Formas impersonales

Infinitivo: Ser -----> To be

Participio: Sido ----> Been (3 columna)
Gerundio: Siendo ----> Being (V+ing)

Esquema organizativo:

Verbo to give como ejemplo

To give
Forma base

3persona presente

Give

Pasado

gives

Participio

gave

Gerundio

given

giving

Las siguientes 4 tablas os ayudarn a realizar el apartado de anlisis y as, aprender a traducir los
tiempos verbales bien
PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO BE (Ser y estar)
I am

You
are

He is

She is

It is

We are

You are

They are

Yo soy

T
eres
T
ests

l es

Ella es

Eso es

Vosotros sois

Ellos son

l
est

Ella
est

Eso
est

Nosotros
somos
Nosotros
estamos

Vosotros
estis

Ellos
estn

Yo
estoy

PASADO DEL VERBO TO BE (ser y estar)

- En castellano tenemos 2 pasados (pretrito perfecto y pretrito imperfecto) en ingls slo hay 1.
Yo estaba = I was
Yo estuve = I was
Yo era = I was
Yo fui = I was
I was

You were

He was

She was

It was

We were

You were

They were

Yo era
Yo
estaba

T eras
T
estabas

l era
l
estaba

Ella era
Ella
estaba

Eso era
Eso
estaba

Nosotros ramos
Nosotros
estbamos

Vosotros erais
Vosotros
estabais

Ellos eran
Ellos
estaban

PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO HAVE (tener y haber)

I have

You
have

He has

She
has

It has

We have

You have

They
have

Yo
tengo
Yo he

T
tienes
T has

l tiene

Ella
tiene
Ella ha

Eso
tiene
Eso ha

Nosotros
tenemos
Nosotros
hemos

Vosotros
tenis
Vosotros
habis

Ellos
tienen
Ellos han

l ha

PASADO DEL VERBO TO HAVE (tener y haber)

- En castellano tenemos 2 pasados (pretrito perfecto y pretrito imperfecto) en ingls slo hay 1.
Yo tena = I had
Yo tuve = I had
Yo haba = I had
Yo hube = I had
I had

You had

He
had

She had

It had

We had

You had

They had

Yo tena
Yo
haba

T
tenas
T
habas

l
tena
l
haba

Ella
tena
Ella
haba

Eso
tena
Eso
haba

Nosotros
tenamos
Nosotros
habamos

Vosotros tenais
Vosotros habais

Ellos
tenan
Ellos
haban

1.- Presente simple

Usos
Acciones con cierta frecuencia
situaciones permanentes y generalidades
Presente subjuntivo y condicionales
I never go to the cinema
I live in Benidorm
When
I am old, I will buy a car
She sometimes skips classes
He thinks that you are nice
When I have a
car, I will travel a lot
I am always nice to people
They dont have anything
If you
are cold, put a jacket on

Forma
Se forma poniendo el verbo normal: I play, you come, we have, you are, they use
Se aade una s a la tercera persona del singular (he,she,it): He plays, she comes, it has, he
uses, it needs, she is

Comparado con el castellano

1 Literal: Yo soy, t necesitas, l tiene, ella est, eso ha, nosotros miramos, ellos
quieren (presente del castellano)
2 En espaol a veces usamos el presente simple aunque la accin est ocurriendo en el momento.
En esos casos, ellos usan el presente continuo: llueve mucho! = Its raining heavily!
3 A veces usamos el presente para referirnos a cosas que haremos en el futuro. Ellos usan el futuro
be going to or will.
Maana me hago el tatuaje sin falta = Im going to get a tattoo tomorrow without fail
4 Usamos el presente con la preposicin desde, ellos usan el present perfect:
Vivo aqu desde 1991 = I have lived here since 1991

Palabras clave: never, hardly ever, sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, twice a
day/week

2.- Presente continuo

Usos
Acciones que ocurren mientras hablas
Acciones que ocurren en un periodo de la
vida
Acciones futuras planeadas
I am having lunch right now
She is looking for a good job
I
am coming to class tomorrow
He is studying at this moment
They are going through hard times
We are
having a party this weekend
Its raining heavily!
My brother is studying English at the university
He is visiting Paris next week

