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1 J&
IslamicLaw
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and
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www.brill.nl/ils
Shari'ahCourtsand Shari'ahRecords:
TheApplicationofIslamicLaw in theOttomanState
Ahmed Akgiindiiz
Abstract
This essayaddressesthe Shari'ahcourtsand Sharicahrecordswithinthe broader
framework
of theapplicationof Islamiclaw in theOttomanstate.We firstexplore
historical
beforeandafter
Tanzimatas wellas a numberofdevelopments
developments
in thelegalguidelinesforthepreservation
A concisesummary
oftheShari'ahrecords.
is givenof theShari'ahcourts,qadis,and thejudiciary,
includingtheshaikhuislam
to the
and qadaskar.SectiontworeviewstheSharicahrecords,
withspecialattention
sijilj mahdar,sakk,and hujjah deeds. This sectionalso examinesjudicial decrees,
includingtheirdefinition,
arrangement,
qualities,typesand models.Linkedto this
is a discussionof a numberof interesting
documentsin theShari'ahcourtsand the
Shari'ahrecords,includingmaWuzand murasalah,
as wellas documentsfromother
offices
thatareregistered
in therecords.
Keywords
Islamiclaw, Ottomanstate,Shari'ahcourts,Shari'ahrecords,sijiU mahdar,sakk,
i(lamy
ma'ruz,murasalah
hujjahy
DOI: 10.1163/156851909X461690
I IslamicLawandSociety
A. Akgiinduz
16 (2009) 202-230
203
204
A. Akgundiiz
16 (2009) 202-230
I IslamicLawandSociety
Tertib.
Dustur.II. Tertib
V/352 ff.Article:
6.7; Nizamname-i
Dakhili,dated1332/1914,
VI/184;Ali Haydar,Durer,4:705; Salnamahal-Ilmiyyah,
154,318; Uzuncarih,
Umiye,
160ff.
7)
Majallah, Article1784-1785; Ali Haydar,Durar al-Hukkam,4:657 ff.
8)
MTM> 1/541; Qanuni QanunnamesU
MTM> 11f326-27; Uzuncarih,
Tavqii Qanunnamesi,
83ff.
Ilmiye,
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
205
When the
of the Sharicahcourtswereabolishedentirely.9
functions
theNizamiyyah
of 1286/1870established
Courts,a certain
regulations
in
the
of
dualism
Department Justice.10
developed
judicial
Records
2. Legal GuidelinesforPreserving
betterin the Ottomanstatethanin
Shari'ahrecordswerepreserved
are
recordbooks{sicill&t-i
There
otherMuslimstates.
20,000 Sharicah
fortheIstanbulShari'ahcourtsalone.
sha/iyyah)
To preservethe Sharicahrecords,the Ottoman state adopted
by laws, decreesand local
policiesand plans thatwerereinforced
orders.The firstlaw,a legaldecreeof SultanBayezidI (1389-1403),
containedrulesabout writingand preserving
legal documentsand
issued by qadis, as well as the feeschargedforthese
registrations
services.As mentionedin the law: "In the time of BayezidI the
qadis of the provinceswere orderednot only to chargefees on
{hujjetakcesi),on the divisionof estates(resm-i
hujjahregistrations
of registrations
kinds
other
{sicil akcesi) but also to
qismet)and
preservetheserecords.This was enactedas a law in 796/1394."11
Article49 of SultanMehmed Us (1451-1481) Public Ottoman
fees.
Legal Code concernsthe Shari'ahrecordsand theirrespective
It states:"Alljudges(qadis,)shouldreceive32 akchasforanyregistration
recordsand forhujjah documents;12 akchasfor
in the sharHyyah
and the
records(to the plaintiff
givingone copyof thesesha/iyyah
This
record."
