HYPERSONIC AND HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS _ DYNAMICS John D, Anderson, Jr. Sorah-Allen, Katherine, J Elzabsth Anderson, all thet love and derstandingABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Joi B. Anerson, J was Born i Lancaster, Pensa, Oster 10957 He ston the Universty of Florida, grating in 1959 with high Rone fos and bvchslo of soramautel engincering degree om 1989 (01982, He seve fenonant und tsk sien athe Aetorpace Rewearen Laboratory Wrighe-Pastersn Ais Foros Baws. From 1962 to 1966, be attended the Ohio State Unversiy upd the Nand! Science Fousdation and NASA Flow ships sradusting th PhD. aeronautical and astonatal engineering. 15 1965 He joned the US. Noval Ordnance Labortogy ae Chal f the Hypersonic GGrovp, In 197%. he became Chairman of the Department of Acre Eng ring st the Unsere of Maryland. amd sine T98D hes baen professor of ‘Aerospace Ungingcrine at Maryland, Ip (982, he was desgnatd « Dsinuishod ‘Scholir Teacher hy the Lives. During 1986-1987, whe or sabbati eom the Unierty Dr Andoreon oscupid the Chari Lindbergh ehsir athe Natio! Airand Spice Mscum of the Smiloniat Intaton. Dr: Anderson as publish five books: Gasdonamie Lavoe: te let tine Aeadomnie Pres (976), sod ander McGrail, fasion en Fight (U97R. 1988, 8 1989, Macon Compressible Faw (UND), and Funds oF steoies (184) Hes the author of over $0 papers i radiative a a= ics roots aetoermadynantis, ge denamc am chemicl lasers. cont {ion fluid dynamiex appli! werodynamie and hypersonic fow. Dr. Anderson Tein I's hoon meric an 3 Flow of the Americas Taste of Ato rates and Asronsies He slo 2 flow of the Washinglon Asidemy of Senees and member of Tas Bt Pi, Sigma Tan, Phi Kappa Phi, Pb Eta Sigma, The Americin Society for Enginesring Ethvcton, and the American Physica Soe CONTENTS Part 1 2 Preface Some Preliminary Thoughts penne Fat —Some Hira Fre tigen oe ny topo ienonie Row What wi? 8 Enwony tne Meena ction 1 Matctonperare Powe E Lowden tw yprome ight Puts: he Vlas aie Map Snmary and Ou Peolons Inyiscid Hypersonic Flow Hypersonic Shock and Expansion-Wave Relations nection Nove Hypeoi Shosk Relations spoon Eamon Wave Rettone Suter Probiecoe 43 Loa SurlceIninaton Methods ; Parente 7 ecient $ 1 Tunpon-WedgeTaagen-Cone Methods % 3 eronmenas $ 4) YypesonieIied Flow Kaper ath 7 2) MESES Sas baton 7 gees see tet a Be erate eeoeer 5 Hypersonic lvl Flows: Bract Methods ws 453, The Hypersonic Blunt-Rody Problem 16 fo em cape ieatpeee ieee 57 - A Final Comment : ca hae 7 Part Il Viscous Hypersonic Flow 6 Vieous Flow: Baye Aspects, Bpundary Layer Resolls and Aerodynnmie Heating ay Geese teem Sone » 454 The Boundary Layer Equations for Hypersonic Fiow m Part IU ot Hypecone ounsty Layer Theory: Stine Solaone Faerie Case Nomar Hypesonie Boundary Layers Fte-Difrenoe Method Hipernie Trblest Bandar Layer THyperteAerodyrams Heating: Some Comments ané Ipponeate Rests Apps to Hypronie Ves Entopy Layer Eos Acocysmic Hea Sina Probens Hypersonic Viscous Interactions Inoducion Song und Wesk Vows fates: Defton and Deseo “The Rok off tgperson Vico nencton Hypersonic Shee Wave ouniry Lier Irene Soe Provan ‘Computational Fluid Dynamic Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows Inudhtion Tat Naver Sie Soluions Summary ain! Comments High-Temperature Gas Dynamics igh-Temperatore Gas Dynamiex Son Trios Conngeratons ‘Tee ipo Hisense Flos The heat High poten Fw (Gens Ec Tc oy tide Map Stoner ood Canis a se 3 2s ms10 ms " 13 12 13 Some Aspects of the Thermodynamics ‘of Chemically Reacting Gases {Classical Physical Chemistry) Invodacion: Pfam of Bel Gnes nd Pere Gas Yasous Fos af he Peet Css Best 8 Sate Givaeaton of ase $f Pret aw of hemi “Th Cael of sep inh Fee Energy. and Entropy Prous by Chi Compsion af Eatin Chericly Reaing Mites: “ine Eau: Consoe Probowe Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics ‘copie Doition of Gass CCouming te Name st Minas for 3 Ohen Macrotte ‘Tn Mon Prout Macrosate ‘ation ef Therma Properties i Terms othe Parton Postion Pratl Evasion f Themadyami Papert ea Single ‘hs Cael of te golem Contant Choral ultras” Some Foner Comme {Colin he Bitrnn Composon fr eh “Tenpeatine Ai Themodyesme Prope ofan Equiteim Chemically Rasing Os euliven Proprio High-Temperature A Elements of Kinetic Theory Innduton ‘he Pert Cae Egon of Sat Revie) Coton Fequrey ad Men Fee Ph ‘loo ant Syed Oman Pons: Man Vl pote » a a3 2 a we B 4 ie tsa tt es Chemical and Vibsational Nonequilibrium troction ‘Vital Noneqiiin: The Viton Rate Eqpton (Coat Nonegoibome The Chane ate Easton (Chem Nonegiscum i High Temperstre Ai (GS Noneglbaum ie