Matlab Simulation based Performing Open

Circuit Tests on a Single-Phase Power

Transformer in virtual laboratory
Muhammad Fraz Khalid , Waqas Sarfraz, Muhammad Abdul wahab , Mubashir Hassan , Muhammad
Talha Ikram, Engr.Majid Ali
Email: enginiertalha@gmail.com
Sharif college of Engineering and Technology affiliated with UET Lahore

Abstract:-- MATLAB is a useful tool for

solving different type of problems and
simulation. With the help of this software we
study about open circuit test of transformer. We
find parameters of open circuit test by
simulating it on MATLAB. This is our virtual
experiment. In MATLAB we virtually do open
circuit test. We take the transformer of rating
2kVA, 220/105 V, 50 Hz for this experiment
which we usually use in laboratory experiment.
In MATLAB we implement this is experiment
which give us more accurate efficiency and
regulation. And its graph is also accurate. We do
open circuit test on a single phase power
transformer. We apply voltage on input side
which is known as primary side of transformer.
We kept open the output side which is known as
secondary. In open circuit test we find the open
circuit parameters. In this we find core losses,
open circuit current, Xo and Ro. By this we
determine the no load characteristics of single
phase power transformer.
Index terms:-- Power Transformer(PT) ,Low
Voltage
(LV)
,High
Voltage
(HV),Simulink(SL),Open
circuit(OC),primary
side(PS),Secondry
Side(SS)Open
circuit
current(IOC),Open circuit Voltage(VOC)

I. Introduction
In our life transformer is an important electric
machine. It is a static machine. It is more
efficient machine in all machines. Its
efficiency is up to 95%. It works on the
principle of mutual induction. It has two coils
on core which are only magnetically coupled.
We supply voltage at one side of this which
becomes primary side. And other coil
becomes secondary side. We can vary
voltage or current easily without changing

power. As we do open circuit test therefore

no copper losses are negligible and only iron
losses are present. In open circuit test we
find iron losses, no load current, power factor
at no load, Ro and Xo. We have two types of
transformer one is linear transformer and
other is saturable transformer. In lab we find
open circuit test and finds its parameters. We
determine its efficiency and regulation by
graphs between B-H. This graph is made by
different points which we take during
experiment. We dont use use linear
transformer for this because it give us linear
graph which is not applicable in real life. It
has advantages. One is that, we need not
physical apparatus for this. And other one is,
we get results from this is accurate by this
we do experiment properly for getting
approximate accurate results. We take
different B-H graphs on different value of
magnetizing current.

II. The Transformer Model

In the Simulink we can use two types of
transformer models. The two types are linear
transformer and the saturable transformer. For
the
linear
transformer
model,
the
magnetization curve is linear, and hence,
saturation effects, as in practical transformers,
cannot be implemented using this model.
However in the model of saturable transformer
we use the magnetization characteristic at our
will,
thus
enabling
us
to
realize
the
magnetization curve compatible to the The Open
Circuit Test is used to determine the components
(Rfe, Xm) used to model the magnetic core
effects in the practical transformer model. The
test is typically performed by applying rated
voltage (Eoc) to the primary winding and
measuring the resultant current (Ioc) and power

(Poc) while leaving the secondary winding opencircuited.

Rated primary voltage is utilized because the
applied voltage determines the created flux and
therefore the operating point on the B-H curve
which, in turn, determines the magnetization
current, the eddy current losses, and the
hysteresis losses in the core. Open-circuiting the
secondary winding of the transformer results in
no
current
flowing
through
the
series
impedances that model the winding losses in the
Approximate (Cantilever) Equivalent Circuit.
Thus, neglecting winding-impedances leg of the
model, the equivalent circuit simplifies to the
following equivalent circuit. Since only the
elements Rl and Xm
their values can be
determined from the test data. To carry out open
circuit test it is the LV side of the transformer
where rated voltage at rated frequency is
applied and HV side is left opened. We take the
voltage on the voltmeter which connecting in
parallel at output terminals. For measuring no
load input current with ammeter connect in
series with input terminal. For calculating power
we connect the wattmeter at input side. They
are V0, I0 and W0 respectively. In this test, flux is
produced in the core and the no load current
which is quite small about 2% of the rated
current. We use low range ammeter and
wattmeter current coil. The wattmeter will record
the core losses and copper losses.

But the copper losses is very small as compared

to the core loss as. In fact this approximation is
built in in the approximate equivalent circuit of
the transformer referred to primary side which is
LV side in this case.

III. Open Circuit

The open-circuit test is performed in order to
determine exciting branch parameters (Rl and
Xm) of the equivalent circuit, the no-load loss,
the no load exciting current, and the no-load
power factor. While one of the windings is open
circuited (in our case secondary winding is open
circuited), a rated voltage is applied to the other
winding (in our case it is the primary winding),
and the input voltage, VOC; input current, IOC;
and input power POC to the transformer are
measured.