12
for
akchas
and
defendant),
signingany sha/iyyah
in
documents the
articleassumesthatall judgesmustrecordofficial
recordsand give copies to the litigants,if demandedor
sha/iyyah
needed.In explainingthefunctionof thejudge,themainOttoman
as an official
task,amongotherthings,
"recording
LegalCode mentions
Sharicahrecordsand judicial documents(ketb-isijillatve sukuk)."11
9) Nizamname,
Dustur.
al-Diwanal-Ahkam
dated1284calledNizamnamah
al-Adliyyah,
al-Shura
I. Tertib1/325et seq:,Article-2;
Nizamname,dated1284 calledNizamnamah
al-Dawlah,Dustur.I. TertibI/703ff.
10)Dustur,
I. TertibI/328ff.
n) Qanun-iCedid,MilliTetebbular
Mecmuasi
(MTM), 1:326.
12)
Mecmuasi
v. I; Qanun-iCedid,Milli Tetebbular
OsmanliQanunn&meleri,
Akgunduz,
TurhanValideSultan,no. 326, 155/a.
(MTM), 2.541,TheSttleymaniye
Library,
206
A. Akgiinduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009)202-230
207
208
20)Al-Fatawa
6:l60ff.; Bayindir,IslamMuhdkemeHukuku,1-2.
al-Hindiyyah,
16 (2009)202-230
A Akgiinduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
209
therecords,
Withtheexceptionof endowmentdeeds (waqfiyyat),
especiallyin old recordbooks,generallydo not exceedhalfa page
in lengthand, in mostcases,anywherefromfiveto eightcases are
recordedon a singlepage. The oldestsijik are small,narrowand
tallso thattheywould fitinto the pocketof a qadi's cloak. Record
book number2/1 of Mahkamahal-Bab (a lowercourtin Istanbul),
containingjudicialdecreesand deeds writtenafter1076/1665,has
146 pages, is 41 x 15 cm, writtenin ta'liq style,with finished,
watermarked
paper,and boundwitha coverofmarbledpaper(ebru).
Entrynumber4/2 of the Court of InspectorsforImperialEstates,
from944/1540 to 949/
whichcontainsthe recordsof endowments
1542, is 32 x 11 cm, writtenin severalstyles,mostlyta'liq; the
white,finished,and watermarked;
paper is of a normalthickness,
it has 264 pages and is bound with a marbledpaper,has a back
coverand bordersin leather,and the recordsare mostlyin Arabic.
The earlyShari'ahrecordbooks generallyhad the same features.
Afterthe TanzimatReforms,judicial decreesand Sharicahcourt
the recordbooks grewin
recordsbecamelongerand, accordingly,
size.Theyincludedthenamesand addressesofpersonswho testified
of witnessesand explainedthe rationaleof the
to the credibility
in
judgments greaterdetail.21
Everyregister
beginswitha dibajahor preface,usuallyin Arabic,
praisefortheShari'ahdecreesand forGod and His Prophet.
offering
The nameand titleof thejudge who kepttherecordfollow.Often,
orderofthejudgewhokepttherecordis mentioned,
theappointment
Wheneverone qadi replaced
at
the
usually
beginningof theregister.
For
was
the
another, dibajah
example,in SharicahRecord
changed.
the
numberE27 (Isparta1150/1737),thedibajahof Omar Effendi,
"Ya
which
the
is
followed
of
Fattah,"
by
expression
Isparta,
qadi
occursat thebeginningof mostrecords.The expressionis repeated
fourtimes,afterwhichthefollowingcoupletappears:"If thousands
of such books are bound, the Shari'ahof Ahmed will not expire
untilDoom's Day."
21)Istanbul's
HuIslamMuhdkeme
Archives
OfficeofMufti,
Records-,
Bayindir,
ofSharVah
4:71ff.;IstanbulSijilleri1-334/11-12;
kuku,2:273-81;Ali Haydar,Duraral-Hukkam,
no.A 27 (KonyaMuseum).