Hie Murer Stamey Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flows Goris Euston for fas ib Tomprsare guises How "Eun Nowland Obigue Sho Wave Fw [sutirium Qua One Denson Neri Fle Fronen und Egat owe The Diineton gli and Fron Spec Hse ium Speed of Sound Eeintum Cone Pow eum Ble Body Flows Sar a Comme Problems Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows Govenng Egos for Ini, Nonsgitriim Fes None Nove and OMigne Shock Ware Fos ‘None QuisiOne Dnerional Nozzle Flos None Ben Aody Flows Nanos Plow Over Other Shapes: Nonegiiim etot oe Cece eben Kinetic Theory Revisited: Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases Inoducton Dutton a Tenspn Phenomena “The Mecaaum of Dion Energy Transit by Them! Condon’ Dion ath Propet Heh Tenprtie Ne “2 au 1 50 i 5 Py 57 11 Viscous High-Temperature Flows Govrang Egos for Chom Resting Vitae Faw tumate Forme the Evry Eaton ountay Caer Eau ora Comey Rea Cae founda Conditions Cale Wall Bowne Laer Suen: Stpation Boi Hest Trans fora Dasosating Gas Sountar Layer Soon Noosimisy Hows YVaons Sost Liner (VSL) Sots 1 CBemily Reveting Prato Navier-Stokes (ONS) Seti to Chemily Bescting Flam Fa NvesSotesSolason to Cheney Reacting ows Sammury and Comments Problewe Introduction to Radiative Gas Dynamics The Radiative Taner Bxustion Solano te Rate Taner Easton: Tanpston! Gas Solitons of he Raat TrmferExustion Absorbing Oat Solos of he Rada Tramfr Eaton: Eating Asoding Gas ating Mowe: Sup Resa Proms Postface References Index ein ‘ se on PREFACE “This book i designed ta be sltcontined teaching ister for thou sae sais an fers interested i learning NyporsenieNw und high mera fa dynamic I sseumes no prior farieity withthe ebjort m the par of the tender If sou have never studied hypersonic andlor hgh-emperaaee Bs Synamicshelor, andi you have ever worked extensively inthe aos hen Tis bent ie fr yon. On the other hand Hf you have workad andor are working ‘hese ames and you Want «cohesive presentation of the fupdementa «deve fopmeat nf important theory nd tehiguee. discussion ofthe sin results ‘wh emphasis on the physical aspects and» peesnttion af medcry tisk ‘ese ate he heh el for jn ber Words a ook i ed For {oo cole (1) ae a elltve ctnsroom ext whisk cm fo wal wil ase y the “ascot nd which ean he andertang with sane By the stadent an (2) a8 abl, pafesiona! working to oa the desk of all engineers, celeas sd ronagsrs who have an cont in i jae wit pensnieoe bigheer pate How “The only fakground aetna ths pact of the ender is sie ko cos of mndegrbate Mid yar, iting hase itrdtory course ‘compresile Mow; that the rea i tre to he aia wth teri “aemplied hy two of the was previous backs eat, Fuadamenmas of Arr {Dynamic (MeCrane-Hi, 198d and the asta of Made Compre Pow Wi Hore Porpetve(M2Graw Hi, 1982) Fndeod, Uroupout the Pres cent hook feguent reference is made to Rise material presented im hese tn hooks Final the presen howl is pid st Ue avant seni’ and iseoae raat eel and sgn 0 Be sed he cloeoam we the min oF ares al those fvels im hypersonis fw and hihvisipeare pis dynamics Homework problems ae esen st the ends of most copes a dort emnes igs ue a a ouching insroment yperinic aorodyamics & an important prt of the ee ight spec- trom, emeenting the Sepment athe exon: Mg slaty of the spectraInter ia Hypersonic aerodynuries ew inthe 1950s and 190s with the sent of hyperomie simosphesc entry vehi. especially IM maga spe pro ram am mprsent hy Moteur. Gemini and Apel Tesiy, many Aon "iting voile eoneetsavelsng hereon Bish ars Uv renewed a Some cacs fone) ness is Ryposomis Such wow cones Fe dered {in Char |. This hook fa response tothe now 4 provide hase cBusstion hype and ipbtempeature zs djmamio ora Re gestion of en ‘eon al siti as wl eto pve x fe Geeion ofthese tess Ion At modern peepetvg Six fate in hypersonic ow were published bore 19 the pacino i he Fe! he easroom tet Ig hevovte salable sine the “Thaefons, the presen hook i ilonde to make yp for thie 2-year hah. to provide « yicor education iw hypersone nd Sigh-cenpecatre Bs dyno isa at dhe sme ie dvcong at length the base fondaentl Tonto ence the readers understanding a! to petk his os er inyeret, the psest bok + wens the styl nthe uahor's previous os, amy at ir incatolly seen io an oraal contentions sje. The fthor wants the rer to owe fon whe eaming those taps Th 20 foul, fesse the arene Hypersonic and his-tmpentre ov ds ae Ful of ussesting and exciting phenomens and applications. ‘The present hook i dv into thee pars Pare | ste with invsid hypercoie Bow emphasing uy the Mid sais cflests f the Mah ‘umber become age isteapere sts ace mot ald, Poet deal ‘ith sstous hypersonic Now, empheszing the pase Maid ynanv eects of Tnstndng the tanspot phenomana of secs sind Shor eondsstion a he Shine te thatthe Mact number becomes larg ightempertire fet ae ‘0 ince. Fnaly, Part MN dts he aeonce of gh lemportaes o8| baths nd viecous ws fn thi sion the Tear i le nm orgs Sashion through the various psa! phenomens that dominate hh spoed seo We now have sing for the amet Hyperion fs i portant face 1. 