AP WORLD REVIEW SHEET #2

1450-1750 GLOBAL INTERACTIONS

Big Ideas and Discussion Questions:
1) How was this era different than the era that preceded it? What
changed? What stayed the same? Big transformations in Christian
Religion, really transforms as more sects are formed (ex. Protestant
Reformation). The arts become a big part of everyday life due to the
Renaissance. During the Dark Ages, people did not have the time to
think about arts but only how they were going to survive. As the
plague fades away and there is more food, more people shift their
attention to leisure activities. Exploration begins! Introduction to the
New World/Americas. New crops and new culture. New land. Huge
changes result from settling in the Americas.
2) What were the major changes in trade? Who was involved?
Transformed from solely Silk Route trade to trade across the seas.
European Americas. Traveling across the entirety of the ocean to
trade. Portuguese were big guys in trade, along with Spain, England,
and France. Asian countries were also involved in trade with Europe.
Mercantilism developed.
3) What technological and scientific advances were made during this
time? One of the biggest inventions of the time was the printing
press created by Johannes Gutensberg. The printing press allowed
people to share their works much easier. Many more became
literate because reading materials were much more accessible.
Many other great inventions that bettered life. New scientific
discoveries regarding astronomy and physics. Made people more
curious about life and the physical world.
4) How did the world become smaller? Easier and more trade, better
communication. More sharing of ideas and religion.
5) What were the basic political structures found in the worlds
empires? How did he/she gain power? Were certain areas different
from others? Most of European had absolute rulers or a government
related to religion. Pope helped to make decisions and govern
people. In the Middle East and Asia, there were also absolute rulers
divided into Caliphs/Dynasties. Middle East rulers were strongly
affected by the Muslim religion.
6) What were the common characteristics found in African Empires?
Although they actually had quite complex governments and
societies, they were viewed much below the Europeans. The people
were taken from their land and placed in the slave trade. They were
brought to the Americas and sold. At the time, these African
Empires were rich in gold too and had chief leaders.
7) What role did women have during this time period? Some women of
the upper class were educated but most women took care of the
children in the home. Some also worked with art and literature.

8) What slave systems emerged? How were they different from

previous systems? The slave system that emerged was referred to
as Triangle Trade. Triangle Trade was when the Europeans sailed
down to Africa, bought slaves, then brought them to the Americas,
and sailed back to Europe. The slaves were treated horribly
throughout the journey and were all tied together so that they could
not escape. The major difference from previous slave systems was
that this was completely race based. Prior to the Triangle Trade,
people became slaves because they had debt or were prisoners of
wars, now slavery was based completely on a persons skin color.
9) What other labor systems were practiced? Feudalism was popular
during the Middle Ages. People worked on a Kings land in trade for
protection from the outside world. Trade and free business became
popular as cities re-emerged.
10)
Which diseases and foods were spread through interaction
interactions? How did this affect the population patterns of the
world? Smallpox, measles, and the plague were constantly being
shared during this time. Smallpox was given to the Native
Americans and unlike the Europeans; they did not have immunity
for it. Various crops and animals were traded between Europe and
the Americas. The new diseases killed many but the food surplus
also caused a population growth. The two balanced each other out.
11) What were the major discoveries of the Scientific Revolution?
How were they controversial? Compared to other regions, were the
Europeans slower in discovering some major scientific ideas? Most
of the discoveries had to science and astronomy, which often
contradicted religion. New things about physics and biology were
discovered as well. These ideas said that religion was wrong, which
was extremely controversial because religion was the basis of all
society. In comparison to the rest of the world, Europe was pretty
average, as Asia had already figured out some of these things.
12) What were the major cultural centers during this time period?
Find examples and comparisons from all areas of the world: Italy
(Renaissance took place here), China, England, and Ottoman
Empire.
13)
Why was the enlightenment so significant to western politics?
Changed peoples views on education and religion. Did not want
only a religious leader but really someone who knew what they were
doing. Many new ideas on government. DEMOCRACY, NATURAL
RIGHTS, & MOST IMPORTANTLY FREEDOM!!
14)
Explain absolutism. List monarchs from different areas of the
world who believed in Divine Right of Kings and absolutism. The
idea that all rule should rest in one absolute ruler that is given his
right by an upper power. Often seen within Europe, Asia, and the
Middle East. France had many absolute rulers as did China.