Uluborlu
Sijilleri,
Shar'iyyah
210
A Akgundiiz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
decreessigned
Next,we findthe qadi's seal and theappointment
Effendi,the Anatolianqadaskar.In all Shari'ah
by Abdurrahman
recordsthe signatureand seal of the qadi appear together.Sakk
and seals.22
books providemodelsof signatures
The courtswererequiredto keep records.Because a qadi often
the
gave a copy of a judicial decreeor deed to otherauthorities,
was alwayspresent.If the qadi recordedhis
possibilityof forgery
he would be
lettersin a register,
and official
decrees,
deeds,
judicial
efforts
to protect
if
to
able to refer them necessary.
Despitediligent
the Shari'ah records,most were lost over time. The numberof
Sharicahrecordsthatsurvivein Turkeytodayis smallin comparison
to the totalnumberthatexistedin the past.23
A numberofjuristsheldthatofficial
entriesin therecordsshould
be groupedaccordingto subject.In practice,juristsgroupedthe
recordsaccordingto othercriteria,such as the typeof document
(see below). For instance,one juristmade the followingproposal.
The Sharicahrecordsshouldbe dividedinto fourcategories:(a) the
appointmentof a guardian(nazir); (b) the appointmentof the
of
trustee(mutawalli)of a pious endowment;(c) thedetermination
alimony;and (d) judicialdecreescontainingjudgments.It was convenientto preserve
therecordsaccordingto theseor similarcategories
in orderto ensureeasy reference.
Althoughthesecategorieswere
used in keepingtherecordsin Istanbulcourts,anothermethodwas
whererecords
wereorganized
usedin theOttomanprovinces,
according
to both subjectand chronology.24
The Tanzimatreforms
not only the Sharicahcourtsbut
affected
also the Shari'ahrecords.The Regulationof 13 Safar 1276/1859
refersindirectly
to the Sharicahrecordsas well as to the feesto be
An
order
dated15 Dhilhijjah1290/1874introduces
charged.
important
the Sharicahrecords.Accordingto theselegal
regulations
regarding
all courtrecords,bothin Istanbuland in theprovinces,
regulations,
22)
E 27, 100-01;Debbaghzadah,
380ff.,
Jami'us-Sakk,
KonyaMuseum,IspartaSijiUeri,
402ff.
23)Ali
2.
IslamMuhdkeme
4:717ff.;Bayindir,
Hukuku,
Haydar,Duraral-Hukkam,
24)Ali
4:718; Istanbul
1-65,76, 97, 106, 135,334,
Haydar,Duraral-Hukkam,
SijiUeri,
Uskudar
SijiUeri,6-802 (Booksof Ordersand Rescripts);
KasimpasaSijiUeriU6-465
IslamMuhdkeme
273ff.
Hukuku,
(Petitions);
Bayindir,
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
2 11
written
recordsfallintotwomaincategories:
In theSharicah
registers,
andwritten
(1) recordsprepared
byqadis,e.g.,deeds,judicialdecrees,
fortheirdeputies;and
of
letters
and
appointment
petitions, judges'
instructions
and decreesnotpre(2) decrees,ordersof appointment,
into
the
because
but
entered
theyweresentto
registers
paredbyqadis
qadis.
Written
3.3.1. Documents
byQadis
The sakkal-shar'ibooks explaindifferent
typesof documentsto be
intheShari'ah
whichcovermostoftheentries
includedinthiscategory,
registers.27
25)Dustur,1,Tertib,1:301-314,
4:83-85;Orderof
29-53;Dustur,1,Tertib,
esp.Articles
dated1290,Articles
4:83-5.
Shari'ahRecords,
5-18,Dustur,1,Tertib,
26)
Islamve OsmanliHukukuKulliydti,
774-82;Dustur1. Tertib,
Mukayeseli
Akgiindiiz,
PrivateFile of Majallah,no. 517. Ali Haydar,Durar
4:79-84; BOA, Irade-Hususi.
4: 81,719 ff.
al-Hukkam,
27)See,for
108.