1s physi erent fom supersonic os 2 ts the is tha ill diate many of he new excting Yeicedesign forthe Recopnine tis importance the purpose af the present Book iso intel the reader to the Basic Fandamental of hgpesonse flow, neing an empha 08 Iahiemperstie gx dynamic which a me Wl ke om portant spe Iighspoed flows in genes. Wherever perinen, we wall aka discuss modern capermental and ompratonal Mud dsnamie applica i hypersonic ad Fighcnersce fon as well a8 cersn elated pecs of hypersonic vehi Gesge Such moter ica imtearal pact af modern serodyumex Morsove. hs Fempartanse othe mater will grove soy tothe won cantory, te contin to een the Sounds of prastial Might 13. HYPERSONIC FLOW—WHAT IS IT? hore isu eonventinal xs of thy that defies hypersonic aceouynanies as those flows wher de Mach fume. Af is arcttr than S However tis 90 ‘ore than jst re of thumb: when Row i Acosrated fren M = 4.09 to 1W'= SI thre ino “els of thandor™ and the Mow dose 208 “seta tr irom grec tar Rather. hypersonic Now i est fined gs that epithe whe certain pyc! ow phenomena beowse progressively snore important at the Mac nmber sinesised to higher vas, Tn some ese ane or tore of tess phenomena bacon nortan above Mach 3 wheres in the ees they ‘ny notte competing ont Mach 7 of higher The purpose of hk soon 1 0 Sry dosrite thew physi phenomena: in some snee tis emvewaton il onsite 4 "étinton” of ypersone flaw, For more dts an intraday atures Rel 3 1 ners en yaa as poses AL Thin Shock Layers ecil fiom obfiqus shock theory See, for example, Refs 4 and 8) chat, for swe Mw defecon angle, the density iperesse rss the shock wave Becmnes Progressiely lagor a the Mach number i increases. At highor denis, the ass fow Behind the shock can mare easly “squczecheough” smaller ares Fr Mow over a hypersonic bod. this means thatthe distaace between the Body und the shock wave con be small The owbeld between the shockwave al the bay dein a the stack yer, atl Tor hypertonic spec this shook syct cat he auite thin. For example, consider the Mach 36 ow of «euoccally pee fee gs witha ratio of specie hous 7 = eieg= LA, ove wedge of 15 hal angle From standard oblique shock thoorythe shockowsve angle wll be only 18 as shown in Fie 118. 1F hightemperature, chemically eating oes re ‘included, the shock wave angle wil be even smaller Clery, hi shoek lager 5 thin I ise hive charcieristic of hypersonic Rows that shock waves else 10 the boy, and that the shock layer i hin. tty tht con erate some physica complications, such a the merping of the shock wave isl with 2 thick, vitcous boundury Iyer growing from the body surface problem which becomes in Povtant at low Reynolds tims, However, at hig Reynols numbers. where the shock layer 8 esetaly inves thinness can be wed Uo those advantage, ling to general aalyieal apprese alld “thin shoek-laye the fry" (o be dscused in Chap. It the eateme, a thi shock her approaches Ue Mid dyarmie moet postulated by Isc New i 1687; sch “newton tcory" is simple an steatorwacl, adi equently ase in hypesonie aro- Aymamies oe approximate exeulatone (co be dieused in Chap. BL Entropy Layer Consider the wedae shown in Fig, L18, except aow with a blunt now, a6 ‘lehod in Big 16 At hypersonic Much numbers the shock layer over the Punt nose aso very thin with «small shook-detachment distance. th he ose rion, the hock sve ighlyeueved. Recal tht the entropy of ee Now nora eros a shockwave, andthe stronger the shock, the larger the earopy inert A clin sing Uraigh the srons. ase aorta portion of he ‘eve stgck ear the centerline f the Nl wil experience Huser entsene ratony roses 1S riguae ns xseate than seeighhorng streamline which putes through a weiter portion ofthe shock farther away trom the eenterine. Hence. there are strong eteony ants gearsia the nase region this “trop layer” Nowe dowstea tnd eseally wets the body for arg distances from the nos. as shown in Fig TMIA The fownslry layer slong the surf prows ini th entropy layer ad fale by i Sine ie entropy ayer aso s feslon of sang ort, tcl through Cross thao fom cheat compresnibe Now (ss fore Smile Re) ths interaction fs sometines called a "vortey iteretion™. The Entry ligcr suse