl L^=xH D J"~ Q_e @ =O\^x QOn Ja_# .
` H x[H =~ ^fi~ JO@~x =~ Z#fl\ H JO@~x =~= Q< qyeQ^x <
Ja_i . `^ D q"Ô < X _O|_H ^fi~ =y#. i[# H \~Oz# <
OY ~ \O J#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
228
62.16 1935 ~` `fi K@O :

1919 ~*OQ K@= ~f# iQ x~`~z # q+ O# =#O J^ #O K=.
1930 `^# O`~ HO *f L^= f=~ [iy#q. JO^=# ~f# O`$ ~ K @
"iH Hxfl ~~f W=fi=# iu U~_#. 1932 =_= ~O_ >| ="O [iy# =@
a\+ `fiO X H fi` Ò# q_^ K ^x ukH 1935 ~` `fi K@= # ~OkOK#.
1. Jd ~` =Y :
D K@O =Y `~ `fi U~@ H$+K #. a\+ e`~xfl D =Y K~Q =.
fi^j O< =Y K~ fiK# "\H =ke"i . JkH~ q[ # [iy H O^ *a` 59
JO# Kii. g\ ~ fi , x H ==~, Òu,` "^Q#q H=. ~R *a` 54
JO H=. g\ q^, qt, xH `fi "^Q#q =Y"# q. L=_ *a` 34
JO H=. WO^ Hq# <O, q <O "^Q#q H=. Of `fi
_ ~ `fixH =^ `` q"Ô# i+iOK@ _b X H _ ~ <#O <Hei.
HOk << D H~ #ifiK~}kH~ Hey LO_#.
D K@O ^fi~ ~x ^fiO^fi # H O^xH qi OK#. i# Q=~fl~ [#~
H~=~ , HO^~ =O` HiOK^~ . gi H~=~ i[~fi_ *a`, =O`
\<~ *a`#Oê JO JkH~ W=fi|_#q. =OÒ^~ # . "~ #
^ ` =OK^~ . H O^ # Q=~fl~ [#~ JÒ`H = O`_. =O` `= Y q+ O
Q=~fl~ [#~ # W=fiQ~. P fiH~}
Q=~fl~ [#~ q[` =ke"i . #
P"kOz# u a Q=~fl~ [#~ P"Ô Jx"~O # =u H< |_\ #Oê Hxfl
JO# Q=~fl~ [#~ ~OkOKQ_. J`=~ = Q=~fl~ [#~ Pi<<# *s
KQ_.
2. ~ fiO uu :
D K@O ^fi~ Oq Oz# =Y"# =~ U=#Q ~ fiO## WK@. ~R
*a`x JO ~ i JkH~ W=fi|_#q. OQ, O~, =^, L`~ ^ ,
c~, JO ~ kfi# == " @|_#. ZQ=# #=O_e Jx, kQ= #
# Jx ezi. O*, =^ ~RO "= i^ ~RO, X i, O^ UH# ==
J=xH =K#. ~R*a` JO K\ K JkH~O # W=fi|_## Q=~fl~
JkH~ Z=Q W=fi|_#q. ~R # axflO\H Q=~fl~ P"^= Jx"~O. ~R ##
~^ K @ Pi<< # *sK @ Q=~fl~ JkH~ H=.
D K@O 1909, 1919 K\ " \# =ùkH ZxflH ==# H#yOK#.
229
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ H~x~fiH JkH~ Q=~fl~ W=fi|_#q. W`xH =O` _^~.D

=O`# # "*i\ i#O_ Q=~fl~ ZOH K H##. D =O` # Q=~fl~
fiHiOK=K# ^ u~ iOK=K#. `fi=x Jxfl Y W`xH J^ H^.
D K@O ~` ==~ H~î ^q =~# `K #. ~` H~î Hx ~^
J#. WH#O_ ~` H~î, fiOQ xqOKHx# Hx~ O# fH##. gi OY
6 qOK O_ 3 ` = O_ LO_=#. gi H\sH `xiH^. D qÔQ ~`
H~î ^q =#\ H<fl H= O`=#. D K@= ^fi~ ~ fiO ## JOkOz##
^x J<H POH qkOK|_#q. JO^=#< D K@O # < ' , WO[< x OÒ =O\^x
Ja=iOK#. l<fl ` O D K@O # Z\ i` P"kOK@ gx K@= Q Ja=iOK#.
62.17 193539 O=`~= =^ i}=
(Z) HOQ =Ou=~ U~@ :

1935 K@O fi== HOQ f= JO`$ =Hiz## D K@ ukH 1937
[iy# ~R # ZxflH HOQ x 7 ~ "*i\ < Q Ok =Ou=~#
U~@ K#. ~ O_~ (OQ, O*) OH~ `fi# U~@ K#.
HOQ ZxflH aOz# # q[O ^x u+# W#=_OK #. ~x HOQ
`fi HO^ `fi =u~H q^<# x~kOK@ uflOKQ=x qfiOzi. `= Q
iq` JkH~` HOQ `fi [ = i~xH H$+ K#q. ~` i`
"~Q~K @, q [<# i~HO K@, JO@~x `#=# x~eOK@, ^qH,
OHuH q^# Ja=$k K @ HOQ `fi H$+ K# q.
(a) JO`~f i}= HOQ :

HOQ ~OO#O_ JO`~f i}=# PHQ Q=xOK#. *f"^ a\+
J#iOK =["^ q^<#, ~f < # `= [< i~H}
H~ ^
O@# =u~HOzOk. fiÒÒ, q=H H~ O KO W`~ K K#fl ~\ HOQ
`# # ux, H~xfl JO^K #. S~O_, Dl, @s, P< , ^H}
PH [iy# ~\#
WO_ =iOK#.
1927 [=~ < ="^, =["^ =u~HOQ [iy# JO`~f ^
[~ #. D < J^ xQ ZxflH
#. =["^xH, =u~HOQ, *f fiÒÒ
H~ U~_# JO`~f bQ H~=~ xQ < ZxflH #. JO`QH HOQ D bQ J#|O^
OQ K#. ~`* f^=O OK "OQ =["^xH =u~HOQ [~QK#fl ~
Q=x H\ O K#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
230
1936 `^# O`~O *f q^j q^#= "Q= O`" # =~ Oq OK#. W@b

Ô` K~OxH =z#q. W@=O\ =^H~ ^~} [~h [< |î#q. ~`^
q +` D , *fi= =^ [~Q "~= P^~_#fl^x Q Ozi. 1936
Hfl HOQ J^ _ < O yOKK O KO =["^, =~=Q#, ="^,
*f "^ =~O Q ~ O_Q q_~i. 1939 < =# ~@O# qÒ K JO =#
Ô HH ~<, K< H=x H\ O K#. HOQ @~ KH" H
# PHqOK@# YO_OK#.
J~a, < `# # ux èK#. J^qÔ Q q\ ~# Ja=xOK#. HOQ
1936 X H f~#= ^fi~ a\+ Jx q^j q^< #O_ iQ "^ QK#fl@ H\ O K#.
`^ i ~O ~ O_= O K Ô #, *f^== ^x =O# J^ #O K Q~.
() ="^ " =$k :

~[H K` # O Ok# ~f ="^ " =$kx 1930#O_ =#= Q=xOKQ O.
~f = ~ q= O _ Q PHi` ~ x WO` =O^ =#O `Hx <flO.
[=~ <, + KO^ ~# OîOzi. KO^Y~ P*^, Q ` O Q ="^
"# qfiOzi. ZO.<.~ Dq+ " OK "O Q ~ `K H<#.
1929 @|_î ~* f= PiH =O^ O U~_#. Lù, =~H ^|ux x~^Q=
|#. J^ == ~ Q ~Qu ^ _# . ~O_ OK=~ }eH ~ kOz#
Qu x ~f Q=xOzi. 1932 `^# O`~= Ô J<H HiH O , ~ ` O U~_#q.
JO` =# 1928 Jd~` HiH, H~ H s J=ìOK#. 1934 [H+ <~},
PK~ #~O^^" H HOQ +e sx O zi. 1936 Jd~` H< = J=ìOK#.
193639 O=`~= =^ HO <, HOQ J^ Q ZxflH i . e `=Q
HOQ |"# "=H " OOk#q. 1931 H~z ="O HOQ ^q H ,
PiH q^< X H f~#O# P"kOK#. 1938 *f }oH Hq\ U~_#. 1938 "=H
" Q +KO ^ ZxflH J#. e ÒQ QOn =^ Ja^ ù # q.
(_) Jd~` fi^j O< * L^= :

POQ
# ~`^ O iy# *f", ~[H K# Ò, fi^j O<x
J}z"` q^<, ~ ` , Hi û fiÒ` ~\ =~O # ` ~ O K#.
Ô x fi^j O< a\+" i ~fi=kH~=# JOwHiOz# q+ O J^ #O K
O\q. D fi^j ~* Z@=O\ u~Q@ [iy< "\x J}z"@# `= ^`Q
POQ
fHxi. D ~* [ Z@=O\ ~ =. q^, "~ uH Ja=$kH
<KH#^ . #fl ~O JkHO . O~}# J#=uOK^ . D ~* # x~O`~O a\+
231
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
*H= JkHO Q LO_#. |~_ =~A *f "^ # u `Q a\+ `fiO J O`~O

è#.
1920 ^|O [iy# d` , x~H~}
L^= O<x [# q+O Q
q`" #i#q. O< [ =" ~_, ^~^, *"#Q~ [iy#q. D O<
[ ~[H H~H# =#fi ~K @ Jd~` fi^j ~[[ ="O (AISPC)
[iQ#.
a\+ `fiO W@=O\ K~ # x~kOK `fl ==~O K#. 1935 K@O ^fi~
Jd~` =Y J=ìOK#. D =Y O<n `= ux^ # Oi. HOQ (AISPC)s
D qÔQ O<n ZOH ^fi~ HH `= W+"# "ix =Y O@# =u~HOK#.
1937 Jxfl ~ HOQ JkH~xH =K@ e ÒQ O<x [ qfiO =iO`
|_# . W@=O\ i}= * ~, Hj~ \ K@K Hx#q.
fi^j O< =z# =~ e ÒQ HOQ `# q^<# =~Hx#k. 1939
[=~ <(AISPC)J^ xQ ZxflH fi^j O< fiÒ` ~@O# =iO` |~ K@
K~ Q H <#.
1942 Hfi\ WO_ L^=O ~O" # "O@< O<x [ JO^ Qfi=i .
O< WO_ Q=x, POQ
"O@< Ô #O_ `Q=#x L^qOzi.
D fi^j Oxfl WO_< x< U q^=Q qb#"#n
`H#Q~.
SS/4IST/65
^fi~
(W) #`# =`"^ ^~} :

fiÒ` ~\ z=i ^ Ô =`KO^"^ ^~} qH$`~O ê#q.
==n ` H x[H=~= H \~O# QiOz J^#O K=. 1939 ZxflH
==n H \~Oz# 482 #O HOQ H == 26 #= Q eK#. =` "`
K~= K# =O bQ 482 < 109 < Q eK#. O^ = _ Q q[#
kOKH #. HOQ =O qfiO# O^H #. HOQ =O qfiO O^@
X H q $` H~H=xfl K@
= #x < Ja_# . H =O =O bQ =`" ==n
[<# i~HO KQ ^x l<fl K~O K#.
1937 `^# O`~O =`K O^" Ô f="ÔQ =~#. l<fl <H`fi O =ObQ =`
L<^xH =~~Q =~#. l<fl `# =O^ ==n_#x, =@< ~f_#x
H\ O KH<#. " H ~`^ O =O JOMx, "~ JkH OM# O^=K
J}z" |_^~x l<fl "^#. JO^=#< =O bQ 1940 H< f~#O# P"kOK#.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
232
=`<Ô O^= ` O =$kKO ^#. O^ = ^xfl O^ Ô Q H\ O K#.

==n ~~f# WK@, kfi*u ÔÒ# P"kOK@ O^ = x~HiOK#.
q._.=~~ <H`fi = ~+
fiO=H OO ^= `="^# =iO` f=`~O K#.
O^=O =^ Z@=O\ =Ò =x Ja_# QOn J<H q^=# ^_
[iy#q.
=```fi ^~} eÒQ ~[= ^fi, iy#q. D =`^fi eÒQ
1946 `^# O`~= Ô J=#+=Q }x [iQ#. "k=Ok J=H[ D =`<^xH
|eJ~i. D =` "+= =yO z=~ ^ q[# UqÔQ îf< `î ~O
J^ #O KÔ.
~ fl 62._
1. # LO # L^=O QOn LC K@O # JuHqOK@ Q H~}O Uq?
2. H=# J"~# *f"^ U =u~HOzi.
3. 1935 K@O #Oê ~ O_ =Y JOUq?
4. fiÒ` L^=O QOQ WO_ J#iOz# q^j q^# H}
~ O_O\x Ò_.
5. 1935 ZxflH `^# O`~O =O bQ fi=O =z# =~ Uq?
62. ~OO :
"^\ O K ^ ~OxH =O^ a\+" i ^ `fl# ~f =iOzi.
nx ^fi~ Hxfl ~[H [<# O^Q =x g~ qOzi. ^x PK~}
Z@=O\ *<
^xH HQ^ . 1909 ~` `fiO K@O Ô#Oê *f"^# ZO`=Ò O`$ ~K H
#. JO`HH [ fiK# iOK ~\ K@O# yOzi. QOn D q^ K\
=u~H=Q ^" L^=xfl ~OaOK#. D L^=O QOQ [e<"Q =~}HO_
OqOK#.
192022 O=`= =^ HO ^= d` L^=O ~O= #. D L^=O
^fi~ #`# ~[H K` # O# OOkOK@" HH J<H =Ok ==n# *f L^=O
_ PHiOK@ ^^_ # . HOQ ^ *OQ ~O`~O KO^#. Hx KsK~ O @#
x~H~}
L^=O LO ~} H~}=#.
192223 HOQ <# .P~.^, "f < fi~*sx O zi. i##
tflOK@ # " = Jx"~=x g~ qOzi. D HO< Ô LQ"^ H~H
233
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Kiy#q. Q ` O Q, KO^Y ~ J*^, ~[Q~, Y^", ~< "^Q "~ q= H~H

e_i. ="^ " q $ÒQ K~OxH =z#q. [=~ <, +KO^
"^Q"~ ="Ô _ "QK i.
1928 =< Hg+< x=HO` *f^=O #`# = uiQ#. D Hg+<
POQ
LO_@O= nxx ~f |+iOzi. 1928< < x"kH ~OkOK#. D
x"kH Jkx^ uux P"kOK#. Hh [=~ <, KO ^ nxx =u~HOz
~fi~*# ukOzi. e`=Q 1930 [#=i 26 ^"OQ [O_ ZQ~" L`"
[~Hxi.
JO :
1.
HOk fl 100 ^ =^#O# "=.
1.
*f^=O ~\ K\ `H}
=O# ~#=.
2.
UqÔ Q # LO # L^=O x~H~}

L^=O H<fl a#fl" O k.
3.
1935 `^# O`~O LQ"^ H~H `Q @

Q H~} Uq
4.
HOQ q^< ="^ Ô` UqÔ Q qÒ K#.
2.
x~H~} L^=O J~O`~O Q xe"

|_## Jk q "^ # @ g^ . D L^==
*f "^xfl U "~ q`" #~#.
3.
L^=xfl *L^=OQ =~@, QOn J#iOz# q^< Uq.
4.
20= à =``` fi O ~Q^# q=iOKO_.
5.
HOk "H Kkq W=fi|_# fl 3 =^< "=.

QOn =@ Ô x ^ D ^xfl `= Ô Q qOK@H~ <# xK#. `^fi~
^= L#fl` =~O |_Q =~O J# =`= H ==O U~_Q ^. JO@~x`<xH
J=HO O_ K =#. ~+ ` @ =# Hey LO_=#. J@=O\
~`^ xfl <# K_=#x H H#K<fl#.
6.
^j, L`` "_HO , q^j = |+~} J# fi^j =# X H PiH PÔ Q LHi OK#.
e ÒQ ^j L`` y~H iy Ô #`# i= # , Lk J=H OO^@
g HeQ #.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
234
H$` :
1.
1930 [#=i 26# è fiÒ` k#=Q [~Hxi. D fiÒ` u[`# K^= O_.
2.
x~H~}
, # LO # L^= xx "ix h=, h @O| ` He "i
=HQ ` J#" # `H#=#k.
3.
q= H~# Q ` O Q, KO^Y ~ J*^ "^Q "i "# J^#O K O_.
~ fl =^<
62.Z.
1.
^H O =["^ ^ `= Pn#Ox = ~* *fi=xfl H\ O zi. Hx

^#O`~O D =@# iQ qiOzi.
2.
^fiO^fi `fiO ^fi~ `fi JkH~ H O^, ~R *a`Q uiy i[~fi_, \<~ *a`Q
qlOK|_#q.
3.
` = =i JO
4.
`Q O# K@
@
5.
x~^ # [ [#~ _ ~ H [iOK#.
62.a.
1.
^#O`~O @i _ a\+ "Y i
2.
^= POQ ## u OK O# x~HiOK@.
3.
1. H =# =~Hx JO ^` ^fi~ ~ fi~[O# kOK@
2.
HOQ `fi ~O# `yO K@
3.
H~=~ Hq\x ukH U~~K@
4.
HOQ =iqux `yO K@
5.
=# [ # qÔ Q x~}`H H~H= K@@.
235
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
63
~ fi~[ ^# (19391947)
63.1 iK O :
HÒ ~O "<^ H~" KO^ QOn #`# *f <_Q Pq~q Oz# "< xfl
Kk"O. P# <`$ `fiO fiÒ`^=O #`# = uiyOk. P^ xH QO OKO Hxqh
Z~Qx * L^=OQ *f^=O =i~Ok.
ZO`\ H =O`" # =["# Ou` * L^= ^\H x=^x *f^=O
x~OzOk. Ou` ~*OQ ^` ^fi~ fiÒ`xfl Z O^=K =# *f^=O X H
L^~}.
D ~O *f^=Ox `k \# QiOz K^=Ò. ~O_= OK Ô
*f^ =O HeO z# =O, a\+ "Y i =z# =~# =YOQ qO. JkH~ =i_,
^ q[ # ù # =# QiO. =# ^ H `Q OQ fiÒÒ kW OzO^x =##
K O\O. D fiÒ`xfl Q~qOz, ^ " H ` H$+ K _O =# qk.
63.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\~.
1.
PQ u^#, H ~~Ox =MO :
2.
PQ u^##, H u^## HOQ u~iOK_xH Q H~}.
3.
Hfi\ WO_ L^= =YO.
4.
fiÒ` ~@O ~` *f # O =Oz# `.
5.
1945 `~ "` ~` @ a\+ "Y i =~ H~}.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
236
6.
fiÒ` =~# =Ou` ~~O, =O\ @< }oH ^Ô K# "# O.
7.
^ q[ # HOQ JOwHiOK@ H~}.
63.3 ~ O_= O K Ô HOQ =Ou=~ ~r<= :

~f fi ## JOkOz# =~kx, 1935 ~` `fi K\xfl a\+
~[H "^q =~O O OzOk. Hx Jk x[O H^. PK~}
H~x~fi} Y # H \
^ ` He
O_H =@=#, ~" O@s `fi q^#=<k P^~ OQ< D K@O qye~Ok.
J~< HOQ `fi K@ ik< [ uQ` # "~Q~K\xH H$+ K~. *~QO,
q^, uHfiÒ Ò =#flQ "x x~}`H K\ K |_~. *f HOQ O K ~[H
=K =~# =YOQ ~ O_= O K ^xH îf i` _ ^$+x iOzOk.
1939, O |~ ~ O_= O K Ô ~O" O k. =[ HOH` @~ O_
^_ K_. O_ =^` Q a@<, # [~h ^xH kQ~. a\< *f HOQQx,
HOQ =Ou=~ Qx OkOK O_ =# ^xfl _ [~hH ` ~*OQ H\ O zOk. D
Ô *fi= ~H}
H=x a@<, < L^\ O K~. , <l xO`$`fixH =u~HOQ
Q *fi= ~\xH *f HOQ # u J~Ok. Hx x`fi O =Q ~`^ O W`~
fiÒ`xH Z _Q ^#flk HOQ =O. ^ Hq\ K =OkQ HOQ a@<#
^ ^ HiOk. = fiÒ`xfl Qi =u~HOQ ~_xH = =^` LO@O^x
_ HOQ ~Ok. D K## a@< \ O KH#H=@O` a\+ "YiH x~# Q, JH|~
#=O|~, 1939 HOQ =Ou=~= xfl ~r<= K~. ''~f <r xO`$`fixH ~` x
a\+ `fi xO`$`fixH `_ ^x QOnr a\+ `fixH qt^~K_.
63.4 PQ u^# (PQ , 1940) :

1940 ~ O_= O K Ô [~h # q[# kOzOk. HhO H OÔ `èH
*f `fixfl U~@ K< Ô a@< _Q =x HOQ ukOzOk. D =O
" ~ ~ Z<ZQ X H H@
# K_. nx< PQ u^# JO\~. D u^#x =MO
U=#Q, 1. ^ q~=} `~ "` *=x< uu û i ^ `` `fi # , 2.
J OM =uHx^ a\+ `fi ` ^ `x U `fixH |kb K |_=. D u^#
Ô =`<^ |O K iOk. D J#Q =i, 1940 =O bQ l<fl J^ H` #
~ ="" , O^, =O "~ *`x, =O ` H ~[O H"x 'kfi*u Ô`xfl
H\ OK~.
237
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
63.5 H ~~O, =i 1942 :

1941 ~ O_= O K Ô ~ O_ =Y O @# [iQ~. X H\ q\ x<
[~h ^_, ~ O_=k J"iH <H =~O# ~~ ~~ *< ^_. P ^ ~OQO [<
=i 1942 <\H ~OQ<<HqOz ~` i^ # `HOk.
W\ u a@< Ô ~f H~O J=~xfl QiOz, =i, 1942 Ha<\
=Ou # ~ ~ , H # ~` ~iQ O#. H ~f <` OkOz Hxfl
u^# K_. D u^#x =MO U=#Q :
1. ^#O`~O ~`^ xH _qx< uu D|_#.
2. Ô =y# `~ "` ~R # K Z#flH#|_#, fi^j ~A xqOz# `
_# ~*OQ i+` U~_ ~` #`# ~*OQxfl ~OkO k. 3. H< H~# ~HO Q
=xfl , #`# ~*OQxfl P"kOK_xH ^ _ x ~, a\+ "i` `H X _O|_H K Hx
`= q +`# "~ x~~ OKH=K. 4. `H}
" JkH~ |kb [~Q^ . i fi i# a\+
H O. 5. ` O ~H}
q+ |\+ `fi xO`} H#QÒk. D u^# QOnr
''k"f O g^ ~ `n " Wz# K x q=iOK~. D u^## K^= Q<
K x~, x $ << =x < ~<fl_ . H u^# JOwHi Ô =H K =\xH
JOwHiOz#># x =H}OK_. *f `fixfl U~@K x^ a\+" i` HiOK H ^x
*f < =zOK_. `H}
" H< H~ D u^# H=@K =O bQ ` O
H u^## ` zOk.
63.6 Hfi\ WO_ L^=O, PQ 8, 1942 :

H u^## Jxfl ~[H H u~ iOK@` *f L^=O #`# = uiyOk.
a\+ ## JOÒ K O> ''* Ô ` =~O`~O ^x *f HOQ qOzOk.
1948 PQ 8= `n# Jd ~` HOQ Hq\ O~ ="" ''^ Hfi\ WO_
f~#O# P"kOzOk. D O^~ O QOnr =\_ `, a\+ ## JOÒ K > =# `H}
H~= O. JO^ =#O Z\ `QxH< ^ _ e ''fiÒ`", ^ =~}" (Do or Die) `H"e.

WO^ Ou` x~H~}
L^=xfl \OKx P^tOK_. ~` K_ (Bharat Chodo)
J< x<Ô` Hfi\ WO_ L^=O ~O" O k. D L^=O [ î Oz# ^~ ,
`Qx~u x~=#"# q.
W\ * L^=xfl J}z" \xH a\+ `fiO JW#fl K~ Q H Ok. L^=O ~OO
H=\xH =O^ J#Q, PQ 9= `n# QOnr, <` *f <Oîx J~ KO k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
238
HOQ# K@q ~^" # OQ H\ O z, ^=#HO_ _Ok.