Ilmiye,
exampleUzuncarih,
212
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
A. Akgundiiz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009)202-230
2 13
5
6
29)
3-188, 160ff.;Beshiktash
Jami'usSakk,
Sijilleri,23-127/137,141-42;
Debbaghzade,
1.Tertib,1:30Iff.
116-17;Dustur,
B23-127/118;
Uzunsar^ih,
tlmiye,
214
A Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009)202-230
30)AliHaydar,
Isldm
Muhdkeme
12ff.
Diirer,
4:718-19;
Hukuku,
Bayindir,
31) Beshiktash
Sijilleri,23- 127 11 14.
A. Akgundiiz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
2 15
216
A. Akgunduz
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16 (2009)202-230
divorce
contract;hujjahof divorce(hujjahal-talaq)>an irrevocable
the
(talaq al-ba'in);divorcebymutualconsent(hujjahal-mukhaldd),
of a marriageifaskhal-nikah),dowry(hujjahal-mahr),
nullification
a woman'sappointing
childguardianship
alimony,
(hujjahal-hadanah),
of a trustee,
slaves
tadbir,
mukatabah),
givingpermanumitting
(itq,
contractsof sale, cessionof property
missionand authority,
(hujjah
of
sale
with
al-wafa),rightofprepower redemption
(bey1
al-faragh),
retaliation
emption(hujjahal-shufah),
(qisas),blood money(diyah),
settlement
(sulh),acquittal(ibrah)and bankruptcy
(iflas);and apor
as
of
officers
such
kathhuda
(civilchief) subashi(police
pointment
chief).32
or endowment
One typeof hujjah is sui generis:the waqfiyyah
fromotherhujjahswith respectto both styleand
deed. It differs
is a writtendocumentconcernedwith the
content.A waqfiyyah
document
a
s
legalstatusof person endowment
(waqfiand thewritten
law case.
certified
by a Sharicahcourtat the end of a hypothetical
fromotherhujjahsnot onlybecause
Thesewrittendocumentsdiffer
oftheirstatusand naturebutalso becauseoftheirformand content.
containsa
Apartfromthe generalqualitiesof hujjahs,z. waqfiyyah
dibajah thatvariesin formfromone founderto the next.33
ordersand footnotes
refers
to declarations,
Al-hujjahal-zahriyyah
writtenor put on the back of officialdocuments.For instance,one
side of the documentmay containthe sultans decree,while the
other side is the certifiedcopy of the hujjah that was prepared
accordingly.
JudicialDecrees:Definitionand Arrangement
courtjudgments.
Judicialdecrees(i'lamat)aresimilarto contemporary
The termi'lammeans"toinform."
to
As a technicalterm,Vlamrefers
32)
IsldmMuhd3-188;61;AliHaydar,
Durer,
4:718,Bayindir,
Jami'us-Sakk,
Debbaghzade
12ff.
kemeHukuku,
33)
IslamHukukundave OsmanliTatbikatinda
Mahakim-i
Miiessesesi;
Akgunduz,
Vakif
dated1276,Articles
Nizamnamesi,
189-220;
15-20;Debbaghzade,
Jami'us-Sakk,
Shar'iyya
records,
F25,p. 214.
KonyaMuseum,Burdurs
Shar'iyyah
SharHyyah
Sijilleri,
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
2 17
218
A Akgunduz
16 (2009) 202-230
I IslamicLawandSociety
the judge
time and sign the back of it. Upon this finalscrutiny,
The sameprocedureapplied
wouldenterthedecreeintotheregister.
to hujjahs.34
JudicialDecrees:Features,Typesand Models
basic
A judicialdecreedraftedin a Sharicahcourthas the following
features.
1
34)Mahakim-i
Decrees
dated1276/1859,Article27 "Shar'iyyab
Nizamnamesi,
Sha/iyya
of Decrees";Ali Haydar,Duraral-Hukkam,
4:718; Majallah,Article1827;
Consisting
Isldm
Muhdkeme
Hukuku,
3; Uzuncarih,
108;Debbaghzade,
Jami'us-Sakk,
Bayindir,
Umiye,
Article
Duraral-Hukkam,
dated
223ff.;
1827;AliHaydar,
4:764-68;Nizamname,
Majallah,
1296,Article12, 13-25.