analytical problems when with to perform a sandand Thoundae- lyse celts om the sure, beens tere question a9 wh the prer snions should fe wt the outer edge ofthe boundary ayer Viscous to ‘Conse as boundary layer om Mat ple in hypersonic Ba, a sketched in Fig 11S. shetty, hyperonie ow contains larg amount of inte nergy: hen the ow se lowed by visss eflets within the Boundary Iyer thee kinetic enemy i wensorve Ci pst) Bt intro energy of Ne as this called sacom dispaion. fe tura the temperature snes wis tbe Iadary lycra fpienttrmperstne pre within the boyy Laer lo sletehed in Fig 115. The characters of hypersonie boundary Iyer ane ‘dominated by such tempsrtue increases For example, te isos eotcen Fnzrases with temperate, and thy sll wl make the Boundary layer ttisher tw adlitoe,Becuse the prune costa #0 the normal ection trough s bonds layer the morose in femperatre Treen deere ‘ensty through the equation af sat, p= BIRT. whers Ri he specific sis , See re icone as constant tn order to pt the toque mass Now heoyph the boundary Iyer at ‘eos density. the hounday ayer thickness must be lage. Both of these phe omen combins io make hypertonic boundy lagers grow moce rapidly th nt slower speeds. Indeed te Mat plate compreible laminar boundary lager Uieknss # prow essently as Bae vite, Where Af. is de fceteam Mach number, and Reis the foc Reyeolds aber. Chis relation wil Be derived in Chap 6) Cle sings 8 varies as the “uure of Mi sin Become inordinately largest hypersonic speeds “Te thik boundary nerfs hypersonic ow eam exert a major displace ont ef on the inns flow wide the Boundary yer, easing «ven Fay shape to tpi enh thicker than it rally & Due fo the exe tick nies of Ce Roundaryayer foo the outer Haid Mow i prety change the "hmges nt he invsed flw in tar ed ack to alec the growth ofthe bound iy Tee This mane iteration Betwean the housdary layer an the our i ‘sf celle iv inertinn. Viscous interactions gun have nporent cts of the sac presets datebation, hence il dua, ad stabi) 09 Isnwnie voles Moreover sin friction and heat trier a ine Bs ‘eons infraction Far example Fig 1.16 osates the sents fereion on {shorn gheeieula coe a ro depress of ange of alae Here he psiee Bastion we the eope surice pf given a «funeton of aistance Teo the in Thow ate experimental fsuls blaine fom Rel. 6 1 there Wore No VseO0S intrstion, the iiss! Suace pressure would Be constant, equal tp, (iad fea be the horiaapta dab fhe an Fig. 1-18, Heer, dt to the siscons Interacting, the pressure nea te Boe considerably greater; the sree pres “ured decay further downetrca,wltmaley approaching the isa ‘alfa downs These and oan other epets of ious intraeions wil be etn i ap 7‘The boundary layer on 3 Hypersonic vehicle can bosome so thick that ft csseaialy menace with the shick wave merged shack layer When th ap ps the shock layer must be weaed as fly iseous, apd the conventions Boundary iyer analysis must be completely abandoacd, Such maiter will be Aheused ia Chay 9. D._High-Temperatare Plows As dscusedproviouly, the kinetic serpy of highspeed, hypersonic Nw Aisipted bythe Haecce of Tstion wth # houndary jer The eutee ‘vaeousispation that necirs within hypersonic bowndiry hays im crete very hgh Temperaures--bgh enough to excite ibrationa) eneray internally ‘thin molecules, an to ese disseiation and even ionization within the gs Tube sortie of «Hypersonic veil proteed hy wn ablative Heat shill the Products of sbtion se also preset inthe houndary layer ing ee 0 com per bydrocrhow eter reiliom On both aces, we ae thal the series (ofa Rypersoic chile can be welted by hemi routing bounds laye “The boundary Iver ote nay epi of highompcratue Now over Iypersonie vive, Consider the nose reson a9 BlvDt hay sketched in Fh Tf The how she wane normal oF ney nomi nthe nose region. ond the a empertore behind th strong shock wave a Be enorme at hyper sone spade For example. Fg, 1188 plot of temperature behind 3 norma shock wave ws anion of fee-rstn vehchy,fy a vehi ying a st dors alte of $2 ms this Hore taken from Ree. Two curves are shown UU) tne uppor curse. whieh yemes eocely pero nomen pe ih the 6 snr 0 maT 8 Maem ato of spite heats y= 1, and which gives an uarenlistcally hgh value of| ‘emperatne; and (2) the wer cove, which assumes am equim chembealy ratings, and which ely los to the atl sation. Thi gee ils rates to iyportane pois hy any account, the cempeatre in the nose region of hypersonic waist can be entamely high, for sump. reahiag approtimatly 11.000 K at 8 ‘Mach numberof 36 (Apollo rent) 2 The proper incision of chemically reeting ees is vita the calculation ofan accurate