(I)
E=N

A single-phase transformer model whose

equivalent circuit parameters could be specified
using transformer dialog box is used. A single
phase AC voltage source is applied to the
primary side. Since in Simulink environment, all
elements must be electrically connected, the
secondary side of the transformer cannot be left
open and a load has to be connected. In order to
simulate no-load condition, constant impedance
model to reflect loading is used, and the
resistance and inductance values are set to very
large numbers while the value of the capacitor is
set to a very small number. The resulting
secondary current will be approximately zero. On
the primary side, current, and voltage
measurement blocks are used to measure the
instantaneous current and voltage. The output of
each meter is connected to a root mean square
(rms) block signal rms, to determine the rms
values of primary current and voltage.


G=|Y |cos , R=

1
( IV )
G

(V )
B=|Y |sin

The rms block computes the rms value of its

input signal over a running window of the one
cycle of the fundamental frequency. The display
boxes read these rms values of the open-circuit
current, IOC, and voltage, VOC. The outputs of
the current and voltage measurement blocks are
connected to a power measurement block,
power measurement that measures the active
power POC, and reactive power, QOC, of the
primary side. The output of this block is
connected to a display box to read POC and
QOC. In order to measure the secondary current,
which is approximately zero, a current
measurement block with an rms block and
display is used. These measurements either from
experiment or from simulation enable the
approximate computation of the resistance RCs
and reactance XM of the excitation branch
referred to the primary side. The magnitude of
the excitation admittance from the open-circuit
voltage and current is computed as

|Ye|=Gc jB M (II )
Where GC is the conductance of the core-loss
resistor and BM is the susceptance of the
magnetizing inductor. The phase angle of the
admittance can be found from the knowledge of
the power factor. The open-circuit power-factor

PF=cos =

P
( III )
VI

Once the power factor angle is known, R l and

XM can easily be computed as follows:

IV B-H Curve response

When the primary winding of an unloaded
transformer is energized, it may draw a high
magnitude transient current from the supply.
This almost entirely uni-directional current rises
abruptly to its maximum value in the first halfcycle and henceforth decays exponentially until
the steady-state magnetizing conditions are
reached. The present study introduces the
sequence of operations necessary to evaluate
the
non-sinusoidal steady-state magnetizing
current of power transformers by means of
numerically simulated open-circuit tests. In the
open-circuit test the transformers primary
winding is supplied with rated voltage, and the

secondary winding is left open-circuited.

At this operating condition, saturation levels
are sufficiently high to cause the magnetizing
current to contain a significant proportion of
harmonics. In other words the operating
condition involves sinusoidal applied voltage but
non sinusoidal current due to the nonlinear
behavior of the primary winding inductance. The
test problem considered in the present study

concerns the evaluation of the magnetizing

current of the idealized single-phase shell-type
transformer described in.
A study reporting on the behavior of this
particular transformer under magnetically linear
operation is presented in. A key feature of the
numerical model for predicting the magnetizing
current wave shape is the use of a nonlinear
magnetization
characteristic
for
the
transformers
magnetic
core.In
Simulink
environment the saturable transformer model
once selected considers automatically the
magnetizing characteristic of the core. This
characteristic in turn generates a specific
characteristic of the magnetizing current Im.
However for any saturable transformer model
the hysteresis or saturation characteristic may
easily be chosen with the help of Hysteresis
Design Tool of the Power tool block. This
increases the computational burden of that
Simulink model and as a result the overall
simulation process greatly slows down. To avoid
this problem, we have selected the required
hysteresis characteristic manually according to
our
choice.
On
the
characteristic
the
magnetizing current Im in per unit is the x- axis
and flux Fm in per unit is represented along theyaxis.
Since Im is proportional to the electric field
Hand Fm is proportional to Bm, the flux density,
the plot obtained with Fm and Im is essentially
the B-H curve. In drawing this saturation
characteristic we consider the presence or
absence of residual flux at our will. If we neglect
the residual flux the characteristic will obviously
start from the origin. Otherwise, it will start from
a point above it. We have designed many types
of B-H curves and have run the Simulink model
using each characteristic. Most of the curves
ended up with distorted as well as unrealistic noload current characteristics. This indicated that
these B-H curves are not suitable for this
transformer.
Thus, the BH curve of below Figure is accepted
as the right choice for the Simulink based
transformer. This curve was used for building the
saturable transformer model.

So this is the simulation diagram of the matlab

in this simulation diagram the results are
following.

V-Conclusion
We simulate the saturable transformer and find
H-B characteristics and its open circuit
parameters which we find in our labs. It gives
more detail about our test and we see many
aspects of single phase power transformer. The
present matlab Simulink model is solved by
saturable transformer model present in Simulink
which implement with a non-linear B-H curve.
From all different characteristic curve we obtain
in hardware like laboratory test. Here we have
separately drawn the magnetizing curve that are
under our interest. The magnetizing part and the
no load current have non sinusoidal pattern that
gives a good command on saturation effect of
magnetizing curve.
The virtual test modals for open circuit test can
be used in the software laborites which exactly
provide us a detailed study on operational
aspects of single phase power transformer.

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-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer.html\
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