Escolar Documentos
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doi:10.1111/jmg.12090
ABSTRACT
The timing and thermal effects of granitoid intrusions into accreted sedimentary rocks are important
for understanding the growth process of continental crust. In this study, the petrology and geochronology of pelitic gneisses in the Tseel area of the Tseel terrane, SW Mongolia, are examined to understand the relationship between igneous activity and metamorphism during crustal evolution in the
Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Four mineral zones are recognized on the basis of progressive
changes in the mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses, namely: the garnet, staurolite, sillimanite
and cordierite zones. The gneisses with high metamorphic grades (i.e. sillimanite and cordierite zones)
occur in the central part of the Tseel area, where granitoids are abundant. To the north and south of
these granitoids, the metamorphic grade shows a gradual decrease. The composition of garnet in the
pelitic gneisses varies systematically across the mineral zones, from grossular-rich garnet in the garnet
zone to zoned garnet with grossular-rich cores and pyrope-rich rims in the staurolite zone, and
pyrope-rich garnet in the sillimanite and cordierite zones. Thermobarometric analyses of individual
garnet crystals reveal two main stages of metamorphism: (i) a high-P and low-T stage (as recorded
by garnet in the garnet zone and garnet cores in the staurolite zone) at 520580 C and 4.57 kbar in
the kyanite stability field and (ii) a low-P and high-T stage (garnet rims in the staurolite zone and
garnet in the sillimanite and cordierite zones) at 570680 C and 3.06.0 kbar in the sillimanite stability field. The earlier high-P metamorphism resulted in the growth of kyanite in quartz veins within
the staurolite and sillimanite zones. The UPb zircon ages of pelitic gneisses and granitoids reveal
that (i) the protolith (igneous) age of the pelitic gneisses is c. 510 Ma; (ii) the low-P and high-T metamorphism occurred at 377 30 Ma; and (iii) this metamorphic stage was coeval with granitoid intrusion at 385 7 Ma. The age of the earlier low-T and high-P metamorphism is not clearly recorded
in the zircon, but probably corresponds to small age peaks at 450400 Ma. The low-P and high-T
metamorphism continued for c. 100 Ma, which is longer than the active period of a single granitoid
body. These findings indicate that an elevation of geotherm and a transition from high-P and low-T
to low-P and high-T metamorphism occurred, associated with continuous emplacement of several
granitoids, during the crustal evolution in the Devonian CAOB.
Key words: garnet; granitoid intrusion; metamorphic history; Tseel terrane; UPb zircon age.
INTRODUCTION
(a)
120oE
160oE
60o
60
Ur
M
al
t.
(b)
Ch
i
Al nes
93o
ta e
i
47o
Siberian craton
West Siberian
basin
300 km
99o
Ulaanbaatar
1 Altay City
TseelTsogt
50o
50o
44o
N
47o
L
MM
44o
Central Asian
Orogenic Belt
Mongolia
40
111o
105o
40o
Tarim
Tibet plateau
90oE
Sino-Korean
craton
110oE
130oE
B
58
220
(c)
30
Grt
St
68
70
45
St
M2507
G2505
Metapelites
Amphibolites
Faults
Foliation
Sil
84
Grt
Legend
Sedimentary cover
Granitoids
Crd
M0901
M3001
85
Grt
85
G0903
56
42
6688
Sil
65
70
63
63
M2602
M2706
7700
30
45
Mineral assemblage
of pelitic gneisses (Pl, +Qtz)
10 km
Bt
Grt+Bt
Aluminosilicate-bearing
Grt+Sil+St+Bt
quartz veins
Grt+Sil+Bt
Aluminosilicate-bearing
veins
Grt+Sil+Crd+Bt
Fig. 1. (a) Major tectonic components of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Dark grey areas indicate Archean to
Mesoproterozoic cratons (modified after Jahn et al., 2000). (b) Tectonostratigraphic terrane map of southern Mongolia: 1. Tseel
terrane, 2. GobiAltai terrane, 3. Mandalovoo terrane, 4. Gurvansaikhan terrane, 5. Edren terrane (Badarch et al., 2002). MML,
Main Mongolian Lineament. (c) Geological map of the Tseel area showing the four mineral zones: garnet (Grt), staurolite (St),
sillimanite (Sil) and cordierite (Crd). Open diamonds indicate the localities of aluminosilicate-bearing quartz veins.
Garnet zone
plagioclase, with minor garnet, ilmenite, rutile, monazite, calcite and apatite (Figs 3 & 4a,b). In this zone,
garnet is rare in pelitic rocks (Fig. 1c), and it appears
as small poikiloblasts (commonly <1 mm in size;
Figs 2d & 4b) with a dusty appearance under the
microscope, due to fine inclusions of quartz, calcite
and plagioclase (Fig. 4b). Plagioclase in the matrix
occurs as anhedral to subhedral grains of 0.05
0.50 mm in size (Fig. 4a,b). The foliation in these
rocks is defined by the preferred orientation of biotite
and muscovite (Fig. 4a,b). In this zone, aluminosilicate minerals are absent.
Staurolite zone
Sillimanite zone
The cordierite zone, defined by the appearance of cordierite (Fig. 4f), occupies a small area of <10 km2 in
the eastern part of the sillimanite zone (Fig. 1c). In
addition to cordierite, the pelitic gneisses in this zone
contain garnet, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, sillimanite
and MgFe amphibole, with minor muscovite, chlorite, ilmenite, calcite, apatite, monazite, zircon and
graphite (Fig. 3). Garnet porphyroblasts are up to
10 mm across or larger (Fig. 2c) and contain inclusions of quartz, biotite, cordierite, ilmenite and zircon
(Fig. 4f). Amphibole occurs as elongate blades longer
than 0.3 mm. Cordierite is subhedral and 0.10.5 mm
in size (Fig. 4f). Biotite is present in the matrix and is
0.4 mm in size. Plagioclase is euhedral to subhedral,
and >0.4 mm in size.