shock ayertriperature: he asumptio hat ys constant and half (a m0 loner vl So we ce tht fora hypesonis Bow, not only cathe boundary layer be ce cally reacting, but the entre shock layer ca be dominated By chem reac. tng fs For 3 moment le vs examine the phyial mature of a hishsemperatare as In nteuctony studies a therodynamis sb eompressble ow, the is "sumo te have constant specie eat, Hence the ato y= ef, Is aso cor Sant” ThisTeads 10 Some Meal results for pressure, dens, temperature. and| Mach number variations ina flow: However. when the gas temperature is in ceased 1 igh values, thes behaves ina "aonieal” Eon. Spee: 1 The sbrtiona emote of the moeces becomes excited, an thin evans the ssc het sn, 40 besome fontion of empsrte In aen the rt facie eat = yi, ho becomes Matin of trpecatue. Foe ae ‘hic et Hovemes mportunt above 8 femperitre of RINK. 2 As the us temperature i urter incensed, chemical reactions can osc For tn eqiitviam chemiealyretting as. and, are Tontions ef bth te perature amd presre, and hence 7 f(T p). Fora at tam presume O; “sociation (0. 20) bests at about 2900 K. andthe moleclor oxy ix fssenlally tally Uinocinted at 200 K. At this temperature Ny disoetion (Ner>2N) beghs, ands csenally tially dssocuted at HID K. Above a temperature of O00 K, ine ae formed (N-oN" +e", and OO" 6"), and the gs becomes 2 partly ionized plasms A of thes phenomena ae called hightemeratre es (They are fequery Felered inthe seradynamic Meratre ae "vege ete” bt there ze god tec sans to discourage the use ofthat abt, as we wl se eter) (Che ‘aration exeatian ad heme ution take place very nip nom im to te time it takes fora Mid element to move heough the owt we have viata and chemical eyubriam Mow I he opponite i ee, we have ‘ough fw, which fs considerably more dificult to analyze. Al of thes tcc wll be dnc at lng in Chape 1018 Hiphtemperstre chomialy reacting Mos ean have an infasnce om ih dag snd moments ons hypersnic vehisi: For example, rich olete have bess Found to he important for esinating the amount uf BodyMap defeton neces sig to ty the space shale dacng highespend vente Mowever, yf the Frost dominant aspect of high lemperatan sp yperroic tthe recltant ish Featsranfr rates vo the wars. Aerodynamic beating dominates he desig of Ll hypersonic michinery. wheter ie a Might vehi, a tum engine 9 power Suck svi of wind lap to lst the vehi, This atedyaamie Neting {aks the frm of hast trier fai the fot Boundary layer to the cool =a face called soorecrte hein. nd denoted by gm Fig, 117, Mareaver othe shooklayee perature ik high enough, the thermal zadiaton emited by the fis ell cam Socom important, ving ns WO a radiative fi tothe sulace fa radiate hearing. demoted BY at Fg. 1-17 (i the wit, when you ‘vac yous heide raving Sire the Greplace, the wart you el hot ait Showing ut othe Firepie,but rater radiation fom the Mme ct Imagine How “wsum” you would fst standing sex tthe gos hshind trong stock wave a Mut 36, whore the tomiperatene is 1.100 K~ about tice he Surface fempertire of the sun) Bor expt, fe Apolo woot, rade het {ean ws mare than 30 potent of the foal healing Fora space probe ester ing the aunoapher of Fup the rcative ating wl be more thn 5 pers ste tot) beating. Amntiercomuayuence of high-emporature Raw ocr Kypersnnie vehicles the “summoncaioe hlscLout”eaperionea at eran atten ane elon during semaphore entry. where imposible to Cast radio waves either to or fromthe eh. Thy caved by jnation inthe chemical reacting Now, pradusine Tee letons wich abxorb rao srequeney radiston Thor Fore the courte predic af tron density wt the Rowe is impoctan Cle, Bightempersine efx can bea dominant aspset a hspersonic srdynamic, nd Bocuse ofthis porianc. Part HY ofthis book i devred ntirly to highrtemperstre eas dynamics. (Part He sel-eonaid end epee sents sly of highsereratie we dynamics in general ek with psc ions tha go far Beyond hypersonic, such a6 combustion, higheneray Tse, pes sn termite jnlersion, to mame jst aw) E, Low-Density Flow Consider for momen! the wir around you: its made up of fdiviual mote tals, pocly oxygen nd ites, which are im candor motion. Imesine ‘ha yoo fate ae of thee mses ad wate is motion. Ie wil move 8 certin distance, and thn code with one offs sghhoringrolecls, uewhich twill mone another uistanes and collide agin with nother nearing Imokcws, and st sl conte thie molecular clin proses indintly though the distance between calisons te -ierent Tor eh of the Indiv folisons, over a peiod of time there wll be some eerge distance the molec ‘moves hetwouhedctewve collisions This average dance dein a he eat Js pi