HOQ < J~` [ PQ " [fiie ^ "O Q ~ , x~# ^~ #,
[iQ~. D L^=xH ^k x~t OK <_ H=@K [ `= W+" z# su
OkOK~. =Y #Q~# O~, HH`, _b , J=^^, <Q ~, J=$`~ ` J<H
#Q~ D L^=O` J@_H ~. `` H~Q~O 13 ~A =`_ O k. # q "
=_#fl~ <Q LOk. Jxfl ~[H H L^=O <fl~. L^=O O`HOQ =iOk.
b + # ^_, ~"} H~ qz#flO, x~H~} ~fi ^~}"< ~. qQfl ~, =~Rx
Hxfl O` \ `fi <H|_~. ~` #fl KeOK@=x" POQkH~xfl
kH iOK~. a\+ WO_ xK ~f L^Q b * JkH~ ` O ZO`\
"xfl HeO zOÔ> "~ L^=H~ u#|O_~#, PiH xfl JO^* ~. X H=@
KO> D L^=O a\+ `fiO Q =`~ u~Q@.
`fi L^=xfl J}z" @O qHOQ ==iOzOk. J~ , =H [i=<,
J`K~, sKs, H ~fi ^~}"< ~. JkH~ H H~O D L^=O 60
" =Ok J~H Q, 18 " =Ok Z\ qK~} O_ x~OkO|_~ . k" =Ok H
=~}O K~. 1942 _O|~ <\H L^=O iQ J}z" |_Ok. nx =O =#< ~ "#
(~[ uxk), a\+ ^ xQ Ki Y ~ Ô `~"` ~` `= JkH~xfl H#yOK_O
H+O x ~<fl_ .
D L^=O J}z" |_# *f^= Ki` Wk HH @O. <H`fi O H ~< [
L^=O x~fiOKQ H =~<fl x ~A"< ~. D L^=O a\+ "iH ~A ^Q~ _ x,
WOH JkH~ |kb ` "~ =~O ^x qkÒ KOk. _qx< uu PQ Jyfl *fi
PuHQ, D L^=O fiÒ` =~# ^Q~ KiOk.
Hfi\ WO_ L^=O fiÒ` =~# `= `H}
H~x (HOQ Z*O_) qkÒ KOk
63.Z ~ fl :
1.
a\+ "i ^ <fl HOQ ZO^=# HiOK^ ?
2.
PQ u^# q? HOQ "xx ZO^ u~ iOzOk?
3.
H u^## =O bQ ZO^ u~ iOzOk?
4.
U L^=HO> Hfi\ WO_ L^=O U a#fl" O k?
239
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
63.7 KO^ ~` *f # O :
Hfi\ WO_ L^=#O`~O *f^=O HO` | ` U~_Ok. =Y *f <O`
* LO_@O #`# <H`fi O <H`fi ^ ` K@
H =_O nxH =Y H~}O. J~`
fiÒ` ~@O #tOK^ . ~`^ " #O_ D ~\xfl H#yOz# n~^`_
KO^. P# J*^ O^ * (~` *f #O)# O K_.
q^j H~O` ~`^ xfl q=H K #fl^ H O. JO^ =i 1941 WO_
#O_ ` OKHx q\ x< "_. q\ x< q` ~* H # Ô
"t OK@=# `flO q[=OÒ H^ . `^ i [~h "o, JK@ #O_ OQ ~
g^Q *< "o, P^ =iOK_. [< ^ x i H~xfl JOk, `= ~`#
PHqOKH"< HOH ^ x , a@< `= `=x H\ O K_. 1943, JH|~ OQ ~ "o
JK@ *^ O^ q= `fixfl (fiK ~` `èH `fixfl) OK_. D `fixfl `qk
^ QiOK~. PQfl ##fl ~f#, *< Ku zH# ~f ^ Mn #
H ~` *f < xfl #~==Hi OK_. *f # O ~h ~} i@ = qQxfl
_ U~@K_. * O^, K _b J< x<^` *f # O, *< # O` H |~ #O_
WO_ |îOk. D < `` Hxfl q[ kOz<, `^ q "< ~. [<
J"iH ^_ f=`~O K @=# [< # O fi^xH " ==zOk. JOu=OQ [<
J"iH J}O| " @O, [< ^xfl q~qOz q` ~* Oy=_O [iyOk. D
i}= =# H O <~" ~ ^ . nxH`_ P# q=# =Ô =~}O K@ *f < xH
Jx`" O k. *f # O g~z` ~@O =yOk.
a@< *f # Ox K =Okx J~ K @"QH, "iH <H`fi O =OKx #"*M<,
Q~^ OQ k<, "=~ Q ~[^ <~O "Ok. gi =Qix ^Q
x~iOz x H < #O LitH qkOzOk. Hx ~f gi =Qi x *f ~Q qOz,
tH =u~HOQ * L^=O ~O"O k.
uH O^H
D tH# f=OQ QiOK~. H~ ` OK|_~. =", x~#
aH~. O, =`, =~ ^ O O_ =` ~` D LitH# ~^ K =OkQ PO^#
K~. K =Ok `fi L^Q, x *f # <# @ # u =OK~.
Q` O`~O H, *axfl =xflOz a\+ `fiO D LitH # ~^K , J~ K |_# *f
x # ` O q_^ KO k. Wk * q[O.
H=OQ a\+ "Y i =~ =zOk. J"iH, q\ ~ JQ~*Q Pq~q OK~.
D ~ O_ ^ ~` fiÒ` ~\xH =^` eH~. ~ O_= OK Ôx q*`
#,
a\+ xHOQ, PiHOQ Q ^|u#@` ^x ~[H |O Ò H}OzOk. nxH `_
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
240
1945 a\< [iy# ZxflH ~` fiÒ`q=fi\xH JOwHiOz#, =["^ =u~H" #

|~ s (H" O\ J\ ^ x) JkH~OxH =zOk. Q a\+ L `fi OÒQO (Steel
frame) L^yfi=O, b, x
`fi JkH~xfl kH iOK ^~}<fl~. W\ u
*f^=xfl J}z" @O ^ O H^x a\< QiOzOk.
WOQO _ 194546 O=`~ =^ *f iH+ K~ <fl~. 1948 #=O|~
HH`x q^~ *f # O qK~} =^ J<HO Q x~# `` b` ` H O ~}
kQ~. 1946, |=i 11# ~ WO_ < <HÔ x X H qQO u~Q@ KO k. O~,
HH` =O\ #Q~ ~, \, b +# ^_ x`H$`"<~. ~"} ==
O aOKOk. ~ xez~. D i}=hfl a\+ JkH~xH "Q =~~. g\#}K@
^ O H^x a\+ QiOzOk.
63.8 =Ou` ~~O, =i 1946 :

JkH~xfl |kbK \xH `Q K## K =OkQ J> `= =Ou=~O x =Q~
= # (kH ~<, H , Z.q. JQO_~) ~` O#. =OuÒ ~f <#
OkOz Hxfl K# KO k. ^ " H `# H_`< ~ Z= fiK W"fix, H O^
*a` q^j ==~, ~H}
, ~"} LO_x, qye#q ~R *a` O_x zOzOk.
a\+ WO_ # =_ Of ~R QQ ("=, D#, =^ ) ql Oz, =`=~ ukHQ
~H ZxflH [i #`# ~*OQ ~H # 296 =Ok Q ~*OQ i+`, qq^ ~[H
s` _# `è `fixfl _ U~@ K x D ~~ =~O zOzOk.
D K## HOQ, =O bQ JOwHiOz#@ q+Q , nxx J#fi~OK@ ^ a
=HO K~. 1946, A [iy# ~*OQ i+` ZxflH HOQ, ^x q`H 210 <
aOKQ, =O bQ 75 < aOK~. D i}=O` bQ =Ou` u^## ` zOk.
nx` ~*OQ|Ô Q H< kOK@ H+= x, PQ 16, 1946 ` H K~ k<`= xz
=` H _Ok. `` e ÒQ ^^ O=`~HO =` H H#y J=# [
^~}OQ =kO|_~ .
63.9 `èH `fiO, O |~ 1946 :

1946 O|~ [=~ < <H`fiO `èH `fiO U~_Ok. =ObQ
JH|~ =Ou=~O KiOk. ~*OQ i+` 1946 _O|~ 9# ="" O k. D ="xH
=O bQ [~H^ . ~*OQ i+`` J^ _Q | ~*O^ ^ ZxflH < _. ~*OQ ~H #
J<H Hq\ _ ZOH K |_~. 1947 |=i 20= `sY#, a\+ ^ x # H " O\ J\,
E< 1948 <\H a\< ~` =ê" Ò^x H\ O K@` fiÒ` =~# ` ~ " Ok. D
241
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
JkH~ |kb H~H=xfl iK

\xH ~ =O\ @<# H_ \ ~[uxkQ O~.
63.10 fiÒÒQ ^ q[ # :
=O\ @< HOQ, =O bQ <` n~ K~ [i, E< 1947 }oH# Ô
K_. D }oH##iOz 1947, PQ 15= `n# ~` fiÒÒ D|_Òk. ~`
~ O_Q WO_ < x<, H< J# ~ O_ fiÒ` ~*Q qH = Q`~. =O bQ H~ #
H< kO|_Ok. fi^j ~A WO_ < x<Qx H H< Qx K~= K. H
fiÒÒQ O_=K## fiK D|_Ok.
^ q[ # HOQ < W+O H ~< JOwHiOH ` ^. 1906 U~_ =O bQ
=` ~[H , a\+ `fiO \ +Oz D q[ # H~ ~Ok. [=~ < J#fl@Q
: '^ q[ # a\+ "~ =Oz# ` HO `=O H^. Ô Q JOMH J=H O^,
=O } H_x x u J#Q =` H# x~kOK@x "O =#<
HOQ q[ ## JOwHiOKH ` ^ .
1947 PQ 15= `n =O^ ~*OQ i+` J~~ u ="O [=~< J#fl=@
z~~}O. '#_~~ =O OK=O` x^=##fl_ ~`Ô fiK rq`xH
"O@Ok (At the stroke of mid night hour, when the world spleeps, India will awake to life
and freedom) WOH W\ O @# Ki` K [~Q`x, ` #O_ H` QO H_ `<fl=x,
=#O^~O H H@Q ~`^xH, ~`^ [, qfi=#"oH = K\xH O^Q
O\=x =}O KÔ Jx < [#^t Oz K_.
^~^$ +" =O> fiÒÒ =zO^< O`+O HO>, O*, OQ =` H $+O z#
=~}HO_ q^xfl qyeOk. i^ #O_ HOkj `# P#, @O| #
H~ = ~=_O =s #HO. D =~}=xfl P\xH QOnr K# `fl
q[=OÒQHQ `^ `< X H L<k Ku } H_.
63.11 ~` ~fi fiÒ`, ="^, HH, *fi=, Q}Ò` ÔQ

Pq~=O :
~*OQ i+` ~OkOz# #`# ~*OQO *f^=O [ PHOH , *f
< P^~ KH Q O^~K | _~. n~ =" n~ K~ J#O`~O ~` ~*OQO
1949, 26 #=O|~ <\H ~~ Ok.
~` ~*OQOx =# ~*OQO P , H q=iO|_~. ~fi fiÒ`=#Q
~`^ O ~fi=kH~ ~[O. JO`~O yHOQ, OQ =~ W`~ JkH~ |_ O_^ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
242
2. OH = ~[ ^# =i PiH J=#` `yOK ="^ ^< HQ ZOKÒk.

3. fiK, =#`fiO, `$`fiO, <O ukHQ *fi= |^= # =*xfl <H@O,
4. U =Ò# ÒKx, ~= ` #O H =` fiK# kOK HH ~[ #, 5. *fi=
Q}Ò` J#Q * ~fi=kH~. ^^ _ [K ~HO Q Z#flH#|_`_. H#H< D
=# ~*OQO# }^" # k H H#~ =[O =O\k.
1947, PQ 15= `n# ~` fiÒ` ^" O k
63.a ~ fl :
1. fiÒ` kH QOnr, KO^ J#iOz# =~x =Y `_q?
2. a\+ `fi L OÒQO qz#fl" Ò^#\xH X H H~}O `=?
3. =Ou` ~~ K#q?
4.
H_ \ ~f ~[uxk Z=~?
5.
~*OQOx è =# ~` U ~H" # ~[OQ fik^x x~t OzOk?
~OO :
~ O_= O K Ô ~OO HQ< a@< *f HOQ OkOK O_ q` ~*
H # ~`# Ô H kOzOk. x`fi O =Q ~` "~H Ô x [ fiÒÒ HO Z
~_Òk Jx *f < a\+ K~ # YO_OK~. *f HOQ `H}
" fiÒÒ
W"fix a\<# HiOk. gx ^xH i # =^#O K H=@K JO^ x~# Q 1939
H O^, ~x HOQ `fixfl ~r<= K~. 1940 ~[ uxk e<e`Q PQ u^##
HOQ u~ iOzOk. Hx 1941 a\< Ô u~Q=# ^ #fl _ ~` H~==~= x
qOz, H ~~xfl OOzOk. H ~~ K## *f HOQ QH, =O bQ
_ u~ iOzOk.
W\ a\+ "Y i` qi"~x [ a\+ "ix ìq" @ ` "~ =~O ^x qOK~.
`^# Q}OQ 1942, PQ 8# HOQ =iOQ Hq\ Hfi\ WO_ L^= xzOk. a\+" ~
~`^ xfl =ê" O_ (JOQr ~` K_) J< x<Ô`, fiÒ`" H =~}" `H"<
QOnr ` Hfi\ WO_ L^=O ~O" O k. Wk * L^=" a\+ JkH~xfl Hê OzOk.
a\+ `fiO D L^=xfl Ju ^~}OQ J}z"O k.
*f^=O `^ i @O KO^, J*^ O^ * =Oz# `. [<
O` ~`# a\+ # #O_ q=H K_xH J*^ O^ *# fik^_. D
243
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
`flO HO` q[O kOz<, ~ O_= O K Ô [< F@q`< H O <~" ~ ^ .

nx#=HOQ Q H x `fiO ~` *f x # J~K , ~[^ <~O " tHO zOk. D
K~ # =` ~` =H HO~O ` =u~HOK@`, `fiO `y "i#Oîh q_z \Ok. Wk X H
* q[O.
~O_= OK ^#O`~O i}= *f^=xfl #`# = uOk. ~`
*f^ =O @ # u =OK J"iH, ~ JQ ~*Q Pq~q OK_O , a@< x HOQ,
PiHO Q ^|u#@O =# =K~. nxH `_ ~`^ fiÒ`xH =^` eH |~ s 1945
^~} ZxflH Q O^_O =~H i }=O. U^< ~`^ O WOH `= # H#Q^ <
q+ xfl a@< QiOzOk.
1946, =i a\+ `fiO =Ou` ~~xfl ~` OOzOk. D ~~
K# "~ #`# ~*OQ ~H# ~*OQ i+`, `èH *f `fiO U~_~. Hx
=O bQ ~*OQ i+` #O_ "^ yOk.
D H< ^# HO =O bQ ` H K~ k<`= xz =` q^fi $+O zOk.
D <^ O H_ \ ~[ uxk Q ~ =O\ @< HOQ, =O bQ# OkOz, X Oz,
E< 3, 1947 }oH# Ô K_. D }oH H~O ^ q[ # [iyOk. ~`^ O ~ O_Q,
J#Q WO_ < x<, H<Q peOk. D ~ O\H 1947 PQ , 15= `n# fiÒÒ kO zOk.
=` H =# [iy#, [~Q`#fl ~H `xfl JiH@ H HOQ ^ q[ ## JOwHiOzOk.
JO :
1.
H ~~Ox u^# Uq? Jk ZO^=# q "O k?
2.
Hfi\ WO_ L^=xH îf# i` #, Jk *f^=xH K# =# q=iO=?
3.
1945 `~ "` ~` @
a\+ "Y i =~ =K@ Q H~}Oq?
4.
fiÒ` ~@O KO^, ~` *f # O =Oz# ` Z\k ?
5.
^ q[ # îf# i` # q=iO=. HOQ ^q [ # ZO^ JOwHiOzOk?
6.
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` *f^=O QOnr =Oz# `#, ^xx * L^=OQ
=K\xH QOnr J#iOz# ^` # q=iO=?
J^# J^ #O :
g QO^xH"o : 1. Hfi\ WO_ f~#O 1947 PQ 15# ~*OQ i+` ="O
< K# O Qxfl }OQ K^ ==.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
244
~ fl ["|:
63.Z.
1.
HOQ `H}
" fiÒÒ W"fix a\<# HiOk. x`fi O =Q ~f q^x
[ yOK fiÒ` ~\xH Z O K Q~.
2.
PQ u^# WO_ _qx< uu W=fiEOk. Hx HOQ i fiO #

H"x HiOk.
3.
H u^# H< U~@ Z\ u^# K H=@.
4.
Hfi\ WO_ * Ô . WO^ [ 'fiÒ`" H g~ =~}"? J< x<Ô` fiKO ÔQ

<fl~ . q^~ , Hi, ~ ` , HO`=Ok `fi L^Q WO^ <fl~ . HxflK@
OQ =iOk. D O `fi ^=#HO_ HO> q#fl H^x QOnr D O`H K~#
YO_OK^.
63. a :
1.
QOnr JO ` * L^=O \OQ, <`r [< O` Ô ^fi~ ~`#

q=H K x PtOK_.
2.
<H^ u~Q@, giH # uQ x H, "=xH ^ " , *f^=xH b,

H OÒQO ~Hi =^` xK@.
3.
JkH~ |kbH K# K @O.
4.
~ =O\ @<.
5.
~fi `H, ="^, HH, *fi=, Q}Ò` ~[O.
245
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
64
*f^ =O, XH gH
64.1 iK O :
u~O *f^= ~Q=ux Qi, 1947 PQ 15# ~ fi~[O Ok# sux
QiOz Kk"O.
D ~O *f^=xfl gHO K^ KO. JO^ D ~xfl ~ O_ QQ ql OK_O
[iyOk. "^\ QO *f^= ^ <O, ~ O_= QO =Y *f < =Oz#
`# Qi K^ =Ò.
64.2 H :
D ~O Kkq# `~ "` D HOk q+ Ò\~.
1.
*f^=O X H * L^==x.
2.
*f^=O O O~} ^$+x \# JOO.
3.
HOQ PiH q^< QOQ }oH, Q= #ifl~} H~H=.
4.
*f^=O HH fi=O Q^x QiOK@.
5.
*f^=O a#fl O` KOk# < =Oz# `.
QO 1
64.3 * L^=O :
*f^=O P^ xH =[O Hxqx Z~Qx =`~ * L^==x Ki`H~ Ja=iOK~.
*f HOQ O K|_#<_ H =O q^=O`# <"^, "^ , "^= =`"
iqÒ. ~[H K` # O k#k<a=$k KO^@` [ a\+ # ~` [< Z x
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
246
He < fl Q Oz HOQ K Ò HO^ K~~.H..1905 OQ q[ # =u~HOQ ~O" #

=O^=`~O L^=O è * L^=O. WO^ "^=, , q^~ JOMHOQ <fl~ .
H.. 19061918 O=`~ =^ HOQx q`"^, Ju"^, q= H~ `= H~H=
^fi~ *f` "xfl [ KKHx=\xH ^Ô K~. W\ `~}O QOnr <`$ `fiO
*f L^=O * L^=OQ =i~Ok.
[ `Qx~u QOnlH JKOK qfiO H^. "ix H jH ~[H H fHx
=K@ P# H O. JkH~xfl KlHOKH#flC_ fi~[O k O ^x [ K_. xH H
O` =~ ^fi~ fi~[ ^# Z\H ^ O H^x, P =~O J#i ~fi H= O`" #
a\< ^xx x~H}OQ J}z"O^x P# qfiO. H#H [ H~O` Q Ou`
`Q " fi~[ ^# J#"# =~=x QOnr Ja+OK_.
H..1920 <Q ~ ="O HOQ# \ +" # , x~}`H" # OQ kQ= ~ #O_
~ =~ fik^_ . Q=, `H, l ~ HOQ Y O|_~. JQ ~R
~ Jd ~` ~ HOQ =iOQ Hq\ U~@K |_~. W@ Qg}, #Q~ O`
*f^=xH |"# <^ " |_~.
*f < *u, , =`, Of ^ O_ xfi~O Q D L^=xfl ` i#,
^+i# =^ [iy# O~}Q Ja=iOz [ $^#, =<"# K~Q<fl~.
H..1920, E< QOnr <\ ~[ uxkH Y ~ '^+i## u~ iOK [
J<kQ OHqOzO^x q=iOK_. H..1930 QOnr a\+ ## ^|_` W@ H\ O K_.
''a\+ # ~`^ xfl ^x |O. =~ "~ < =` [ H O fi~[
^< . ~f + K~O K @=# q^=O`, x~H~ =^ Q J_Q _ `Q~.
Mn ^~}, ^x H, ^ =~ =^ `_# JOÒ KO k. =`, eOQ, =, q^~` ^ O O_
X H ` u X H~ H \OQ, ^~# <fl~ .
W@ "x# * O ^~ O`, @^ ` *f L^=xfl =O^ #_O zOk.
64.5 O O~} ^$+ :

*f^=O H =O fi~[ ^# H QH, =*xfl \ _O K ~Q`# _ ~=\xH
H$+ KO k.
247
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
1. JO@~x `# x~# :
JO@~x`#O ~f =*xfl x=< p =x =K. nx x~# *f HOQ <
=YOQ QOnr JO@~x `# x~# H$+K _. "ix i[## J#Q Q = O`x a_ x
eK_. i[# =H O # O z "i =lH u Q` "~Q~z , q^=O` K \xH
H$+K _. i[< J< uH# O K_. WO^ J#Q}OQ< a@< H\ O z# H=# J"~#
=u~HOK_. P# i[<^~ }
`"^ |^" # =#=`"Ô` _H#flk.
D JO@~x`# x~# H~H=xfl _.a.P~. JO^ ~ H#yOK_. JO^ ~ Jd ~`
J}Qi# (ô`) =~ =Y# (All India Depressed Classes Federation)# O K_. JO@~x`#
x~# fiÒ` ~`^ O < [~Qx PHOHO K_.
2. q=H :
*f HOQ ~OaOz# =~ L^=O q=H. q"K# L^=O 19= à
~O" < , 20= à< L~=_x OkOk. 1905 ~O" # =O^=`~O L^=O #
*f^=O ##@ KO k. ' J|x =^ " @ =Q"_ H K# J<O Jx
QOnr =H}OK_. 1930 ~O" # LC `Q O #=OkQ # H~_. P#
#O^Hx O^ # =ê JOMH ^" O Q D L^=O <fl~ . O^
#Q~O Q k H H# _b #Q~O < =~ 1600 =Ok ~[H H~H J~
Q@
q+O.
x~
OQ ~[H ^~ # <fl~ . QO@`~| _ =^ qH H O^ =^, #=O^
^H} =^ H \OQ [i~. x~
OQ `H QO_# Z^~<fl~. J~ * H~. H O^, ~R
# ZxflH~. ~lh <_ *f HOQ J^~eQ ZOHOk. WO^ =Y
H~}O QOnr JO` ~@O. W^ ^ ~@"` ^ =k H^.
64.6 PiH }oH, Q= #ifl~}O :

fiÒ` ~@O fi~[O H"QH ^ PiHa=$kH y# ~@O _. a\+ "~
J#iOz# PiH q^< ~` PiH ==# ~fi <#O K~. a\+ "~ PiH ^_ ~f
H#qC HeO zOk. H#H *f"^ ~`^ xfl fi O +H O#fl^ O Q fik^x qOK~.
~+ < q= O, QOnr Ô`, "=H s H~H =# PiH q^<# qÒ
K~. <, <`r =O\ < ^"OQ ~\Oz ="^ "# K~O K~.
1931 H~p HOQ ="O ^q H , *f PiH H~H= f~< K |_~.
''[ ^_x JOÒ KO> PHe ^C` J=\OK qe# PiH fiÒ`xfl ~[H
fiÒ` Z*O_ O^~Kx D ="O H\ OzOk. WOH D ="O [ ~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
248
`@, == |} L= #O, qt `yO , Hi "~Q # H~ HeOK_O ,

~H}
, HH i= `fi Pn#O#O_@, =#flQ f~< _ K|_~.
Qg} #ifl~}xH HOQ f= H$+ KOk. x["# ~` Q=< =O^x, Qg}
*hHO #x^ U L^=O q[=OÒH^. QOnrx `Q O KO~< ~ ` fi`Q O,
~@flO` # f@, Mn ^~}, *f q^ q^#O =#flQ x~}`H K~ # HOQ K\ O k.
H..1930 *f L^=O =# ~}# Ok# ~ ` H< <~@K t `yO ,
H HxH ^`, H@x`fi x~#=O\ H~` =O^ Q~.
64.7 HH fi=O :
HH fi=O ~f <[ O. *f HOQ # #O_ HH` ` fiO *f^=O
JO`~Q" O k. *f^=O ^ O^ =O " H `# <H K |_Ok. H..1884 ^
J^ M< K # =@ D O^~ O Q~K HOÔ. P# =@ KO> ''O^, =O
J<q =` ^ =`" , D Ô x=OK O^=#, =O <, `^ H = _< JO^~
X H ^xH, X H *uH KOk#"~ ''~f O $u O^ H^, =OH^, H =` " #O
Jx QOnr ~<fl_ .
^~^$ += ` =``` fixfl *f L^=O `_z@H ~Ok. a\+ "i ql OK eOK
q^#O, O H, PiH H~}, l<fl=O\ = Oz``fi O =# fi~[O kOz =``` fixfl
x~eOKH~Ok.
~fl :
64.Z
1.
Z=i <H`fi O *f^=O * L^=OQ =iOk?
2.
*f HOQ =lH x~}O è ~A, QOn QxH U a#fl" O k?
3.
QOnr, JO^ ~ Z JO@~x`# x~# H$+ K~? JO@~x `# x~# fiÒ`

~`^ O Q H #fl ~ O_ K~ # `=?
4.
q=HH JO` *f L^=O Z `__Ok.
5.
H~p HOQ (1931) =" =Y"q?
QO 2
*f^=O Ô x a#fl O` KOk# < =# |=`~ O KOkOk. J\" i
=Y < rq` q# K^ =Ô :
249
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
64.8 =< J| H" J*^ (18881958):

=H \, HH` ~ _ *f^=O HH` =Oz# =Y *f"k =<
J| H" J*^. P# | i*x. J~aH, i <, L~, WOw+ + LÔ _ O_` _.
<\ L~ uH =Ò, ~fi ` " ~"_.
fi^j L^=O =# q`_ OQx q= H~` xfl Ò OKH<fl_ . *f
"# K~O K \xH 1912 'P (Al Hailal) J# L~ "~ uH# O K_. D
uH ^fi~ =O *f^=O #=OkQ H~_. Jxfl =~ [ J=~
qo`" # ^Qx, =~ ~ " # qH=x P# =O. 1915 ''P | (Al Balagh) J< =~H
L~ "~ uH# O K_. D uH a\+ `fixH =u~HOQ "@=# `fiO [i=<
qkOzOk.
H..1920 =< J*^ QOnr` iKO U~_Ok. Yb ^q ~^ O*|
^~O`~ =u~HOQ ~O" # x~H~} ^=O <fl_ . Jd ~` d` J^ _Q,
H..1923 `H HOQ ="xH J^_Q ZOH_. =Ox O^ "^#,
P^xH "^# "HiK_. H..1924 ["`LL=", H..1929 *f =O
="xH J^ H` =OK_.
H..1935 ~` `fi K\xfl J#iOz [iy# ZxflH HOQ q[xfl kOz (1937)
HOÔ#, ~RO# JkH~xfl K\ Ok. HOQ =Ou=~ Z xK e=fi\xH
U~@K|_# HOQ ~"O@s Hq\ J*^ _Q xqO|__. 1940 #O_
1946 =~ J*^ HOQ J^_Q xK"_. HOQ J^xQ *f^=O [iy# Jxfl
O @#, ~~ <fl_ . H ~~O` OkO [i_. Hfi\ WO_ L^=O
x J~
J^#Q~ H@ x~OkO|__ . * #O_ q_^# =@ = ="O
<fl_ . =Ou` ~~ =~O ` HiOK_.
~[OQ i+` _Q < <`$ `fiOx `èH `fiO q^ M =OuQ xK_.
è ^~} ZxflH `~ "` ~" O@s s _ \ b_~Q ZxflH _.
fiÒ` ~`Ôx q^M =Ou \ +"# q^ q^<xH ~H# K_.
qfiq^, =^qH q^ Hq+# xqOK_. Jd ~` OHuH q^ O# #~
==H i OK_. x=i\ QO\ Hq+<, OQ ~x WO_ < Wx@
\ P < , Y~Q ~x
(SS\) WO_ < Wx@
\ P >Hflr P# K~=, H$+ =# U~_#". ^" OQ
i^# J<H Q O K_.
W@ J*^ Q q^"`, HH q^, *f"k, ~[huA_ .
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
250
64.9 JxaO\ (18471933) :