15)
Compare two European monarchies to China and Japans
empires. What are the s & ds? S: Feudalism, New inventions,
Maritime exploration and trade. D: Religion did not play an impact in
China, more art in within Europe.
16)
How did the following interact with the West? Russia did not
settle or colonize any part of the West (Americas) but did begin
trade with Europe. Japan and China used its maritime technology to
explore the Pacific Coast and begin trade with Europe. Ottoman
Empire traded a lot with Europe along the Silk Road but not with the
Americas. India played a HUGE role in the spice trade with Europe,
using the Silk Road, but did not trade nearly as much with the New
World.
17)
What was the Reformation? What were the basic ideas? Some
saw all the bad that the RCC was doing for society and how it was
using people so Martin Luther began a reformation and rebelled
against the RCC. This resulted in a new sect of Christianity being
formed: Protestantism.
People, places, and concepts:
1) Protestant Reformation - religious movement of the 16th century
that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and
resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
2) Council of Trent - a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened
in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and
condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant
reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished
various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy
3) English Civil War - 16421651 a series of armed conflicts and
political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads")
and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over,
principally, the manner of its government.
4) Northern Renaissance - the Renaissance that occurred in the
European countries north of the Alps. Before 1497
Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy.
From the late 15th century the ideas spread around Europe.
a. Italian Renaissance - earliest manifestation of the general
European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and
achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and
lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between
Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
5) British East India Company - an English company formed in 1600 to
develop trade with the new British colonies in India and
southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative
control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858
after the Indian Mutiny

6) Mehmet II and the Conquest of Constantinople leader of the

Ottoman Empire who brought an end to the B. Empire when he
invaded Constantinople and made it an Ottoman state
7) Suleiman the Magnificent - sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1520-66),
whose reign was noted for its military power and cultural
achievements
8) Francis Xavier - Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish
missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552)
a. Matteo Ricci - born in 1552 in Macerata, part of the Papal
States, and today a city in the Italian region of
Marche. Ricci started learning theology and law in a Roman
Jesuit school. He entered the order in 1571, and in 1577 he
applied for a missionary expedition to India.
9) Kangxi considered to be one of the greatest Chinese Empires. His
rule brought stability and wealth after years of chaos
10)
Tokugawa Shogunate - Of or relating to a family of shoguns that
ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867, a period marked by centralized
feudalism, the growth of urban centers, exclusionary policies
against the West, and a rise in literacy.
11)
The Delhi Sultanate - term used to cover five short-lived
dynasties, Delhi-based kingdoms or sultanates, the first three of
which were of Turkic origin, the fourth was the Sayyid and the last
was the Lodi. The sultanates ruled from Delhi 1206 and 1526, when
the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties
were the Mamluk dynasty (120690); the Khilji dynasty (1290
1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (13201414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414
51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (14511526).
12)
Mughal Empire and Akbar an empire extending over large
parts of the Indian sub-continent that actually brought positive
change to societies. Akbar was the third and greatest Mughal
Emperor of the Mughal Dynasty in India.
13)
Mercantilism - a system in which a country attempts to amass
wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it
imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals. It is often
considered an outdated system.
a. Capitalism - an economic and political system in which a
country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners
for profit, rather than by the state.
14)
Iberian exploration of the New World - The sea route to the
Indes was opened after Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias
rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and his fellow countryman,
Vasco da Gama, crossed the Indian Ocean to reach Calicut, a rich
trading city on the Indian coast. The Portugese established trading
posts along the coast of Africa and Japan. Columbus discovery of
the New World caused Spain to belong a large influence in the
Americas.