depoted By 2 At standard oy Tevel eonions fo ie, 2196 Tos" very smal Stance Thi ie thal, t sou Heel, whe you wae our hand sigh the az the gs ial "eels" Hike a continvars meine Soveld atinin. Mest sesoymamic problems (more than 999 pen of Appliations) ae propery addr by sseursing continaoas meta deed Pf ovr preceding Uisusion his 50 for asstmod thatthe Mow & a continu Timgine now tht we are at an slude of 322000 where the se deity is much lower, nd consequently the mea foe path is mach lager Chan ats Tes indoo. st M2000 fh = 1A, Now, mom you wave your hid through the fir, you ae more abe to “les” indicia mleela impacts; te ar no Tongs lei ikea continu substance, bat rather Hke an open fgion punctted by individu, widely spaced parks of matter. Under these conivone he cto Ayame eoneep equations and resus sed on the asumption of cmt twin begin tore down:, when this happens, we pave ¢O approich screlysris fom ifleron point of sew, wing concep om Kite C80", “hie eesime of aerodynamic sll owe fw “Thete are ceriin hyetseni appliaions wiih involve How-desity fo. carl nvolvins Miu at hh ates, For example, noted fm el 7, the ‘ow i the nose resin ofthe spc shuttle ennot be properly tet By ply entinour assumptions for altudes above 92 km (about 300.001). For ny then Mihr wehise asthe litade progressively increases (hee the denis Assess ans incre) the sasemption of cOntingem fos Becomes en taut allitads an be read where the consent isos Now no-p onions csi to fa. Specify, at low dems the Now veleiy atthe Surface, which 8 normally assumed to he aro de to eton, kes on fle ‘at This i elle th tla lip sonition In snalogous fashion, the 8 temperature at the surface. which i noreally takes as eae to the surfice frature of the mutes, now heeemes something dierent, Th eal the Eempratire sip candtion. A ive amet these poets. th soverine eo ‘done of the fw ae ail aun to be the familar continuutn ow evan, except with he proper elt and temperatrelpcontions alized x bound fry tonditions However, tho aliade cominues to increas, there comes point sate the eomtnae Row equations themes remo longsr valid 3d tet rom ini theory mst he wed to pred the asrodymmic hehe Final, thee density can Become low enough that only Kw moeele fot the suelace por unit ine, and aller there mols fee rom the sls They do not interact withthe sneomng mole. This the rsime of Je Insitute oe. For the space shuttle, the tree motes regime Begins abo? {0m (S00000"), Therfore 9 @ simplified sense we visualize that hyper sie chile moving om very raed almompbre 10 a demir atmosphere ‘Ri hl from the five eur rime, whee inva mole empses 222 sume 2p actermeenroe ot oN Sti i eg of ely of vis Rw unos fe one Ae in aan Br my he soe are important, fo the rans regime, where sip eles are impor tad then 1 the cola vein ‘The silty parameter the governs thee ert regimes is the ‘radon monber define a» Ka = 2/L where a carseat dimension oF {he body The values Of Kn inthe dierent ropes sre toed i Fig 119, ken fron Ret. Note thatthe weion where the continuum Navier-Stokes cqeaions oldie desert hy Ka <2. However ship eflete max be ietuded in these uation: when Kia > 003. The elects f fre molecule flow begin arcund Wil of Kut Ian extend out ty te iit af Ke fcomiog tite lene he Iransitomal seine i eseially contained within BIB < Re © 10. Th given prob the Kaudsn nember the ererion to examine in order to dei Towrdonsityfes are imporan and to what extent. For eampl.f Ki er sll, We have continu ow: i Kn is very lrg, we have fee molec No. nd so loth A hypeqonie vehi entra the atop tom space wil eo ‘ouner the Tall range of these low-density ets, down to an altude Below Swick the fat eoatiauum aeredynamves takes over. Because Ka 2/L i the foterang parameter, that alae Seow whieh we have contin Bow is beter of Isser the characters length Lis lrgr or smaller Hen, large ‘hicks experince eoatinuum Now to higher altudes than small vec. Morsover, i we Ie the chartteneticTeagih be & runing distance frm the ose of lenge ofthe vehi, then Ke = ix becomes infinite when ¥ = 0 Hens. for any weit say alii, the ow immediately atthe leading eae Js powered by Tondensty eft For most practeal apetins i aerody> huis this euding edge region i very small, nd is sly ignored. However, foe high-atitde bypenoni: vehicle the proper scatment of te leading els Iw by Iowans methods saa he important To consider low-density cllcts as pet af the “tition” f hypersonic serodynamice may be stfetching that dfiiion too much, Recall hat we aresone reuse vei 23 sfniag hypersonic aerodynamics as that regime where certain physica tow ‘henomens become