*f^=O x ~f#, ~`^ xfl qOz# q^j=x` JxaO\. S~O _
\, k= *# =[ ~Q H..1893 ~` =z, ~`< `# Q$OQ =~Ok.
`` P" `#H~H# =`, =lH q^ ~OQ iqÒ KO k. K\ OiO|_x,
Hi u Q` "~Q_x, ~+ ` =# LO_x HOHO zOk. ^
`Q =u, q^, P~O =~\xH H$+ KO k. \ L^=xH K
` xzOk. q"#
=u~HOz =[O J}Qi# =~ [< HO Jifl @ _O k.
p# q=#, O # #~î OK@ ^fi~ ~`^ O Z^~< = i~==`x
P" #=HO. ~f O $uH, PûH "~` fi O ^fi~ ~f P`qfixfl <HeOk.
H..1915 èiQ JxaO\ HOQx ~ O_ Q# q`"^, Ju"^ ~O K @`
P" ~[H rqÒ ~O" O k. J#uHO< *f HOQ =Y <~ *f HOQ
J^ ~eQ (è = J^ ~) ZxflH O k. 1917 "~ L^=xfl x~fiOz fi #
H"x HiOk. H..1919 O~}# f=OQ q=iOzOk. "xx a\+"~ ukOK@,
~f JOwHiOK@ =~= x K Ok. H..1920 HOQ# =ê L^~"^` KiOk.
P" Q ~K~ `, uH~. P" ''# WO_ , H=< 'g J< uH# O zOk.
Q = n`# WOw+ +xH J#=kOzOk. <~ H O^ O^ ~ # O zOk. D ~ ,
H `^ 1915 <~ O^ qfiqÔQ i_qeOk.
64.10 H=# QOQ^~ uH (18561920) :

^ ~A (Prince of Patriots)Q ~"# QOQ^~ uH Ju"k. =` ~Ò
POQ
PQ "O aH# =O J#Q 1856 uH =~R [xOK_. H..1879
<GO \ KH<fl_ .
JQ~~, ~#_ <`r ^# =# uH q`_< _. <\ ~[H, ^ , O H
^~K~ ^fi ["`_ . W`_ Q q^"`. H..1880 < # #, 1885, <
~ < H# O K_. < ^H < q^ O # ` O H$+K _. P# Q O_` _.
"^ QO^ ~K# K, Lx+` O^ K |_# ``fiGO #O_ ~} O^_. ''Hi J< =~~
uH#, ''=~~ J< WOw+ uH# O z a\+ #x # ^|@` ~f#
K` # =OÒ K_. a\+ # =u~HOQ "~ "@=# P# J<H ~ (1882, 1897,
1908) * "_. 1908 J~
=O_ * P~ Q_ _. * rqÒ P## ^ x Q,
*f"kQ =iOk. [` O|O^ @H#fl è *f <_ uH. JO^ JM_#
(Akaras) s H| #, 'Q=^ x+^ O # OK_.
251
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
q`"^ J#iOz# ~# , q*# , x~# =#flQ "x P# #=HO^ . =@

^fi~QH K` ^fi~< O~} kOKe, 'K# H^, ~`fi O H"eJx L^\ O K_. [
^H [xO K\xH Q}+, t"r L`"# [i_. D L`" J<H qe# [#
O \` ~ z fiÒ` ix HeO zOk.
[u~, a<K O ^` H uH Ju"^ s (*f sx) O K_. OQ
q[ # =u~HOQ ~O" # =O^=`~O L^=O |+~}, fi^j, *f q^, fi~* =#flQ
"# K~O K L^=O q[=OÒ K _xH H$+ K_. D <Q `, H..1906
*f HOQ ="O P"kO|_~. a\+ #x _qx< uu Q fi `fi=
uH W+O^. fi~[" < [#. ^xx kOz f~`# Jx H\ OK_. W\ Ju"^
" =# H..1907 ~` ="O HOQ ~ O_Q pe~Ok. Ju"^ HOQ #O_
+iOK|_~ . 1914 * #O_ q_^ HQ< uH HOQ` O|OÔ O_ *f #
|Ò K_. 1916 Ju"^ uiy HOQ K~ H|_~ . P `~ "` 1916 JxcO\
=kiQ uH "~ L^=xfl ~OaOK_.
a\+ "i@ Ja=#^# Q ##fl HOQ "ix a\+ =[ =u~H Q uH
=~_. P# "# ~ *f <^# < QOnr, <, =O\ "~ fiÒ` ~\
^xfl xiOK~. a\+ `fiO uH# `= i# =^Hi Jx qOzOk.
U"< P^ xH ~` x~` X H_ Q uH Ki`~_< _.
64.11 Q ` O Q (19071931) :
z~` O< ^ fiÒÒ H~ }iOz# q= g~_ ~~ Q ` O Q. Q ` O Q
t= O*x ~ lx |OQ Q=O [xOK_. W`_ ^ #O^ POQ "kH H
Ki qî O <_ _. `^ i [u~ O z# *f H q^# H#yOK_.
QOnr #O^Hx K^ = fi K x~H~}^=O <fl_ .
H..1923 O^< +e iaH< J+< _Q Ki P `~"`, HO^
Hq\ [#~ H@sQ ZxflH D O H~H# ~ "HO K_. W`_ ="^ " Q
q`_ _. H..1925 ~ #=["< ~` # OK_. =`~O q= "efl
~Q _xH H$+ K_. <\ q= H~# , Y^", Q =u K~}, ` Hfi~ ^`, KO^Y~
P*^, [u<^, ~O^<^ O_ "^#"i` iK OKHx q= H~H#
H#yOK_. 1926 HHi @ H xOk`# q_O K_xH O^< , KO^Y ~ P*^,
[u<^, ~ O^<^ O_ "^# "i` iK OKHx q= H~H# H#yOK_.
1926 HHi @ H xOk`# q_O K_xH O^< , KO^Y ~ P*^` uflOK_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
252
Hx P `flO q[=OÒ H^ . Q ` O Q <`$ `fiO 1928 <\H O* ~R=O`\ 'O^<

+e iaH < J +< Y O K|_~.
= < Hq+< |+~} L^=O [u~# \ P^ "~ O_~ f="#
s ^|` Q~_. D ^| Hk ~AH [u~ =~}O K_. Wk OH Q ` O Q,
~*Q ~ W~=~ 1928, _O|~ 17# O_~ # He KO_. Hx "~ @|_^ .
H..1923 U 29= `n# Q ` O Q, ` H fi~ ^` H O^ # ="O [iQ =O
O| "
O` $+O K~. ''WOHfi lO^^, ''=["Ô < J< x<^`
Z~H~ `# qi"~. g~ i=@ J=HO L#fl# iH JK@##fl b Oy~.
gi ~[ ^ <~O HO^ ~ <#O Q ` OQ LitH, |`Hfi~ ^` nfiO`~ tH
qkOzOk. 1931 =i 23# QÒH Lif|__. q=g~_Q, *f"kQ QÒQ
^WJ["Q <\ H h ~f z~ ~}
_. P# J~KH" k H^. Hxfl ` H i` <
O| " e ` H =O ~H Ò ^fi~< fi~[ ^# [~QÒ^x ZC_ K^ . Q ` OQ
Q uH_. W`_ JHb (O* +), Hi (L~) uH O^_Q xK_. _b #O_
"=_ 'J~< , H#~ #O_ "=_ ` J# uH '|fiOÒ Q J< HO ~` "
"_.
64.12 KH=i ~[QKi (18781972) :

fiÒ` ~`^ è ~f Q=~fl~ [#~ KH=i ~[Q Ki H..1878 O=`~O
O l X H Q=O [xOK_. P# ^ <"k. 1917 O =x K~ <Q
ZxflH_.
~\ a =u~HOQ [iy# `Q O ~[QKi <fl_ . QOnr #O^Hx
<"^ =$ux `lOz 1920 x~H~}
^=O K~_. 1912 HOQ [#~ H@sQ
xqOK|_ P `^ i K O=`~ =iOQ Hq\ _Q xK_. x~H~} L^=O
x^ K# `~"` # "tOK< x~xfl =u~HOK_. ^H} ~Ò y#
<O # L^=O x J~ J_. K HO `q<_ HOQ Hq\ J^ _Q
xK_. 1935 ~` `fi K@O H~O [iy# ZxflH HOQ# q[O^ #_Oz
=^ ~R è =Y=OuQ (193739) xK_. W`x ^g HO =^# x+Ô , ==
L=# K\xfl "\_. 1944 <H#fl ~*OQ OHxfl i+iOK_xH X H ^Hxfl
~zOK_ (~*r ^H O ). 194647 O=`~O =^ HO Q=~fl~ [#~ H~x~fiH O O
_Q xK_. `èH `fiO H<fl =OuQ xK_. ~ =O\ @< "o# `~"`
fiÒ` ~`^ è ~f Q=~fl~ [#~Q xqOK|_ (19481950) WO_ iaH J
=~ ^q H#Q_.
253
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
< =Ou =~O "M =OuQ (1951), 195254 O=`~O =^ HO =^

=Y=OuQ xK_. H=OQ HOQ ^~" 1959 fiÒ` sx O K_. `# "#
'fi~* J# uH ^fi~ =H i K_.
~*rQ ~QOz# ~[QKi Q ~[H <_. Mn L^=xH, =^# x+^xH,
i[# L^~ }
rqÒÒ @__ . H..1938 i[# ^" " O HeOK@ HH`
=OK_. ~*r Q ~[huA_ , O O~.
64.13 Q H$+fl QY 18661915 :

QH$+ QY q`"^ *f HOQ <_. H..1866 H~ [xOz,
L^_Q rq`xfl ~OaOK_. <x ~< H PK~_Q Ki, `î P
H xQ ^#flu O^_. H<fl QqO^ ~#_ Oz# ^H < q^ O xK_.
~#_ J#K~ _Q q`"^ "# OìOK<fl_ . < ~fi[xH H~îQ _ xK_.
H..1892 O~ l\ " Hx _Q, 1902 H O^ l\ " Hx _Q
ZOH_. D Hx =" K# OQ =YOQ |_\ K# OQ JOîH
PH@ <fl~. ~H ~ < q^ q^<xfl f=OQ q=iOK_. x~O^ ^q H q^ HO ~@O
K_. 1909 qO\ =~ O~} ~H # <fl_ . *f HOQ q`"kQ, L^~"kQ,
O~} HO PO^# K_. OQ q[## =u~HOK_. HH` Ju"^ H~H
=^` W=fiH_O = JMu _. 1905 <~ *f HOQ ="xH J^ _Q
ZOH Hxfl i` |+~} J< PÔ < =`" #x L^\ O K_.
=`$^ J#fluH, [<^~}, =lH = #~OHÒ KO^ 1905 QY
'~ fiO\ P WO_ \ x O K_.
64.15 [=~ < 18891964 :

O K ^ < X H_ , fiÒ` ~`^ è ^ x [=~ <. P#
H..1889 #=O|~ 14= `n# J^ ^ <"k "f <, fi~~} Ô`
[xOK_. WOQO_ q^# Oz i~ _wx KHx 1912 WO_ uiy =K_. "~
L^=O K~_. QOnr` iK "~_ P# Ô` "xH #_. [e<"Q
^~O`# f=OQ YO_OK_. 1920 ~O" # x~H~}
L^=xfl J^ x~fiOz
J~ J~ * _.
1923 J^ =x K~ <Q, HOQ [#~ H@sQ ZxflH
_. *f HOQ
J^_Q J<H ~ (1929, 1936, 1937, 1946 =i 1951 1954) ZxflH_.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
254
1927 | [iy# J}Qi# *f ="xH [~_. =< Hq+< +~}

L^=xfl Hfl q[=OÒQ x~fiOK_. O~ fi~[ q+ " "f < =iOz#
x"kH# ` K_.
< *a=#O K~Q#fl =H, ="k. 1929 'P WO_ >_ x< HOQ
J^ _ _. 1936 ="^" Q=OQ K H"x HOQ# JiOK_.
1929 [iy# ~ HOQ ="xH J^ _ O~ fi~[ ^< HOQ H =x
f~xOK_.
< # LO <^=O K~Q <fl_ . L`~ ^ ~ ` L^=xH <H`fi O
=OK_. ~ O_= O K Ô xO`$`fixfl f=OQ q=iOK_. 1H..945 =
="xH [~, 1946 =Ou` ~~O K~ <fl_. 194647 O=`~ =^
U~_ `èH `fixH <`$ `fiO =OK_.
fiÒ` ~`^ è ^ #=OuQ `# =~}O K =~ (1864) P ^q L<fl_. è
^ xQ J<H =# J#Q Ou ^` , ^ q[ #, =`H =#flQ "xx =~= OÒQ
Z^~x ^ PiHa=$kH, qÔQ q^<xH <^ "_.
~`^ qÔQ q^# ~ te [=~ <. JO"kQ qq^ ~* =^
<H#fl q"^# | QO ^fi~ HO_, OkO ^fi~ i+iOKH"x zOK_.
~ O_= O K ^#O`~O O KO ~ O_ @=Q (J"iH, ~) qH " #C_ U @q#
K~H Jb# q^<xfl J#iOK_. SH~[ qu H~H i =^` xK_. OKj ukHQ
~Q ~*` O|O^ U~~K <fl_ . JO`~f "kQ P , PH ^ ="^xH,
=["^xH =u~HOQ ~OaOz# *f"^ ~\ =^` eH_.
*fi=O, HH "Ô ="Ô ^ HQ ZOK<fl_ . P# <`$`fiO
H ~ U~@, [qO^s == ~^, OKf~* #~^~}, O~} =#flQ
Qu j K\ K |_~.
="^ `~ =[ # H PiH }oH# "\_ . xOQ Hq+< J^ _Q
xK_. , OHuH ~OQ# Ja=$k iK_.
< Q ~K~ `. P# ~K# =Y"# q P\|Q, Glimpses of World History,
Discovery of India. P# \#
~A# k<`=OQ [~O@<flO. P## JÒ`
=a=#O` 'KK < Jx ~ .
1955 ^ J`#fl` ~~" # ~`~ ` fl a~^ < ^#O K |_Ok. 20= à
~`^ Ki` HH qH# +Oz# X H = =x+ <.
255
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
64.16 [u~ (18651928) :

[u~ x+OH ^ _ . <"k, *f"k, uH_, q^"`, ^~ e.
Ju"^ <HÒ X H_. O^=Ò, O $u =O# < O* P~ =[
H~H <`$ `fiO =OK_. ~ '^ #O^ 'POQ "kH H # Jq~ H$+
K_.
HOQ Ju"^ H< _Q uH, a< KO^` H xK_. 1905 QY
"O@ WOQO_ "o ~`Ô Z^~< =# a\+ [ q#flqOK_. q`"^ ~@
^` =# kOKk Ug^x , H =O fiH` , K` `< U^< kOK=K#x K_.190607
O=`~ =^ HO ~~ JlÒ Q`@ * Ho P~ < `^ i q_^ K |__ .
"^\ OK ^ HO [u~ J"iH ~@# "o#_ H..1919 =~
~`^ xH ~=_xH g O_ a\+ `fiO POH qkOzOk. 1920 ''P WO_ >_
x< HOQ J^ _Q, HH` HOQ ="xH J^_Q ZOH_. 1922
x~H~}
L^=O x^ K _xfl `C \_. "f <, z`~ O[<^` H fi~*
sx O K_.
1923 fi~* s `~ # H O^ # ZOH
_. ~f ux^ Ox `fiO
Hq+< # +iOKx # f~#O " \_ .
=^< "< ="` H (Nationalist Party) *f sx O K_. P# Q
uH_. '=O^=`~O 'The People uH O^ Q xK_. P# 'P~ =*,
'OQ WO_ J< QO^# "_. 'OQ WO_ # a\+ `fiO WO_ #, a@<#
x+kOzOk.
= < |+~} L^=O P# î Oz# ^~ +~WO* (O* H i)Q
HiO |__ . D |+~} L^=O s ^| 1928 #=O|~ 17# P# =~}O K_.
64.17 "<^ H~" KO^ QOn 18691948 :

"<^ H~" KO^QOn 1869 JH|~ 2= `n# H "_x ~|O^~ [xOK_.
1887 WOQO_ "o i~ \ KHx 1891 fi^xH =z ~*H\ <"kQ H
~OaOK_. 1893 'J| JO_.HO J< ~` O H qK~}H ^H}
H "_.
^H} H fi` *f # ~f _ H_Q O _ P## kOK~. ~f
[iy# J<xH, fi`*u `fi *u qKH}
q^<xH =u~HOQ ~@O ~OaOK_. 'WO_ <
X h< J< uH O^H` fi O =OK_. D ~@O Ou` `Q xH NH~O K\
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
256
1908 PH ~ _ # P " HO è `flO K_. WO^ P# J<H ~ *

"o `fi ^=#HO_ Q~ _. J~< QOn@
g_^ . PH x a#fl =` "ix (O^,
=O , H
<) a#fl O`"ix (Q[~`, ^H}
Ô ), a#fl =~ "ix (^x H, ^, =~H , HiH)
" H O K ~\xfl yOz q[xfl kOK_. 1915 QOnr fi^xH uiy =z J=^^
=^ |~f P=xfl O K_. 1917 c~ #O^ KO~< ~ ` <H`fi O =Oz "ix
POQWO_ < `@ [=# i #O_ H__. JQ J=^^ q Hi HiH
^# , Q[~` 'M_ ~ ` #fl x~H~}
L^=O x q[O kOK_.
"^\ O K ^#O`~O ~[^xfl J}K<O ` a\+ `fiO '~\ a# " \x
x~~ OzOk. 1919 nxH =u~HOQ QOnr ~\ `Q xfl x~fiOK_. [e< "Q
^~O` qK~} HOQ `~ # X H Hq+<# xqOK_. O* =~}HO_ , Yb ^q
~^ x~ zH (Satanic) a\+ `fixH HiOK@ =x QOnr L^\ O K_. 1920
^" O Q x~H~}
L^=xfl ~OaOK_. `# "# [ è* \xH #=r=<,
OQ WO_ (i[<) uH O^ _ _. 1922 D uH "# " ~[Ô
<~O ", `fiO P~ O=`~ H~Q~ tH qkOzOk. Hx J<~Q H~}==# QOnr
1924< q_^ K |__ .
QOnr Ô` =#, =H` fi O =# q` JOMH [ *f^=O <fl~ .
P# <`$ `fiO *f L^=O * L^=OQ =iOk. 1930 =i 12# Ô_ `Q O x~fiOz
J~ J_. 1931 [iy# QOn Wifi< X _O|_H H~O QOnr q_^ K |_Q, `Q xfl
x^ K_. HOQ uxkQ ~ O_= JYH ="xH [~ P ="O Uq kOKH
iH = ` uiy =K_. i[# ` H x[H=~# H\~ a@< H=# J"~#
H\ O zOk. nxH x~t QOnr P=~} nH #<fl_ . z=~ < X _O|_H` D =
i~" O k. ~ O_ O K Ô ~`# Ô kOK_xH x~# Q =H `Q xfl x~fi OK_.
1942 H ~~O q =Q@` ''fiÒ`" H =~}" J# x<Ô` Hfi\ WO_
xK_. D q#Q< a\+ `fiO QOnrx 'PQM< x~OkOzOk. D *
LO_Q< Hs~ =~}OzOk. JkH~ |kb U~_ OHxfl i+iOK_xH l<fl`
="= _, =Ou` ~~O` K~ [i_. l<fl ` H K~ k<`=O =#
=` H K~ y# <Me, c~ ~ \OK_. fiÒÒ kO z# `~ "` =`=~ O HO
x~~nH K\ _ . ^~^$ += ` 1948, [#=i 30= `n# ` Q~_.
19191947 O=`~ =^ HO =@O x =~AQ "QOk# QOnr ^xH,
[ K# = z~~}O. Ou, JO =~O, Mn L^=O, *f q^, =^#
x+Ô , HH` ` fi O, Q= fi~[O, JH~ `, i[<^~ } =#flQ *` P HO Jifl
@__ . O^ =O " H ` HO rqÒÒ H$+ K# `# }< Q@ <fl_ . Q$H
257
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
iq`" # K` # =OÒ K "ix *f^=O ##@ K_.

QOnr " ~f<QH =` OKxfl qÒ KOk. O=~OHO> Ou,
JO =~= ^fi~< U"< kO=K#x qfi=#"oH K\# =~+ _. QOnr P#
'Hind Swaraj, My Experiments with Truth (fi Ki`), J< QO^ ~_. =#O P##
'*u`Q (Father of the Nation)x q *.K. 'UH J#O`~O OKO Hxqh
Z~Qx ==x+ QOnr x HiO K_.
64.18 ==^ Pb l<fl (18751948) :

H< x~` # ==^ Pbl<fl 1875 JH|~ 30= `n# H~p [xOK_. WOQO _
"o <GO \ K<fl_ . WOQO _ ^^~ <~r` iK O U~_, P# =#
q`_ 1906 P# " @
H~îQ xq`_< _. `` ~ O^<^ #s, QY,
<~r P =# q`_ HH" kQ ~[H rq`xfl ~OaOK_. Hx P `~ "` ~
^
J^M<, WH " Q PHi` _ _.
l<fl ~[H rq`xfl <^ Q ql OK=K#.
1. 19061920 O=`~ =^ l<fl *f"k, HH" k, ^ " H "k.
2. 19201928 O=`~ =^ HOQ ^~=Q`<fl " H `"kQ, HH" kQ< <fl_ .
3. 19281937 O=`~ =^ l<fl =~ =zOk. 1906 U~_ =O bQ ^Q~
"~@"Ô" "QK `<fl_ . 4. 193747 O=`~ =^ =O bQ u~Qx <_,
kfi*u Ô`xfl H\ O K_. =`<k , ` H =O ~["# H<# kOK_.
l<fl 19061920 O=`~ =^ O^ =O " H `# HOHO z# HH" k. =O
` H x[H=~xH H \~Oz# O|~ #O_, 1910 H O^ # ZxflH < _. #
L^~"kQ ==iOK_. ~` a K@~O^Q< "xx #K\Q Ja=iOz, "xH
=u~HOQ `# # `fixH ~r<= K_.
19201928 O=`~ =^ HOQ ~OaOz# x~H~}
^=xH =^` hQ
*f HOQ #O_ "^ Q_. 1927 14 ` `# Hh H~Q HOQ ukOK_.
WO^ ` H =O ~[ =# HOQ ~zO^ . l<fl <`$`fiO =O bQ (1928)# "= H
|+~}^=O Ok. 1928 WOQO _ "o q Hx <"kQ H K_. 1936
WO_ uiy=z =O bQ <H`fi O =Oz ^ ~[H HH` +OK_.
1935 ~` `fi K@ H~O 1937 HO^, ~R # ZxflH [iQ~. D
ZxflH =O bQ ~ ~[xfl KqKOk. bQ [ Ò|O^ H=_O, =O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
258
<x q^ D F@qH ^Ô K~. W\ u l<fl =O bQ u~Qx <_

^xx #~rqO K >QH, #ifliOz |b"# OQ fik^_ .
1937 `~ "` =O bQ =YOQ l<fl "Y i J#"# =~ =zOk. 1940 =O bQ
~ ="" kfi*u Ô`xfl =zOz, `H =O ~["# H< ^< `= H OQ
f~xOzOk. W\ l<fl Oz` =` ~[H =# "= }oH, =Ou` ~~ u^#
~[H =# i+iOK@ q "< ~. ~*OQ ^` ^fi~ H< kOK@ ^~ = x,
` H K~ k<`= xz O^= ^_ ~OaOK#. l<fl ` H K~ __. l<fl
^` ` qy"i, `^ HOQ ^ q[ ## JOwHiOzOk. 1947 PQ 15# H< J#
=O ~[O U~_Ok. P# 'Y^WJ[" (Quaid-I-Azam)Q HiO|__. l<fl H
e OK~. Hx H<# iQ #ifliOKH= O^ l<fl 1948, O |~ 10= `n# =~}O K_.
64.19 ~~ = > (18751950) :

" H ~` x~} fiÒ` i~H _, =[ OH_# = > 1875 JH|~ 31=
`n# Q[~`x <k_ (Nadiad) [xOK_. WOQO_ "o i~ \ KHx 1915
fi^xH uiy =z J^^ <"^ =$uxK\ _ . 1916 QOnr` iK "~_ P#
J#K~ _Q =~_. > hu x*~f, @^ QOnr =Q_
_.
1917 = > J^^ =x Hx~QZxflH
_. 192428 O=`~
=^ J=^^ =xe\ J^ _Q xK, P #Q~ ~fi`=Ma=$kH Z#x H$+K _.
1917 Q "k, 1918 H~ = Oq Oz#_ > [ WH@# `yOK #~" H~H=#
K\~.
QOnr xfl `"~_# `~ "` P# <`$`fiO y# M_, KO~< ~` L^=,
J^^ q Hi " > <fl_. 1920 <"^ =$ux =ê,
x~H~}
^=O K~Q <fl_ . q $` ~@#K |+~}, fi^j "# K~OK_.
> JYO_ Hi u+ # `z\ # k 1928 ~b `QO. c_ = `fiO
qkOz# #fl x~# Q D L^=O ~O" O k. D L^= x~fi} `fi J}z"` _#_
> î Oz# F~, #O =` ~`xfl PH@ Ok. `^ `fiO q t# ~^ KO k.
D q[xfl Ja#Ok QOnr > '~~ a~^# kOK_. <\ #O_ = > ,
~~ = > Q Q}#HH_.
H..1931 H~p [iy# *f HOQ ="O J^ _ _. 193540 O=`~
=^ HOQ Jk# =~O # J^ _Q ==iOz *f HOQ H= tH}
# OOkOK_.
1941 =H `QO#, 1942 Hfi\ WO_ L^=O# <fl_. Hfi\ WO_ L^=O
259
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
O^~ O Q QOnr, < =#flQ <`@ > J~

J=^#Q~ H@ E<, 1945
=~ x~OkO|__ . `èH `fiO ^jOQ M =OuQ xK_.
fiÒ` ~`^ O _ \ ^ x , ^jOQ Y, =K~ M =OuQ ^g ^ `
K\ _ . 1947 PQ 15 <\H fiÒ`" # =~ 560 fi^j O<# ~` qb#O K@,
> H~nH , ~[hu[` x^~ #O. H#H< P# 'WO_< a~Q, 'L =x+Q (Iron man
of India) kHH_.
> Q < ^_. ^ q[#=# L`#fl"# =# J#Q ~}~, Ou
^` , =` H =#flQ =# =~= OÒQ Z^~<fl_ . POQ ###fl WO_ <
q sfi ~^ K (SZ), SZZ (WO_ < Z_x\ " sfi) J< Jd ~` sfi# " \_ .
" Y ~` x~`Q P# K# = z~ ~}
O.
64.20 ~lh <_ (18791949) :

~lh <_ =Y G"` J ~ <^ K\^ ^= =~. 1879, |=i 13#
^~^ [xOz, <fl O_= U@< "\ +< sH ^= ~Q Lf~~ #. WOQO_ "o,
HOQ H#, HOa_x y~< H# q^#Oz, POQ ~fiÒ ==` Q^
~K# KO k. P"k ="# QO`. H#H< P" '~` HH (Nightingale of India) xeK~.
1917 #O_ ~` ~[H ^$+ iOzOk.
QY #O^Hx OQ q[ # =u~HOQ HH` 1907 ="" # *f
HOQ ="xH [~O k. Q "k i# _#"iH =K ''H[ ~WO^ J< |OQ~ `Hxfl
OkOk. 19151918 O=`~ =^ JxaO\, ~=fiq J~`@ P" =` ~`xfl
~ \Oz *f"Ô, q"K#, =` OH= O, Hi Q~=O, =#flQ JO L<=
ez [# K` # =O`# KO k. èiQ P" 1916 Hfl HOQ ="O HeOk. D
="O fi `fi f~<xfl =i J#~ O Q =\_ JOî ^$+x PHiOzOk. 1925
H#~ [iy# HOQ ="xH J^ ~eQ ZOHO k. *f HOQ J^ H ^q #OHiOz#
è ~f = ~lh <_. = HOQ J^ ~e ~ O_=k.
19171919 O=`~ =^ HO P" *f^=O K~Q Ok. ~` a
=u~HOQ, d` = =^`Q K~O KOk. 1919 QOnrH _ *"
x~H~}^=O Ok. [e< "Q ^~O`, J=$`~ "\# xH <xfl
^|@` K# O Q J=# ^~ # î OKK [e< "Q =~}HO_#
x~ `fiO `# kOz# ''M[~WO^# `lOzOk. 1919 Jd ~` " ~
uxkQ WOQO _ "oO k.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
260
fi^xH uiy~Q< (1919) O~x H OÔQ K Hx `# H~H# H#yOzOk.