Forma
Se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el gerundio del otro verbo:
El verbo to be se conjuga: I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, you are, they are. No se pone
we be playing, por ejemplo

Anlisis: Yo estoy escribiendo ---> I am writing

Estoy = estar, presente = Be, presente = am
= writing

Escribiendo = Escribir, gerundio = write, -ing

Comparado con el castellano

1 Literal: Yo estoy comprando, t ests mirando, l est siendo, ella est corriendo,
ellos estn buscando
2 Al igual que en castellano, hay ciertos verbos que no pegan con el presente continuo:
Estoy queriendo? Estoy necesitando? Estoy sabiendo? Estoy prefiriendo? Estoy estando? No
suenan bien.
3 Usan el presente continuo con el verbo sit, stand and stay, mientras que nosotros usamos
otras formas
Estoy sentado all = I am sitting there Estaba de pie en la esquina = He was standing at the
corner
Estoy hospedado en un hotel de 5 estrellas = I am staying at a 5-star hotel
4- El uso para acciones futuras planeadas no lo podemos traducir literalmente, usaremos ir a o
presente simple. Tendremos que poner una marca de futuro para dejar claro que no es una
actividad desarrollndose en el momento.
Im seeing her this evening = Esta tarde la voy a ver (ya he quedado con ella)
Im working
tomorrow = Maana trabajo

Palabras clave: right now, now, at the moment, at this moment, currently, while, look!, Watch
out!, be careful!

3.- El pasado simple

Usos
Acciones puntuales en el pasado
Situaciones del pasado
subjuntivo (situaciones hipotticas)
I picked up a pencil
I drank alcohol when I was Young
choose, I would go with this
I visited Paris last week
He saw her on his way to school every day
were richer, I would buy a car
I bought a house last year
They walked along this street during the summer
a lion, we would be scared

If I had to
If I
If we saw

Forma
Si el verbo es regular, le aadiremos ed detrs: Need - needed ; play played ; try tried ; use
used
Si el verbo es irregular, miraremos la segunda columna: do - did ; buy bought ; take took ; be
was/were

Analisis:

Yo escrib = I wrote
Yo resolv =I solved
Escrib = escribir, pasado = write, pasado = Wrote
Resolv = resolver, pasado = Solve,
pasado = Solved

Comparado con el castellano

1 El past simple corresponde a nuestros 2 pasados: La primera columna de usos se traduce por

la primera opcin y la segunda columna de usos por la segunda opcin:

I bought = compr/compraba ; I had = tuve/tena ; I was = fui/era ; I did= hice/haca I took =
Llev/llevaba
2 El past simple tambin corresponde a nuestro pasado del subjuntivo:
I bought = comprara ; I had = tuviera
I had = hubiera
I took = llevara
I were = Estuviera
I were = fuera
3 El past simple tambin corresponde a nuestra forma continua cuando la formamos con
estuve:
I worked hard = Estuve trabajando duro, trabaj duro
We watched a film = Estuvimos viendo
una peli, vimos una peli
4 No usan el past simple cuando la accin tiene cierta duracin, normalmente acompaado de
mientras:
Mientras haca los deberes = While I was doing my homework
----->
While I did my homework

X
Palabras clave: Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last night, ago, in X year, when

4- El pasado continuo
Usos
Acciones con duracin interrumpidas en el pasado
un momento especfico del pasado
We were playing football when it started to rain
was sleeping yesterday at 5pm
while I was having a shower, the phone rang
doing at the time of the murder?
He was having fun when the policemen burst in
studying to become a teacher

Acciones con duracin en

She
What were you
in 2003, I was

Forma
Se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y el verbo en gerundio.
El pasado del verbo to be variar entre was y were. I was trying ; you were talking ; she was
Reading

Anlisis: Yo estaba escribiendo = I was writing

Estaba = estar, pasado = be, pasado = was
Writing

Escribiendo = escribir, gerundio = write, ing =

Comparado con el castellano:

1- Literal: yo estaba jugando, t estabas trabajando, l estaba viviendo, eso est
cambiando, ellos estaban mirando
2- La forma estuve cantando, estuvo viviendo no se traduce literalmente. Como ya hemos visto
antes, se traducir usando el past simple: I sang, I lived etc
3- Consultar puntos 2 y 3 del presente continuo.