15)
Songhai - a Songhai state located in western Africa. From the
mid-15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest
Islamic empires in history.
a. Timbuktu - Mali, on the southern edge of the Sahara near the
Niger River. Founded c. AD 1100 by Tuareg nomads, it became
an important post on the trans-Saharan caravan routes.
16)
Impact of pop. Growth and the Agricultural Revolution Food
surplus causes a growing population. Civilizations develop. New
religions. New government. Trade, trade, trade. Exploration. Art and
leisure activities.
17)
Triangular Trade -a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves
were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and
then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was
brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum.
18)
Encomienda system - In colonial Spanish America, a system by
which the Spanish crown defined the status of the Indian population
in its colonies. An encomienda consisted of a grant by the crown of
a specified number of Indians living in a particular area.
19)
Aurangzeb - Mogul emperor of Hindustan (1658--1707), whose
reign marked both the height of Mogul prosperity and the decline of
its power through the revolts of the Marathas
20)
The Enlightenment - a European intellectual movement of the
late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism
rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century
philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its
prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and
Adam Smith.
21)
Thirty Year War - a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between
Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until
France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman
Empire and Spain
a. The Peace of Westphalia - These treaties ended the Thirty
Years' War (16181648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the
Eighty Years' War (15681648) between Spain and the Dutch
Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of
the Dutch Republic.
22)
Portuguese exploration of Africa and India Portuguese
explorers explored and mapped the lands of Africa, India, and Brazil
starting in 1419. Some explorers were Bartolemeu Diaz, Henry the
Navigator, and Vasco de Gama.
23)
Safavid Empire - (15021736) Persian dynasty. It was founded
by Isma'il I, who, by converting his people from Sunnite to Shi'ite
Islam and adopting the trappings of Persian monarchy, planted the
seeds of a unique national and religious identity. Many architectural
achievements.

24)
Janissaries - an infantryman in the Turkish army, originally a
member of the sovereign's personal guard, from the 14th to the
early 19th century
25)
Rise of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty - last
imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a
brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming
dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multicultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the
territorial base for the modern Chinese nation.
26)
Treaty of Tordesillas - divided the newly discovered lands
outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a meridian 370
leagues
27)
Floating World (Japan) - described the urban lifestyle, especially
the pleasure-seeking aspects, of Edo-period Japan (16001867).
Time of prostitution and art.
28)
Columbian Exchange - the widespread exchange of animals,
plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases,
technology and ideas between the American and AfroEurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the America
29)
Peter the Great - the Russian czar who transformed Russia from
an isolated agricultural society into an Empire on a par with
European powers.
30)
Galleon trade b/w Manila and Acapulco Spanish trading ships
that sailed once or twice a year across the Pacific Ocean. Manila,
Spain Acapulco, Mexico. Represents first global trade.
Discuss the following
1) Why was silver and gold critical to revitalizing 16th century world
trade? As the plague went away and population grew, people began
to focus on things like exploration and art. Many were motivated to
explore by the possibility that they would discover gold or be able to
trade gold with other countries. African had abundant amounts of
gold and Japan had a great amount of silver.
2) Impact of the Portuguese in the political affairs of India and Japan. P
had huge influence in India because they had a large area of land
and controlled some of the trade. P was also very powerful in Japan.
They made Japanese their slaves and traded extensively with them.
3) Agree or Disagree Challenges by Luther and Calvin strengthened
the Catholic Church, both dogmatically and evangelically?
4) How did the African slave trade reshape African societies and
policies? The African Slave Trade completely disrupted natural
society within Africa. There was a great population loss and classes
were destroyed. The Slave Trade weakened African countries. Many
tried to move as far away from the trade route as to avoid losing
even more to slavery. The Europeans also changed their

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government to prevent them from becoming too powerful and

rebelling.
The political structure of the Qing Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa
Shogunate in Japan, and the Ottoman Empire ensured its success in
the 16th to 18th century because they all had very organized
government and power. The rulers were recognized by society and
listened to resulting in a greater country and civilization.
Did the role of women change during this time period? Women still
had no say in government and did not have equal rights to men but
they gained much better educations during this time. Women
became literate and read much more, which helped them to
understand the world.
Were the religious wars of Europe a result of theological clashes or
were there other factors at play? I think the wars were a result of
theological clashes along with other factors. It is difficult for people
to accept other religions because it makes it seem like their religion
are wrong and what they practice is wrong. They believe that
everyone should be practicing their religion because it is the only
way that they will find peace in the afterlife. These contradicting
beliefs and idea often lead to war.
Why wasnt there Enlightenment in the Middle East and Asia? The
religions popular in that area were not questioned at the time. It
also not a renaissance time.
The winners of cross-cultural trade were the Europeans while the
losers were the Native Americans and Africa. There societies were
destroyed.