O~ ~R HOQ J^ ~eQ *f |=`~ O KO k. 1922 =G=# `lOz
Mn |@# î OzOk. O^ =O " H ` @_O k.
_gx< uu JOO KiOK\xH QOnr, l<fl, > , "f <` @ P"
~[uxk Q Wifi<# HeOk. ~ O_= Jd H ="xH [~ H=# J"~# =u~HOzOk.
J<H ~ * H oOk. 1942 PQM< x~OkO|_Ok.
fiÒ` ~`^ O Q=~fl~ ^q x Ok# è = ~lh <_. P" L`~ ^
Q=~fl~Q =~}O K=~ J#Q =i 2, 1949 =~ ==iOzOk. 'P" *f^=O ^xfl,
<~ i`<xfl " \O ^x < P" =~} "~ q#Q< "MxOK_.
64.21 KO^ (18971945) :

KO^ 1897 H@H [xOK_. \+ Ki H q^#Oz# =@
SZ sH [~H=_xH WOQO _ "o, P sH <= ~O# kOK_. [e< " Q
^~OÒ=# H` KOk `# JO\ tH}
Hxfl _ i K ^ . QOnr #O^Hx
`fi L^QxH ~r<= K x~H~}
^=O <fl_ .
P# z`~ O [<^ " =# q`_< _. x~H~}
^=xfl x^ K \xfl
f=OQ QiOK_. fi~[ s # , x~fi} z`~ O[< ^ K
` xK_. < P "
~@# O^~OQ |+~}^=xfl x~fiOK_. HH` H~~+< =Y H~x~fi}kHiQ
=~= OÒQ xK_. q= H~H #flO^ =_ O=`~@ =O_ *
tH J#q OK_. * #O_ q_^ HQ< OQ ~R HOQ J^_ O~fi~[ ^< H OQ
ZOKH<fl_ . < x"kH (1928) zOz# _gx< uux ` K_. WO_ < WO_O_O<
bQ (Indian Independence Leegue)# O z =` q= <_< _.
1930 LC `Q O x J~ J_. QOn Wifi< X _O|_H (1931)# f=OQ
=u~HOK_. H<fl ^ |+~} Qi J_. 1938 i~ HOQ ="xH J^_Q
ZxflH<_. Hx 1939 JC_ HOQ J^H ^qH #QO_ \a`~= Kx
QOnr x~~ OK_. Hx [#~ ZxflH \ K Q O^_. 1938, JH|~ *f
}oH Hq\x (National Planning Committee) O K_. QOnr` q^ =# HOQ
J^ H ^q H, HOQ ~r<= K_.
1939 ~fi~ H# O z, ~" ~ fi~* ~rx ~@ ="xfl (Anti Compromise Conference) U~@K_. ~
O_= O K Ô ~OO HQ< ^_ a\+ `fixH
261
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Z\ ^# , x H O K ~^x xK_. `èH *f `fixfl `H}

" <Hx
a\+ "ix H~_.
< L^=O #flO^ Q$ x~OÔ qkO|_Ok. Hx Q$O #O_
ÒKHx Px<, W@b g^Q [~h K~_. JK@ #O_ [< Ki, <\H PQfl
fiÒ` L^=xfl #_`#fl ~+ as #O_ <H`fiO fiHiOK_.
*f < xfl #~==H i Oz (J*^ O^ *) [< zH# ~f ^ Mn #
JO^K~ <fl_ . JO_=<, xH~ n= ~[OQ J*^ O^ q= `fixfl O K_. 1944
[#=i 'K _b '* O^ J< x<^` [< O` ~`^ xfl q=H K \xH |~ J<
x<^` [< O` ~`^xfl q=H K\xH |~ i^ ^\, H=, WO
K~ Hx u=~ *f `Hxfl ZQ~" _. Hx ~ O_= O K Ô [< F@qQ@K <`r
~`^ q=HH yOz# ~@O J~O `~O Q xez~Ok. `^ P# *Q _iQ è~^ .
1945 PQ 18= `n# `" < (~*) =^ [iy# q=# =Ô =~}O K_x q< fl~ .
fiÒ` ~@O P# î Oz# ^~ =~ ~xq. H#H< ~f $^
'<`r xez_.
64.22 |=} ~u (18821921) :

|=} ~u `q<_x J~fie lx Z@ ~O Q=O 1882, _O|~ 11#
[xOK_. L^_Q rq`xfl ~OaOz, =^ #O_ "=_ 'fi^jq`< uH Ki
" ~_. P# Q Hq, O_` _. P# Q `q<_ ^ H x ~Q H~.
|=} ~uH Ju"^ L^=O` O|O^<fl~. a\+ "i "kO ^~OQ LO_@
1908 O_Ki "o JK\ k O=`~ Q_ _. " rqÒ qy uiy a\+ WO_ Ki,
=~ 'fi^j q`< K~_. 1917 `< fiOQ 'WO_ J< uH# Oz POQ
=["^xfl YO_ ~K# yOK_.
|=} ~u Q *f"k, `q Ò #`# X ~=_x $+O z# =Hq, O_` _.
H#H< P# 'P^ xH `q e ` (Father of Modern Tamil Style)Q u O|__ .
~f Of q^ # qiOz " H ~`^ x~}O K x ^ ^ `# ~K# L^\O K_.
=#O ~` =` a_ O, JO^~O H ", ~`^ xH |OQ~ q +`# kOK kQ H$+
K x PHOHO K_. ~`= `# Qi ~u D HOk ^xfl ~_.
''P" =k H@ ([) =M,
Hx $^ O X H>.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
262
P" ^ <xqk + =\_ Òk.

Hx P" =# X H>.
W@ P# *f " H ` Jifl H$+ K_.
64.23 q<H ^"^~ "~~ (18831966) :

H..1883 [xOz# q<H ^"^~ "~~ q= "k, Hq, O_` _, O =_.
1897 Q "k |e#_ POQ L^y # ~O_ J=#+ =~# # QOz KH~ ^~
J`xx KO~. `^ i KH~ ^~ Lif|_~ . D O @# =# q`_ `# _
KH~ ^~ =kiQ ^ fiÒÒ HO ~_x "~~ x~~ OK<fl_ .
^ fiÒÒ HO, J=~" ` ^ ~\xfl yOK\xH 1899 q`=O_ J#
O# O K_. 1900 <x ~ " H Ki, JK@ =# ^ H ~}Q
fikk, ^ ~@ H# q=iOK_. = =~Rx a#fl O` ~ \Oz =`#
=`$^ q=HH Z\ `QxH< Ô H"x =}O K~OK_.
=` ~` ~ \ 'q`=O_#, Ja#= ~` Q =~_. LH~ "`# O` q^xH
WOQO _ "o JK@ ~f q^~ Oîh H 'Free India Societyx O K_. D O q=
H~H HO^"Ok. D O O|# Z `~K ~# H `#
~` Ok. =lh ~K# # "~~ =~s +xH J#=kOK_.
"~~ 1857 u~Q@# '^= ~` fiÒ` OQ=OQ Ja=iOK_. 'WO_<
+e '`fi~ J# uH q= " =HO K " ~_. gx< HH` #O_ "=_
'QO`~ , O~ #O_ "=_ 'qs uH J#=kOz K iOKq. P# J<H <@H,
^, #= "_. #= =Y"# q 'Hh, " u~Q@.
O_< Q^~ s == _# ~^
# "~~ He_. 1910 "~~ J~
K |_ WO_ O|__ . î # Ôx =~fl =^ "~~ ÒKHx =\xH
uflOz @|__ . WO^ J`xH JO_=< n= rq` * tH qkO|_Ok. 1924 ~`fl yi
l# =ê" ~^# +~` ` q_^ K |__ . 192437 O=`~ =^ ~`fl yi l JO@~x`#
x~#, == =u~HOQ O O~}^=xfl #__. ~`fl yi O^ Y#
~OaOK_.
1937 <\H "~~ ##fl POH hfl `y~. O^ = J^ _Q O^
=`^~ }
#, O^ =[ O~} `# + rq`xfl JOHÒ K_. QOn `` O|O^= #fl^#
<~~} "~~ "|_Ok. <#O P## x~+Q H\ O zOk.
263
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
g~ "~~ *f^=xH, O O~}, =*xH K# = =~ ~xq.
~OO :
*f^=O |=Y =~O. H=O fi~[^#H QH D L^=O q=H HO,
JO@~x`# x~#HO, O^ =O " H ` HO ` O ~@O KOk.
QOnr <`$ `fiO *f^= * L^=OQ =iOk. , =`, =~, Of ^ =
O_ =` *ux D L^=O ##@ KO k. = Ò K~Q <fl~ .
D L^=O ~`# ~[HOQ, PiHOQ, =lHOQ H=O`"# ÔQ fik^x
qOzOk. H~p HOQ ="O ^ PiH QuH }oH P=H`x ="^xfl Q=
#ifl~}xfl <H K Ok. ^x H#Q}OQ< fiÒ` ~`^ PiH q^< ~OkO|_~.D
L^=O HH ``fixfl H=OÒ KOk. =` ~[H# Ò =u~HOz< ^ q[##
x~"iOH~Ok.
D L^=O q[=OÒ H=\xH a#fl O` < J#Q QOnr, <, uH,
, J*^ =O\ "~ ZO^~ xfi~ = K~.
JO :
1.
QOn QO *f L^=O * L^= fi=O# ijeO=?
2.
JO@~x`# x~# QOnr, JO^ ~ =Oz# ` Z\O k?
3.
HÒ ~O x JO# ^$+ #OKHx q=HH [iy# L^=xfl gHO K=?
4.
*f "^ J#iOz PiH q^# fi="\O k?
5.
D HOk "xH "Y ~=?

1. ~~ > 2. [u~
3.
~lx <_
4.
QOQ^~ uH.
5. =< J*^.
H~H :
~`^ ~ M@O *f^=Ox =Y #, =Y *f HOQ ="
[iy# ^ # QiO=?
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
264
65
fiÒ`#O`~ ~`^ O
65.1 iK O :
WO` =O^ g~ ~`^ O , fiÒ Ò H~ K# J^` ~\xfl Qi K^= @O =yOK~.
^^ 200O=`~ @ [iy# ^_
` =# =# Ô Jxfl ~OQ J}Q^H|_
Ja=$k kOK_O "#H|_Ok. H|\ fiÒÒ kOz# g^@, fiÒ` ~@ =O
HQ#fl |"# ~[H <^, i}u KOk# PiH == =i P^ xH =lH ==
Hey# P^ xH ~`^ x~}O X H #"Q =iO^<k += ~Ok. H`Q fiK"=
#fl Ô , J<H `fl, H+# Hi ` ~H K~ Ok. D ~O =#O X H *fi=
Q}Ò` q^#O U~@, ~ #~fi=H ~ } ^fi~ ~` *f `fi x~}O [iy# f~#
<~ OÔ. WOH =#O, ~`^ = [iy# =lH, PiH #x~}O, q^jq^#O, z=~Q =#
~Q ^` Q O|O^# QiOz _ ÒÔ.
65.2 H :
D ~O J^ #O K# `~fi` g~ D HOk q+ Ò\~
1.
~`^ O *fi= Q}ÒÒ H (^#`) qt+`# =kO KQ@.
2.
~ #~fi =H ~ }
H~ K |_# ~*OQ U~@# q=iOKQ @.
3.
~` ~*OQO ^fi~ $+O K|_# qq^ ~H ~# QiOKQ @
4.
WOH# ~ #~fi =H ~ }
H~ K# fl x~O`~ PHOH #
5.
=lH, =~ ^^_ `#fl Hxfl H~H# K Q@
6.
*u x~}xH ^Ô K Ju =Y H~H =lH i}=O# _ X H H~HO Q

QiOK@.
265
(demand)
QiOKQ @.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
7.
*f " H ` =Y`# =kO K @.
8.
~`^ O fi``#O`~O }oH# ` ~K _O kOz# Qu x QiOK@
9.
O KO Ou # ~`^ O , Jb<^=O ^fi~ K# H$+x =kO KQ@.
10. ~`^ xH, K< , H< =i |OQ^` Q W~H q"^# QiOK@.

11. ~`^ xH ~Q ^` Q `Q= # i+iOKH=_O K# K~=# Q~ `K H#@
65.3 ~`^ O XH *fiqH Q}Ò` ~[O

(INDIA - A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC)
n~H eH ~@O `~fi`, =#O H..1947 fiÒÒ OkOK=x, P `~fi` =# z~H

P^~ H#Q}OQ H` ~*OQO# U~@ K <flO Jx g~ Kkq<fl~ .
_II | ~*O^^ J^H`# X H ~*OQ x~} (Constituent Assembly) U~@
K|_Ok. ~*OQ x~}(Constituent Assembly)"^\ ="O ~"O\ O@ ,
_O |~ 9, 1946# 207 =Ok ` [iyOk.
P =O ~`^ O ~[H iu K PO^#H~O Q LOk. l<fl ~*OQ x~}#
|+iOz `HK~(Direct Action)# H\ O K~. D i` ~ =O\@< ~`^ xH
" Q =K~. P# ~`^ <# "= iu x q=iOz O`$ i K_. P# g`,
a\+ ~" O\# ~`^ xfl ~ O_ fiÒ` ^# ~`^ O =i H< Q ql ~`^
fiÒ` K@O # P"kOK ~.
fiÒ`#O`~O ~*OQ x~} "^\ H O, *f H# x~tOK@O. H..1947,
[#=i 22# ~*OQ O_\ [=~ <K " @|_# H`H f~<xfl P"kOK~.
~`^ O x u~_H ^q H HeOK_O JOM =~(minorities) =i "#H|_#
=~ "iH D H# K~ K> ~fi`H *fiqH Q}Ò`xfl (Sovereign Democratic
Republic) O
Kx f~#O K~.
_II a.P~ JO^ ~ J^ _Q ~*OQ =~^ Hq\ ~`^ ~*OQxfl ~OkOK
|$` H~xfl i K~. #=O|~ 4, 1948# ~*OQ =~^ " @|_Ok. ~*OQO,
JOî P"Ô Ok "~ O`H K, 1949 #=O|~ 26# P"kOz#\H "= OQ
1950 [#=i 26#O_ =`" J=H =zOk. ~*OQO J=H ~=_O`, ~`^ O X H
Q}Ò` ~[O(Republic)J~Ok. fiÒ` ~`^ xH _II.~[QKi "^\ Q=~fl~ [#~
J~. P `~fi` _II ~*O^^ ~` x< J^H <xfl O^~.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
266
iH (<On=#)
(Preamble) :
~*OQO, 'iH J#~` L^Ò ` "^=Òk. D iH ~*OQO P , H#

H\ O k =i qfiO, ^~ =(soul and spirit) # Ja=i O k. Wk ~[OQH~ , ~` [
P # uaOaO k. Wk D HOk qÔ Q ~|_ LOk.
~*OQ iH ("t H) (Preamble of the Constitution) :

''~`^ ["# "= ~`^ xfl ~fi`H (~fi=) ="^, HH, *fi=,
Q}Ò` ~[OQ xiOKH=_xH ~OîH =lH, PiH, ~[H <xfl, PK#, =H@ #,
qfiO, ^~ O, P~^< fiÒ`xfl ^#, J=H#, =#`fixfl K~@ "~Oî
=H Q~"xfl, *f " H `# O~H , `$`fixfl OOkOK_xH 1949 #=O|~ 26# =#
~*OQ i+` (~*OQ x~}) ZOH K Hx (P"kOKHx) #OQ ~OkOKH#fl D
~*OQxfl = "" WK<flO.
~`^ O XH ~fi `H *fi= Q}Ò` ~[O

Wk ~fi=kH~O Qk(~fi`H"#k) ZO^HO> =#O JO`~ÒQ, OQ _
fiK# Hey<fl=. ~`^ O U H J~< xO`} K~OK^ . =# *fiqH
==, '~fiuH =[# F@ J< Ò P^~_O k. J#Q [ `= ~fi[xH F@#
qxyOz `= `~ # x~
# fHx, `fixfl #_ ux^# Z#fl O\~. ~`^ xfl
X H Q}Ò` ~[OQ K=K. ZO^HO> WK@ ~*kuH J^_ Z#flH|_`_. Hh
J#=OtHOQ D ^q x Ok#"_ H^. ~*OQ iH +O Q ~#fl qÔ Q, ~*OQxfl
"iH "~ =iOK#fl WK\ [ Ô ~fi=kH~O H"~ H ~fi#fl`" # "~Q
~[OQO ~O@Ok. ~" O\ H H H kQ=, [K` Z#flH|_# ux^ K U~@
K |_Òk. D U~@hfl Ô *fi= x|^` # x~OKK#flq.
=# ~*OQO O^~K | _# ^q H , =# *fi=xfl J~=OÒQ K~.
~"O\ == :
~`^ O *fi= `fiO H ~"O@s ==# K\ O k. nO\ ~" O\ H ^
# x~}Y (legislative)J`#fl`kH~O (JOu=kH~O) LO@Ok. ~*OQ ~O Q Jku Q
J^ _ LO\_. [K ` HO Q Z#flH|_# ^ #=Ou JkH~xfl K~_ . *ux^ K
U~_ ~" O\x kQ= , ^ #=Ou, J`x =Ou=~ ^` =~ . PqÔ Q
=OÒ^~ q+Q , =HQ ` O Q _ `=`= K~ [ ["|^sQ LO\~. J`kH
< ("*i\) kOz# ~[H s <_x ^ #=OuQ, ~+ u xq_. H OÔ
=i ~ _ ~" O@s ==# J#i~.
267
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
=Y ==
(Federal Structure)
~` ~*OQO J<H =Y ~[ H}<fl~. JkH~}O 1, ~`^xfl ~

x<Q H\ O zOk. ~`^ O ~ O_ ~H `fiO\~. H O^ `fiO, u ~RO
~R `fiO LO\~. <# xiOK JkH~O D ~O_ `fi, =_ *a` HO^
LO@Ok. Jq: H O^ *a`(Central list), ~R *a` (State list), L=_ *a`(Concurrent list). Jxfl
W`~ =Y ^Q<, ~`^ O _ X H OH~ =i X H ed` ~*OQO L<fl~.
J~`, W`~ =YQ HO_, ~`^ O H O^ `fiO Z= JkH~xfl Hey LOk. H#H
~`^ O UHH O^ H}
#fl =Y ~[O. H O^ *a`#O^ Z= JO O^~K | _ L<fl~.
H O^, ~R K\ =^ U"< ^ a =, HOÔK K |_# K\xH JkH ^#=O@Ok.
U^< JOO ~ O_ *a` H ` ^x J=tkH ~O(residuary power)H O^xH LO@Ok. ~
x< (Union of states) J< Ô ~ H O^xH Q Q JkH~xfl è* O k. ~RuH
Q J`=~ JkH~ _ H O^xfl X H |"# ==Q ~OkOK~.
Ò ~`Ô 28 ~, 7 HOê` O` =i HOê` O`
X H># _b *f ~[^xQ L<fl~. H Oê` O`# `HOQ H OÔ X H < O\ Q=~fl~
H p Hg+#~ ^fi~ i# yOk.
65.4 ~` ~ #~fi =H ~ }
:
g~ WO` =O^ Kkq#@Q fiÒÒ ~H~fiO, ~` QO ~O_ QQ
ql O|_Ok. "\ X H QO HO^ a\+ e` O` J#Q Wq a\+ iK ` HO Q
ieO|_q. ~ O_=QO fi^j O<n HO^ LO_q. J#Q Wq JO`~` OQ fiÒÒQ
eOKO@ L<fl q^j ==~ =Ò a\+ "i ` K =YOQ LO_k.
D fi^j O<(Princely states)^= O` "Oz L<fl~. Jq J#=OtH ~[=~K
ieOK|_` JkH~=O` X Hi K` (autocracy) H OnH$`" LO_k. P ~*P i=}O
Qx H ~ Qx UHsuQ LO_q H=. ^~^, [= Hj~, " ~ O\ ^ ~*`
@, X ix uK~(Trichar)O\ K z#fl ~*O_q. [ ^~} iu ^fi~ ^ hOQ
LO_k. J#Q "~ a\+ "i # L<fl~ H fi^j O# ~[=~ # L<fl~? J<
O^ O HeQ k.
H..1947 fiÒ`#O`~O , ~` fiÒ ` K@O ^fi~, fi^j O< Jq ~`^ O `
Qx H H`Q U~># H<` Qx qb#= fiK HeOK|_Ok. D ~# " H ~`^ O
K@O (frame work)HO^ `=_O, ~`^ xfl X H ~fi `H *fiqH Q}ÒÒQ =~_O, D
xx q[=OÒQ, OuÒQ Z@=O\ ~}, ~H ` O_ i K _O X H =
J~Ok.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
268
~~ > 1947 E ~R=Ou =~O K~Q <, D ~# ~`^ O qb#O K e#

`H}
J=~xfl Q=xOK~. g~, ^ H =i *f " Hey# ~[=~# ~`^ O
K~= x, ~`^ ~*OQxfl ` ~ K _O #_xH, ~*OQ "i ux^ # O=x
JiOK~.
J^$+=` Hxfl ~* `, O< JkHQO fiKOÔQ qb#" ~`Ô
JO`~QO J~. qb#O Hx "\ =Y"# q ^~^, [= Hj~ =i A<Q_ .
~~ > f="# `fl = z=~ D ~ _ qb# X O^" # (Instrument of
Accession)J#|_ X OÔ O`HO
K _xH JOwHiOK~. A<Q_ #"| H< iQ,
P O` [ 'i~ O_O ^fi~ ~`^ O qb#==fi_xH "Q K~.
^~^ q+ xH =, =Ò J~# ~*H~ H~O` x*O =` O# `,
LO_"_. 1948 O |~ 30# ~` x H ^ "ix J}K_xH O|_~. Q` O`~O H x*O,
H =O <Q ~A ==k qb#==_xH JOwHiOK_.
[= Hj~ KOk# O^~A, ~*iOQ, `= OÒ ^_K `= QO H
KKHx =# fl H< K~@^~# ìqH@_xH ~f # O H~ =Ok, ~`Ô
qb#==_xH X C<fl_ . ~` `fiO D q+ xfl SH~[ quH q#flqOKQ, [#=i 1949
H q~=} H\ O K|_Ok. nx` [= Hj~ " H ~`^ O X H (QO) ~ROQ H\ O K|_Ok.
J, ~~ > `# ^`hu`, JÒ` H+ " # = J~# ~`^ O fi^j O< qb<xfl
JkQq OK_O _< _.
H ~ H~ PO^#
(Demand for linguistic states)
20= `|O "^ iH, H ~ U~@ HO PO^# "^~.

