Teachers Guide

Digital Photography, the Camera

For More Information on Photography Check Out:

www.photo-seminars.com

Produced by:
Media West
PO Box 1563
Lake Grove, OR 97035
www.media-west.com

All materials are © 2003 by Media West.

Public performance rights are granted for schools and libraries.

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 Objectives
Digital Photography, the Camera
©2003 by Media West

Target Student: This program was designed for any student just starting out with digital
photography or an experienced film photographer who is interested in digital capture
fundamentals.

General: Digital photography is really a three step process: digital capture using a digital
camera, crafting digital images and digital manipulation. This program concentrates on
the capture side of the process.
This program will introduce the student to the basic concepts and terms used with digital
capture. The majority of questions used in the ‘quick quiz’ have to do with the specific
‘key terms’ used within the program.
Upon completion of the program the student should have a good understanding of how
digital cameras work and the basic photographic techniques used in crafting digital
images. Further, they should have a good grasp of digital terms used in the fundamentals
of digital photography.

Table of Contents:
Chapter Highlights & Timing Pages3-4
Major Instructional Points: #1 Introduction Page 5
Major Instructional Points: #2 F-stops & shutter speeds Page 6
Major Instructional Points: #3 History of digital photography Page 7
Major Instructional Points: #4 How digital photography works Page 8
Major Instructional Points: #5 Choosing a digital camera Page 9
Major Instructional Points: #6 Using your digital camera Page 10
Major Instructional Points: #7 Files, memory & batteries Page 11
Major Instructional Points: #8 Light sensitive, white balancing & flash Page 12
Major Instructional Points: #9 Lenses and digital photography Page 13
Major Instructional Points: #10 Depth of field Page 14
Major Instructional Points: #11 When to use digital photography Page 15
Major Instructional Points: #12 Exposure control Page 16
Major Instructional Points: #13 Your digital images Page 17
Major Instructional Points: #14 Digital pathways Page 18
Quick Quiz - Part 1, Questions 1 – 15 Pages 19-20
Quick Quiz - Part 2, Questions 16 – 30 Pages 21-22
Answer Key Page 23
Suggested Assignments Page 23

The materials contained within this teacher’s guide can be duplicated when used in
conjunction with the program “Digital Photography, the Camera”. The program
itself may not be duplicated for any reason.
All materials, ISBN 0-9740965-0-4, are © 2003 by Media West.

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Chapter Highlights & Timing
Digital Photography, the Camera
©2003 by Media West

Chapter One: (TRT 6:30)

Introduction
Cameras Don’t Take Pictures, People do!
Viewfinders

Chapter Two: (TRT 6:10)

F-Stops and Shutter Speeds
Understanding f-stops
Understanding Shutter Speeds

Chapter Three: (TRT 5:15)

History of Digital Photography
The Birth of Digital Capture
Why NASA developed Digital Photography

Chapter Four: (TRT 4:45)

How Digital Photography Works
The CCD Sensor
Film vs. Digital

Chapter Five: (TRT 9:00)

Choosing a Digital Camera
Camera features
15 Questions before you buy

Chapter Six: (TRT 8:10)

Using Your Digital Camera
Four step process
Automatic vs. manual

Chapter Seven: (TRT 5:50)

Files, Memory & Batteries
File types
Memory types
Battery types

Chapter Eight: (TRT 5:30)

Light Sensitive, White Balancing & Flash
Sensor sensitive
Manual & auto white balancing
Flash use

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 Chapter Nine: (TRT 7:20)
Lenses and Digital Photography
Lens characteristics
Zoom lenses
Macro lens

Chapter Ten: (TRT 8:25)

Depth of Field
How depth of works
Depth of field & lenses
Aperture priority
Shutter priority

Chapter Eleven: (TRT 4:00)

When to use Digital Capture
Film vs. the digital media
Digital applications

Chapter Twelve: (TRT 5:30)

Exposure Control
Built-in light meters
Middle gray

Chapter Thirteen: (TRT 3:50)

Your Digital Image
Image review, editing & size
Archival qualities

Chapter Fourteen: (TRT 2:00)

