If gear is not disscounted from engine while changing gear then it might break t

he gear teeth.
Function of clutch is to temporarily disconnect engine from gear box.
clutch is required to transfer power from engine to gear at different speeds.it
doesn't cause shocks.
Single plate clutch has one friction plate while multiplate clutch has more than
one friction plate.
Diapharm clutch has diaphram springs instead of coil springs.
If friction
If one gear is rotating clockwise,the other would be rotating anticlockwse.
Continously varing transmission(c.v.t.)
It has infinite gear ratios.
The input shaft of the transmission turns at the same rpm as the engine.
Ex:Toyota Pirus
Gear
Engine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

Ratio RPM at Transmission Output Shaft with

at 3,000 rpm
2.315:1 1,295
1.568:1 1,913
1.195:1 2,510
1.000:1 3,000
0.915:1 3,278

The differential has three jobs:

To aim the engine power at the wheels
To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed
of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheels
To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different s
peeds (This is the one that earned the differential its name.
All the fourwheels travel different distances in a path.
Part-time four-wheel-drive systems don't have a differential between the front a
nd rear wheels; instead, they are locked together so that the front and rear whe
els have to turn at the same average speed. This is why these vehicles are hard
to turn on concrete when the four-wheel-drive system is engaged.
Traction, or tractive force, is the force used to generate motion between a body
and a tangential surface, through the use of dry friction, though the use of sh
ear force of the surface is also commonly used.
The total amount of combustible gas that is processed by an engine in one comple
te cycle is known as its displacement.When talking about an engine being a "3 li
tre" engine, a "250cc" engine, or a "350 cubic inch" engine, you are describing
its displacement - the total size of the combustion chambers in all cylinders.
When describing a car's layout, a sequence of two letters or numbers is used. Th
e first character describes the position of the engine - F for front-engine (lik
e most cars), M for mid-engine (like a Lamborghini Countach), or R for rear-engi
ne (like a Volkswagen Beetle). The last character describes the driving wheels F for front-wheel drive, R for rear-wheel drive, or 4 for four-wheel drive.
The three-character layouts "FMR" and "RMR" describe variations on the MR layout
.
The manifold is part of the induction system, not the ignition system. It is the
component that delivers the combustible mixture into the combustion chambers.

Muffler keeps keeps the car engine from making excessive noise while running
muffler keeps track of the mileage a person has driven
use of a power steering in a car: for easy manouvering
A synchro's purpose is to allow the collar and the gear to make frictional conta
ct before the dog teeth make contact. This lets the collar and the gear synchron
ize their speeds before the teeth need to engage
hat the motion that comes out of an internal combustion engine is rotational, wh
ile the motion produced by a potato cannon is linear (straight line). In an engi
ne the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the c
rankshaft
Port timing:It is a graphic reprentation of the moments when the valves or ports
of an internal combustion engine open and close relative to the position of the
piston ,i.e. to the angle of rotation of the crankshaft.
Carburator mixes the air and fuel mixtures
Disesl car ignites at 1900
glow plug replaces the sparkplug of a petrol engine in a diesal engine
Air/Fuel Ratio is Stoichiometric: 14.7:1
Wankel An alternative type of engine based on one or more rotating, roughly tria
ngular rotors, rather than pistons that move in a straight line, is the ____ rot
ary engine.
First gear gives low speed but high torque.
Final drive(differential)is the last stage in transferring power from engine to
wheels.It reduces the speed of propellar shaft to that of wheels.It also turns t
he drive of the propellar shaft by an angle of 90 to the wheels.
the Compression ratio of Petrol engine is 6 to 10 & that of Diesel engine is 15
to 22.So on such high compression, gasoline gets highly compressed & it may blas
t.
Inlet valve has more diameter than exhaust valve.
OVERDRIVE in automobile is a term describing the process where the drive shaft s
peed is more than that of engine shaft speed.So attaining our target speed witho
ut stressing the engine to run to its peak speed.It also helps in minimizing the
wear of engine as we are using it in optimum performance without high fatigue a
nd also increase efficiency as the fuel consumption is decreased.
The most common type of CVT operates on an ingenious pulley system that allows a
n infinite variability between highest and lowest gears with no discrete steps o
r shifts.
A gear refers to a ratio of engine shaft speed to driveshaft speed pulley-based
, toroidal and hydrostatic
Most CVTs only have three basic components:
A high-power metal or rubber belt
A variable-input "driving" pulley