ALUMINOSILICATE-BEARING QUARTZ VEINS
Sil zone
Grt
Bt
Pl
Qtz
Sil
St
Crd
Ms
Chl
Grph
Ep
Fe-Mg amp
Rtl
Ilm
Cal
Fig. 3. Mineral assemblages of pelitic gneisses and
metamorphic zones in the Tseel area.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Crd zone
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of pelitic gneisses from the various mineral zones in the Tseel area. (a) Biotite gneiss of the garnet zone,
in which oriented biotite and muscovite define the foliation. (b) Garnet with an irregular shape and dusty appearance due to fine
inclusions, in pelitic gneiss from the garnet zone. (c) Garnet porphyroblast with a dusty core and clear rim in pelitic gneiss from
the staurolite zone. (d) Subhedral staurolite grains with fibrolitic sillimanite in pelitic gneiss from the staurolite zone. (e) Garnet
porphyroblast wrapped by a fibrolitic sillimanite (Sil) and biotite (Bt), in pelitic gneiss from the sillimanite zone. (f) Subhedral
cordierite grains and garnet porphyroblast in pelitic gneiss from the cordierite zone. All images were taken under plane polarized
light.
Fig. 5. Occurrences and textures of aluminosilicate-bearing quartz veins. (a) Outcrop photograph of aluminosilicate-bearing quartz
veins hosted by pelitic gneisses of the sillimanite zone. (b) Hand specimen of an aluminosilicate-bearing quartz vein containing
centimetre-scale kyanite crystals. (c) Photomicrograph of kyanite crystals cut by columnar sillimanite crystals in a vein (cross polarized
light). (d) Photomicrograph of sillimanite inclusions in large andalusite crystals in a vein (cross polarized light). Qtz = quartz;
Ky = kyanite; Sil = sillimanite; Ms = muscovite.
grains of 0.56.0 mm in size. Kyanite crystals commonly contain fractures along the {100} cleavage
plane, and the fractures are filled with muscovite
and fibrous sillimanite (Fig. 5c). Kyanite crystals
are partially surrounded by anhedral andalusite. Sillimanite occurs as fibrous, columnar to prismatic euhedral crystals of varying size, up to 1 mm in length
(Fig. 5c,d). Sillimanite also occurs as inclusions in
andalusite grains (Fig. 5d). These observations indicate that aluminosilicate polymorphs in the veins
formed in the order of kyanite followed by sillimanite
and finally andalusite (Burenjargal et al., 2012).
MINERAL COMPOSITIONS
(a)
Ca
Ca
0.4
(b)
Grt
St
0.6
Grs-rich
(M2706)
M2602
G0903
Sil
56
M3001
Fe
Mg
M2507
Crd
St
Sil
70
M0901
Grt
0.8
G2505
Zoned
(M2507)
10 km
Grt
M2706
Garnet types
1.0
Prp-rich
(M2602)
Prp-rich
(M0901)
Grossular-rich garnet
Fe
Mg
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Pyrope-rich garnet
Garnet-absent pelitic gneisses
Fig. 6. (a) Ternary CaMgFe diagram showing compositional zoning trends in garnet from each metamorphic zone of the Tseel area.
The data are from Grs-rich garnet (sample M2706), zoned garnet (M2507) and Prp-rich garnet (M2602, M0901). (b) Map of the Tseel
area showing the spatial distribution of garnet types across the metamorphic zones: grossular-rich (red), zoned (yellow) and pyrope-rich
(blue). Grey squares indicate outcrops of garnet-absent pelitic gneisses.
Grt zone
Sample
M2706
Core
Rim
37.25
37.19
SiO2
TiO2
0.04
0.16
21.13
20.98
Al2O3
FeO
18.33
18.00
MnO
11.69
9.26
MgO
1.10
1.11
CaO
10.95
14.21
0.03
0.02
Na2O
K2O
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
Cr2O3
Total
100.53
100.94
Normalized to 8 cations and 12
Si
2.97
2.95
Al
1.98
1.96
Cr
0.00
0.00
Ti
0.00
0.01
3+
1.22
0.03
Fe
2+
0.01
1.19
Fe
Mn
0.79
0.13
Mg
0.13
1.21
Ca
0.94
0.62
Na
0.00
0.00
K
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.38
XAlm
0.04
0.04
XPrp
XGrs
0.30
0.38
0.26
0.20
XSps
St zone
M2507
Sil zone
Crd zone
M2602
M0901
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
36.23
0.11
20.32
28.80
5.14
2.31
5.55
0.00
0.00
0.08
98.53
oxygen
2.97
1.96
0.00
0.01
0.00
1.97
0.36
0.28
0.49
0.00
0.00
0.64
0.09
0.16
0.12
36.80
0.01
20.84
31.69
3.90
4.00
1.64
0.08
0.00
0.00
98.95
37.91
0.01
21.45
31.67
0.84
6.49
1.65
0.00
0.00
0.01
100.03
37.39
0.06
21.53
32.44
0.91
5.48
1.63
0.00
0.00
0.01
99.43
38.07
0.00
21.42
31.95
0.60
5.92
2.14
0.01
0.02
0.00
100.14
37.85
0.00
21.26
31.51
0.55
5.46
2.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
98.70
2.98
1.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.15
0.27
0.48
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.71
0.16
0.05
0.09
3.00
1.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.10
0.04
0.70
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.69
0.25
0.05
0.02
2.98
2.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.16
0.06
0.65
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.72
0.22
0.05
0.02
3.00
1.99
0.00
0.00
0.01
2.10
0.04
0.70
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.70
0.23
0.06
0.01
3.02
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
2.10
0.04
0.65
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.71
0.22
0.06
0.01
The grossular-rich garnet in sample M2706 is relatively homogeneous in composition. The garnet is
irregular in shape, contains many inclusions of
quartz, calcite and plagioclase, and does not show
chemical zoning (Figs 7a & 8a; Table 1). The almandine content, XAlm, ranges from 0.38 to 0.43 and is
lower than in the other mineral zones (Fig. 8;
Table 1). The pyrope content is low, with XPrp
(= Mg/(Fe2++Mg+Ca+Mn)) values of 0.030.06. The
grossular content, XGrs (= Ca/(Fe2++Mg+Ca+Mn)),
is 0.290.39, which is higher than in the other mineral
zones. The spessartine content is also high in this
sample, with XSps (= Mn/(Fe2++Mg+Ca+Mn)) values
of 0.200.28. In the garnet zone, grossular content is
higher than spessartine content in some samples, but
it is lower in the other samples. The garnet composition is similar among samples in the northern and
southern parts of the garnet zone.