J 1912 OQ _h x (J)JO (P) OQ (W) c~ =i (D) X iQ ql O|_#\
#O_ =^ _h #O_ `Q =\_ PO^ U~@HO, PO^ =K _=O_ "Ô k.
"Ò g^ a\+ `fiO ~O Q, ~`~ #~fi =H~ }
K_xH JOwHiOzOk. J~`
JO\ #~fi =H ~ }
JO` =O^#fl_ [~Q ^ .
DQ HOQ H ~ H~ _=O_# JOwHiOz, H..1920 Jk PK@
=\_ +# ^$+ LOKHx 21 Of, HOQ Hq\# $+O zOk. P O` X H
` H + =\_ "~O^~ X H ` H ~RO U~~K <O^ =~O Q="Ok. a\+ `fiO
"~ WC_ H ~ U~@ =# JOwHiOz#@ HxOzOk. Wk ~` `fi K@O
1935 uaOaOzOk. PqÔ Q c~, X i ~RO #O_ X i# q_n_O, O _h
269
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
#O_ O^ O`xfl "~ K _O [iyOk. ~`^ O #O_ |~ q_~ a\+ =[O QOQ
X H ` H Ô Q U~_Ok.
1947 a\+ ~" O\, ~` fiÒ` K\xfl K# C_ JqH ~`^ O 11 ~#
Hey LOk. Jq : 1) JO 2) OQ 3) c~ 4) X i 5) O 6) =^ 7) ..(<> _
q<) 8) ..(O@ q<) 9) O* 10) O^ 11) Z<._| .Z. ("= i^
O`~R=)
gx`@ _b , Jr~ =~fi~ =i a\+ z< O\ O` H O^ `fi Pn#O
L<fl~. gxx =Y Hg+#~ ~ (Chief Commissioner's Provinces) Jx eK"~. a\+
WO_ `@, JkH OY ~[=~K ieO|_`#fl O< a\+" i ~fi=kH~O
HO^ xK=x =#O Q=xOKO. 1947 K |_# ~` fiÒ` K@O , ~`^ xfl ~O_ fiÒ`
^# ~`^ O =i H< Q qlOK@ g HeOzOk H`Q U~_# H<, O^,
Z<._| .Z. ("=i^ OÒ(NWFP)) z<, t= O*, `~ OQ ~`
U~_= LOk.
~` fiÒ` K@O fi^j O<n ~`^ O H H< ^x<< K~ #
HeOzOk. Ju ` = =O 562 O< ~`^ O qb#==_O =#O KO.
~*OQ , ~*OQxfl ` ~K _O x=Qfl" LO_Q ~ = `fixH
`<Q =~~. L^~} O@ q< On, =~s =\_ "~#fl O` =^,
Ox =~s, Q[~u =\_ O` =^ , =^ `qO =i `Q =\_ [ =^
=i ^H}
~`^ O `q =i = m =^ ~} [iQ~. D =O *f
"H`, #ifl~} K =YJO#O^= <, >, ~*r H.O.=h, [H+
<~} O\ < HO`HO =~ H q[ # "~^ " x x~~ OK~. 1947
#=O|~ =`QOn _ ~O Q ~ q[ # = ^xH HeQ =Ô QiOz q=iOK~.
H #~fi =H ~ }
X u_x x~kOKx iu ù#_, ~*OQ, `# J^ xH
D = QiOz xt` sH [~x JkH~ezOk. ^x H~O _II ~*O^^, E< 1948
#Q~ #fl Hg+<# U~@ K~. Wk * Z.H.^~ <H`fi O xKO k. ^= O`\
q $` ~ @# [i ^^ 1000H Q q*# ` fiHiOz# g^@ D Hg+< ''~O Q
~ U~@ J<k ~`*u =# JO`Q `H#^ H|\ ^xH ^#` x=fi=#
J=~O ^ Jx x"kOzOk. D Hg+< x"kH [ f= =<"^# îfOk.
HOQ, 1948 _O |~ s~ [iy# * ~ =" ''*.q. Hq\ Jx =|_
J`#fl` JkH~ Hey# O xfl [=~ <, = > =i \a `~=
Q =# # gHO K_xH U~@ KO k. D Hq\ `# x"kH s ~
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
270
H #~fi =H ~ }
H@|_ L#flk H|\ D H # HO`HO =~ "~^ "x KOk.
D Ja @ H~@H =i PO^ KOk# HO^~ < f= PQ xfl, x~e fl =HO
K~.
D <^ O ~*OQO P"kOK|_ ~" # JO *eH O_, <Q qa#fl `~ Q
~efl U~@ QqOzOk. 1951 ~Ò ^ \O_< J^ H` # U~># HOQ =iOQ Hq\
'' H ~ `H}
U~@ x"fie Jx f~xOzOk. Hx <, P# =Ou=~O
nxx X H 'Ò^~ @ x~
OQ ` zOk.
1950 [#=i 26# #`# ~*OQO J=H =zOk. JkH~ }
O 1.'~`^ O J#Q ~`
Hxfl ~ x< Jx K|Òk. ~*OQO H 2= JkH~ }
O, H` ~ U~@ K@O
^fi~ Qx H i` `Q@Q ~ U~@ K@@ ~"O\ JkH~xfl HeOzOk.
~*OQOx 3= JkH~ }
O H~O, ''K@O ^fi~ ~" O\ (J) U ~RO #O_< X H Qxfl
"~ K H` ~xfl U~@ K =K H U ~ROx QxH< U O`<fl < H=K.
(P)
U ~RO Q<fl < OK=K.
(W)
U ~RO Q<fl < `yO K=K.
(D)
U ~RO i^ << =~=K.
(L)
U ~RO ~<< =~=K.
D =~ K _xH, ~Ru H ~ =`" a ` ~K, ~" O\ " \e.

q` ~ # Jaefl iQ}#H fH"e. ~"O\ Pa "@_xH
=O^, ~Ru J@=O\ Ja# JOwHiOz, H@|_ LO_e# J=~O ^. ~"O\,
H =O ^~} "*i\`, i^ =~ H ~ ~ =i_ K =K. J^qÔ Q X H
H Oê` OÒ ~x Oz ~ROQ K =K. ~*OQO Jxfl a\+ ~` ~, O<#
4 QQ =sHi OzOk.
271
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
~ =i ~` Q O`
qQO 'Z
qQO 'a
qQO '
qQO '_
JO
^~^
Jr~
JO_=< xH~ n=
c~
[= Hj~
"~
a~
=^^
(Pepsu)
=^
~[<
_b
X i
~R
=K^
`~O*
\=<H~Hz<
HK
L`~^
=^~`
qO^^
=}~
u~
fiÒÒ `~fi` _, 'qb# H H#yOk. z#fl O# ~* `=

gO ^ ~` He~. L^~} 1948 X i, KO_Q_ x 39 O` =~Q
X i =i =^ ^ qb#=~.
PO^~ R U~@ :
H O^ <# H ~ #~fi =H ~ } # `H} " K x H =@O` qO^
U~@H K # fl PO^# "QO OAHyOk. H ~ U~@H~ , 1952 E
~" O\ X H H=x _ X H f~<xfl " \_ . =Y"# HOQ < J<H= Ok
nxH J#OQ OkOK~. Hx `fiO =u~HOzOk. Pf~#O Py~#\H PO^HO
~@O H#yOk. 1952 E =^ # PO^ KOk# `Q =\_" i 160=Ok
71=Ok, =^ ~xfl q_Q\, `H PO^ U~@HO x [iy# <fl~.
HOQ O\ ^ s _ D x+Ô qkOz#\H D [iyOk. P `~fi` @OQ@i
HOQ~ 1952 _O |~ =^#O^ JdH PO^ # U~@ K @ xK~. WO^,
J<H s KOk# ux^ <fl~ . `fiO Hi# OQ ==iOz#\H, PO^ J#OQ
L^=O "QO OAHyOk.
D ^ \ N~= PO^ U~@H~ P=~} x~~ nH K~. P# 26~A@
L"O K =~}O K~. D O @# f="# O îf, J<H= Ok [ KO|_~ . nO`
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
272
`fiO ky=z, ^ x < 1952 _O |~ 19# PO^, ~xfl U~@ K `#fl@ H\ O K~.
1953, JH|~ 1 #O_ U~@ J H` `Q =\_ "~O_ PO^~RO i^#
x~~OK=#kQ [ "OK xqOK|__. DqÔQ PO^~RO, H ~
"@" ^\ Q U~_#>O k.
~ #~fi =H ~ }
Hg+< (Z.P~.) (States Reorganisation Commission (SRC))
`H PO^~RO U~@, H ~ #~fi =H~} HO J<H O` #O_
_=O_ îfOk. PqÔ Q, H O^ `fiO, ~ #~fi =H ~ }
=# OQ ijeOKO^
X H Hg+<# xqOzOk. P Hg+< ~R #~fi =H~} OO (States Reorganisation
Commission)(Z.P~.)Q <=H~}O K [ [ Pbx K~<Q, NK.Z<.OE, N
H .O.}
H ~# Q xqOK~. K~ < ~` D Hg+<, [ Pb Hg+#Q =|_k.
~ #~fi =H ~ }
O O ^= O` ~ \Oz =~ 9000=Ok = Ja#
`Hx, ^^ 1,52,000H Q =z# q*# `#, q#fl# ijeOzOk. Wk `# x"^H #
1955, O |~ 30# H O^ `fixH =iOzOk.P Hg+< `# x"kH, H =O +, O $`
P^~OQ ~ #~fi =H ~ }
=#*u Jc+O H^x Ja_O k. qa#fl O $` " #O,
SH` =i Ô *f " H `# H_@O K =YO. J~#\H, ~ #~fi =H ~}
O O, ~ #~fi =H ~ }
~OQ ==Q K@
=x ~ KOk.
~ #~fi =H ~ }
O O ~ # HO^ `fiO *Q`Q ijeOzOk. D O O
K# Z= K## JOwHiOz#\H, ^x H Jxfl ~# ^`ÔQ J=
K_O J^=x `fiO qOzOk. PqÔQ, OO ~ K#@, q^~ ~RO U~@
K ~^x x~~ OzOk.
J^qÔ Q, Hg+< ~ "~ ^~^ 'a qQO ~RO U~@ H^ . ^xx ql Oz
`Q =\_ "~#fl O`xfl PO^` He ^^# PO^^Q#, H#fl_ + =\_"~#fl
O`# " ~ H_O , =~s =\_ "~#fl O` O~ H_O [iy<~. "Ò
~ OY ukOz# 16#O_ 14 `yO K_O [iyOk. nO`@, H O^ `fi Pn#O LO_
3 H O^ e` O` |^ H Oê` O`# U~@ K _O [iyOk.
`fi x~# ~"O\ 1956 ~ #~fi =H~} K@O ~O P"^=^
"O k. ~ #~fi =H ~ }
a# ~"O\ ~ K _xH =O^ ~*OQ JkH~}
J#Q}OQ, ~R # Jaxfl "\ U~@ O|OkOz# "iJa# ~Ru
`<fl~ . 1956 U~># 14 ~ D HO^ W=fi|_~.
273
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
1. PO^ ^
2. JO
3. c~
4. O~
5. [= Hj~
6. H ~
7. =^ ^
8. =^
9. " ~
10. X i
11. O*|
12. ~[<
13. L`~ ^
14. t=OQ
6 H Oê` O` :
1. JO_=< =i xH~ n= 2. _b 3. =K ^ 4. =} ~ 5.u~ 6. Hn =,
qxH JqOkq n=
Z.P~. ~ K# qÔQ Z.a. =i _Q ~#|_# ~ =^ `_#
`yOz, ~[=Yx H~O ~^ K |_Ok. Jxfl~ Q=~fl~# xqOK~. H Oê`
O`# < O \ Q=~fl~ H =Y Hg+#~ H O^ `fiO `~ # i# [i"~.
~fiO \=<H~ Hz< ~ROQ =|_ ~xH 'H~ J< H`~ \~ . JO` =O^
Q (Pepsu)O* qb#" O*x HO_O` =i (Pepsu)# He
=K^Q U~@ K~. =^~` ('aqQO), qO^^, , a~('qQO)
~# He =^ ^ Q #~fi =H i OK~. JO` ~ ~R =i HK # He ^^ #
O~ ~ROQ =~~. Jr~, ~[< Q=~Ok. (P `~fiu HO P O`x
xH [ HiH H~O =^, `q<_Q#, "~, H~@HQ# =i Hn nfi
Hn =Q# ~ =~|_~).
PqÔ Q, ^xH X H JOu= ~[H ~ M\xfl Wz#@~Ok. nO` P H ~
U~@ H~ _=O_ ~=#H=K. Hx J@=O\ _=O_ <~" ~ =x PtOK=K. P `~fiu
HO P_^_ [ Jc "~ Hxfl H` ~, H O^ e` O` U~@ K |_~.
1960 ", O~ ~RO q[ # K |_ =~R =i Q[~`Q U~_~. O~
#Q~O , =~Rx =~s =\_ "~#fl OÒQ =iOk. qe>O@, i fiÒÒHO K #fl
_=O_# =u~H <QO_ ~`^ O 16 = ~ROQ U~_Ok. 1960 O* q[ # H~
JHb^ X H PO^## K\ O k. Hx `fiO OQH, =Ou=~ OO ~ "~, ~" O\
K@O ^fi~ ~fi kfi ~R"# O*c + =\_ OÒ O*Q#, On =\_ OÒ
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
274
~< Q#, =i KO_ _ #Q~O O* #O_ q_n, H Oê` OÒQ# U~@K |_Ok.
1961 ~w "i#O_ Q", _=<, _
fiÒ`xfl Ok, ~ O_ fiÒ` H Oê`
O` ^^ #Q~ "e =i Q", _=< _
Q# U~@ K |_~. JO` =O^
O z "i = ~*# =(Mahi) =i H~ H(Karekal), =^ qb#O K |_Q O_K i
X H H Oê` OÒQ K |_Ok. JO`QH 1987 Q" X H ~ROQ U~>O k. 1969 _O |~
JO ~RO X H fiÒ` uuQ " OÒ U~@ K |_Ok. Hx [ #O_ f=
=u~H` ~=_O=#, 1971 " i ~Ruu =OE~ K |_Ok. q*~O, J~}K
^ H Oê` O`Q K |_~. 1971< =K^ Ô x 18= ~ROQ U~>O k.
=} ~, u~ i~ ~Q U~@=_O`, ~ OY 21H KiOk. 1975 ~`^ O
H O 22= ~ROQ U~@ K |_Ok.
W\= HO ~, H Oê` O` OK@O :

1985 =r ^ x H.II ~r"QOn H.II O` iKOÔ Q OQ" =^ X H X OÔ
kiOk. nxH~O KO_Q_ , 1986 [#=i 26# O* |^~OKQ O*x Hxfl On
=\_ "~#fl O` ~< |^~OKO^ X OÔ kiOk. D H~O HO `fiO X H
O xfl U~@ K# \H Ug L QO [~Q ^ . O* =i ~< ~[^x J~#\H
KO_Q_ P `~fi` _ H O^ e` OÒQ H#yOk.
1987 `fiO, =_ H Oê` O` i ~R~ HeOK_xH K# _=O_#
JOwHi Hxfl `fi K\ ^fi~ ~Ru, q*~O,J~}K^, Q" i ~R ^
HeOK~. Q" ~R ^ =OE~ K@C_ _=< =i _
"~ K |_, ` H
HOê` OÒQ H#yOK|_~. 2000O=`~O *~O_, L`~OK =i KfQ_
c~, L`~ ^ =i =^ ^ ~ #O_ q_Q@|_~. D =^HO _ z#fl ~
U~@ H~ _=O_ ~Q`< L<fl~. L^~}I JO _O_ =i t= OQ
Q~O_ H~ _=O_ K |_~. ~ =i H Oê` O` #~fi =H~ } H
WOH# JO`==fi^x D_=O_ =# ``<fl~. Wk K_\xH x~O`~ H Q HxOk.
` O =#Ô 28 ~, 6 H Oê` O` =i i ~R~ HO _=O_ =# fl
_b H *f ~[^x (Z<..\) ^ HeOK|_Ok.
65.1 ~ fl
1. ~ #~fi =H ~ }
K JkH~xfl ~" O@ ~*OQOx U JkH~ }
O ^fi~ OHqOzOk?
2. 1953 ~`^ O U~@ K |_# "@" ^\ H ~RO Uk?
275
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
3. ^~^ ~RO Zxfl QQ ql O|_Ok?

4. 1960 O~x ~ O_ O`Q ql Oz#_ U~_# ~q ?
5. O* #O_ "~ K |_# On =\_| _ ~RO Uk?
65.5 =lH i}=O : ~f J#= O

~`Ô qa#fl *`, =` KOk#"~, qa#fl + =\_"~ x=<fl~.
=#O X H qt+, qa#fl O $ux _ HeyL<flO. =#Ô =~ 200OII @ y# a\+" i
# =#^ =lH, PiH i` =~ `zOk. =#Ô ^^ O Q =~@"QH [
J<H ` U~_Ok. J^= O a\+ # J# JO _ =#O iQ}#H fH"e.
P^xH q^, ~fi =K~ == O\ JO "@|_@O`, ~f "i #
Q Oz, H` H` PK## fiHi OKQe Q~. g~, ~` =*xfl OiOKO^ [iy# `fl
Q" # =lH, =` O~} L^=O# QiOz QÒ < Kk"~.
fiÒÒ `~fi`, =lH ^~K~# ~=@ ~`^ O f= `fl KO k.
J@=O\ `fl H =O =lH =~ =`" QH [ "Y i =i ^$H^ _
=~# H~O\~. n#O`\ H , Ô x [O^~ X H`\ x|_x PqÔ Q *f " H `,
~` =lH SH` ` xi J~#C_ P^ xH *fi= =[O U~__xH J=~" # i
=lH =~# =#O kOKQ Ò.
Hx, =lH i}=O JO> Uq\? =*xH KOk# qa#fl =#, JO H" } Qx
H JH`Q Qx =i` H ~O`~O Oq ^x< =lH i}=O(Social transformation)Jx
K=K. D =~ OOk`"#(relevant) J~=O`"# =[ x~}O H~, =[ x~}xfl
=i, ^xH `Q@
Q [ "Y ~, ^$H^ =~ `=_" HH, iH` PK## ~HuO k.
J@=O\ J<H =Y"# =~ fiÒ`#O`~O ~`^ O Oq OK~.
D qQO =#*u x~}O =Y JO`~Q# =lH =~ *f " H `#
kOK_xH K |_# `fl# =#O ijeÔ.
=~# KqKK@
(Experiencing the changes)
=# ^xH fiÒÒ ~H ~fiO i< q^#O ~xH, ~xH "~ fi~Q LO_k. JÒ`
`, ^= O`\ WC_ UHsu i< q^#O ^ "O k. ~"} ~OQO `fii`Qu # [iy#
Ja=$k [# ^Q~ Ki, "Ò ~`* u QiOz PzOK@@ KO k. =K~ ~OQO qi OK_O `
=i ^$=} =^ =O (^~^~ <) =## [ *f $ iyOk. iqHH~ }
=#, H` PiH J=H =~ U~_~. =# *f H "# ="Ô(Socialism) PiH

Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
276
=i =lH <xfl kOKO^ # x~} Y(legislation)# qÒ K K#flk. qq^

O` =^ L#fl Ja=$k J=#`, *f }oH Lù ^fi~ KC H^Qs u `yOK|_~.
=# =*xfl HO`HO #O_ \ _ O KK#fl =``` fi (communalism) =# i+iOK@
J<H `fl [iQ~. , OHuH ~OQ Q}hi^# Ja=$k H#QÒk. Wk =#
=[O " x# =_K~O J*<O^H ~O(obscurantism) H O " _O _O k.
P =lH =~# O|OkOz =Y JO# QiOz =#O KiÔ.
=lH K#O( K` # O) (Social Mobility)

~` =[O [O^~ =#"# =lH ~x Qx H PiH ~x Qx J#q OK_O
^ . W@=O\ J=#` =H~}O =#Ô ~fi ^~}"# ==. ^x H~}O *u,
=`, +` @ O _ =#=[O q[ # =YH~H =~Ok. =# H~_ Q\ # ==
JÒ` ^#` q+ O nx` Wq_ #fl =lH J}z"`. L#fl` x=fl ` e`
K L#fl` ~ LO_"~. x=fl Q =|_ "~ JO@~x"~Q iQ}O |_"~. "~
PiHOQ#, q^ q+HOQ# "#H|_~. =lHPiH J=#`fiO, =lH~[H
J=#`fixH _ îfOk. ` O "~ fi~ =* "i "i O Q U~_ "i
Ja=$k H~H ~[H OQ X u_ ` < fl~. Qg} O` H~_ Q\ # == =O Z=Q
LO_@O`, P O`x x=fl KOk# "i K=Ok #Q~ O` =" < fl~ . Wk
=lH K# H # èH ~K @"QH "y~i zOk. ''=lH K#O(Social mobility) JO>
x=fl Q =|_ [< PiHOQ, ~[HOQ Zky, L#fl`"# =lHux K~H=_O
JxK =K. JQ=~ Pk` O Q}hOQ `Q_ " HH =[O =lH =#`fiO QiOz#
=lH $ " KOkOk. QÒ x=flQ =|_"~ Ò +_ Q
=|_K<fl~ . ~`~ *OQO, Ô x ^, J}Qi# *a` ~OkOK@ X H ==
_ U~~zOk. D KOk# [ ` H ~~f, H \~O (i*~fi+#) O^@
J~.
a\+ "i <HO PiH J=#` X H f="# =Q i}qOzOk. a\+ `fiO
=# X _O|_H ^` (Land tenure systems) # K OH+ O KO k. a\+" ~, ^~Q
[gO^~Q =|_ ~ q# HH ~ # xqOK~. a\+ `fiO qt(revenue) = K @
Z=OY L^Q# xqOzOk. Q=` _# HO` O`xfl gi ikH `K~. "~,
"iH H \~OK|_# OÒ q iH~ # x~fi, "iK = K |_# t HO` Qxfl
f<"~. P `~fi` HH" } g~ P qH [=#, [gO^~Q =|_"~. J\H
q_~# =# =[O, [gO^s ==# " @_O =iH =lH =~O U~_#@~Ok.
`` e ÒQ J<H= Ok ~ ` , qx == HiQ#, t = K ~ q# HH ~
277
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
[=# H [gO^~Q # =~_" # k. "~ `= fi~ i` [< HO, ~ ` # =Q

=~~. [gO^s == ~^ K _O =# =i O~} " @_O =#, Qg} ==
=~O =~ =zOk. fi= ^#` K=~ `yO k.
JO@~x`#O x~# :
~` [ KC H^Q ~ L#fl X H=~O [ K HO@ [#r=# =Ou #O_
"~ ~K | _ L<fl~x , g~ JO@~x"~Q iQ}O K|_"~x =#O Wk=~< Kkq L<flO. nx=#
H =O X H =lH q[ # [~Q_ " HH Ju^ x~O`~ =lH O~} îf, *f "H `
J< iH J_Q xezOk. ~` ~*OQO, =lH <O K < Ò` JO@~x`<xfl
x+k O zOk. ~*OQxfl J# i Oz +_ , Hxfl ` H H ~ (Preferential
treatment)HeOK|_`, J<H q^< J=~K
| _~.
Wxfl =~ K@K #fl \H, JO@~x`#O x+kOz#\H, W\H == J=
L#flk. =lH =#`fi =i =lH < J= H~ ~`^ O Pk` O(
q=H) O^ ~xfl iQ ~==# J=~= #flk.
~`^ O HO_*`(yi[#) _ =lHOQ "e" |_<~. J_= H =O "i
x"OQ =`" QH "i =Y P^ =#~Q L<fl~. a\+ `fiO "~ gi ^~}"# PiH
iu x \ O KHO_ giH J_= [OQ OHqOz# # _ H~, "i Pn#OH
`K<fl~. x*xH, ~`Ô =# J#iOz# q^< =# yi[#(tribals)*f
r=# =Ou #O_ "e" |_<~.
=#~[OQO J=H =z#\ #O_ HO^, ~R `fi ~O_# +_ ,
`Q # "i q^, PiH ~OQ "#H@ `< #O_ |@_ " _xH `y# q^< ~OkOz,
"xx H#y L<fl~ . =[Ox D |# =~ "iH ~" O\ =i ~R q^#
Hxfl @ H \~(reservation)X H x|O^# ~OkOK|_k . X H" giH D i[~fi+< HeOKH `
~" O\, # O^ giH `y#O` ux^ O _ H~ ==Òk.
qq^ `fi Y, aH O _ |# =~ "iH Hxfl L^Q ` HOQ
H \~OK|_~(reserved). |#=~"~, "iH HeOK|_# ` H ^ O(reservation)` H O^,
~R sfi "iH =z` #O HeOK|_#k. +_ =i +_ *` "iH
" xH H, qq^ O\ qÔ HO`Ò @ H \~OK|_~. DqÔ Q
i[~fi+# J= K_O = Ô =lH PiH =#`fiO U~_, QÒ +_ ,
+_ *` "iH [iy# J<O WH=O^ [~Q_ xH P~=O_^ . =[Ox U =~O "i
@ qKH} KOK O_ LO_@ J=~" # K~ K\ e. q +` ~ "# Z^~=_xH
`y# qÔ Q ~fO^~ UH" HH@
Q Hê.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
278
= q"K#
(Emancipation of Women)
=# =[O J=#`fiO =i =lH J}z"` Q~ # =~H KC H^Q =~O .