35)Nizamname,
dated1296,Article
Duraral-Hukkam,
15:AliHaydar,
4:718;Debbaghzade,
IsldmMuhdkeme
records
380ff.;Bayindir,
Hukuku,3-4, 231; Shar(iyyah
Jami'us-Sakk
Archives
ofIstanbul's
OfficeMufti,TheBookofApplication
Seals,no.7, Doc. 4b.
16 (2009) 202-230
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
2 19
in severalsessionsmustbe integrated.
This part
by theplaintiff
of a judicial decree containsthe allegationsof the plaintiff,
withoutany omissionor addition.36
The defendantsresponse.A defendanteitheracceptsor rejects
Thejudicial
theplaintiffs
(defi*).
allegationor filesa counterclaim
decree (i'lam) specifieswhich choice is made. If a defendant
such as
denies an allegation,this is specifiedby formulations
..."
or
"after
"afterthe question
...),
rejection..."
{gibbes-sual
A
defendant
...).
may partlyaccept and partly
(aqibal-inkar
in
which
case
the decreestates"... after
an
reject allegation,
in hisaforementioned
thequestionthedefendant
replyaccepted
a defendantmayacceptthe
... and rejected...." Alternatively,
in whichcasethedecreespecifies
hisconsent
allegation,
plaintiffs
a
counterclaim
the
defendant
verbatim.
maybring
Finally,
(defi*),
to thecounterclaim
with
in whichcase thejudicialdecreerefers
a formulalike "... [the defendant]made a counterclaimby
reply... in the course of his
statingin his aforementioned
responseand afterhis rejectionof accusations."37
fora judicialdecree.A proof,i.e. evidencesupporting
Therationale
the allegation,is usuallyrequiredin a judicialdecree,as in the
hisrejection,
thequestionandfollowing
"... when,after
statement:
was asked to presentevidencein
the aforementioned
plaintiff
his
with
conformity
allegations...."
of a defendantis
The acknowledgement
The acknowledgement.
modelformulation:
as in thefollowing
recordedword-for-word,
.... in hisresponse
thequestion[thedefendant]
"after
acknowledged
has stated."38
thatthe case is as the plaintiff
verbatimanywritten
Writtenproof.The judge musttranscribe
proofsin the judicial decree,except for writtenproofsnot
relevantto the case. In somejudicialdecrees,one findszfatwa
36)Themainsourceforthisinformation
We havetakenonlyone
is thei'lamsinregisters.
exampleofan Vlamat theendoftheseexplanations.
37)AliHaydar,
al-Bab(a lowercourt
Duraral-Hukkam,
4-7;Mahkamah
4:769; Bayindir,
in Istanbul),
2-96137,65, 125
38)
takrir-i
bil-cumle
mudde-i
mezkurun
. . . cevabindafi'l-hakika
merkum
kaziyye
"gibbes-sual
..."
bi tavihiikrarveitiraf
u'zreolub. . . olduguna
mesruhu
itmegun
220
A. Akgundiiz
16 (2009)202-230
I IslamicLawandSociety
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A. Akgiinduz
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222
A. Akgunduz
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16 (2009) 202-230
it is statedthat
the Conquerorand SultanSuleimanthe Lawmaker,
some importantjudicial decrees"would be submittedto his royal
highness."43
Unlikea hujjahdeed, it is not necessaryforan i(lamor judicial
decreeto containa list of the names of the witnesses,underthe
rubricshuhudal-hal. If the means of proofis witnesstestimony,
thenamesof thewitnessesmightbe writtenat theend of a judicial
decree. In the 18thcentury,the witnessesare nevermentioned,
especiallyin a judicial decree based upon an acknowledgment.