Biotite in sample M2706 is relatively compositionally homogeneous, with XMg,Bt (= Mg/(Mg+Fe2+))
ranging from 0.59 to 0.60. Ti content in the biotite
ranges from 0.05 to 0.07 per formula unit (p.f.u.)
(Table 2). Plagioclase occurs as anhedral grains in
the matrix and shows marked compositional zoning
in XAn,Pl (= Ca/(Ca+Na+K)) from 0.82 in the core to
0.34 in the rim (Table 3). Plagioclase also occurs as
inclusions in garnet, with XAn,Pl value of 0.630.90.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Fig. 7. Colour X-ray element maps of Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in garnet. (a) Grossular-rich garnet from the garnet zone (sample
M2706). (b) Zoned garnet from the staurolite zone (M2507). (c) Pyrope-rich garnet from the sillimanite zone (M2602). (d) Pyroperich garnet from the cordierite zone (M0901). The compositional profiles along the lines marked AB are shown in Fig. 8. Scale
bars are 500 lm.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Zone
Grt zone
St zone
Sil zone
Crd zone
M2706
M2507
M2602
M0901
Sample
High
XMg,Bt
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
Total
Biotite (O =
Si
Ti
Aliv
Alvi
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Cr
Total
XMg,Bta
a
37.09
0.97
18.54
15.17
0.36
13.02
0.00
0.08
10.75
0.08
96.07
11)
2.77
0.05
1.23
0.40
0.00
0.95
0.02
1.45
0.00
0.01
1.02
0.00
7.90
0.60
Low XMg,Bt
High
XMg,Bt
Low
XMg,Bt
High
XMg,Bt
Low
XMg,Bt
High
XMg,Bt
Low
XMg,Bt
36.87
1.26
17.93
16.22
0.39
13.17
0.29
0.13
8.77
0.05
95.08
35.74
1.53
18.44
17.50
0.05
11.39
0.02
0.42
9.46
0.06
94.59
35.01
1.47
18.44
17.45
0.07
11.58
0.00
0.36
9.54
0.07
93.98
37.56
1.58
20.42
13.62
0.01
12.15
0.01
0.30
8.59
0.09
94.31
35.99
1.71
19.20
15.08
0.11
12.23
0.08
0.32
9.28
0.11
94.12
36.29
1.17
17.55
16.67
0.00
12.68
0.24
0.64
8.20
0.01
93.45
36.48
1.06
17.59
16.31
0.00
13.12
0.16
0.52
8.44
0.02
93.70
2.77
0.07
1.23
0.36
0.00
1.02
0.02
1.47
0.02
0.02
0.84
0.00
7.83
0.59
2.69
0.09
1.23
0.44
0.00
1.12
0.00
1.33
0.00
0.05
0.93
0.00
7.89
0.54
2.72
0.09
1.19
0.46
0.00
1.11
0.00
1.29
0.00
0.06
0.92
0.00
7.86
0.54
2.77
0.09
1.14
0.64
0.00
0.84
0.00
1.34
0.00
0.04
0.81
0.00
7.68
0.61
2.72
0.10
1.19
0.52
0.00
0.95
0.01
1.38
0.01
0.05
0.89
0.00
7.81
0.59
2.77
0.06
1.17
0.40
0.00
1.04
0.00
1.48
0.01
0.08
0.82
0.00
7.83
0.59
2.77
0.07
1.17
0.41
0.00
1.06
0.00
1.44
0.02
0.09
0.80
0.00
7.82
0.58
XMg,Bt = Mg/(Mg+Fe2+).