Palabras clave: While, as (cuando signifique mientras)

5- El present perfect
Usos
Acciones pasadas sin tiempo concreto, enunciados generales
Acciones con repercusin en el presente
We have been to Paris
I cant play tennis with you

I have broken my leg, so

I have not talked to peter yet

I have
eaten an Apple, so I am not hungry
He has worked in a lot of museums
I have read that book, so
I can tell you what it is about
Acciones que ocurren dentro del marco temporal en el que ests
Acciones repetidas en el pasado
I havent shaved this morning (still in the morning)
I
have told you that joke 5 times
I have seen a good film today (still today)
I have been to Paris twice
I havent studied enough this year (still this year)
We have spoken several times, even
though we dont get on well

Forma
Se usa el presente del verbo to have y el siguiente verbo en participio, tercera columna: I have
watched, he has seen

Anlisis: Yo he escrito = I have written

He = haber, presente = have, presente = Have
ed/3columna = written

Escrito = escribir, participio = write,

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: Yo he comido, t has hecho, l ha crecido, eso ha cambiado, ellos han tenido
2- Ver punto 4 del presente simple
3- con es la primera vez que, podemos usar el presente simple. Ellos con its the first time
usarn el present perfect:
Its the first time that I have seen John crying
4- A veces usamos la forma he trabajado/corrido/jugado y ellos usan preferiblemente el present
perfect continuous:
l ha trabajado duro durante 3 horas = He has been working hard for 3 hours
5- Usamos la forma he puesto/dejado para referirnos a una accin puntual del pasado. Ellos
usarn el past simple:
He dejado mis gafas sobre la mesa, pero ahora ya no estn = I left my glasses on the table, but
they are not there now.

Palabras clave: already, yet, since, for, ever, never, just

6- El present perfect continuo

Usos
Acciones continuas que se extienden hasta el presente
extienden hasta un tiempo reciente:
It has been raining for a week
have been working hard recently
I have been planning our holiday for over a month
have been feeling quite sad lately
They have been dating for 4 months
has been kicking the ball all day

Forma
Se usa la forma have been + ing:
Para la tercera persona el verbo pasar a ser has been + ing

Acciones continuas que se

You
I
He

Anlisis: Yo he estado escribiendo = I have been writing

He = haber, presente = have
Estado = estar, participio = be, ed/3 columna = been
Escribiendo = Escribir, gerundio = write, -ing = writing

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: Yo he estado trabajando, t has estado estudiando, l ha estado mirando,
ellos han estado leyendo
2- Muchas veces usaremos el verbo llevar para traducir este tiempo verbal:
Llevo trabajando 3 horas ; Llevan saliendo 4 meses ; Lleva lloviendo toda la semana
3- consultar seccin 4 del present perfect

Palabras clave: Recently, lately, for X hours/days/years, since

7- El pasado perfecto
Usos
Para acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado antes que otra
Condicionales (subjuntivo)
I lost the ticket that I had bought
If I had played better, I would
have won the match
They had already left when you arrived home
If he had been more careful, he
wouldnt have hurt himself
It was the first time that I had seen something like that
If we had bought a map,
we wouldnt have got lost

Forma
Se usa el pasado de have y el participio del verbo, la tercera columna: I had used, she had seen,
they had been
Es como el present perfect, pero con el verbo en pasado en vez de en presente.

