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Original Article
Eleucine indica Possesses Antioxidant, Antibacterial and
Cytotoxic Properties
Adel S. Al-Zubairi,1, 2 Ahmad Bustamam Abdul,1, 3 Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab,1
Chew Yuan Peng,3 Syam Mohan,1 and Manal Mohamed Elhassan1
1
Laboratory of Cancer Research MAKNA-UPM, Institute of Biosciences (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
Selangor DE 43400, Malaysia
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sanaa, Sanaa, Yemen
3
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
Selangor DE, Malaysia
Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmad Bustamam Abdul, abustamam@putra.upm.edu.my
Received 21 January 2009; Accepted 25 June 2009
Copyright 2011 Adel S. Al-Zubairi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
The use of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine is increasing rapidly. Eleucine indica (EI) is traditionally used
in ailments associated with liver and kidneys. The therapeutic benefit of the medicinal plants is often attributed to their antioxidant
properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the hexane, dicholoromethane, ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol extracts
(MeTH) of EI for their antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer eects using total phenolic contents (TPCs) and DPPH, disc
diusion method and MTT cytotoxicity assays, respectively. The MeTH was showed to have the highest TPC and scavenging
activity (77.7%) on DPPH assay, followed by EA (64.5%), hexane (47.19%) and DCM (40.83%) extracts, whereas the MeTH
showed no inhibitory eect on all tested bacteria strains. However, the EA extract exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity
against all tested bacteria except Bacillus subtilis, in which this bacterium was found to be resistant to all EI extracts. Meanwhile,
hexane extract was demonstrated to have a remarkable antibacterial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the dicholoromethane extract did not exhibit significant activity against P. aeruginosa.
None of the extracts showed significant cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7, HT-29 and CEM-SS human cancer cell lines after 72 h
incubation time (IC50 > 30 g/ml). These results demonstrate that the extract prepared from the EI possesses antioxidant activity
in vitro in addition to antibacterial properties. Further investigations are needed to verify the antioxidant eects in vitro and in
vivo.
1. Introduction
Eleucine indica (Poaceae) (EI) or goosegrass, generally considered an adventitious species, is native in the tropics and
subtropical regions [1]. Goosegrass has a broad tolerance to
a wide range of environmental conditions, but its vegetative
growth is significantly reduced during dry seasons [2, 3].
The whole plant, especially the root, is depurative, diuretic,
febrifuge and laxative, and hence is used for the treatment
of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and urine retention.
The plant has been the component of basic remedy in
Vietnamese traditional medicine [2, 3] and also used for
kidney problems in Trinidad and Tobago [4]. The seed is
sometimes used as a famine food and also used in the
2
increasing recognition of herbal medicine as an alternative
form of health care, screening of medicinal plants for
biologically active compounds has become an important
source of antibiotic prototypes and cancer-related drugs
[1214]. Hence, for selecting crude plant extracts with
potential useful properties, in vitro screening methods have
been used for further in-depth chemical elucidation and
pharmacological investigations [15]. To date, few studies of
EI have been reported; specially, its phytochemical content
of sterol glucosides forms [16] and C-glycosylflavone having
anti-inflammatory activity [17]. To our knowledge, no other
scientific investigation has been reported in evaluating EIs
therapeutic potential. Therefore, this study was conducted
to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer
activities of the hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl
acetate (EA) and methanol extracts (MeTH) of EI using total
phenolic content (TPC), DPPH, disc diusion and MTT
cytotoxicity assay methods of analysis.
2. Methods
2.1. Collection of Plant Materials. EI leaves were collected in
July 2007 from the Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute
of Bioscience, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia. Authentication was
done at the same laboratory where the voucher specimen (EIL100158) was deposited.
2.2. Extraction Procedure. The leaves were air dried and
then oven dried at reduced temperature and then ground
into powder before cold maceration. The powdered leaves
(300 g) were extracted with dierent solvents in the order of
increasing polarity. The solvents used were hexane, DCM,
EA and methanol. Extractions were done for 7 days with
occasional shaking and the process repeated three times. The
residue was air dried overnight and used for next solvent
extraction (DCM) as per the above procedure and the same
procedure was repeated for next two other solvents (EA and
methanol). Finally, the combined extracts for each solvent
were filtered through Whatman No. 41 filter paper (pore
size 2025 m) and dried under vacuum using a rotary
evaporator and kept at 4 C until required.
(AB AA )
100,
AB
(1)
3
Table 1: TPC in EI extracts.
Extract
Hexane
DCM
EA
MeTH
ODcontrol ODtreated
100,
ODcontrol
(2)
3. Results
3.1. Antioxidant Assays. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the results revealed
that the MeTH of EI having the highest TPC (450
210 GAE mg/g extract; P < .05; Table 1) when compared with
DCM, hexane and EA extracts. Meanwhile, in the DPPH
inhibition results (Figure 1), the MeTH has shown to have
the most free radical scavenging activity as observed from the
percentage inhibition of the DPPH absorption (77.7%). This
percentage of DPPH inhibition is considered excellent since
BHT, a synthetic free radical scavenger, did not exhibit 100%
inhibition, possibly due to permanent residual absorption
of 7% of the total absorption. The EA, hexane and DCM
extracts were found to have less free radical scavenging
activities (64.5, 47.19 and 40.83%, resp.) when compared
with the MeTH. These results reveal that there is a strong and
significant correlation between TPC and DPPH free radical
scavenging activity of the EI extracts (Pearson correlation
coecient = 0.507; P < .05).
3.2. Antimicrobial Activity of EI. The antimicrobial eects of
EI extracts studied are summarized in Table 2. The antibacterial activities of the dierent extracts of EI were evaluated
using both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The
highest antibacterial activity observed was obtained by the
hexane extract on MRSA, while the DCM extract showed
weak activity on P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, the EA
DCM
EA
MeTH
BHT
Bacterial strains
Diameter of inhibition (mm)
MRSA
PA
SC
BS
13 0.9 11 0.8
7 0.4
Hexane
DCM
EA
MeTH
4. Discussion
Interest in finding naturally occurring antioxidants for
use in foods or medicinal materials to replace synthetic
antioxidants has been increased considerably. Restrictions
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Universiti Putra Malaysia (RUGS 91143)
and the Malaysian National Council for Cancer for financial
support, and the Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine,
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
Malaysia for providing the bacterial strains.
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