Grt zone
St zone
M2706
Core
Rim
46.25
60.50
SiO2
TiO2
0.02
0.04
34.00
25.15
Al2O3
FeO
0.04
0.06
MnO
0.03
0.01
MgO
0.00
0.00
CaO
17.59
6.85
2.12
7.34
Na2O
K2O
0.03
0.10
0.00
0.02
Cr2O3
Total
100.09
100.07
Plagioclase (O = 8)
Si
2.13
2.69
Al
1.85
1.32
Cr
0.00
0.00
Ti
0.00
0.00
3+
0.00
0.00
Fe
Mn
0.00
0.00
Mg
0.00
0.00
Ca
0.87
0.33
Na
0.19
0.63
K
0.00
0.01
a
0.82
0.34
XAn
a
Sil zone
M2507
M2602
Crd zone
M0901
Inc in Grt
Matrix
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
44.07
0.00
35.76
0.64
0.05
0.01
19.54
0.58
0.03
0.01
100.68
59.24
0.01
25.51
0.09
0.02
0.00
7.15
7.70
0.08
0.03
99.82
59.01
0.00
25.22
0.04
0.02
0.00
7.36
7.84
0.10
0.00
99.58
58.77
0.01
25.77
0.51
0.05
0.00
8.09
7.55
0.03
0.03
100.80
59.23
0.02
24.88
0.28
0.05
0.00
6.99
7.19
0.03
98.67
61.08
0.01
24.77
0.06
0.05
0.00
6.47
7.90
0.04
100.36
2.03
1.94
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.97
0.05
0.00
0.95
2.65
1.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.67
0.00
0.34
2.65
1.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.68
0.01
0.34
2.62
1.35
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.39
0.65
0.00
0.37
2.67
1.32
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.63
0.00
0.35
2.70
1.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.68
0.00
0.31
XAn = Ca/(Ca+Na+K).
M2706
(b) St zone
M2507
Zoned garnet
Grs-rich garnet
M2602
M0901
Prp-rich garnet
Prp-rich garnet
0.7
Core
Mantle
Rim
0.4
Mantle
0.5
Rim
Mole fraction
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
A
Rim
Core
B
Rim
1058 m
A
Rim
B
Rim
Core
A
Rim
Core
5100 m
B
Rim
A
Rim
1440 m
Alm
Prp
Grs
B
Rim
Core
1320 m
Sps
Fig. 8. Compositional profiles of garnet along the lines AB in Fig. 7. (a) Garnet zone (sample M2706). (b) Staurolite zone
(M2507). (c) Sillimanite zone (M2602). (d) Cordierite zone (M0901). Black arrows indicate the compositions used for PT
estimates.
Staurolite
Cordierite
Fe-Mg amphibole
Zone
St zone
Crd zone
Crd zone
Sample
M2507
M0901
26.47
48.79
SiO2
TiO2
0.62
0.06
51.04
33.39
Al2O3
FeO
13.89
5.16
MnO
0.22
0.00
MgO
2.32
10.78
CaO
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.20
Na2O
0.01
0.01
K2O
0.01
Cr2O3
Total
94.60
98.41
Staurolite (O = 48), cordierite (O = 18), amphibole (O = 23)
Si
7.97
4.95
Si
Ti
0.14
0.00
Ti
Al
18.11
4.00
Aliv
Alvi
Fe3+
3.50
0.44
Fe2+
Fe2+
Mn
0.06
0.00
Mn
Mg
1.04
1.63
Mg
Ca
0.00
0.00
Ca
Na
0.00
0.04
Na
K
0.00
0.00
K
Cr
0.01
Cr
Total
30.84
11.07
Total
a
0.23
0.79
XMg
M0901
Core
Rim
45.73
0.18
12.19
21.18
0.18
15.91
0.42
1.08
0.00
96.87
52.137
0.116
4.398
21.54
0.095
18.556
0.289
0.26
0
97.39
6.71
0.02
1.29
0.81
0.13
2.47
0.02
3.48
0.07
0.31
0.00
15.31
0.61
7.56
0.01
0.44
0.31
0.03
2.58
0.01
4.01
0.04
0.07
0.00
15.07
0.59
XMg = Mg/(Mg+Fe2+).
Table 5. Modal abundances (vol.%) of minerals measured in pelitic gneisses and as predicted by PT pseudosection modelling.
Observed mineral modea
Sample
Mineral zone
M2706
Grt
M2507
St
M2602
Sil
M0901
Crd
M2706
Grt
M2507
St
M2602
Sil
M0901
Crd
M2706
Grt
M2507
St
M2602
Sil
M0901
Crd
Garnet
Biotite
Plagioclase
Quartz
Chlorite
Muscovite
Staurolite
Sillimanite
Cordierite
Calcite
Rutile
Epidote
Fe-Mg amp
Total
10
7
23
49
1
<1
1
1
4
100
28
22
10
33
<1
1
5
<1
<1
<1
100
13
25
10
46
<1
<1
<1
<1
100
29
21
5
36
1
<1
5
<1
100
22
16
50
1
1
100
43
34
16
<1
1
7
<1
100
24
46
18
<1
<1
12
100
48
35
8
<1
8
<1
100
7
17
70
100
33
34
20
3
5
4
1
20
47
18
15
<1
46
34
8
100
100
7
100
b
c
plagioclase (10 vol.%), quartz (46 vol.%) and sillimanite (6 vol.%) (Table 5).
Sample M0901 (cordierite zone)
Pyrope-rich garnet in sample M0901 is compositionally homogeneous with a thin retrograde rim
(Figs 6, 7d & 8d), similar to pyrope-rich garnet in
the sillimanite zone (sample M2602; Fig. 8c); however, the former is richer in pyrope content
(XPrp = 0.220.23) and poorer in Mn (XSps = 0.01)
(Fig. 8c,d). Garnet porphyroblast contains inclusions
of quartz, calcite, biotite, cordierite and fine-grained
zircon.