Anlisis: Yo haba escrito = I had written

Yo hubiera sido = I had been

Escrito = escribir, participio = write,

Haba = haber, pasado = have, ed/2 columa = had

ed/3 columna = written
Hubiera = haber, pasado subj = have, ed/2columna = had
ed/3columna = been

Sido = ser, participio = be,

Comparado con el castellano:

- Literal: Yo haba tenido, t habas comprado, l haba sido, eso haba cambiado, ellos
haban usado
1- El indicativo slo lo usaremos si hay otra marca de pasado (past simple, before)
The bus had left by the time I got to the station
I hadnt travelled to Brighton before.
2- Al igual que en castellano, a veces suena bien usar 2 pasados simples en ingls. Cuidado por si
cambia el significado:
Con diferente significado: The film started when they arrived vs The film had started when they
arrived
Con mismo significado: He said he finished the work / He said he had finished the work
(preferiblemente la 2)
3- Al igual que en castellano, si las acciones ocurren casi simultneamente con when, usamos 2
pasados simples
I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. = Le pagu un dlar cuando respondi a la
pregunta

Palabras clave: Otra marca del pasado, once, by the time

El pasado perfecto continuo

Usos
Acciones continuas que se extienden hasta un momento del pasado
Before doing his homework, he had been helping her mother
when she stopped to drink water, she had been running for 3 consecutive hours
He told us not to step on the grass because he had been watering the flowers. (o tambin had
watered)

Forma
Se usa la forma had been + ing

Anlisis: Yo haba estado trabajando = I had been working

Haba = haber, pasado = have, ed/2columna = had
Estado = estar, participio = be, 3
columna = been
Trabajando = trabajar, gerundio = work, -ing = working

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: Yo haba estado comiendo, t habas estado corriendo, l haba estado
leyendo, ellos haban estado bebiendo
2- Consultar punto 2 del present perfect continuo. En este caso el verbo llevar ir en pasado:
llevaba corriendo 3 horas
llevabas estudiando 3 das
llevaban andando 10 minutos
3- Consultar punto 4 del present perfect. En este caso los verbos estarn en pasado:
l haba trabajado duro durante 3 horas = He had been working hard for 3 hours
4- Los tiempos continuos resaltan la duracin mientras que los tiempos perfectos resaltan el
resultado. Reflexiona sobre los matices de la ltima frase de usos: He told us not to step on the
grass because he had been watering the flowers. (o tambin had watered)

El futuro simple
Usos
Decisiones tomadas en el momento:
voluntarias, ofrecimientos, compromisos
Dont worry, I will help you
as soon as I arrive
Its cold. I will close the window
that you can read it
There is no food in the fridge. I will get some
tomorrow without fail
Peticiones (como can)
de disposicin (presente en castellano)
Will you help me?

Acciones
I will send you a letter
I will translate the text so
I will finish it
Falta
The car wont start (el coche

no quiere arrancar)

Will you turn the music down, please?

John just wont listen to us (john no

quiere escucharnos)

Will you make the dinner for us?

The bank wont lend us the money (El banco no nos

quiere hacer un prstamo)

Condicionales
situaciones en el futuro
If you go there, you will find him
think will win?
If he gives me a present, I will be happy
probably go out later
you will feel better if you apologize to him
will be late again

Posibles
Who do you
We will
Im afraid I

Forma:
Se forma con la partcula will y el verbo normal luego: I will try, he will try

Comparado con el castellano:

1- Literal: yo jugar, t subirs, el intentar, eso cambiar, nosotros comparemos, ellos
vern
2- En castellano usamos la forma ir a para decisiones tomadas al momento. Ellos usan will:
Tengo miedo, voy a poner el cerrojo = Im scared. I will lock the door.
3- En castellano a veces usamos el futuro simple y ellos usan el futuro continuo. Normalmente con
wait, stay y stand
Maana daremos los modales = We will be looking at modal verbs tomorrow
Maana estar en el hotel Olympus = I will be staying at the Olympus hotel
4- Aunque parezca que will quede bien con horarios, usaremos present simple:
The train leaves at 10 am
The meeting starts at 11 am