However,the name of the complainantis likelyto be mentioned
from
in a decreeinvolvinga crime.Judicialdecreesweredifferent
deeds. In the 19thcenturyrecords,documentsthat mentionwitnesseswere considereddeeds, while othersare viewedas judicial
witnessesare mentionedin certainjudicial
decrees.Nevertheless,
decrees.44
mentioned
underthefollowing
terms,
Judicialdecreesaregenerally
of
a
to
their
debt,
subjects:acknowledgment
according
differing
to
the
the
oath
receivables,
party
(tahlif),
opposing
offering
proving
and restitution,
transfer
of receivables,
thepostponement
guarantee,
forslaves,lease(ijarah),endowments,
declaration
offreedom
marriage
and divorce,penaltiesforfalseaccusationof illicitsexualrelations
(zina),examining
{shirb)and adultery
buildings,
(qazf),winedrinking
fromIslam (irtidad),the deterconversionto Islam or apostatizing
minationof thebeginningof themonthof fasting(Ramadan);theft
and punishmentof theft(hadd al-sirqati).
subjects,
Any documentrelatingto one of the above-mentioned
includingthe judgmentof a qadi, is an Vlamor judicial decree,
is mentioned
evenifthetermma(ruzor ma'ruzal-dawlahal-aliyyah
at the beginning,and whetheror not the "witnessesof the case"
{shuhudal-hat)are mentionedat the bottom.
43)Qanun-iOthmanu
totheJournal
oftheCounciloftheOttomanHistory,
Supplements
Istanbul1330,70-72;Debbaghmde
223-40;B23-1271104;HilmiErgUney,
Jami'us-Sakk,
TurkHukukLugati,218; Bayindir,
IslamMuhdkeme
Hukuku,18ff.
44)
BabMahkemesi,
2-88/50a.
23-127,Istanbul
Shar'iyyah
Sijilleri,
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
A. Akgunduz
223
45)Istanbul
2-110/43a.
BabMahkemesi,
224
A. Akgunduz
I IslamicLawandSociety
16 (2009) 202-230
ThetermmcCruz
We drawattenmeans"something
literally
presented."
tion to threetypesof ma'ruzat:(1) a generalma'ruzpetition;(2) a
ma'ruzas an officialdocumentin whichone official/office
requests
actionfromanother(oftena superior)or informsit of a particular
matter;(3) a ma'ruzofa qadi,whichis likean Vlam.
Technically,the term macruzhas two meanings.The primary
meaningrefersto an independentdocumentthatdoes not contain
16 (2009) 202-230
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226
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228
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230
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SayyidSharif,
Jurjani,
Egypt1938.
Al-TaWifat,
Karakoc,Serkiz,Tahsiyeli
Qavdnin,2 vols.,Dersaadet1330/1912.
no.A 27; Burdurs
E 27; Uluborlu
Sijilleri,
KonyaMuseum,IspartaSijilleri,
SharHyyah
Ser'iyeSkilled
1276/1859.
Mahakim-iSharHyye
Nizamnamesi,
1290/1873.
Nizamnamesi,
Majlisal-Tadqiqatal-SharHyyah
Dersaadet
1314/1896.
MajallahAhkdm-iAdliye,
ArabictoArabic,Beirut,1966.
Al-Munjid,Dictionary
4 vols.,Istanbul1305/1888.
Asim,
Qamusal-Okyanus,
Mutarjim
al-Burhan
, Tibyanal-Nafi'DerTarjumah
al-Qati\2 vo\s.Istanbul1287/1870.
Nizamnamahal-Diwanal-Ahkam
1284/1867.
al-Adliyyah,
Nizamnamahal-Shuraal-Dawlah,1284/1867.
Nizamnama-ial-Tawjihatal-Manasibal-Qada, 127 1/1855.
Nizamname-i
Istinaf,1300/1882.
Nizamname-i
Dakhili, dated1332/1914.
TheBookofApplication
The Officeof Muftiin Istanbul,Archives
ofShari'ahRecords.
Seals,no. 7, Doc. 4b.
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