The compositions of biotite (XMg,Bt = 0.580.59)
and plagioclase (XAn,Pl = 0.310.35) are homogeneous
(Tables 2 & 3). Cordierite occurs in the matrix and as
inclusions in garnet (Fig. 7d), and has XMg (=Mg/
(Mg+Fe2+)) values of 0.760.79 (Table 4). This sample contains FeMg amphibole with zoning related to
Tschermak substitution, with AlVI decreasing from
1.29 (gedrite) in the core to 0.44 (anthophyllite) in the
rim (Table 4). The XMg value of amphibole shows
little variation within the sample, ranging from 0.58
to 0.61. The sample contains garnet (29 vol.%), biotite
(21 vol.%), plagioclase (5 vol.%), quartz (36 vol.%)
and cordierite (5 vol.%) (Table 5), with minor sillimanite and FeMg amphiboles (<1 vol.%).
PT ESTIMATES FROM GARNET IN PELITIC
GNEISS
Method
Grt zone
St zone
Sil zone
Crd zone
Sample
M2706
M2507
M2602
M0901
61.15
19.13
0.49
7.42
5.32
0.07
0.88
0.74
3.20
1.61
100
57.86
13.40
1.75
16.54
5.90
0.17
1.20
0.28
2.07
0.82
100
SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
FeO
MgO
MnO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
H2O
Total
71.68
14.30
1.13
2.69
1.26
0.57
6.25
0.64
0.93
0.55
100
Core
Rim
54.97
17.75
0.40
15.93
3.70
0.97
2.30
0.67
2.31
1.00
100
60.69
16.63
0.53
10.96
4.19
0.61
1.11
0.90
3.06
1.32
100
7.0
0.
33
1
.3
4.0
G
C rt B
hl t
M Pl
s
20
2.0
550
600
650
0.
12
0.
14
0.
16
Grt B
il
Ms S
Grt Bt M
s
Pl Sil
Grt Bt
Sil
l Crd
rt Bt P
4
6
18
t Pl
0.06
Grt Bt Pl Crd
0.
10
0.
1.0
450
700
GBPQ
GIP
5.0
0.
500
0.60
Grt Bt Pl Ms
Grt Bt Pl
Chl Ms Zo
3.0
Grt Bt Pl Chl
1.0
450
Grt Bt Pl Chl Ms Pl
6.0
Grt Bt Pl
29
0.
25
0.
2.0
Ms
GIP
Sps
0.12
Grt Bt Pl Ms
hl
Grt Bt Pl Ms
Alm;
0.64
0.68
lC
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
8.0
Grt Chl Ms
Zo Pl
tP
Gr
tP
lC
hl
lC
Ms
hl M
Zo
sZ
o
0
3.0
Pressure (kbar)
4.0
0.2
0.44
GBPQ
0.16 Grs;
Grt Bt Chl Ms
9.0
tP
5.0
Gr
tB
Pressure (kbar)
0.2
0.2
Grt Bt Pl Ms Zo
0
0.42
0.2
0.2
(b)
0.42
8.0
6.0
Sps
0.26
10
Ms Zo
7.0
Alm;
0.40
Gr
tB
0.40
0.38
0.31 Grs;
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.10
10
0.36
(a)
550
500
Temperature (C)
600
650
700
Temperature (C)
1. Grt Bt Chl Ms Zo
2. Grt Bt Ms Zo
1. Grt Pl Chl Ms Zo
2. Grt Bt Chl Ms
3. Grt Bt Pl Ms Kfs
4. Grt Bt Pl Kfs
3. Grt Bt Pl Chl Ms Zo
4. Grt Bt Pl Chl Ms St
5. Grt Bt Pl St Ms
7. Grt Bt Pl St Crd
10
Gr
tB
tP
lM
sS
t
0.7
Grt
Chl MBt Pl
s Zo
Ms Sil
il
t Pl S
Grt B
St Sil 0.09
l
P
t
B
Q
GBP
Grt B
rd Sil
0.11
0.13
Chl Ms Zo Pa
8
7.0
6.0
9
0.0 Grt Bt
Pl Ky
0.0
12
Zo
Pa
10
17 18 19
15
Ch
5.0
P
h
lC
lM
14
Pa
20
Grt Bt
Pl Sil
13
11
16
22
0.71
0.02
21
GBPQ
24
0.0
GIP
0.69
lM
Pl
4.0
8.0
Pressure (kbar)
0.69
y
sK
lM
tP
B
t
Gr
Grt Bt Pl 0.07
t Pl C
GIP
9.0
67
4.0
Grt Bt
Pl Ms
Sps
0.02
0.65
0.
3
4
0.69 Alm;
5
Grt
0.05 Grs;
2
0.0
5.0
Grt Bt Pl
Chl Ms
7.0
6.0
(d)
Grt Bt Pl
Chl Ms Zo
Sps
0.0
Pressure (kbar)
0.09
0.0
8.0
Grt Bt
Chl Ms
Alm;
0.71
0.05
Grt Bt Pl
Chl Ms
9.0
0.05 Grs;
Grt Bt M
s
0.11
10
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
(c)
rd
t Pl C
Sil
Grt B
Bt Pl Crd Sil
26
23
3.0
500
Bt Pl Crd Kfs
lC
2.0
tP
0.
05
tB
0
0.
25
Pl Chl Ms
Bt Pl Ms Crd
hl
Cr
1.0
450
13
0.
9
11 0.0
.