Palabras clave: Promise, think, probably, not sure

Futuro con going to

Usos
Para planes e intenciones:
Predicciones con evidencias
I am going to buy a book this evening
youre going to fall!
He is going to throw a party tomorrow
its going to rain
We are going to move next month
she is going to have a baby

Be careful!
Look at those clouds,
She is pregnant, so

Forma
La construccin general, sin contexto es be going to, pero el be lo tenemos que conjugar:
I am going to = voy a
It is going to = va a
They are going to = ellos van a

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: No se puede traducir literalmente. Lo traduciremos como ir a: yo voy a
jugar, ella va a tener, va a llover
2- A veces usamos ir a en castellano para hablar de promesas, en ingls ir con will:
Te prometo que voy a limpiar mi habitacin = I promise I will clean my bedroom
3- Consultar punto 2 del futuro simple. (decisiones en el momento)

Futuro continuo
Usos
Acciones con duracin en el futuro
en un momento concreto del futuro
They will be travelling around Europe next month
tomorrow when you arrive
Tomorrow we will be looking at modal verbs in class
for me when I get off the bus
At this time tomorrow, John will be cooking his best dish for
party while you are in class

Acciones con duracin

I will be lying on the bed
He will be waiting
They will be having a

Forma
Se usar will be ms el verbo en ing.
Es como el presente continuo, pero con el verbo be en futuro en vez de en presente

Anlisis: Te estar esperando = I will be waiting for you

Estar = estar, futuro = be, will = Will be Esperando = Esperar, gerundio = wait, ing = Waiting

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: yo estar esperando, t estars comiendo, l estar viendo, eso estar
cambiando, ellos estarn jugando
2- En castellano a veces usamos el futuro para indicar deduccin, en ingls usarn must (deber)
normalmente:
No s dnde est, estar jugando al tenis = I dont know where she is, she must be playing tennis.
3- Se parece mucho al futuro simple en ingls, a veces son intercambiables (columna 1, frase 3)
4- Consultar punto 3 del futuro simple. En castellano a veces usamos el futuro simple y ellos usan el
futuro continuo. Normalmente con wait, stay y stand
Maana daremos los modales = We will be looking at modal verbs tomorrow (estaremos dando)
Maana estar en el hotel Olympus = I will be staying at the Olympus hotel (estar quedndome)

Palabras clave: At this time

El futuro perfecto
Usos
Acciones que ocurrirn en el futuro antes que otro futuro ms lejano
She will have finished her degree by 2020
By the time you arrive at the hotel, she will have left
When I finish reading this page, I will have read 300 pages of the book

Forma
Se forma con will have y la 3 columna del verbo: I will have bought
Es como el present perfect pero con el have en futuro.

Anlisis: Yo habr escrito = I will have written

Habr = haber, futuro = have, will = Will have
ed/3columna = written

Escrito = escribir, participio = write,

Comparado con el castellano

1- literal: yo habr comprado, t habrs sido, el habr tenido, eso habr
cambiado, ellos habrn visto
2- A veces en castellano usamos el futuro para deducciones, en ingls usarn must (deber)
normalmente:
No s, habr sido Juan = No s, debe de haber sido Juan = I dont know, it must have been Juan

Palabra clave: By the time, by 2020, by 5 oclock, by Friday.

El condicional
Usos
Acciones que tendrn lugar en funcin de un requisito. (segunda condicional)

Hbitos en el pasado
I would do it if I had time
was young
He would help his mother if she asked him to help her
when he was at university
If they had a computer, they would work much faster
river before being married

I would play tennis with my friend when I

He would go to London at Christmas
They would take walks by the

Forma
Se forma con la partcula would y el verbo normal: I would go

Anlisis: Yo sera = I would be

Sera = ser, condicional = be, would = would be

Comparado con el castellano

1-Literal: Yo sera, t tendras, l comprara, eso habra, ellos veran
2- En el primer uso, funciona igual que en castellano, as que lo vamos a poder traducir literalmente
sin problemas
3- Los nicos verbos que no se forman con would son Could (podra) y Should (debera)
4- Consultar punto 2 del past simple y ejemplos de la tercera columna de usos del past simple
5- Para hablar del pasado, slo sirve para hbitos/acciones repetidas, no para situaciones
permanentes. Ha de haber alguna marca del pasado para que would no se confunda con el
condicional.
I would have a dog when I was younger