progressively more faprtant gs the Mach tumber i ar {eased to high valu’. Low-density ees are no, pets. high Mel number fcr: However, low-density efls are eluded in our dacusson beewse some {asses of hypertonic vehies, due to their igh Mach number, wll Ty 2? ee Teowah the outer regions of the ulmosphers. and hence wil cxpeiene such fete toa greater or ver exe. F. Recapitulation “To mpent, hypertonic ow i bet dened as that regime wher all oF some of| the shove physi phenomena become portant se the Mach number =i fread fo high values To help reinforce thie detniton, Fig 120 surmatiees Mb tengenie fe Viton entaion 1 = 07) —— raat (Kcaemee “¥ eon flee (ers “ A Siboonten NS) wae the portant phgseal phenomena astcited with hypersoai Aight. Thro ‘tthe book, fhe Fandumenal aepete and practical coesoquenes of tha pe omen wil beeps 1a HIYPERSONIC FLIGHT. PATHS: THE VELOCITY-ALTITUDE MAP. Athogh this 6 book om Hypertonic and high-emperture gas dynamics. we must Koop in mind thatthe fequentappiesion of this materi to the design sr cnderstandig of hypersonic fight vehicles. Tn tra, ii help to have Some knowledge of the ight pats ofthese vehicles through the atmosphere unt the pater Uat govern such Aight pathe. THs ie the purpose ef the Pro aston fe partir, we wil examine the Pia path of Hing and non Titing hypersonie vehicles during atmospers etry for space ‘Consider vehi Mying oa vloety ¥ long 8M path inclined atthe pgle 0 below the leat sean, se shown in ag. 121. The fre seting 0 ‘he vehicle are it. drag D. end weight W: the thrust is assumed to be zero. hence we are considering hypersonic glide vice. Sursing fares along and perpendicnae othe curelinaeMp path, we obtain te Tllowing equations of Futon Irom Newtons second tw Alon ft pa Wino d= mit ay Perpendetar flight park: L— W sia 0sour arounaeyniasams 35 InEq (1.2, Ris the focal aus of survature ofthe Right path, For most etry enditions sal hence we astm sin = 0, aad cae =I, For this ee Ege (11) and (02) bacome, wating that m = 0 an ‘Tae drag can be expressed in lems ofthe drapcolicent Cp 38 D = |pV*8C suber ps he feesteam density and § isa releege aren. Hence, Ey. (13) tecomes 1 yg, WY = pres, Rearranging, we obtain 09 In Ba, (15) W)C din a he baste parame: lly aon the Aight path ofthe entry sebicle ria the oto ol Fy (18) Fora purely belie reanty (ne lif), WiC, isthe nly peeameter governing he ight path for a seen entry angie Returning 10 Fg, (14), and eqvessing the Wii tems of he i eosin c.ask = 1oP°SC,, we obtain lsc, smn rie eye 06 Ina (19, W/iS he pratt einen he ah pat of ties ence a he sno ution, 13) ety te heparan a W)C, yd /C,S in detains thc hight pt bong te teil ae neg formic Shih pr gent patel oe ph flo mes {Se remand mop 'an ump eh tov i Fie uo ss re a ae owt nga: eed mh by MiC,S eal 2 tabasco gene aay NESE Te whe eae the sinaqie eer si veo canon i st ap toyota rn fom a er on) At is dori he ts. Ser istocs eo mre tap beg i pte so iy wesegne sig, 122, Note that vehicles wth lager valine of W/C,S andioe W)C yS pene sie dosper ino the atmosphere before slowing, The iting eatty curve for WiC,S = 00TH pertains appronimatly 10 the space shall» the curve risa! espe vloay wilh /CS = 100 Tb persis approximately to lie Apollo enitysapsie. Velocity aiede maps ace convenient diagrams 10 Tate various aerothermodynamie regimes of supersonic Might, a they wil ‘cod ay seh in ste of our subveguent discusion 15 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK The maj purposes of this chapter have been motivation and orientation otiation ds 0 the importance, sleret ad challenge assocated With hype ‘onic aerodynamics and cieniaton 36 19 whol hypereics entail. For the “inde of this book, our purpose is fo present and discus the important “uanental aspects of hypereone and high-emperatire gas dynamin aad to Shieh vasous practi! applications se appropriate. Towards Ue end. the ook ofan tt three Major pats, x gram in Fg 123, There tice ets ae a lls ‘att fone Flow, rs the psy Mud dynamic alt of farge Mash umber is emphasied, without the added compliatone of weous and highs lemporture ees this pat, we examine what Rappens when fe Geetesm Mash numboe Mi, become large, and how thi faenceserodysmie Cory shia Mach numbers2 inrenom 6 Mc RET aa nn Part tt—Viscous low: Hees, the combined ect of high Much number an finite Reynolds number wil be examined. The purely Mu dynam eect oF hypersonic fw with elon and term conduction wil Be presented. agin Iigh-omporates fc will not he includ. Pact It Mig-Tenperatare Flom. Here (he important aspects of high lemporatare as dymamis ll he prsened. Emphovi wll be