0
Gr
2.0
3.0
Pl Crd
Grt Bt
550
600
650
700
1.0
450
Temperature (C)
550
500
600
650
700
Temperature (C)
1. Grt Pl Chl Ms
2. Grt Bt Pl Chl Ms
3. Grt Bt Pl Chl St Ms
1. Grt Chl Ms Zo Pa
2. Grt Chl Ms Pa
5. Grt Bt Pl Ms Ky Pa 6. Grt Bt Pl Ms Ky
3. Grt Pl Chl Ms Pa
7. Grt Pl Chl Ms Ky
5. Grt Bt Pl Chl St
6. Grt Bt Pl St Crd
9. Pl Chl Ms Pa Ma
10. Pl Chl Ms Ma
13. Grt Bt Pl St Ky
14. Bt Pl Chl Ms St
15. Bt Pl Chl St Ky
16. Bt Pl Chl St
18. Grt Bt Pl St
21. Grt Bt Pl Chl St Sil 22. Grt Bt Pl Crd St Sil 23. Bt Pl Chl Ms Sil
25. Bt Pl Ms Crd Sil
4. Grt Pl Chl Ms St Pa
8. Grt Pl Chl Ms Pa Ma
Fig. 9. Calculated PT pseudosections with compositional garnet isopleths for (a) the garnet zone (sample M2706), (b, c) the
staurolite zone (M2507), (d) the sillimanite zone (M2602) and (e) the cordierite zone (M0901). Pseudosections for garnet in the
staurolite zone were made separately for cores (b) and rims (c), by considering the effect of garnet zoning on the effective bulkrock compositions (see text for details). The PT pseudosections were calculated in the system MnNCKFMASH, with excess
quartz and H2O, using the software PerpleX 07 (Connolly, 1990). Grt = garnet; Bt = biotite; Pl = plagioclase; Chl = chlorite;
Ms = muscovite; Pa = paragonite; St = staurolite; Crd = cordierite; Zo = zoisite; Ky = kyanite; And = andalusite; Sil = sillimanite;
oAmph = orthoamphibole; Kfs = K-feldspar. Dark and light shaded areas labelled with GIP and GBPQ indicate the PT
conditions estimated by GIP geothermobarometry and by garnetbiotiteplagioclasequartz geothermobarometry respectively.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(e)
0.06 Grs;
Alm;
0.70
0.01 Sps
9.0
0.08
1
Grt Bt Pl
Chl Ms Zo
0.10
0.14
0.12
10
Grt Bt Chl Ms
Ms
Grt Bt 0
Pl oAmp .68
hl
Gr
tB
tP
lC
6.0
0.06
0.01
GIP
Bt
Pl
hl
5.0
Bt Pl Chl
Ms Zo
rt
4.0
Pressure (kbar)
7.0
Bt Pl
Chl Ms
Zo
G
Ch rt B
lM tP
sZ l
o
Grt Bt Pl
8.0
Bt Pl Chl Ms
0.70
0.72
0.74
GBPQ
0.03
0.05
0.07
3.0
0.09
0.74
hl
lC 4
2.0
tP
1.0
450
Bt Pl oAmp Crd
550
500
600
650
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.66
700
Temperature (C)
1. Grt Bt Chl Ms Zo 2. Grt Bt Pl Ms
3. Bt Pl Chl Crd
Fig. 9. (continued)
The PT conditions estimated by GIP geothermobarometry deviate from those estimated by conventional
GBPQ geothermobarometry; the maximum deviations
in temperature and pressure between the two methods
are ~30 C and ~2 kbar respectively (Fig. 9). There are
two possible factors that cause errors in GIP
geothermobarometry: the activity models used for
minerals, and uncertainty in the bulk-rock compositions. The activity models for minerals used in GBPQ
geothermobarometry (Wu et al., 2004) [i.e. the model
for garnet is an average from the models of Berman &
Aranovich (1996), Ganguly et al. (1996) and Mukhopadhyay et al. (1997); for plagioclase is the model of
Fuhrman & Lindsley (1988); and for biotite is the
model of Holdaway (2000)] are different from those
used in the pseudosection calculation by Perple_X 07.
For example, the PT conditions of sample M2602
were re-estimated by GBPQ geothermobarometry
using the compositions of garnet, plagioclase and
biotite obtained by pseudosection calculations. This
calculation yields lower temperature and pressure
(641 C and 4.3 MPa respectively) than obtained by
GIP geothermobarometry (670690 C and 5.8
6.0 kbar). These results suggest that the choice of
activity model for minerals could introduce systematic
errors into PT estimates. In contrast, the PT
conditions estimated by GIP geothermobarometry do
not change significantly even if the amount of each
component of the original bulk-rock composition is
increased by 10% (such changes result in changes in
temperature and pressure of <15 C and <0.5 kbar
respectively).
In spite of the slight difference in PT conditions
between GIP and GBPQ geothermobarometry, the
systematic relationship among the different mineral
zones in PT space does not change significantly with
the choice of geothermobarometry. Accordingly, in
the discussion below, the thermal evolution of the
Tseel terrane is discussed based on the PT values
obtained using GIP geothermobarometry.
ZIRCON UPb DATING OF PELITIC GNEISSES
AND GRANITOIDS
Samples and analytical methods
Five samples were selected for UPb zircon age dating: two granitoids (G0903, G2505) and three pelitic
gneisses (M3001, M2507, M0901). The sampling
localities are shown in Fig. 1c. Sample G0903 is a
coarse-grained granitoid taken from the large body
in the central part of the Tseel area, and is composed of quartz+plagioclase+K-feldspar+biotite+magnetite+zircon+apatite. Sample G2505 is a gneissose
Fig. 10. Representative cathodoluminescence images of zircon in matrix with analysed ages from (a) sample M3001 in the St zone
pelitic gneisses, (b) M2507 in the St zone pelitic gneisses, (c) M0901 in the Crd zone pelitic gneisses and (d) G2505 (granitoid) and
(e) G0903 (granitoid). In (b), the same zircon grains are shown in the backscattered electron image (BSE). Scale bar indicates
50 lm.