=Qa_ J<kQ ^#` W=fi|_Ok. PiHO Q fiÒ`Q@ J=~" # x` q^ "iH
HeOK|_^. giH J#=OtHOQ =K =O<= Qx, PQx OHqOKq H=. OQ
KO>, x~H~ `, J*#O PiHO Q ~+ P^~_ @O O\ ^ J#q OK_O =
gi =lH ~ K ` =Q LO_k. Z= @O, x~
kH~O _ LO_kH^.
HO`=k ~` < K# H$+ eÒQ a\+ `fiO O|OkOz# HxflK\#
~OkOK~. gx 'u, 'q" x+Ô qkOK_O O\ K\<fl~. S` D K\
~OkOz#\H =[O u Q` U=Ò Ja=$k HxOK^ .
fiÒ`#O`~O fiK =M"# JOOQ qOz, "ix Hxfl # `yOz
"ix ^_ #O_ ` OKO^ Hxfl K\ K|_~. [=~ < ^xQ L#fl =O
O^"~` fi K@O (Hindu succession Act)K |_, "^\ iQ "i è^ O_ P "\
HeOK|_Ok. =~H@
fl x+Ô , JH= ~"}# x~kOK@ _ K\ K |_~. O Q
KO> K ~ hfl =[O L#fl` ux HeOK_xH K\ # ".
=#Ô q" ~fi ^~}O. K =Ok , "~ q"O K H< =xH
q" == QiOz# q+ @ Z@=O\ J=Q# LO_k H^. O_ =~_ (~ ) H#H
` = = Kx`, P qÒ`= |` K ^~~ O Q LO_k. Z@=O\ H~H=#
D" < J=H=O_k H^. P" H_xO_ u#_xH =Oz P~O _ LO_k H^.
~OQ^ _ î OK_xH gO_k H^. JO`QH U^< H ~O D" Hx JO Q
qOK"~. ~ Kx~# ~ Zxfl~< #ifi"O KH< fiK L#fl\H ~ Kx~#
~(qÒ`=) =Ò #ifi"O K < gO_k H^. Wk K ^~}O. q"#
x~kOK_xH '~^ K@O K |_k . P `~fi` "O@< qÒ` #ifi" K@| ^` HeOK|_Ok.
Hx PK~}
HKiH q"# iQ x~kOK_O Qx H qÒ` #ifi" K~O
O^@O Qx [~Q ^ . D q+ O =YOQ Qg} O`, =lH |# =~ [
@OQ Hx O k. Hxfl L`~ ~` ~, P_t($ }) ` ~fi ^~}O JO> P_t=#
=^# O@<fl~ H|\, P t= [xOKQ< KO" "~. D ^~K~xfl ~=@ J<H O ,
= q` ^xfl P~OaOK~. =aK~O J<k =~H =lH ~Q`. Wk H =O @O| rq`xfl
<#O K _O HO_, =lH rqÒ O^`<xfl, <u H` # <#O K O k. nxH O|OkOz#
<~ Hi# tH # qk X H x|O^# K |_Ok.
=# =[O =~H@
flO J##k X H ^ O H ^~K~O. D ^~K~O =~_, J`x
è^ O _ ^# Ô = [xOzO^x K =K. D ^~K~O =# q" =O =~_H, =^ =
279
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
è^ O _ Ys^# ^ , P~ }
, =O@`, =OK, |, s "^# =y W=fi_xH
K ^ "Ò _| Y~ Ke LO@Ok. K q", q"xH =O^ =~H\flxH
O|OkOz ~ ~ x~
O [iy HO`" Ò W=fi|_Òk. J~` =^ = è^ O _ D "`xfl
i OKH ` z=i H}
O<< q"O ~^ J=Òk ^ X H" Jk [iy< =^ =#, H@flOHO
P" ~ , J`x |O^ = "k ~ . H|\ =~H@
flO J<k =# =[O X H Q _e# ^~K~O,
nx X H ^$_ OHO` ~_e.
Hi#O` H@flO `^ x , =^ =# HeKO_O g~ q< LO\~. ` O =~H@
fl x+^< xH
K|"# K\ K|_~. D q+xH O|OkOz 'Jd ~` = OO(All India
Women's Association)O\ fiKO
^ O ` KC H^Qk . D O bK K\ J=
K~OK_O ` @, <~xH _# "ix O |+~}(Social boycot) K _O^fi~, =~H\ flxH
=u~HOQ [ =lH $# HeyOKK#flk. # J}z"` QiK# =iH ^~K~O
'u ` O D ^~K~O ^^Q J^$" ~< JH_H _ H#|_Òk. 1988 ~[< x
^=~(Deorala)[iy# LÔÒ nxH L^~}Q K =K. "" xH J<H O^~ ~
W+O H ~<, ~ zuH ^H ~# P`` K <@@ |=O`>" ~. =# =[O
[iy# D =lH J`K~O ~fiuHOQ YO_OK|_#k. # 'uH ~ OK_xfl K~O
K _xfl, |=O` @_xfl =u~H X H K@O K |_Ok.
K\ H x= H x|O^# =~ ^fi~ H =O xOu` =#`fiO =`"
=O k. Hx "= OQ fiK H =O ~+ . =^ `_ `y#C_ =Ok. #
=[ rq`xH O|OkOz# qq^ ~OQ Z=Q, K~Q <@
@ K _O ^fi~, "i
"iH #=HO iy, "~ fiK Q rqOK_O ^ _ Òk. ~ _ , ^~^~ <(\.q) ^fi~, q"
K _xH =u~HOQ [# K` # ~K _ O `fl [~Q`<fl~. q^ ~ ~Q Ò_@O`,
~ HO q" = ~Q_ xH J=H=Ok. `fi H~, "~O ,
J<H W`~ =$` xK OY H=OQ ~QÒk. PiH fiÒ`xH, "iH L^Q
` xi, L^QO OÔ> q^ ` xi. J~` J<H O^~ L^QO "iH Q$}
H è ^ ` J^#OQ Jk X H ^ `Q =`" J~Ok.
` O K` # O ~QÒk. , =[O "iH X H =z` #O O^_xH
q[=OÒQ ==H $ `" # "i fi~xfl qxOK_O H$`H$ `~. fiK "iH =z`
q^, PiH fiÒÒ, =~H@
flO, u O\ ^~K~ x~# L#fl`" # ~` =[ U~@
J=~O.
[< :
=lH i}=O(Social transformtion) Ju^ =eH JOO [<. ~`^ O [<
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
280
K =^H~ su ~QÒk. =#Ja=$k [~Q`#fl `fl Wk J=~ÔQ =~_"

HO_, r=<k ^~HH =_O= =#=H =$^ J=Òk. =#Ô @O| xO`} H~
X H |$`~ H~H=O K@ | _Ok. #Q~ =i Qg} O` x=OK [ @O| xO`}
PH H#|~< fl~ . JOMHOQ iy# [<# J^ K _xH =[O `# `fl KOk.
*f "H`
(National Integration) :
X H *u x~}xH *f "H` =eH P=HO. g~, nx QiOz K^=`, qO@

LO\~ Hx, *f "H` JO> Uq\? *f "H` JO>, Ôx [O` "i "i
=`, + "~ < `=O` X H> J#fl =# HeyLO_@O. i "q ^ O` xO_# =#Ô ,
[O^~ `= =O^ ~fO Jx P `~fi`< O^= H =O H H H =
J< =# Hey LO_e. ~`Ô *ux~}O X H Q J#=O. nxH" qa#fl =~
KOk# [ =i"i H~H J#O^#O K |_@"QH, X H " H H$+ K Qey# [
J=~O LOk. =#=O^~O UHOQ xez, D Ju^ H~H=O Qfi= H"e. nxH~ ,
=#O J<H =# JkQq OKe.
=``` fi O (Communalism) :
=``` fi O J#Q ~[H [< HO, =`xfl îfixQ ~K _ " . Wk qq^ =`
= =^ "~ ^xfl OzOk. Wk [ "i "i =` QiO HO J#=~ @^ J`Ò
î OK_O `^fi~ Jk qa#fl =` =^ ~ ~ ^fi, Q ~Q_ xH î fOk. Wk `~K Q
"# O îfO k. =# *f= SH` Wk X H ^ J=~Ô Q =iOk.
=``` fi O# =#*f " H ` =~O L#fl Ju =Y"# J=~^ X H\ Q K =K.
qa#fl =~ KOk# [ JO` He "e OuÒQ rqOK~. a\+" i i< HO
a\+ `fiO =O # ^ # *f =Ou#O_ ^~OQ LOK_xH, "iH ` H ^
(Provision)HeOK~. ~` F@~, =ùkH ql
O|_, z=~ Jk ^ q[ # îfOk.
fiÒ`#O`~O ~` ~*OQO ="^xfl JOwHiOz, Jxfl =`# =#OQ K J=H
HeOzOk. J\#O_, =``` fi O Jxfl" #O_ ~@O [~Q`LOk.
fiÒ`#O`~ HO H`` ~ O "~ HH ^$HÔ ` L<fl~ . =`=_O` =#Hx =$^
K< HO> Ja=$kH ^@ "_O HO "~ @^ =OK~. J~` =```fiO iQ
JOìOzO^x K O Hx, <\ =` Z= QO HH" ^ q ^$H^xfl J=~K O@<fl~ .
=#=O` =``` fixH =u~HOQ [efl K` # =Oèfl K, ^xH =u~HOQ xK =#=O` X H
*uQ LO@ O`+OQ x=OK@@ @ " e.
281
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
+ =i Of``fi O (Language & Regionalism) :

*f PK< ^$HÔ =iH J=~Ô +. ~`^ O x qq^ O` [
qq^ +# =\_` ~. u+ `#^# O` Ò, O $u LO\~. u+, ^x Ò
=# *f O $u q~l_xH H~}"# \H, + J<k X H J_O HQ =~ _^ . g~ W\H,
+ J<k ~`^ O x qq^ ~ U~@ Z ="O ^ Kkq<fl~ . a\+" i #
z=iQO +# QiOz U~_# q"Ô K =Y` =OzOk. ~` *f HOQ, Jxfl
*f + ~H}
HeOKx, ~`^ O x ~# ukH #~fi =H i OKeOkQ
f~#O KOk. J~` ~ =^ ~OQ i^ = ``~. Of``fiO,
Oz``fi O(Parochialism)J<q D =#O_ ~ H u, *f " H ` q ÒQ i}qOK~.
Jxfl + Ja=$k KOk#\H q_q_Q L#fl =#*u [O^~ X Hi` X H~ O+OK_xH X H
J#O^# + J=~O . JO^H POQ + #O, Onx *f J#O^# +Q Ja=$kK
x
ÒK|_Ok. J~` HO`=Ok [ `= fi [< ^|uO\x qOz nxH =uOK^ .
JO^H O_\ < ''On =\_x ~ On`@ POQO _ "~ H~#flO` HO
JkH~ +Q H#QÒ^x g WK~. Wk *u #~HH~}(reconciliation) `__Òk.
H" } [, "i "i =`$ +` @, JkH~ +# <~ H=_O PHx H#|~< fl~.
=#=O^~= 22 ~` +# =# JkHiH +Q QiOz "\ Ja=$kH `__e. JkHiH
[<`@ èHQ =\_ H=_xH X H J#O^# + J=~= x QiOKe.
Of``fiO, *f " H` =iH P@OHO J~Ok. W@=O\ Oz`
^~}(parochialism), ~[H # _ qÒ K~. xH [ îHO, x~^Q `
"i "i@ x~H ^~} HQ* *f "H` P@OHOQ =iOk. [ L#fl@=O\
=u~H =# Q@_xH "#H|_# O` Ja=$k `H ^ =OKe. Ô x U O`=
x~H ^~}H QiHO_, yi[# *`, W`~ "#H|_# [ J#fluH K> H~H= `H
H O^ O JO^*
|_Òk. Z=i ~RO "iH, Z=i OÒ "iH ` H Ja=#O LO_@O
`C ^ Hx D =# *f P Qx H W`~ ~ P Qx J_O H H~^. W`~
~Q x H "Ò Ô Q x ^fixfl ~ KQ\ Of``fi O =Ò X H K_ PK# Jx
K=K.
Oz` ^~}, Of``fi O, ``fi O, W`~ ^~} X H X H =# =^#O *f
" H ` H|\ =#=O^~O =#~R, =#l, =#Q= Qu x `QO K #=~O x \ + " #
~`^ O H~ xK e.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
282
65.2 ~ fl :
1. =lH i}=O J~xfl X H "HO Ò_.
2. '=lH J=#`fixH H~}"# ~`^ O x O^ == Uk?
3. '~^ K@O ZO^ K |_Ok?
65.6 PiH Ja=$k =i PiH }oH q^#O :

(Economic Development & Economic Planning)
a\+ "i iqH q^<xfl QiOz ~` OÔ ` WOQO _ `~e =_O QiOz g~
W\H Kkq<fl~. 200O=`~ a\+ "i # ~`^xfl PîÒQ#(dependant)
"#H|_#k Q#, x~^ Ô Q# =iOk. a\+ # =# i=# =i =# PiH ~OQxfl
<#O KO k.
~`^ xH 1947 fiÒÒ ~=_O` *f <, [ L= #O Hey H`
H` P zQiOK~. nxx, < X H "Q fHx X H #`# ~*OQO ^fi~ Ô
~fi `=Ma=$k H~ Hxfl x~t OK<fl~ . 1950 J=H =z# ~*OQO +O Q =lH
PiH H# H\ O zOk. ~*OQOx iH# O^ O^~K | _# =~^ ~ H `, `fiO
[OîH r=<k HeOKx, [OîH L Q_ =#~#, gHiOKx, O^# , Lù
=#~# JOîH =#OQ OKx, r=# =}~x OKx x~t OK P^tH ` ^fi~
<H K |_#k. H OQ KO> `fiO H =O PH~O =`" HH ^~O Q _ [Oî
HO q H# U~~K H"x ~*OQO `fixH +O Q P^tOzOk. ~*OQO
q^# x~fiiOK_xH `fiO JO^@ L#fl =#~# Qi+OQ LyOKH=_xH PiH
}oH ~K# # J= KO k. [=~ < J^ xQ 1950 }oH O O U~@ K |_Ok.
}oH q^#O Hxfl x~t Oz# H# +" # QiOK^Q =~ ^fi~ kOK_xH K |_#
X H =Oz PK#Q x~fizOK=K. PiH }oH ~H # JO> JO^@ L#fl =#~# H=OQ
qxyOz Hxfl PiH H# kOK_xH K L^~fiH q+ `flO. ~`Ô
}oH ~K# u S^ , K |_ Jk "Ò ^xH O|OkOz#kQ LO@Ok. W\H 10 OK=~
}oH i H|_, 11= }oH H#QÒk. u }oH xi+ H#fl \H Jxfl }oH
^^ Hxfl =# H Hey LO\~.
~`^ O }oH q^#O ^ # H :

}oH ~K# H H Uq? ~`^ O ^ #OQ =#O <Q H# QiOK=K.
283
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
Wq PiH ~Q^ (Ja=$k), fi=O|#, =lH <O =i i L^y`. D ^ J~" q\

` O =#O Q=xÔ.
JkH ~ PiH ~Q^ (High rate of economic growth) ;

}oH ~K# ^ # H X H\ PiH ~Q^. nxx ==O, iqH ~OQ
Ja=$k ^fi~ kOK=K. PiH ~Q^ kOK_O ^fi~ *f PÔ ~Q^ kOK=K.
== H~# q`< , Z~=, O` "^Q "xx =~_O ^fi~ Z= qx
== QOQ =i, `^fi~ == Lùx OK=K. #`# i= O K_O , L#fl"\x
q $Ò K _O ^fi~ iqHa=$kx kOK=K. H|\, `fiO PiH == O|OkOz#
qq^ ~OQ Lùx OK_xH X H q=~}`H ^H ~K# K e. == O` O\
Lù O` Ja=$k K _O J<k Lùx OK_xH X H =Y"# H~HO Q K =K. PqÔ Q
~`^ O }oH q^#O _ Lù ^< P^ xHH~ } ^$+ iOzOk. D L^ O`<
P^ xH i*<xfl L yOK_O `H ^ @_O [iyOk.
fiO =$k (Social Justice) :

}oH ~K# =iH H O =# *f PiH ==# fiO|# (Self reliant) HkQ
K _O Wk O K PiH == x W`~ ^` =# O|O^ O^" gx=fi_" HH U^<
Ô , =#Ô PiH == |#`# `# fi [< "_H=_xfl `yO K_" OKOx
U^= `#H=~" # Jxfl == # Lù K H^ . Hx, X H^ O `#H=~" # =Y L``
Z=QO W`~^ #O_ O^Ò> P^xfl PiH fiO|#Q Ô Q ~#O. ^# ~O
Qx H =~O Qx q^j O P^~_\xfl `yOK_O =i JOu=OQ J
P^~_ O_ LO_ K @" ~`^ O PiH fiO|# =#. =#Ô H q^#O_ ` O
kQ=u K O@#fl == # =#Ô < Lù K H=_O, =#Ô< Ke#O` PiH i+
HeyOK_O , =#Ô }oH H OQ @Hx `^fi~ q^j xfl `yOK qÔ Q D q^<
[^" ` H" } ~`^ O PiH fi=O|<xfl OOkOk.
=lH <O
(Social Justice)
=#Ô x ^"iH =lH <O U~~K_ xfl _ }oH ~K# `# H OQ @ Ok.

D =~xH KOk# [ PiHO Q K |#OQ LO_ "i L`^H =~ O, PÔ OKHx
iu LO_@O =# giH `fiO H~ J=~O . =lH <O J< H O
~ O_ ^$H^<fl~. X H\ , qx x~^ == Hi, W`~ =$` "~ +_
=i +_ *` O\ |#=~ J#fluHO `H ^ KOk. =lH <O
=iH ^$HÔ O^ J=# O}x x~kOK_O , =[O |# =~ Jk KO^@ K_@O.
`fiO D Hxfl, O~} =i #fl =kOO\ q^< ^fi~ kOK^ zOk.
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
284
O~ Lk
(Full Employment) :
~`^ O JkH [< Hey# K ^ Ô H|\ Lk J=H =$kQ HxOK_O

=#^ }oH q^# =YH =~Ok. x~^Q L^Q HeOK_O J< JOxfl ^ ^
<H K _O ^fi~ JkH ^#` W=fi_O =# `fiO x~O`~ H =~Ok. ZO^HO> =#
fiÒÒ =z#\ #O_, =#^ [< K"QO Q ~QÒk. P qÔ Q, `fiO [OîH
Z= L`^H` Q =$ux HeOK= LOk. `fiO H#H giH L`^H =$ux HeOK H`,
îHO =iO` iy, =lH J=#` J< = WOHO` H+`~==Òk. H|\ `fiO
xK Qey# "iH i Lk HeOK_O J<k ~`^ O }oH q^# ^ # H =~Ok.
}oH x~}O K@
| _# q^#O (Planning Structure - How is planning carried out) :
~`^ O H O^ ~ }oH O O J<k }oH ~K< OÒQO J`#fl`
JOQO. ~` `fiO nxx X H f~#O ^fi~ 1950 =i O zOk. *f OK=~ }oH
~OkOK_O , ~` PiH == qq^ ~OQ #"^K# Ja=$k ~ # xtÒQ ijeOK_O
nx ^ # ^ `. }oH O O J^ _ ^ #=Ou. nxO^ Zxqk =Ok O\~.
gi HO`=Ok =O`, W`~ rq`H . Wk }oH ~OkOK_O W`~ OHuH
x} H~O _ fO@Ok.
*f OK=~ }oH ~OkOK@O }oH OO`@, X H *f Ja=$k
=O_e(NDC)_ _ Òk. D =O_e }oH O O #O^#fl JO^~ `@
~`^ O x ~, H O^ e` O` #O_ ux^ Q LO\~. *f Ja=$k
=O_e =", P ~, H Oê` O` J=~, X u_ , =~ H#Q}OQ
}oH =~} K #.
*f ~H HO^ }oH ~K< H ^^_ ~R }oH O O(State planning
board) l }oH OO (District planning board)O\ O xK<fl~. }oH
` ~K _O `fi JkH~` @ qq^ =lH O , OHuH x} O\~.
Wk Ju OH+ H H|\ ^xH X H OK=~ }oH ` ~K O> =~ =_ O=`~
HO _ Òk.
OK=~ }oH :
~`^ O }oH ~K# ^ # H Ja=$k(growth),fi=O|#(self-reliance), =lH
<O(social justice)=i i Lk H#(full employment)J~#\H, u OK=~ }oH
Hxfl ` H x~t ` HO\~. D fiHeH H, ~` PiH == fi"xfl =~Q#@
x~tOK|_`~.
285
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
"@" ^\ OK=~ }oH 1951 ~ O_= O K Ô =i ^q [ # =# U~_#

J=`=# i+iOK@ ~OkOK|_Ok. JO^@ L#fl Ju ` = =#~` D }oH
Z=Q ==O, h\ ~^ =~H iq`=~Ok. * =~ O, O^, "i r=# =}~x
OK@ J< H ^= O`\ =lH Ja=$k ^H# qiOK_O D }oH X H =Y
L^ O.D }oH =YOQ ==O =i =lH " ~OQ Q=xOK^y # q[xfl
kOzOk.
~ O_= }oH, PiH ~ ` fi O HeO K< H O` 1956 ` ~K |_Ok. ~ O_= }oH
=eH H O ="^ =[ # (socialist pattern of society)kOK_O . iqH ~OQxH Z=
Ò HeOK_O ` ~` PiH == Ja=$k `fii`Qu # [~Q_O ^ _Ok.
H..196166, HxH ` ~K |_# =_= OK=~ }oH fi~ ` fi O ~Q^(selfsustaining growth)kQ
xOK_xfl x~t OK|_Ok. =_= }oH Ja=$k kOK_O Z^~O@#fl
= q ^$H^xfl HeyLO_, ==O, q^`, ~"} ~OQ "~Q^H , iqH
OHuH ~OQ =# fl =~# "y~~ K _ xH J`=~, f= `flH xzOk.
J~`, D }oH 1962 =i 1965 =~Q K< =i H<` [iy# ^
=O K~. == Lù, iqH Lù ~ O_O\# x~t Oz# H QxHO>
_ ` =Q =`" kOK|_~. =_= }oH =yiH PiH~OQO iu 4= OK=~
}oH PO K = =KO` H+ i` LOk. nxH |^Q 196669 =^ X H O=`~
H ==kH "iH }oH iqÒ K |_~.
<= }oH PiH~ O Q ~ ` fi i` # H#y Ja=$k ~Q^ "Qxfl kOK@H
L^t OK|_Ok. =Ozh\ ^ O Q O^ Q ==O(intensive irrigated agriculture), =eH
i= Ja=$k H~ `fl H#y< , q +` OHuH ~OQ =OÔ[ HO
ukOK@" QH J^ =O ^" O Q iqH H~H# " K @ L^t O|_Ok.
Wk =[Ox |#=~ i` # "~Q~K _ O , O^ J=#` `yOK_O ^fi~
=#`fiO, =lH <# kOK_O ^ =OzOk. J~` D }oH U~~K #fl H
Ò =`" kOKQe yOk. D }oH =O Ô ^~ _ 70Ò ~Q^
HxOzOk.
5= OK=~ }oH =O^ 1971 ^~} ZxflH HOQ (P~) i J# "*i\`
q[O kOzOk. ZxflH Ps x<Ô 'Qsa~" J#Q 'îHxfl `yÔ. W^ 5= OK=~
}oH ^ # H OQ =iOk. D }oH ^, |# =~ Hh J=~# f~ X H *f
H~H=O D }oH K~ |_Ok. =[Ox |# =~ "iH Lk H# H~ J`kH
J=H HeOK_O D }oHx ^ # JOO. J~`, îH x~< H~H= H~ J`kH
^#O Wz<, `fiO iqH Ja=$k #O_ `fiO `#^$+ =~^. }oH =O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
286
J`kH "\ iqH ~OQxH H \~OK|_Ok.