Digital Pathways
Input & output
Digital photography is still just photography

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #1: Introduction

1. Digital photography is really a three step process, digital capture, crafting images and
digital manipulation.

2. Basic Camera
• When you compare digital cameras feature to feature, function to function,
they’re all about equally good. The point is, cameras don't take pictures,
people do!
• Think of the camera as just a basic tool. Remember, it doesn't take the
pictures, you do.
• All modern digital cameras operate on the very same basic principles as
the earliest pinhole cameras.
• The pinhole allows a certain amount of light to enter the box for a certain
amount of time so that it can expose, or create an image; on the light-
sensitive medium we call an electronic sensor or CCD unit, which is a
Charged-Couple Device.
• The light has to be organized, or "focused", by the lens.
• The lens is basically a metal barrel which contains several glass or plastic
elements arranged in groups.
• When you turn the focusing ring you are actually moving the glass
elements inside the barrel in and out, varying the distance between the lens
and the sensor.

3. Image viewing systems:

• True optical viewfinder (SLR cameras)
• EVS or Electronic viewfinder (SLR type cameras)
• Through the camera (Lower end cameras)

Key Terms: CCD: The in camera sensor that sees and records your image.
Key Terms: Lens: A series of glass elements that focus your image on the camera’s
sensor.
Key Terms: SLR: A ‘single lens reflex’ camera

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #2: F-stops and shutter speeds

1. F-stops and shutter speeds, they work together to control the amount of light that
reaches an electronic sensor that is built into your camera.
• An f-stop determines the size of the hole the light passes through
• The shutter speed, the amount of time that light is allowed to reach the
sensor.
• F-stops and shutter speeds both do the same thing - control exposure - they
do it in two completely different ways.

2. F-Stops:
• An f-stop is a hole or aperture within the lens whose size you adjust to let
a specific volume or amount of light reach the light sensitive CCD. Larger
holes pass more light, smaller holes less light.
• F-stops aren't really whole numbers but fractions.

3. Shutter Speeds:
• The shutter is a device which limits how long, in time, light can strike the
light sensitive CCD
• Shutter speeds, like f-stops, are also expressed in fractions.

4. Reciprocity:
• F-stops and shutter speeds always work together
• If you cut down on the amount of light by changing the f-stop to a smaller
aperture you have to compensate by increasing the amount of light by
changing to a slower shutter speed.
• F-stops and shutter speeds are very important concepts of photography.

Key Terms: Aperture: The lens opening that allows light to enter the camera. Aperture is
denoted by f-stop fractions.
Key Terms: Shutter speed: The duration of time the shutter is open, allowing light to
enter the camera through the lens. Shutter speeds are denoted by time number fractions.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #3: History of Digital Photography

1. The impact of digital cameras has had a greater effect on photography then the
release of the Kodak Brownie or the introduction of the Polaroid process in 1948.

2. While digital cameras have only been in the consumer market since the 1980’s its
technology really started after World War II with the first live broadcast of
television.

3. Before NASA sent astronauts to the moon, probes were sent to map the surface of
the moon. These probes sent back analogue signals to earth, an analogue signal is
live data. These transmissions were to weak to compete with natural radio sources
in the cosmos.

4. Thus NASA and its scientist invented the digital image. The scientist broke the
scenes captured by the camera on board the spacecraft down into rows of small
square dots 800 across and 800 down, for a total of 64,000 dots or pixels. These
numbers could be easily transmitted back to Earth as a data stream from the
spacecraft.

5. As this technique progressed higher pixel counts were added and later the
introduction of RGB filters were installed on the spacecraft cameras and with a
triple exposure NASA had full color images.

6. In the 1980’s national magazines begin using digital imaging.

7. While the history of digital photography may be short, its future is sure to be
bright and long.

Key Terms: Pixel: A small square dot.

Key Terms: Downloading: To transfer a digital file to a computer.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #4: How Digital Photography Works

1. In modern digital cameras there is a sensor and ‘onboard’ computer that works
together to capture the light reflected from image and convert this information
into the digital format.
• This sensor is a light-sensitive electronic chip called a charge-coupled
devise or CCD.
• The more pixels the sensor can record results in better quality images or
better image resolution.