I would be the cleverest boy in my class at school

Palabras clave: if, as long as, unless, providing, provided, even if

El condicional perfecto
Usos
Acciones en el pasado que dependan de un requisito (tercera condicional)
I would have done it if I had had time
He would have helped his mother if she had asked him for help
If they had had a computer, they would have worked much faster

Forma
Se forma con would have y el verbo en la tercera columna: I would have gone

Anlisis: Yo habra escrito = I would have written

Habra = haber, condicional = have, would = would have
write, 3columna = written

Escrito = escribir, participio =

Comparado con el castellano

1- Literal: Yo habra sido, t habras cambiado, l habra estado, eso habra cambiado,
ellos habran visto
2- Funciona igual que en castellano, as que lo vamos a poder traducir literalmente sin problemas
Palabras clave: past perfect traducido con subjuntivo al castellano, if, even if

LINEA TEMPORAL: Indicativo

PASADO CONTINUO

PRESENTE CONTINUO

CONTINUO

PRESENT PERFECT

PASADO PERFFECTO
FUTURO

PASADO
Going to

FUTURO PERFECTO

PRES.PERFECT +JUST
Will

PRESENTE

FUTURO

Cmo formar oraciones negativas e interrogativas?

Ya hemos visto cmo formar oraciones afirmativas en todos los tiempos verbales. Ahora bien, Qu
pasa con las negativas y las interrogativas?
Para construir estas oraciones hay que jugar con los auxiliares, ya que los verbos no van a poder
ponerse en negativos o en interrogativos por ellos mismos. Si hay auxiliar en la frase, lo negaremos
para hacer las negativas y lo pondremos delante del sujeto si es para preguntas:
- I will do it ---> I wont do it ---> Will I do it?
- I have played ---> I havent played ---> Have I played?
Si no hay auxiliar, tendremos que aadirlo nosotros. Qu auxiliar aadimos? Siempre el verbo to
do. Slo habr que ver si est en presente (do/does) o en pasado (did).
I play ---> I dont play ---> Do I play?
I wrote ---> I didnt write ---> Did I write?
Hay que tener en cuenta que usamos los auxiliares para que sean ellos los que tengan todas las
marcas (tiempo, nmero):
He plays ----> He doesnt play
Anlisis: Tenemos he plays. Slo hay un verbo, no hay auxiliar, as que lo ponemos nosotros. Plays
est en presente, as que usaremos do/does, en este caso does. Como does ya tiene la marca
de tercera persona, no se la ponemos a plays.
He played ---> He didnt play
Anlisis: Tenemos he played. Slo hay un verbo, no hay auxiliar, as que lo ponemos nosotros.
played est en pasado, as que usaremos did. Como el auxiliar did ya est en pasado,
played no lo ponemos en pasado: Play.
Esto funciona para todos los verbos menos para to be, que no necesita auxiliar para negarse ni
para hacer interrogaciones:
He is nice ---> He isnt nice ---> is he nice?
You were nice ---> You werent nice ---> were you nice?
I am going to do it ---> I am not going to do it ---> Am I going to do it?

Dnde ponemos los adverbios de frecuencia?

Si slo hay un verbo, lo pondremos entre el sujeto y el verbo: I usually play, I sometimes go, I
always believe
Si hay ms de uno, lo pondremos despus del primer verbo: I have always played, I will always be
playing
El verbo to be est ms ligado al sujeto que los otros verbos, as que no los podremos separar: I
am always nice
Hay que tener en cuenta el cambio de significado entre el present simple y el present continuous:
He always plays computer games = siempre juega en el ordenador (neutral)
He is always playing computer games = siempre est jugando en el ordenador (queja)