peed 0 the evclopment of baie phsial comity prnspln and how they alle both inviscid and viscous fows. High-emperature flows find application in many Feds in ation to hypersonie aerodynamics, soch ae combustion process, ‘xplogons plana higheneray ase, ete There, Part HE ill be a ‘ontaneprvenaton of ish emperatare gs dsnamis in generals with pertinent application o hypesoae fo Figure 123 isa Mock diagrams showing cach one of the tee parts discussed atoxe, along withthe major ies to be saute ander esc pr. Fa ese, ‘iv fire i « rnp for ar exentsons in bypesonis and gh-empertace 5 dynumice Tigure 12) ie important and we wil refrain i oeder fo we mhore wear, whote me have been, and where we are going im out resentation. PROBLEMS [UL Consider the peso ti hypeon ow’ ofa (th atin rato of pee festa y= a over MP olan wedge Lat dnb the wed langle an Ue shoc-nate sige. Then fe sx mente ofthe sbdkajer thickness Make = psf. versa estes Mach naber, Ma fom Me = 20 to 200. Nake “ome commen’ st what Mach amber ange ret in thin sock ye 12 Thelting puracr Cys or gen ie Fig 122 in uate of hf? Fequely. the Fonngys parame my uc wes she white athe wit of iy se sal en gn Dore the apropisconvetan beeen Te 5 ‘ane ie, what mamer ptt CS oxen i In be atid 8 8 S58 inte (Cams yen the graduate ove al now a he fn clvoneh tn pe of enti)“PART. INVISCID HYPERSONIC FLOW [enter tyen retnin e ty_ onaie ts tan el se phenoCHAPTER 2 HYPERSONIC SHOCK AND EXPANSION- WAVE RELATIONS, 1c a ate oh snd oranda nls ctr emacs non eel wa the fee fH Sagem iol et ho a 32 meen meen rw 24 INTRODUCTION Gosir a sirplane inet Mach 284 the outer regions f the eat ns spl, at am alte of 129 km (approximates) 400000. Upon descent Ino the fowsr regions of the atmosphere, the aivtah may follow one of the ins tjetoies shim he atude-sieity map in Fig 2.1? Superimposed on thi igure are ince of constant Mach number. The pepose ofthis Agu f To emphasize the obvious fact that sich hypersonic vehicles encounter excep "orally high Mach numbers, Moreover the Might pth rms hypersonic ver mow of extent. Figure 21 js the uy of igh Mach somber flows and Uindrsorcs the question: what happens im 8 purely Buiedyaamic see when the Mach number becomes very large? This question has partial relevance in par to the hase shook abd expusion-vave aaaons, Inthe preset chapter,ss wil obi nd exstine the Hit Fome of both sh consetionsl sock Weave cquitione andthe PrandinMeyer expansion-vave telson wben The Upsecam Mach mcr nsromes tow infin. Those Ling frm ae ie sting i hse en wah: howe of mere importance they af absoltaly ne fesary for tho devohpment ef vanous inwseld hypesoni theres tobe ‘Gsoused in subsegtent chapters 22. BASIC HYPERSONIC SHOCK RELATIONS: Anytime s supersonic Now stared into itself Gch Bowing over wes ‘one, or compression cotter) a shock wave i create, Also. suey High back prcsure ie etested ovstcan of 8 nupersonie ow, standing shock sway sun he stable. Sb shock waves are extremely thin repions (om the fxder of 10"* em in ar) ners which large chang in densi, presse, oc 13, et, cesar. Those change take place in continuous ahion wih the shock ne ell where wsesity thera condition ae important ess fans. However, boesise the wave i sual so thin, ¢o the macroscopic ot fever the changes appet t0. take place discontinue” Therefore, in Conventional uperonitoradyaamics, snck was ews teat atl erates ant phe! dnconinee Ax the Mach membre ere Fy Boronic speed no Urumatie quate deren occ The same exact shock Feltons whic ae obtained in sapersone aetedyams asa old at hypersonic Speeds However. some inorstag approximate and simplified forms of the Shock relations are sind i th tof high Mal umes thee fms are binned elo ‘Gonsier the ow thrangh a staight oblique shock wave, as skstchod in ig 22 Upstcars an dowestseam conditions are Jetted by subsecots {and 2urespestively Fors ealonealy pert gas constant specie easy bonce 7 fey ~ constant the oka results fer changes across the shack ire elke fo hy standard textbook on compreshe Now se, or example, Res a 8). To fen with he ene! oblique heck raion for preven rita across the wave gieby . " Bet +3 onset pa en shor Ps the wave ange shown in Fig, 22. the iit as My goo init, the term MEP sin te and ones Eg (2.1) boeomes: wae sot ea peer Mente » ase ‘Ohne ecw pom, similar vein the density un omperare rte are cos bat sin 9 leet ps DAE sia 42 ie aM, ea) tips, = P20 cw the caution of tate: p= A 1 sie" doit] eMoe B20 Deans | as : Bo se MME ae Returning to ig. 22, sot thats and ¢ ae the components ofthe Dow velo: ity Behind the shock wase prt an perpenicuiar tothe wpsteam AoW (Hot