2. If you’re shooting color images, before the light waves hit the CCD they are
exposed to color filters that then record your image on the CCD in full color.
• The sensor sends an analog signal to a powerful computer chip called an
Image Analysis.
• From this chip a digital signal is sent or written to some type of an Image
Memory Card.

3. Digital cameras are rated by the number of pixels that they can record. More
pixels means more detail can be ‘sensed’ or captured. This number is typically
given in millions of pixels, or megapixels.

4. The final digital picture elements or pixels are arranged in a regular array of
uniformly colored squares so small as to be individually invisible.

5. Film vs. Digital: which is better?

• The real important question to be answered is how can we craft better
images with the tools we have?
• Digital cameras do offer some benefits that film base camera don’t.

Key Terms: Resolution: In a monitor or digital camera, the number of pixels that can fit
into a given space.
Key Terms: Megapixel: One million pixels in a digital cameras sensor or CCD.
Key Terms: LCD: A small color monitor on your camera

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West
Chapter #5: Choosing a Digital Camera

1. Digital cameras come in all shapes and sizes and with a large range of price tags
from a few hundred dollars to a few thousand dollars.

2. Digital cameras can be divided into three basic types based on their design and
intended use: Point & Shoot, Advanced Amateur Cameras and Professional.
• Basic point & shoot cameras are low-priced and often very low in
megabytes as well.
• Advanced amateur camera models jump up in cost, but for many
photographers, this cost is well-justified. These cameras have better lens,
higher megapixel sensors, better metering and autofocus systems.
• Professional models take the cameras up another notch and offer total
manual as well as automatic control, accessory lens, add-on flash and the
best systems for metering and autofocus.

3. Key Camera Features:

• The camera’s capture resolution.
• Camera Lenses
• Viewfinders
• Flash Type
• Downloading

4. 15 Questions Before You Buy

• Memory type?
• Camera interface with computer?
• File Size?
• Batteries?
• Does the camera have an LCD screen?
• Optical or electronic viewfinder?
• In what format are images saved?
• What is the intended use of the camera?
• Are there manual overrides for exposure and focus control?
• Lens Features?
• Camera Weight & Construction?
• Does the camera have a built in flash and if so how powerful is it?
• What software is bundled with the camera?
• What kinds of accessories are available for your selected camera system?
• How much does the camera cost?
Key Terms: Viewfinder: A device on the camera used to frame and preview images.

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 Key Terms: Optical Zoom: An optical zoom magnifies the image using real multi-focal
length lens elements.
Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #6: Using Your Digital Camera

1. No two digital models of a camera are the same; therefore, my explanation of how
your digital camera works is merely a generalization.

2. First you should read and understand the complete description of how
your camera works from the manual that came with your system.

3. Using a digital camera as a simple four step process.

• Step One: Camera Setup
• Step Two: Shooting Setup
• Step Three: Quick Dial Use
• Downloading & External Plugs

4. The LCD Monitor:

• Today almost all digital cameras come equipped with a small color
monitor on the back of the camera.
• Many camera setting will cause some type of ‘icon’ to appear in
your viewfinder or LCD monitor.
• This little LCD monitor is a great tool and should be used at all
times.

5. Full automatic mode vs. full manual mode.

• Crafting images is a creative process that requires the
photographer to see pictures in the minds eye before making the
exposure.

6. The importance of you reading the manual that came with your camera!

Key Terms: Four Step Camera Use: Camera setup, Shooting setup, Quick dial and
Downloading.
Key Terms: Icons: Small graphic symbols that visually tell the photographer camera
settings.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #7: Files, Memory & Batteries

1. Different file formats JPEG, TIFF and GIF.

• JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group after the group.
• TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. It provides the highest
resolution you can get in a digital image.
• GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format.

2. Compression is a very important concept when it comes to file formats.

3. Digital cameras store their photos, for the most part, on removable memory
devices.

4. 1MB or megabyte = 1 million+ bytes of data memory.

• Memory Cards: CompactFlash® - SmartMedia® - Memory Sticks®
• Other memory: Compact CD’s - Floppy Disks - MicroDrives®
• You should never choose a camera system based solely on its memory
device.

5. Digital cameras eat, devour and burn up battery power

• Your best bet is rechargeable batteries like Nickel-metal-hydride
(NiMH) or lithium ion (li-on) types.
• Always wise to carry an extra charged battery just in case your
primary battery has problems or runs out of power.