An output "driven" pulley

A transaxle is a major mechanical component that combines the functionality of t
he transmission, the differential, and associated components of the driven axle
into one integrated assembly.
The transfer case receives power from the transmission and sends it to both the
front and rear axles
ENGINES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN MANY WAYS :
1. By Mechanical construction - 4 Stroke/2-Stroke
2. By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
Basically Diesel engines
Use diesel fuel
Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines
Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG
Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug
BORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder
STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the
bottommost point of piston movement
CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all
pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.
CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the
piston in top most point.
COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the
clearance volume.
VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are
operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type
TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel
injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or
belt driven.
INTAKE SYSTEM CLEANS & TRANSPORTS ATMOSPHERIC AIR
TO THE ENGINE CYLINDERS
NA ENGINE - NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE - The air is
transported to the engine cylinder , at atmospheric pressure
TURBO ENGINE - TURBO CHARGED ENGINE - The air is
compressed and transported to engine cylinder, at higher than
atmospheric pressure.
Hydraulic Clutch - Where the driver s foot effort is transferred to
a hydraulic oil medium, which in turn operates the clutch through
master cylinder & slave cylinder. Pedal efforts are lower & doesnot
require clutch pedal free play adjustme
Flywheel, Clutch drive plate and clutch pressure plate
GEAR BOX MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE OF THE ENGINE
TO THE DRIVE LINE.
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WHERE THE STEP OR GEAR RATIO
IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED, AS DECIDED BY A ECU BASED
ON INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SENSORS

EXHAUST SYSTEM TRANSPORTS THE BURNED EXHAUST

GASES FROM ENGINE CYLINDER TO THE ATMOSPHERE,
TOWARDS THE REAR OR TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE VEHICLE.
TRANSFER CASE MODIFIES & RE-DIRECTS THE TORQUE OF THE
ENGINE TO BOTH FRONT AND REAR AXLES, AS DESIRED.
PROPOELLOR SHAFT TRANSMITS THE ENGINE TORQUE FROM
THE GEAR BOX/TRANSFER CASE TO THE DIFFERENTIAL.
DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVES TORQUE FROM THE GEAR BOX,
MODIFIES AND TRANSMITS IT TO THE WHEELS, IN A
PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION.
DIFFERENTIAL ALSO ALLOWS EACH WHEEL TO ROTATE AT
DIFFERENT SPEEDS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE VEHICLE TAKES A
TURN
AXLE SHAFTS - Carries the torque from the differential to the
wheels.
STABILIZER BAR - Stabilizer bars are fitted on the axles to
reduce the amount of body roll, when the vehicle is cornered.
TURBOCHARGER - The turbo charger utilizes the wasted heat energy
in the exhaust system, to run a compressor which compresses the intake
air. Compressed intake air has more density and hence more fuel can be
injected increasing the power of the engine.
RADIATOR - Radiator is a heat exchanger. The hot coolant (water) from
engine enters to the top tank of the radiator and passes through the core to
the bottom tank of the radiator. Cool atmospheric air is drawn over the core
by the cooling fan, leading to cooling of the radiator water.
Connecting rod
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both
ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates
.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just l
ike a crank on a jack-in-the-box does.
Sump
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collect
s in the bottom of the sump (the oil pan).
The opening and closing system is called a camshaft. The camshaft has lobes on i
t that move the valves up and down,
a two-stroke engine produces a lot of power for its size because there are twice
as many combustion cycles occurring per rotation. However, a two-stroke engine
uses more gasoline and burns lots of oil, so it is far more polluting
A two-stroke engine has no moving valves, and the spark plug fires each time the
piston hits the top of its cycle. A hole in the lower part of the cylinder wall
lets in gas and air. As the piston moves up it is compressed, the spark plug ig
nites combustion, and exhaust exits through another hole in the cylinder. You ha
ve to mix oil into the gas in a two-stroke engine because the holes in the cylin
der wall prevent the use of rings to seal the combustion chamber.