6= OK=~ }oH #O^ J#iOz# =O ==O, iqH ~OQ UHHO
"QO Q Ja=$k KO^@ q^`, ~"} H~# HeOK_O =O\ JO L<fl~. P^H
J= xt` ~ "H}
[~@
O, [ K~Q <@
@ K _O D ^H O ^$+ \O k. D
=O è`xzOk. WO^#=#~(energy)~OQO KCH^Q Ja=$k H#|_Ok. ==O,
iqH ~OQ x~t OK`#fl H iQ Qx H J=~" # O` "~ kOK|_~.
198590 HxH 7= OK=~ }oH ` ~ K |_Ok. D }oH P~^ < Lù
~Q^, Lk J=H O, PiH~ O Q L`^H` O J# =_ ^ # H# x~t OzOk.
Wk JO` HÒ }oH a#flOQ `fi ~OQO HO> "\ ~OQO(52%) Z=Q @|_
@@ L^t OzOk. Wk PiH~ O QO `fi xO`} `Q^ # zOk. 8= OK=~ }oH
(19921997) H On }oH PiH == #O_ K<`H }oH ~K# (indicative planning)
^fi~ = ~ \ P^ i` Pi H == " =~ ` #fl@ (transition) z O k. 9= O K = ~
}oH(19972002) =lH <O, =#`fiO` _# Ja=$kx H OQ @ Ok. 10= OK=~
}oH (20022007)), ^= ~`( fiscal consolidation),==O, ^ q^j =eH ~OQ
@|_ =O\ "\ ^ =OzOk.
=# iqH q^#O JOu= H O, iqH Lùx =i L`^H`# J`#fl`
~H OK_O , iqH Ja=$kx "y~~K@, `fi, "@ ~OQ Qfi=# ÒK
q= PiH == q^<xfl `fiO J= KO k.
iqH Ja=$k kOK@ H~ P^ xH , OHuH ~OQ# L yOK\xH J#Q}OQ
~`^ O x~O`~O ufl < LOk. `fi O , =i iqH i^< =O_e(CSIR),
~H}
i^# =i Ja=$k O(DRD) ~ =i ~H}
J=~ i^# H#y<
L<fl~.
*f Ja=$k , OHuH ~OQ ` `fiOK iQ QiOK|_Ok. ~O_= OK=~
}oH ''PiHa=$kx kOK_O Ju ^#"# UHH H~}O, P^xH , OHuH`#
L yOK_O =[ O^` Jx L^\ O zOk. 1971 , OHuH Y (Department of science and technology) P ~OQ #`# JO Ja=$k kOK_O H~ OK|_Ok.
~R~ _ , OHuH ~OQ H~ W@=O\ ~R=O_ U~@ K |_~. *f
q^#O QOQ
H~H=# ÒK@ `fiO J<H qa#fl"# i^# =i
Ja=$k ^H # Òk. PqÔ Q x~O`~ `fl =# <_ ~`^ O X H ^, "q ^
i `" # OHuH =#=H =i =~# HeyLOk.
D~A =#Ô J<H #`# ^` , L`` , <}"# =` u =O\q Ja=$k K |_~.
287
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
<_ ~`^ O , L# J`kHO Q Lù K ^ X H\, iqH L`` O KO "^\

15 ^ X H\ Q `# <xfl ~O KOk. ~`Ô, ~^ i^#, J}H =i
ZHxH Qu x kOzOk. P~@
LQ O 1975 ~^ H O|_Ok. P `~fi` ~ 1
=i 2 _ ~^H O|_~. D q[ `~fi` J<H W`~ LQ, ~H@
yOK|_~. q^~OQO ^~ O` K~ Q`H H~H=O 1975 LQO
(SITE)Pq+iOK|_Ok. LQ î` H~H=, ~
_, >eq[<, W`~ H~H= Q q" <fl
`K~.
~`^ O (#H
~) J}îH Hx Ou` [< HO LyOKH=_xH
L^t OzOk. 1948 J}H Hg+<(Atomic energy commission)O K|_Ok. J\#O_ ~`^ O
J}îH OHuH ~OQO KC H^Q Qu kOzOk. 1957 \O =^ J}îH H~Q~O
OK|_Ok. Jk Ô U~@ K|_# Ju^ UHH q*# HOÔ. =~Rx `~~,
~[< x 'H@(kots), `q<_x HHO(kalpakam) =^ J}îH q^` H O^(Nuclear
power stations)<H|_~. L`~^x #~~(Narora), Q[~`x HH~(kakrapar) =^
J} iH~ <H|_~.
}oH q^#O =OH#O :

}oH q^#O ~` PiH == KC H^y# Qu x kOzO^#_O HOKO O^ =Ok.
~`^ ==O iqH L`` fiÒ`#O`~O "KH^y# qÔ Q ~Q^ HxOzOk.
D ~Q^# 1980 =iO` +O Q Q=xOK=K. 4= OK=~ }oH =~ ~`^ O ~ O_
Ju ^ #~OQ# P~O, O@ #< q^ g^ P^~_ Q P `~fi` KC H^Q Qu kOzOk.
D ~A# ~`^ O J`kH ~ "q ^ i ÒQ iqH L`` # Hey LOk. D Qu =<
q^`, ~"} =i =K~O =O\ =eH ~OQ _ JO` Ja=$k ^ =~Ok. PqÔ Q
D ~A# ~` PiH == }oH ~OO <\H< fl ~ O Q#, =`HO`# LOk.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
~` PiH == #ifl~}O, #~^~ }

H~ D HOk = J= K |_~.
=Q" # }oH ~K#
q= PiH ==
`fi ~OQ Ja=$kH ^#`
"Q" # ~Q^
=` ~Q^
Lk H# ^$+ H OnHiOK@
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
288
7.
8.
9.
"#H|_# O` O^ "QO Q [iy# Ja=$k

"#H|_# =~ J #flu
O H OH = O
=Q }oH q^#O PiH Ja=$kH K\ # H~H= HH OQ` =~ O $uH

Ja=$k H~H= _ LO\~. i=, == ~OQ Ja=$k kOK_xH Q$=u,
q^, @O|O O\ == "~Q^ J=~O. q= PiH == `fi~OQO Jx =|_
`fi~OQ O , " @
~OQO Jx =|_ "\ ~OQ O` _ LO@Ok. u }oH#O^
' `fi ~OQO H~H# q $`su K@
@ J`kH x^ H \~OK|_~. `fi~OQO
Hxfl s, Ju=Y i= Ja=$k KO^@ KHO(high gestation) _ Òk.J@=O\ i=
\Q " @
"~O PiH == `= Pk`xfl x O_ `fiO, `fi~OQ i=
JkH @|_ \e=zOk. PiH~ O QO `fii`Qu # Oq Oz# Ja=$k =# JkH ~ =^#
$+ (capital formation) H~ K
` xz#@~Ok. JkH Lk J=H HeOK `fii`Qu # [iQ
PiH Ja=$k H~ "y~=~#, =` Ja=$k(growth)` xi Jx K =K. =`HO` _#
Ja=$k ^# PiH~OQOx Jxfl qQ "\H `Q ^#` HeOK|_Ok. }oH`
Ja=$k H =O, O H OH = " "#H|_# O`# `fi~Q Ja=$k ~K _O ^fi~ =i
"#H|_# `~Q ` J #flu [i#C_ =`" Jk kOK|_Òk.
~`^ O ==O ^ # qH =OK_O =#, ^= O~}(fiscal reforms) ~ O_=
}oH #O^ " @|_~. [gOî == ~^ ~K | _Ok. iqu qkOK|_ qQ qx
qx x~^, z#fl z#fl ~` OK|_Ok. W`~ = xK "iHO 'H
K\(tenancy laves) K |_~. H=` s H~}
= H=` OY `y JkH Lù ^ "Ok.
H~ Ô ÒK|_Ok. D O~} = ==O P^xH OHuH i*#O#
L yOK_xH =~O Q=" `` e ÒQ 'i`q= O # îfOk. i` q= O J#Q ==
~ O Q O P^ xH ` # K OK _ O ^fi~ Jk H kQ |_ x K =OQ _ =i ~ xH
Z~=# yOK_O ^fi~ Z= kQ|_x kOK_xH K\ # L^=O. D `fl ~`
== 'i^< =O_e(ICAR) X H =Y` =OzOk.
D qQO Kkq# `~fi`, 'PiHa=$k` _# =lH <O J< Hxfl kOKQ _ O X H
^ " Jx J~O K Hx LO\~. JkH [< Hey# ~`^ O O\ ^ [iy# Ja=$k
=i OHuH~OQ ~Q` = =z# WOH# =# [ JO^@H =z,
L Q_ e. [< ~Q^ ~ @, P^ ~Q^ ~ @HO> ` = L#flC _ =`" *f
P^ ~Q^ ~ @ ~ O Q H#QÒ^x =#O W\H `<flO. =# PiH~ O QO f="#
~Q^# x~kOK ~Q`#fl [<` @ z#fl z#fl = ` O =# =[O L<fl~.
289
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
PiH~ O QO ~Q^, ~A ~AH ~Q`#fl [< J=~ `Q@

Q O`$Q ^.
PiH Ja=$kH O|OkOz# , =[Ox Jxfl =~ "iH =#OQ JO^_O ^ . ~`^ O
+ =~ 27 H@ =Ok [< <\ H "i r=<kH H=# Hh" `xfl OkOKx iu
L<fl~ . =[Ox D =~ [ }oH q^#O "= OQ Ug _ H ~Ok. }oH
q^#O =#^ PiH == i+ HeO z#@H, Jk îHxfl iQ =#Ô #O_ x~eOK
H =_O ^~^$ +H ~ O .
65. ~ fl :
1. ~`^ O }oH q^#O <Q ^ # H *a` "O_.
2. *f }oH Zxfl O=`~ ` ~ K |_Òk?
3. ~ O_= OK=~ }oH U~OQO ^ #OQ ^$+ \O k?
4. S^= OK=~ }oH ^ # H "q?
65.7 ~`^ qÔQ q^#O

(Foreign Policy of India) :
qÔQ q^#O JO> q^` X H ^ O|O^xfl zOK q^#O. D q^#O *f

P # ^$+ @Hx ~OkOz#\H, Wk Ki`H <^ O, QoH i` , PiH =,
^x O^. PûH =#, "i P^~K qÒ H|_@"QH x~t OK|_Òk. Wk
*f <H`fi O =H` fi, J\ O K H=# i` K _ qÒ H|_Òk.
19201927 =^ ~` *f HOQ, ~` JO`~f O|O^ O|OkOz#
Hxfl`# ~OkOzOk. ~`Ô, JO`~f H~O HOHO^x J}Qi# ^
*fi=` L^=, *f ~\ HiO ^x, =~q=KH}
, ="Ô(colonialism),
=["Ô(imperialism), [O(fascism)WOH ^ =u~HOQ x"x O KOuH H$+
K x Jk x~~ OzOk.
fiÒ` ~` qÔQ q^#O :

D q^#O H _yOQ K =K. D q^#O =# O $uH <u H q=# Ou
O^" , =#= =~^, Ou` r=#O, =#"o JO` X H @O|= J< ''=^H @O|O
=#` e LOk. ~`^ O D Hxfl W`~ ^` ^ fiHH O|O^ OKj(H S^`#)
J#iOK@O ^fi~ kOK^ zOk. D ` : 1) W`~ ^ QoH =Q`, ~fi=`fi#
~ ~O Q~qOKH#@. 2) ~ ~ ^_ [~ O_@ 3) W`~ JO`~` ==~ ~ ~O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
290
HQ* HO_@O 4) =#`fiO ~ ~O " KH=_O 5) Ou` r=#O. ~`^ O,

q"^# OuÒQ i+iOKH=_O, Jb<^= `# J= K _O O KOu H~
x~nH~ }
# " K _O J< q+ O^ #=Hxfl HeyOk.
Jb<^=O
(Non-Alignment)
~`^ qÔQ q^#O =Y ` X H># Jb# q^#O(non-alignment)# H= OÒQ

J= K @O. Jb#q^#O J##k X H Ou = =#. nx J~O ^` fi` q``fi O
HeyO_H, u JOO #O^Q " H [< `Q@
==iOK@ fiK HeyLO_@.
Wk JQ~* ^~OQ LO_@OQx ` `@ q^#O Qx H^. U Jb# ^" < `# O`
q^<efl J= K _O fiK O QO HQx "~ ^` Z@=O\ fi` ~[H , x H X OÔ#
Hey LO_x X H fiÒ` qÔQ q^#O Hey LO_=K.
~O_= OK ^#O`~O, OKO ~O_ H @=Q q_~Ok. `^
J"iH <H`fi O#, H=x qQO q\ x< <H`fi O# K~~. D ~ O_O\
=^ L#fl ~} "\=^ K#fl ^xH(cold war)îf~. D i` P, PH
YO_ KOk# ^, ~`^ O ` J<H W`~ ^ D ~ O_ H ^x K~ O_ Jb#
^Q LO_ "i "i fiÒ` qÔQ q^<xfl J#iOK~.
Jb# L^=xH ~` ^ x <, Dl J^ _ <~, Qq J^ _ \\
1950 ^HO z=~ NH~O K\~.(initiated)Hx D L^=O ""xH 1955O=`~O
PP KOk# 29 ^ O_OQ(WO_<+) ="Ô ~\xH O|OkOz#
}oH ~OkOK_xH U~@K# ="O ` "Ô ^x #=Ò\~. D fiÒÒ HO
[i# n~ ~@O <_ [~QK#fl K # fl ^" D L^= Pq~"xH =YH~} Jx
K _O O^ O ^ . D L^= K^H X H~ # [=~ < 1946 PH"}
O y ''QÒ ~ O_ O K ^ H~}==fi@" QH q+` =~
OH~" # s
<< H~}O HQ Pk` ~[H @= g# O` ^~OQ LO_x =#O L^t < flO.
` Hn =#, ="^ fi Qi , Ja=$k [~Q O_ J}z" |_
P , PH =i \< J"iH ^ [ H =<"#, D =@ u^fi xOK ~.
"~<O =i fiK HO iÒ K~. Jb<^=O "iH P, qfiO, ^` =#xzOk.
"~ X HiH J#OQ Qx uOQ Qx LO_e# J=~O O_ x~
OQ u JO`~f
iu x `=H+" # su x~~ OK< J=Hxfl HeOzOk.
Jb# L^= Pq~=O L^ H :

Jb# ^Q =|_ Hxfl ^ He 1961 O |~ Q _ (Qq) X H
291
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
JO`~f L^=OQ Pq~q OK~. Jb# ^ D "^\ ="O , X H S~ 25 PP

^ <fl~. nxH `_, 3 \< J"iH ^ ijQ <fl~. <, <~,
\\ K# K~= e ÒQ, Q _ ="O [iyOk. D ="O JO`~f OuH ^^_
=i H_ 27 =MO# ~ O_ JQ~*(Super powers) q#flqOK~. WO^ Ja=$k KO^`#fl
^ =^ [~Q "~xH O|OkOz# q+ # KiOK_O [iyOk. D ^ kOz# =lH,
PiH, O $uH Qu QiOz _ KiOK|_Ok. D Jb<^=O =["Ô(imperialism),*u
q=H(racism)="^ =u~HOQ K\ # L^=O.
P , PH KOk# ^ KOk# [ PiHO Q "#H|_#"~ H=_O` "~ "i
=^ ~ ~ O|O^# OOkOKH"< HOH` ~ ~O HiOKH"x x~~ OK<fl~ .
D ^ ="^ ^# H @|_^s ^< ^xH H ^ ^< , ^q H z#fl ^<
W=hfl ~~ Ou` r=#O yOKx x~~OK~. Jb<^=O fiqHOQ ~[H
~" # ^< D =^ HO Jk PiH q+ Z= ^#` xKK#flk. "~ fi~ ^ =^ PiH
O|O^ =z# = =~ e ÒQ X H #`# JO`~f PiH q^#O(New International
Economic order(NIEO)HO _=O_ "Q `_yOk. Wk O
KOx Jxfl ^ =^ =#~ =#"#
O} ^$+ \O k. =#= J= x~nH~ } # ÒK@ _ ` H ^ =OK@O
[iyOk.
=_= O K ^ JkH QO "~ fi`Ò O^<\H K ^qQ# =i JO`Q
Ja=$k KO^x ^Q# L#flq. "~ =["^, ="^ # ^ J#q OK~. "~
PiHO Q "#H|_ LO__" HH x~H~ `, x~^QO, iqHH~ }
[~QH=_O =O\ =`
^ _ ~. Jq "\ O` H# Hey LO_@O = Jb<^=O #@O ^fi~ O KOu
HOHz "i "i Qu ^$+ @_O ^"O k.
Hx, D L^=O ^^Q Jxfl YO_ KOk# ^, *`, =~K JOwHiOK|_O^x
K=K. Wk K(east) `(west)^ Ja=$k KOk# ^ #O_ _ Q Q~"xfl
OkOk. D L^=O H =O J#~}

" HH, QujH" # ^h(dynamic)=# q+ ^fi~
Òk.
D L^=O < ^ OY 109H iyOk. Q _ [iy# Jb# ^ "@" ^\
tY~Q ="O `~fi` =" PQ O_ [~Q` O KOu, PiH H~H fi=O|#
kOKk `= `fl# ==~ iK~.
7= Jb<^=(NAM)tY~Q ="O N=u WOk~QOn J^ H` # 1983= OII =i 7#O_
O <^ O Jb#^
12=~ _b [iyOk. ~Q`#fl LkH` J}^( Nuclear war) =^
D ="O ~ O_ JQ~* P^ \x P=OkQ J iOK~. g~ <O, =#`fiO
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
292
P^~_ # #`# JO`~f PiH q^#O(NIEO)U~@HO =#iQ xK~.

Q`= _ ^ =O Jb<^=O(NAM)JO`~f O|O^ == =~ `=_O`
H$+ K _xH =Hb# Ki` X H "kHQ =iOk. O K=O` J[_, JOu xO_ L#fl D
`~}O Jb<^=O Ou` r=#O, x~nH~} OKO` O^# "
K _xH H@|_ ^_H =u~HOQ fi~xfl OzOk.
Jb<^=O ^x J#fiO, =Y` :

` O KO Jb<^=O X H Q OuÔ Q ~OkOk. nx =Y`#, Wk kOz#
q[ H Ok# ~[ P^~_ HO_ ^x H, ` JO`~f O|O^
"x =O ~O Q K_e. ^^Q 2/3= =O` O K [< ux^ O =# fl D JO`~f
L^=O, J<xH =u~HOQ fi~xfl qxOz, OuH Q~Q qyeOk. D O^~ O 1961
Q _ ="O Jb#^ @q Pq~q Oz#@Q Wk <_ O KxH J#fi~OK|_Òk.
Jb# L^=O, ~ O_ ^ # H PQ xH x~HxH QiH=_O` èHO #O_ K
HHi D ^ KiOk. ` O nx H =", ^x x~
~ "\H =Y"#
q^#OQ =i "\
Q~=O ^fi~ qÒ K <fl~. J[_, J=#`fiO OH O `
_ #fl O KO Jb<^=xH WO` =O^#fl_ xqÔ Q q= iyOk. fiO x~
kH~
# QiOz Q\ Q =\_@
O, HO` uH, =~fiH xfl JOkOK_O ^fi~ Jk =^~
Jn#O L#fl O KOx ^^ Q QxH fiK HeOK_O ` _Ok.
Jb<^= q=~ nxx X H ` H Ki`H @O J~# ~ O_ JQ~* Pq~=O#
uK~ Q Pq~q OzO^x <\ u ` O ^ H|\ <\ ^x J=~O ^x H\" ~. D L^=O
`# ^ # H "# ="^ x~## kOz# `~fi`, H`Q U~_# ~* " H ` kOz#
`~fi`, nxx Zu"
=# J=~= O^x =iHO^~ K~. WOH# HO`=Ok, Wk J[_,
JOu `yO K_O x~nH~ }
` = =O KOK_O` _ Wk ^Q K QeO k Ug
^x qOK~. D q=~ H~}OQ "~, D L^=xH Q~= ~fiH" # =yO Hx
JOu=OQ qOK~. ''D L^=O, QxH # |# ~KHQ ""xH "\ H
=i =~ WOH Z"< ~Jx "~ qOK~.
^~^$+=`, D q=~, Jb# =# ^#`# nx q=# J~O KH=_O
q =~. O K ~ ~}, "~ ^ Wk i # `=flO Jx J~O KH=_O
g~ q =~. JkH~ @=#flO`HO, OuH J_O #flO` HO qq^ ^ =^ PiH
J=#`#flO` HO Jb# L^=O Z\H `# LxHx H^ J<=@ "= O H|\ Jb<^=O,
K # fl Ô (cold war)K # fl ^#O`~ ~ O_ H# "\ ^#`# Hey LOk.
nx`@ O K PiH == "q H O # (Virtual stagnation) H` =# $+O zOk.
293
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
JO`HO_ ~Q`#fl x~^Q =, ZQ _`#fl |}= =_ ~ ^~ _ =@O,

Ja=$k KOk# ^ kQ=u POH # OK@O, "QO Q iy# [<` @ OzOK~#
PiH O` `= `=`#fl =_= O KxH #`# JO`~f PiH q^#O(NIEO)H` P
~ Ok. PqÔ Q Jb# L^=O Ô x u X HiH =Oz rq`xfl kOK@O, J=#`, JO`~f
J<xH =u~HOQ ~@O [~\ xH P[ Ok#@~Ok. (` xi J~Ok).
W\H g~ ~`^ O Jb<^= q^<xH iQ H@|_ LO^x `<fl~ . O_\
<`@ Dl ^ x <~, WO_<+
J^ _ H~, Qq J^ _ \\ D
L^= =~^ ~ , x~` Jx _ g~ `<fl~ .D L^=xfl J#iOK_O ^fi~ ~`^ O
`# O` qÔQ q^<xfl ~zOKHQQ@" HH, O K ~[H =[O, JO`~f ~[H
JÒ` "xfl D L^=O $+O KQe O k. ~`^ O O KOx JQ~* H~O O^_O
Jb<^=O ZO`Q< _O k.
=#O WC_ ~`^ xH, `# ~Q ^` Q O|O^# sH^ O.
~`Ô Ju g ~Q^# K<, H<, |OQ^` n~H O|O^# HeyLOk.
~`^ xH D#O K< , _= \" H< =i `~# |OQ^ H=. 1947 ~fiO
~`^ O , H< =i |OQ^ He X H Ô Q LO_=x g `. fiÒ` =O
~`^ O ql O|_ ~ O_ fiÒ` ^# ~`^ O, H< U~_~. 1971 H< ~ O_Q
q_~ |OQ^ U~_Ok. ~`^ O , `# Ou` r=#O J< q^#O ^fi~ `# ~Q
^# K< , H<, |OQ^ ` KH\ fl~fiH O|O^ H~ H$+ KOk.
K< ` ~` O|O^ :
Q , ~=~# x HO #O_ ~`^ xH, K<` O|O^ U~_~. K<u,
p# ~` qfiq^ H ^ Ò, ``fi J^ <xH ~`^ xH =K~.
~`^ xfl POQ
ieOK HO,POQ K< Pk`xH uflOK~. P
H=O, "~ K< ~` O|O^# HO`=~ qz#flO K~. Hx ~ O_= O K ^H O
fiÒÒ HO ~`^ O [~`#fl ~\xH K< <`fiO T`xflzOk. J^qÔ Q 1949
' iaH P K< # QiOz# "@"^\ H=x`~ Ô ~`^" . ~`^ = O, K< ^#
QO(main land)#Oz i~#(fled)<`# K< *f"^ ` O|O^# `Q` O
KOk.
1949 K< H=x q" #O`~O HO`HO =~ K<~` =^ O|O^ QO_q.
''Onph ~ ~J< x<Ô ~fi ^~}OQ "_|_k. J~` D ~ O_O\ =^ '\\ =
`` _ O `, K< ~`^ O @ ``fi "Yi U~~KOk. 1962 JH|~ K< , ~`Ô [i#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
294
^^ _` D ~ O_ ^=^ O|O^ J_QO\<~. J~` D i^ q"Ô L#fl \H

^` O|O^ D=^HO HO` "~Q#\H, fl ~fiH O|O^ <H|_^.
~`ÔK< =^ q^ ``_xH =YH~} ~O_. i^ =, \\ =.
` O =#O \\ q+ xfl ijeÔ.
\\ = :
K< O#"# \\ ^H}
# <, |~, ~`^ `, L`~ O "# K< (xH OQ)`
i^ H=. K< =i ~` =^ ##fl \\ ~H` ~["( Buffer state) #O^# ~`,
\\ =`H PHx OKOk. |~ ~[=O>, ~ O_ "~fi~ ~* =^ <Hx LO_ "x
=^ O|O^xfl OKQe Q OÒ. Ki`HO Q (~`^ O POQ
# HO #O_Q)
\\ , K< ~H` ~[OQ qOK|_k. H"}, \\"~, K< "i Pk` O J}Q `H|_#@Q
qOz, "i fiÒ` QiO HO ÒKQ~. 1937 \@
# ~[H , =` <_# ^ =,
\\ fi`` uux H\ OK_. J^HO \\ i fi`Ò uiy OkOK@O HO
L^=O ~O" O k. \\ #O_ f= =u~H` Z^~# \H, ~O_= OK Ô JO`=<\H
K< , \\ x J<H W`~ Oèfl PHqOKOk. 1949, K< U~_# H` `fiO \\ #
PHqOKH"< `# L^xfl H\ OzOk. \\ K<"i `H J[=~+ ~`^ ~H}
=^H~ O Q =~ J=HO LO_@O = ~`^ O \\ =# OuÒQ i+iOKO^=x
K< x J iOzOk. K< ^`"` =i \\ ux^ =^ ~`^ O =^ =i`fiO =OKQ
_b Ok `fl [iy#\H, P `fl Ô H^.
1950 JH|~ \\ `## `# ~HO KHH =_O` K< PHqOKOk. nxx ~`^ O
YO_Oz#\H, P `~fi` K< "i K~ # "i JO`~` ==~OQ =ê"O k. D `~fi`, K< "~
\\ ` `# JO`~` O Q fiÒ` uux He q^j ==~ =Ò \\ # K< ik
xkQ qOKx X OÔ ^~Ok. \\ iy# K< "i Pk`xfl x~ ~`^ O
q $ÒQ x~# *fi ~ye, \\ fiÒ` Ô Q K < _=O_ J<H O` #O_ =zOk.
J~` ~`^ O WOH K< ` fl xfl H~Hx, K< JO`~` ==~ `^~H \\ # K<
JO`~QOQ< QiOzOk. ~` ^x(prime minister) [=~ <, K< ^x(prime
minister)KZ<
=^ 1964 ki# X OÔ H~O ~`^ O , K< \\ # K< JO`~QO Q
QiOzOk. D X OÔ` JO` HÒ \\ K< JO`~QO H^x a\+ WO_ , K< =^
ki# ~`# X _O|_H ~Ô k. "~ 'OKj J< X O^xfl _ ^~<fl~ .
\@
# K< "i K~ # x~O K~. 1959O=`~ <\H \@
# K # fl JqO` ~\xfl
J}z"~. Z= OY |On J~. "OY \\ ~}
~ , ~`^ xH i~
=K~. ^= _ ~`^xH "O =z ~[H Pxfl Ok, J\#O_ WH_
295
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
x= < fl~ . ~`^ O , K< \\ ##fl efl =u~HOKH Q \\ K< JkH~xfl iQ

QiOzOk. Hx | QxH =Ò X CH^ . ^ =, W`~ \@ # ~`^ O P O W=fi_xfl
K< `# =u~H K~ Q qOK_O ` O|O^ H}
O K_O ~O" Ok.
WO_, K< =^ i^ = :
Ki`HO Q ~`^ O Pn#O L#fl ^ Q K< H<fl @O` ~`,K< =^
i^ q"Ô "Ô k. K< ~`Ô i^ x _= \ QO K<" HOQ O#O,
~` QO " [= Hj~ ~<fl~. _M OÒ 2/3= =O`, K< i^ He
LO_Q, ~`^ O , K< =^ D#O " \\ =i K< =^ Ju Z`# ~fi`}
P=iOz #fl "H "< ~ Y(Mec mahon line)i^Q LOk. 1914 POQ
, K< JkH~efl
OkOz "H" < ~ M# i^ ~ YQ w~. Hx WC_ K< "~ D ~ Y# i # i^
~ YQ QiOK_O ^ . i^ =^ QO =# ~# L`~ ^ =i =K^ ` i^
~ Yx K< QO " #O_ =K #n "xfl |\ QiOK~. `~" =#~R"# J~}K
^ , K< ` L=_ i^# HeyLOk.
195051 K< `fiO, ~` QOx K O`xfl `# QO K` \#
q_^ KO k. ^ x [=~ <, K< ^ x KZ< JOwHiOz# ^xH a#flOQ [iy# D
=~# iK =x H~_O [iyOk. KZ<, `# ~` ~ @#, K< "H =< ~ Y# Qi O ^x
g WK~. H" }, K< i^# ^\, ~`^ Qxfl (=YOQ \\# H#fl `~fi`)
PHqOKO@, "H" <~ Y =Y`# x~HiOK@O ~OaOzOk.
~`^ O , K< =^ "^\ ^ ~@O 1959 OQ E (~` D# OÒ
\\ i^ LOk) =^ [iyOk. "^\ iQ K< "H"< ~Y# JuHqOzOk. 1959,
O |~ 8# < "# *| KZ< `= ^ L^ xfl =~, ~` QOx J<H
O`# `=qQ ~<fl_ . P#, ~`^ @O K|_# i^x JOwHiOK O_, P~Y
iQ QiOK|_^ x "kOK_. Hxfl uH H}
` _# PK~, O^ P^~OQ ~` K<
i^ QiOK|_O^x ~` Ja_Ok. D i^ `~fi` ^~#fl X OÔ =i
JOwH~ H~O ^$_ ~ K | _, ` ~ OÒ J QiOK|_Ok.
W~H =^ PO^# H#Q`< L<fl~. D ~@ "`=~}O< _b tY~Q
="O O+} [iQ~. =O^ J##fl@Q< K~ q =~. 1962 E K<
x H ^ _M OÒ ^_ K~. JH|~ K< "H" < ~ Y# ^\, `~" # =#
QO H K~|_@O` ~`Ô JH\ ` Ô ~OaOz#>Ok. ~`^, K<x
J_H #fl @H, F_~. ~`^ J==#H~" # su F@q <^ ~#Q 1962 #=O|~ 21#
K< UHH H q~=}# H\ O zOk. K< , _M([= Hj~ #Oê) =i(NEFA) ( ` O
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
296
J~}K ^ )x J<H O`# PHqOKHOk. ~`^ O , K< JH=OQ PHqOK#fl ~`