(Figs 11g & 12d). The Th/U ratios of zircon in sample G2505 range from 0.8 to 3.58, which is higher
than in the other samples (Fig. 12e; Table S2).
The granitoid sample G0903 contains coarsegrained zircon crystals of >100 lm in size. The zircon
grains are euhedral and show clear oscillatory zoning
(Fig. 10e). The main peak age is 297 11 Ma
(Figs 11h & 12d). The Th/U ratios of zircon in this
sample range from 0.4 to 0.8, except for one value of
0.18 (Fig. 12e; Table S2).
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(a) 0.13
(b)
0.12
206Pb/238U
0.24
0.11
0.20
0.10
0.16
0.12
1.3
650
600
550
1.8
2.8
2.3
0.40
0.12
900
0.09
0.13
M3001 matrix
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
206Pb/238U
0.28
3.3
M3001 inclusion
0.30
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
0.11
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.00
1.0
650
600
550
5.0
3.0
0.08
0.08
450
450
500
0.07
500
0.07
400
400
0.06
0.06
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.8
207Pb/235U
(c) 0.14
(d)
0.14
M2507 matrix
M2507 inclusion
0.12
0.12
0.10
600
206Pb/238U
206Pb/238U
0.10
0.08
500
400
0.06
300
0.04
500
0.08
400
0.06
300
0.04
200
0.02
600
200
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.0
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
(e) 0.09
(f)
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.09
M0901 inclusion
M0901 matrix
0.08
0.08
500
450
0.07
206Pb/238U
206Pb/238U
0.5
207Pb/235U
207Pb/235U
400
0.06
500
0.07
450
400
0.06
350
350
0.05
0.05
300
300
0.04
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.04
0.25
0.70
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
(g)
(h)
0.07
G2505 granite
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
207Pb/235U
207Pb/235U
0.09
G0903 granite
400
0.065
550
0.08
0.055
206Pb/238U
206Pb/238U
0.60
350
0.07
450
0.06
0.05
350
300
0.045
0.05
0.04
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
207Pb/235U
0.5
0.55
0.04
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
207Pb/235U
Fig. 11. Concordia diagrams of UPb zircon ages from pelitic gneisses (af) and granitoids (g, h). Zircon grains occurring in the
matrix and as inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts are shown separately. (a) Matrix and (b) inclusion zircon crystals from sample
M3001 in the staurolite zone; (c) matrix and (d) inclusion zircon crystals from sample M2507 in the staurolite zone; (e) matrix and
(f) inclusion zircon crystals from sample M0901 in the cordierite zone; and zircon in granitoid samples (g) G2505 and (h) G0903.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(b) 25
Number
20
500
1000
1500
15
10
5
0
0
n = 110
51124
St zone
20
0
200
2000
M2507 n = 27
M3001 n = 105
n=5
2567
250
n = 11
3099
300
350
Number
n = 86
37730
15
10
n = 12
49115
n=4
28811
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Age (Ma)
(e)
450
500
550
600
15
n = 53
29711
n = 33
3857
Granite
G0903; n = 65
G2505; n = 38
10
5
0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Relative probability
Relative probability
M0901
n = 104
0
200
400
(d) 20
Crd zone
Number
(c) 25
n=5
40611
Age (Ma)
Age (Ma)
20
n = 91
51024
(M3001)
n = 19
51627
(M2507)
Relative probability
40
Relative probability
Pelitic gneisses
M2507
M3001
M0901
60
Number
(a) 80
600
Age (Ma)
4
M3001 (St zone)
M2507 (St zone)
3
Th/U ratio
G2505 (granite)
G0903 (granite)
2
0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Age (Ma)
DISCUSSION
Two-stage metamorphism recorded in garnet and
aluminosilicates
Fig. 12. UPb age histograms with relative probability curves for
pelitic gneisses and granitoids in the Tseel area. (a) Age
histogram in the range of 20000 Ma for the pelitic gneiss
samples. (bd) Age histograms in the range of 600200 Ma,
showing (b) pelitic gneiss samples in the staurolite (St) zone
(M3001, M2507), (c) pelitic gneiss in the cordierite (Crd) zone
(M0901) and (d) granitoid samples (G2505, G0903). The age
histograms for the individual samples have several peaks. The
mean and standard deviation (1r) for each age cluster (indicated
by double-headed arrows) are labelled at each peak. In (c), the
large age cluster at 377 30 Ma has a shoulder at c. 430 Ma
(grey arrow). (e) Th/U ratio of zircon against age (Ma) for
individual samples.
(a) 10
9.0
Ky
8.0
High-Plow-T
Pressure (kbar)
7.0
M2706
(Grt)
6.0
Sil
M3001 core
(St)
M2602(Sil)
M2507
rim (St)
M0901
(Crd)
5.0
M2507
core (St)
4.0
M0701c (Sil)
M0702b (Sil)
M3001 rim
(St)
Low-Phigh-T
Ky
And
3.0
2.0
Sil
And
1.0
450
500
550
600
650
700
Temperature (C)
(b)
Metamorphic
events
Retrograde ?