Q O`xfl =ê "eOkQ K< # HiOk. =i D q+ xfl JO`~f <<xH
x"kOKx qOzOk. ~ O_ u^## K< u~ iOzOk. 1964 ~`^ O D ==~xfl
i+iOK# #fl \H, K< `# PHqOK#fl O`# Mm K eOk ~ =ixfl ~`
Qefl PHqOKOk.
~Q ^` O|O^ O^" # OOkOKH"< L^ O`, ~`^ O x [#`
`fiO (197779) H` `fl ~OaOzOk.
1980, E K< `# "H =< ~ Y# Qi ^xH ^H}
O " ##fl O`# ~`
QOQ< Qi=O@ ~`^ xH H` u^# KO k. Hx |^Q HO` ~` Qefl
J_Q@
O` D u^## ~`^ O ` zOk.
J\#O_ W~H =^ qq^ ~ J<H OkO [iQ~. H..1987 #=O|~
8= i OkO JkHiHOQ [iQ~. W~^ ^ # O^~ #` ~ O_ ^ =^ O|O^
"~Q ~. 200405 PiH X O^ O`H K~. K< ~` O|O^ == iu
<H<O> X H fl ~fiH X OÔ [~Qe. ` O ~` K< "i#fl J`kH [< (=#=H) `
P =i O KO Oux <H_xH W~^ `= =^ L#fl "~ ^# `yOKHx,
q^, O $uH, PiH ~OQ HOQ` H~xfl JOkOKH=# J=~O ZO`< LOk.
H<` ~`^ O|O^ :

Ô "Oz# =` J~ =i ~H ` ~`^ q[# H~}" H< U~_O^x
g~ Kk"~. ~`^ O q_=_xH H~}"# f= i` =i H< U~@ H~}"#
i` W~^ [ =^ ~ ~ HO, ^fi H~}"< ~.
H< _ `# q^j q^#O a#fl" # =xfl J#iOzOk. Jk J"iH <H`fi Ox
HO " Ki # H~O HO PQfl Ok ==(SEATO) "t OzOk. ~`^ O Jb#
^" # \H, ^~ H }
H~ P^ H~}
H Z= =#~# Y~ \e =zOk. W~^ =^
L#fl ~ ~ J#=HO =# D ~ O_O\ =^ 194748, 1965 =i 1971 =_ ^
[iQ~.
J~` D ~ O_ ^ =^ ~} WOHxfl W`~ H~}<fl~.
"< i\ = :
O^ , t= O*, `~ OQ, z<, D# i^ , JOx \ =O\
=O Z=Q x=OK O`` _Hx H< U~_Ok. =O =i O^= ^= O`\
qi Oz L#flO^#, ~`^ O JkH OY =O =i H< JkH OY O^=
297
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
x= < fl~ . P ^"~, JOMH =~, J^` =O` ^ _ `<fl~ . D PK#

=` ~} îf~. H< =`~ " # J[_ [iy#C_, "Hn O^=, ,
^ , H = ~`^ O P O O^~. ~`^ O , X H HH ~[O J=_O = JOMH
=~"iH _ =# , J=H HeOK|_<~. J~#\H J<H= Ok =O J ^`
=O` =#^xfl =ê =Oz q +` HO H< "o~.
W~^ =^ 1950, U2# JOMH =~ i # =i Ke#O` ^`
HeOK@ ki# X H X OÔ# H @H, `~ H< #O_ O^ "< i\ "o=_O
H#Q@O` P ~}
~ #~"O HeOK_O ~`^ xH X H ^ = J~Ok.
Hj~ = :
Hj~ O^~A iOQ H< K~@^~ =u~HOQ O K# O^Q# qb#
X OÔ(Instrument of Accession) O`HO K ~`^ O 1947 KiO^x g~ D ~O
"^\ Kkq<fl~. Hj~ Q#, H< JH=OQ PHqOKO^x _ Kk"~.
SH~[quK H q~=} H\ O K|_, xO`}~ Y(LOC) QiOz#\H, ~`^ O , H<
=^ Hj~ q+ O ~} ^ # H~}=~Ok.
Hj~, ~`^ O JO`~Q" # O^# ~`^ xH Hj~ = X H q"^ ^ JOO H^.
Hx H<, Hj~ *a H~} (a\) [~x Q\ Q "kOk. Hj~ [K
Z#flH|_# #, Hj~# ~`^ O qb#O K# O^= Hj~ [ Jaxfl ^$ =izOk.
W~^ =^ 1949 =i 1956 [iy# ^ fiHH `fl '^~ ` X OÔ
W~^ O`HO K~. Hx H< us nxx u~ iOzOk. 1965 ~`, H =^
[iy# ~ O_= Ô H< F@q k . Hh, Hj~ q+ O ~} "Y i H#Q`< LOk.
~` ^ x |^~ =i H< J^ _ [#~ J M< `+O\ H@

O`HO K# \H, ~ O_ ^ =^ 1971 =iH Ô [iyOk.
J~` W~^ ` O "\=^ q"^# OuÒQ i+iOKH"x ufl
PiH, O $uH ~OQ ~ ~ H~O JOkOKH#@ =~ J<fi+OKK#flq. W~^
[, g q +` X H X OÔ ^~= K< P` L<fl~.
~Q`#fl H< xH Ou :
"^\ #O_, H< J"iH =i K< O Kq. 1979, H<, PQfl
Ok ==(SEATO) #O_ "^ y Jb<^=O ~O k. Hx, q^j O` xH Ou
U~~K H=_O =Ò P^ . H< P^ xH P^ ~ ~ K _" HO_, J"iH H<
P^ i=# Ja=$k K @ ^ "Ò O JOkOKK#flk. H< J}îH
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
298
=~ O LO^x `#fl ~`^ O `# ^` ~##fl =C# QiOz H=~_ K#flk.

J~` ~ O_ ^ =^ iy# J=Q# =, ~ O_ ^ =Oz ~Q ^Q LO@
"i H =~ OKO@ O K~ ~* ( ) J~.
~`^ O , |OQ^ :
Ki`HO Q |OQ^ (JO` =# `~ OQ), ~`^ O X H QO. D QO
=O Z= OY x= O __O = ~`^ q[ # =O 1947 H<` H|_Ok.
Jk `~ H<Q =|_Ok. H< O|OkOz# X H PHH ~ " # q+ "q@O>, =~
1200" ~` QO, H<# QoHOQ ~O_ J~ QQ J#Q _= ~, `~ J~ QQ
ql OzOk. H" } D QoH H~HO e ÒQ# `~ H< PiH, ~[H =i O`$uHOQ
t= H< ===_O =# fi`` uu HO L^=O P `~fi` `~ H< fiÒÒ
HO `flO T#OÔk. D L^=xfl =O^ fH # fl 'J"gbQ 197071 O=`~O
[iy# H< ZxflH q[O kOzOk. Hh M< <H`fi Ox x H `fiO, "iH
JkH~xfl |kb K _xH u~ iOzOk. H< ^ x ^q x Hi# +H=r# u~ iOz, J"gbQ
=i "i =^` ^~# x~O kOK~. 1971, =i 25# x H `~ Hh
^_ [i~. P `~fi` "i c`= # H#QQ, `~ Hh =i 26# `= fiÒÒ
H\ O K<fl~ . ` O |OQ^ Q =|_`#fl `~ H< KOk# J<H=Ok [ =i
"i < ~`^ xH i~. =~ 10 qe# ~}
~ `~ H< i^
P#x L#fl ~` QH "t OK~. "~, ~`^ xH X H ` H W|OkH~ iu HeOz,
=# PiH == ~OQ i}qOK~.
~`^ O `# i^ K@ [~Q`#fl Q_=# X H x| H ~e K ~^.
~`^ O "^@ H<` OkO uflOzOk P H< [~Q`#fl =#=
LO # =u~HOQ W`~ ^ [ =^` _Q> O ^ uflOzOk. ~` ~" O\, `~
H< H#Q`#fl ~\xH `# O~ =^` `` f~#O KOk. nxH H#yOQ,
~`Ô, `~ H< [ "i fiÒ` ~@O PiH, ~[H, uH
H~#OkOzOk.
H< `# JO`~O yH ==~ *HO K H=^x ~`# Ki, ^xH uK~Q
1971, _O |~ 3= `sY# `qk ~` " =~(airfields) ^_ KO k. ~`^ O , `~
H< `~ # Ô H "t OK_O ` ~`^ O , H< =^ =_= Ô "Ô k. 13~A
@ [iy# ^#O`~O H< F@q O k. ~` H<# OQnOk. 1971 _O |~
16# ~`^ O , fiÒ` |OQ^ # QiOz, SH~[quH ^x " O HO q#flqOzOk.
|OQ^ Pq~"xH H~}"# ~`^ q z# O k. |OQ^ ~`^ O ` K# fl " |OQ^

q^j q^<xH <k ~~ J~Ok. W~^, 25 U Ou fl O, H~ Ok O`H
K~. PiH O|O^ _ "~Q ~. +H=r, J`x `fiO, |OQ^ [ ~`^ xH
H$`[` L<fl~. Hx 1975 +H =r ` QiH=@O` i` =i~ |OQ^
^_, u^_ îf~.
|OQ^ =r J#O`~O U~_# `fiO ~`^ O @ JO` J#` H#|~K ^ .
J~` ~`Ô D i`# x|OQ K T~H^. "^@ ~`Ô, ^xH Q~#
|#" # |OQ^ PiH == T`xfl=fi_xH, ~}~ #~"xH Z= PiH
=OkOzOk. Hx |# PiH == He# ~`^ O Z=HO @ |OQ^ O
H#yOKH ~Ok. |OQ^ |\ ^ PiH O g^ P^~_ # Ô H=_O` Jk `#
Ja=$k H~ `, =O ^ PiH O H~ "iH ^Q~ ~` ^~=~Ok. nO`
|OQ^ ` _ LkH` "^# @~Ok.
QOQ[ q"Ô :
~` |OQ^ O|O^ JÒ` q"^^ q+ O, uO=`~O "q HO J#Q
=i <=^ #O_ " < =~ QOQ h\ "O K ` =Q L#fl =O W~^ =^
h\ OHO, QOQ#k ~`Ô #O_ |OQ^ =O_@O` = Z^~Òk. HH`
<H O F_ ~HH HhO 40,000 QOQh\ "O P^~_ LO@Ok. D
qÔ Q h\ ~ ~ H#yOK_xH ~`^ O, =s^^ l (t=OQ) QOQ#k HO_H
K~ #flK@ ~ H P#H@# xiOzOk. QOQ "xfl w#kH `~e OK L^ O ` Wk xiOK|_Ok.
Wk |OQ^ x ^ (|OQ^ QOQ#k ~)#k [ =~xH J_ _O k. HH` <H xH
h\x =~eOz# g^@ |OQ^ H =O 15,000 h\x =`" O^Ò_@O` |OQ^
J=~ JkiH, ^x PiH == xH~O Q i}qOzOk.
H : =OK h\ H`. X H H X H # J_Q
X H HO_
J=~O U~_#_ W~^ D = h\ O} `=o #O^ z#fl z#fl =~
K `èH i~ H#HO@<fl~. D = i~O H~ ~ O_ ^ ~ O_ qa#fl
i~ z, QOQ#k h\ ~ ~ ~Q^# Ja+ Z=iH "~ Z^\"~ zOz#
u^# JOwiOKH Hi# OQ L<fl~ . ~`^ O K# u^# H~O uk` H= JkH
O^` Q O`xfl QxH H" "=Okx x~fi` # K O _@O` P u^## |OQ^
u~ iOzOk. ~`^ xH P H= W~ JOK xO`} Hey LO_@O`, |OQ^" PO^#
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
300
KOkOk. h\ OkO <x _ K~ =# `HHOQ K_O, |OQ^ K#

u^# OHuH ^^# O^tOz# ~`^ O qk OzOk. 1986= O=`~O z=~ ~`^ O
`# J O`~# q~qOzOk. ` O ~`^ O , |OQ^, < q+Q D = i~O
H#Q#=# J=~= Ok. QOQ q"Ô =# WO_ |OQ^ =^ O|O^ =~ X H
^|O @ ^|u<fl~. ` xH D = Z@=O\ i~O H#Q#H ~<, D =^
HO ~`Ô J#i#fl q^< i~xfl H#Q<O^ _qQ LO\x
PtOK|_Òk.
q^j K~@ (Foreign Infiltration) :

~`^ D# OÒH, JO` HÒ `~ H<, ` |OQ^ #O_ [~Q`#fl
K~@ =# ~`^ O f= PO^# LOk. 1979 JO =#Ô H K~|_# q^j#
H#Qx |@ O_xH X H L^=O "Ô k. 1947 ^ q[ <O`~O `~ H< #O_
[ JO =i t= OQH K~|_@O H#yOk. P `~fi`, H< JOu K@
K H#flC _ JOMH =~"~ =#Ô H i~ =K"~. |OQ^ L^=O [iQ =O
1971 ~}
~ =#^ D# OÒH ^ OY "t OK~. |OQ^ Pq~=O `~fi`
_ , |OQ^j # x H i# @ q=YOQ L#fl J<H ~}
~ K~@ H#yOk.
D K~@^~ x+u ZO` qsÒQ iy ~OÔ> Jg `= O` LxHx
H~#@~Ok. D ~}~, Jg PiH J=H# _ OaO*~. 1979
JO q^~ K~@# x~kOK_xH J\H Ô H K~|_# q^j# |@ O_xH
X H L^=xfl K\ ~ . ~` `fiO, q^j ~ K~@# x~kOK_xH K~ K\ < ,
~` |OQ^ i^ ÒzLO_@O =# [Ô HH ~Ok.
1951 `~fi` ~`ÔH "tOz# q^jO^sfl |@ Ox, PO^#H~
_=O_ K~. J~`, < eY` =^ X OÔ WOk~=r =^ J=Q# = ~`^ = O
PqÔ Q K H ~Ok. K # ~ O_= J=Q# H~O 1971, =i 25 `~fi` ~`^ O H
"t Oz# |OQ^j # |OQ^ "#H eOKH"e. ` O |OQ^ q^#O H~O |OQ^ ,
|OQ^j J#fl QiO K# = # `=Ô H J#=u# fl \H, |OQ^j WOH
~` H "t < fl~ . H W\H "t OK~ J#fl J"^# u~ iOzOk. Wk K H+ =.
~`^ O =ixfl K~@# x~kOK@ |OQ^" i^ "O|_ W#= HOK# U~@
K x x~~ OK@O` W~^ =^ O|O^ H}
O K~. ~`^ D x~
xfl, |OQ^ `#
~fi =kH~xH ^ ^|Q qOz =u~HOzOk. i^ H WOHO` ~} H~}=~.
1985 PQ ~` `fiO, qî < =^ X H X OÔ ki#O^# JO L^=O
Py~Ok. S` q^j K~@ PQH = $+O K@O H#Q`< LOk.
301
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
` O |OQ^" #O_ KH ~}
~ (Chakma refugees)J< *#^ = ~Q#
L#fl ~` ^ ~H "t OK@O ~OaOK~. D *u"~ |OQ *fK J}K"
|_@O`
g~ ~H}
H~` ~`^ O K~|_K<fl~ . D K~@# x~kOK\xH Q W\H K~|_#
KH ~}
~ # "#H O\xH W~ `fi =^ OkO [iQ~. |OQM` Q
#=~nfiO(New Moore Island) Pk` O =i f<a (Theen Bigha) O`xfl |OQ^
JyOK_O =O\ ==~ _ |OQ^ ` q"^xH H~}"< ~. J~` Hxfl O=`~ #O_
~`, |OQ^ ~ O_=^ QoH, PiH ^#`# QiOK@O` gi O|O^ =~ =zOk.
|OQ^" J ~# ^H}
Of H~ OO (SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional co-peration) U~@ K @O q+
xfl ^$ =~ O k. ~`^ O , H<, |OQ^ , <,
\<, NOH, =b= =O\ U_ ^` U~_# S.A.A.R.C ~ ~ PiH H~O ^fi~
=# W`~ ^` Q O|O^# "~Q~K _ O ` H _ Òk.
q^j O|O^ O|OkOz#O`=~ H=# i` H#Q}OQ x~O`~ # =~}
J=~= O@Ok. H|\ Ou, ~ ` =i Ja=$k H~ ~Q^ `= qÔQ q^<#
# ijeOKH=# J=~= Ok. =#O Z<fl PiH "# Z^~O@<flO H|\ =# ~H}
H~ s~ P^# Q K _xH =# =#~xflO\x Y~ K O> K H+" # x.

=#O X H =Oz ~QÔQ ` +OK=# J=~O ZO`< LOk. H|\ ~~ qfiO
H~ O|OkOz# ~[H OHO i # "~Oî(KOK=#) HeO K=# J=~O
ZO`< LOk.
~ fl 65.4
1. ~`^ O , K< =^ q"^xH H~}"# ~ O_ ^ # JO "O_.
2. '= X OÔ U O=`~O O`HO K |_Ok?
3. Jb<^=xfl U~~K\ xH K~= f#fl =_^# ~#O_.
4. Jb<^=xH KOk# =Q~ =Y < ~# Ò_.
~OO :
~`Ô fiÒÒ O^<\H 11 a\+ WO_ ~, 562 O<O_q. H`
~*OQO J=H =K<\H, D O<hfl ~` x< qb#=~.
~` ~[OQO 4~H ~# U~~zOk. Jq qQO 'Z, qQO 'a, qQO' qQO '_
~Q ~#|_~. KHO #O_ H ~ =i O< U~@ K O@
_=O_ K|_Òk. n~ ~@O `~fi` 1953 "^\ H ~R"# 'PO^~RO
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
302
U~@ K |_Ok. J^ O=`~O `fiOK ~` ~ #~fi H ~ } HO ''~ #~fi =H ~ }

O O xqOK|_Ok. D O O K# ~ "~ 1956 qQ Z,a,,_ ~ `_#
~^ K ~R #~fi =H ~ }
K@O P"Ô OkOk. D K@O ~` =Y# 14 ~ 6 H Oê`
O`Q# #~fi =H i OzOk. 1956O=`~ `~fi` _ J<H H` ~ U~@ K |_~.
L^~} 1966 O* ~RO, O* =i ~< Q#, 1960 O~ ~RO, =~R
=i Q[~`Q# =i 1987 Q", J~}K ^ =i q*~O H O^ O` e`
U~@ K |_~.
=#Ô J<H =`, + =i L<fl~. X H P~QH~ =[ x~}O H~
"+ = H" } `Q = YO \~. ~*OQOK 'JO@~x`#O x~eOK|_@" HO_, +_
"y~ J #flu HO "iH ` H ~~f HeOK|_~. fi= (@|_^s) ==#
JOÒ K kQ [gO^s == ~^ K |_Ok. fiÒ`#O`~O ~`^ O fiK HO f=OQ
H$+ K O k. q", t `, u =i =~H\ fl# x~kOK_xH J<H K\
K|_~. =i ~+ Ò_ P =# "\ He "~`fi K@O(Law of
succession)K |_Ok.
=# L^Q J=H _ HeOK|_~.
~`* u x~}xH ^Ô K =lH =~# HeO K =YJOOQ *f "H `#
K=K. =```fiO, Of"Ô "~@ "~^ [ q[# `z "~@"^
H~}=~. D =# JkQq OK\xH `fl [~Qe# J=~= Ok. X H^ O H
PiHa=$kx kOK@ X H =Y q^#O }oH ~K# . ~`^ O , ~` ^x K~ <Q U~@
K |_ }oH O O, }oH ~K# K _#H U~_# J`#fl` JOO. Jk ^^Q (2011<\H)
k OK=~ }oH# ~OkOz i KOk. D }oH, ~`^ O `# H# Ja=$k,
fi=O|#, =lH <O, i Lk H## kOKO^ ^^_ ~. J~`, ~` [<
X H ^ =~O "~ WOH# f= îHO =Q` <fl~ .
K< , H< =i |OQ^ ~`^ xH Ju g ~Q^. D =_ ^`
=# QoH, Ki`H, O $uH O|O^<fl~. J~` =# ~Q^` =# Hxfl ` xi
PO^#H~ JO _K ~. K< ` \\ i^ =, H<` JOMH =~,
Hj~ =, ~A~A iy`#fl xH|O = H=. =# QoH ~`, PiH
J=~ ^$ =#O, =# ~Q ^"i` $^=OQ "Q=# J=~=Ok. =#O
~Q^xflO\ fl ~fiH O|O^H~ f=H$+ `<flO.
Jb<^=O(NAM)Jxfl~H J}z"`#, ^_x J<efl =u~HOk. Wk #`#
JO`~f ~[H ==(NIPO), #`# JO`~f PiH ==(NIEO), #`# JO`~f =K~
303
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
==(NIICO)HO H$+ eOk Jq, Ja=$k J< H ^fi~ ^, ^x H =~ =^ L#fl JO`~xfl

iOK_xH uflOK~. Jb# L^=O ~`Ô X H =Y` +OzOk. D L^=O
Pq~"xH P~QH~ Ja=$kH ^^_ # =H O_\ <. Ju u JO`~f =# `#^#
e i+iOzOk. D L^=O, qq^ ^ =^ PO^# `yO K_O =i x~nH~ }

JO` =O KH ~O^x q=iOK "~ _ L<fl~ . Hx, H @=, L#flO`HO O KO
Ou <H_xH q `#flO` HO, PiH =`#flO` HO Jb# L^=O Z\H `#
LxHx H^.
JO
1.
1953, ~ #~fi =H~} OO K# ~# ^$+ LOKHx `fiO K\ #

K~ # sHO KO_.
2.
=lH i}=O J#Q <q? ~` O *ux~}xH Wk Z ^Ô K O k?
3.
~`^ O }oH q^#O ^ # H Uq? "xx KiOKO_.
4.
=# W~Q ~Q ^` ZO^ fl O|O^ Hey LO_e?
5.
Jb# L^=O ~`^ O +Oz# `# KiOKO_.
6.
` O KO Jb# L^=`#, O|O^xfl KiOKO_.
~ fl =^<
65.Z
1.
JkH~ }
O3
2.
PO^~RO
3.
=_
4.
=~R =i Q[~`
5.
~<
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III
304
65.a
1.
=lH i}=O J#Q =[O x~}O, i =K =~
2.
q" x~^xH
65.
1.
PiHa=$k, O~ LkH #, =lH <O, fi=O|#
2.
S^ O=`~
3.
i=
4.
îH x~#
65._
1.
\\ = =i i^ =
2.
1972
3.
~`^ O , Dl =i Qq
4.
<, <~, \\
305
Inter (Aposs) 315
Ki` Vol.III

Indian History

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Indian History

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

315

PO^^ `fiO "iK Lz` O}

ANDHRA PRADESH OPEN SCHOOL SOCIETY

First Published 2010-2011

All Rights Reserved

This book is a Telugu translation of the original History (315) English

The Subject Team

Chairman (Module - 4 & 5)

Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Lecturer, Indraprastha College , Delhi

Tutor, History National Open School, New Delhi

Delhi College of Arts and Commerce

Lecturer, Vivekanand Mahila College

Mrs. Anita Devraj

Lady Shri Ram College,

Dept.of Education University of Delhi

DAV Public School

Lecturer, Indraprastha College

Lecturer, Mata Sunderi Collge

Bal Bharti Air Force School

Mr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar

Govind Ram Gurukul

Teacher Training Institue

Mr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar

National Open School,

Teacher Training Institue

History National Open School,

Darya Ganj, New Delhi

46._b #, " ~ QO i#,

47._b <, "Q HO<\ =lH, PiH r=#O (J^ #O)17-36

49. " KH=~ =` q^#O (J^ #O)

50.=^ Q ~`^ O $`a=$k (J^ #O)

51.~`^ O a\+ ~[ # (J=Q#)

52.a\+ # PiH == =O (J=Q#)

53.a\+ <Q gH (J^ #O)

54.~` POQq ^ (J=Q#)

55.=`O ~}^= (J^ #O)

56.O O~} (J^ #O)

57.~` fi`O`^= ~@O 1857 u~Q@ (J=Q#) 157166

59.~`^ O *f" =$k (J^ #O)

60.~` *f^=O (18851905) (J=Q#)

61.~` *f^=O (19051918) (J=Q#)

62.~` *f^=O (19191939) (J=Q#)

63.~ fi~[ ^# (19391947) (J^ #O)

64.*f^ =O, XH gH (J^ #O)

65.fi`O`#O`~ ~`^ O (J^ #O)

' J=Q# Jx x~t Oz# ~= , q^~ q+ i*#= H~ , =i \

Inter (Aposs) 315

6. K< ` O $uH O|O^ \ + ~K _ O =~ r= =i < =O\ O_`

23.3 =^ P ` ~`^ O|O^

D O`O J<H ^ =` O K|_#q. Q q^ H O^=Q qe# QOQ (Gousringa)

Inter (Aposs) 315

3. D O`O WC_ WO =Y =`O

23.5 K< =i \\ ` ~` O|O^

KO^@O ~O"Ok. qq^ ^` ^=`O Kh =[O Jxfl=~ "ix PH@Ok.

Inter (Aposs) 315

[<xfl K i @^ . =`$ q HO Z@=O\ = O^ Qx, =#~Qx ^_

23.7 *", =`, e =i ifl

Inter (Aposs) 315

= O K~. P = `~fi` HO 'N q[ ~[OQ ~k^H #flq. Uk U"< H..

23.8 WO_ K<