Igneous
events
G
int ranito
rus id
ion
2
200
300
Low-P
High-T
High-P
Low-T
G
int ranito
rus id
ion
1
400
Pr
oto
de lith
po
sit
ion
500 Ma
B
(a)
Temperature (C)
700
Garnet isopleth
GBPQ
600
500
Grt
100
Granitoids (area %)
St
St
Sil Crd
Grt
(b)
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Distance (km)
Fig. 14. Spatial variations in (a) peak temperature and (b) the
areal proportion (per cent) of granitoid rocks along line AB
in Fig. 1c. The peak temperatures and pressures were
estimated from garnet isopleths (Fig. 9) and are not always
synchronous. The areal proportion of granitoid rock was
estimated from a geological map (as described in the text).
Grt = garnet zone; St = staurolite zone; Sil = sillimanite zone;
Crd = cordierite zone.
2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
tary rocks underwent high-P and low-T metamorphism in deeper levels of the accretionary prism
(1520 km depth) during the Silurian (450400 Ma).
During this stage, the grossular-rich garnet grew in
the pelitic gneisses, but dissolution and overgrowth
of zircon did not occur significantly due to low-T
and low-fluid activity. The accreted sedimentary
rocks were moved farther from the trench as a result
of ongoing accretion. After the high-P and low-T
metamorphism, low-P and high-T metamorphism
occurred in association with granitoid intrusions in
the Middle Devonian (c. 385 Ma). This metamorphism involved higher temperatures and slightly
lower pressures than the earlier event, resulting in the
growth of coarse-grained pyrope-rich garnet in the
pelitic gneisses. The concentration of granitoid intrusions in the central part of the Tseel area could have
produced the symmetrical eastwest trending mineral
zones. Near the granitoids, the temperature increased
to ~650 C, leading to the growth of garnet, sillimanite and cordierite. The cordierite zone lies especially
close to the granitoids and was heated at the middle
crustal depths (~15 km; Fig. 13a). At this stage, zircon grains were dissolved, and overgrew to form the
metamorphic rims. In areas farther from the granitoids, the effects of the low-P and high-T metamorphism are minor, so that the effects of the earlier
high-P and low-T metamorphism are well preserved.
Possible heat source of the low-P and high-T
metamorphism
A remaining problem is the heat source of the Devonian low-P and high-T metamorphism and granitoid
formation within the crust. Wang et al. (2006) proposed a model that the Devonian magmatism (c. 460,
408 & 375 Ma) of the Chinese Altai occurred in an
extensional setting associated with an opening of the
back-arc basin. Lower Devonian S-type granites have
been reported from the Chinese Altai (Cai et al.,
2011). In contrast, based on the geochemical and
geochronological studies including Hf isotopic compositions of zircon in the gneissic granitoids, Sun
et al. (2008) discussed that the plutonic activity at
these Devonian ages is characterized by I-type granites formed in a subduction environment. In such a
case, the heat source would have been subduction of
a hot young slab (i.e. ridge subduction). It is currently difficult to determine which setting is more
likely, and additional systematic geochemical studies
on the granitoids and other intrusions of various ages
in the Tseel area are required to improve our understanding of the changes in tectonic setting that
accompanied the evolution of the crust in the CAOB.
The age histogram of the cordierite zone sample
(M0901) has a broad peak at 450300 Ma (377
30 Ma; Fig. 12c). Because each of the age data is
plotted on the concordia curve (Fig. 11; Table S2),
these broad age ranges do not always result from the
1 The Tseel area contains four EW trending mineral zones defined by index minerals in metapelites: the garnet, staurolite, sillimanite and
cordierite zones. The highest peak metamorphic
temperatures are recorded by pelitic gneisses from
the sillimanite and cordierite zones, located in the
centre of the Tseel area; from this central area,
the metamorphic grade decreases to the north and
to the south. The sillimanite and cordierite zones
were intruded by voluminous granitoids.
2 The composition of garnet in the pelitic gneisses
shows a systematic change across the mineral
zones from grossular-rich in the garnet zone to
pyrope-rich in the sillimanite and cordierite zones.
The staurolite zone contains zoned garnet with
grossular-rich cores and pyrope-rich rims.
3 Analysis of the pelitic gneisses, based on GIP
thermobarometry, PT pseudosections and conventional garnetbiotiteplagioclasequartz thermobarometry, reveals two metamorphic events: an
earlier high-P and low-T metamorphism (kyanite
stability field) and a later low-P and high-T metamorphism (sillimanite stability field).
4 UPb dating of zircon from granitoids in the
Tseel area reveals two stages of granitoid intrusions at 385 7 and 297 11 Ma. UPb dating
of zircon from pelitic gneisses indicates that the
protolith (igneous) age of the sedimentary rocks is
c. 510 Ma. The low-P and high-T metamorphism
occurred during the Devonian (377 30 Ma),
which was coeval with the first period of granitoid
intrusions. The high-P and low-T metamorphism
probably corresponds to small age peaks during
the Silurian (450400 Ma).
5 Our petrological and chronological analyses of
the Tseel area suggest that sedimentary rocks
accreted at a continental margin and experienced
high-P and low-T (kyanite-type) metamorphism at
mid-crustal depths, and subsequent heating. Intrusion of granitoids during the Devonian resulted in
a regional low-P and high-T metamorphism (sillimanite-type), producing the apparent mineral
zones of the Tseel area. The low-P and high-T
metamorphism continued for c. 100 Ma, which is
clearly longer than the active period of a single
granitoid body, suggesting the elevation of geo-
therm during the Devonian was caused by continuous intrusion of several granitoid bodies and/or
radioactive heat production subsequent to the
granitoid intrusions.
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