Key Terms: JPEG: This is the standard file format for images taken with digital cameras.
Key Terms: TIFF: The best file format for recording images at the highest resolution.
Key Terms: MB: Megabyte, 1MB = 1 million+ bytes of data memory.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #8: Light Sensitive, White Balancing & Flash

1. Speeds are rate with an ISO number of 25, 50, 64, 100, 200, and 400 & up.
The smaller the ISO number the less sensitive the film is to light.

2. Usually you will find the ISO selection in the main menu on your camera.
• If you’re shooting in bright sunlight, snow or sand you would
select an ISO rating of 50 or 100.
• If you’re shooting in open shade or a brightly lighted room you
may want to select a rating of ISO 200
• If you’re shooting indoors using only available room light you
should select a rating of ISO 400 or more.

3. White Balancing Your Camera

• Light both outside and inside is always changing color.
• We do know that candle light, sunsets and sunrises are warm or
yellow.
• High noon on a bright sunny day looks a little cool or blue.
• In between the warm and the cool light is a whole spectrum of
light colors that are rated in Kelvin Temperature.
• The sensor in digital cameras can’t tell the difference between
3200K light and 8000K light.
• Therefore, we have to ‘white balance’ the camera to tell it that the
color white looks like this using these lighting conditions.
• While most cameras have automatic white balance that doesn’t
always mean automatically right.

4. Flash Photography
• The best lighting for digital photography on nearly all occasions is
natural light.
• The most convenient and readily available source of
supplementary lighting is electronic flash.
• The best use of your standard ‘on-camera flash’ is to lighten
shadows in sunny high-contrast days or backlit situations.

Key Terms: ISO: A rating system to set your cameras sensitive to light
Key Terms: White Balance: A function that tells the digital camera how to correctly
represent the color white using different lighting setups.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #9: Lenses and Digital Photography

1. Most digital cameras come with zoom lenses so you can zoom in or out to meet
different photographic opportunities.

2. All camera lenses project a circular image view on the CCD.

3. What is focal length?

• ‘Wide-angle’
• ‘Telephoto’
• ‘Normal’

4. All lenses are rated by three important characteristics.

• Focal length
• Lens speed
• Lens' angle-of-view

5. Most low end digital cameras have a limited zoom lens.

6. Almost all cameras also came equipped with what is called a ‘digital zoom
range’.

7. In close-up or tabletop photography, digital cameras have a huge advantage

over traditional film cameras.
• Marco mode settings.

8. The quality of the image projected by the camera’s lens sets the upper limits of
the image quality you can obtain using your camera.

Key Terms: Lens Focal length: In general terms they are rated as ‘wide-angle’ ‘normal’
or ‘telephoto’.
Key Terms: Lens speed: Speed is expressed by a f-stop number, the smaller the number,
the faster the lens.
Key Terms: Lens' angle-of-view: The amount of a scene that the lens sees, from top to
bottom, side to side.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #10: Depth of Field

1. Depth of field it's one of the most important tools any photographer has because it
allows you to control the amount of sharpness that appears in your finished picture.
• The "plane-of-sharp-focus".
• The zone of apparent sharpness that's known as "depth of
field".
• When using a wide open lens aperture the zone is not very
large.
• As you begin to close the aperture down it increases to include
objects both closer to the camera and further away.

2. Two other important factors regarding depth of field are the focal length of your lens
settings and the size of your image sensor.
• Wide angle lens give you a much wider depth of field.
• Telephoto lenses will give you a limited depth of field.
• All digital camera sensors are smaller then a standard 35mm
film chip, therefore, you inherently get more depth of field with
digital cameras then you do with standard 35mm cameras.

3. Almost all digital cameras have a shooting mode called AP or Aperture Priority.

4. Almost all digital cameras have a shooting mode called SP or Shutter Priority.
• There is a time when photographers want to stop the action of a
scene or imply action in an image.

Key Terms: Aperture Priority: A shooting mode on the camera where you define the
camera’s aperture.
Key Terms: Shutter Priority: A shooting mode on the camera where you define the
camera’s shutter speed.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #11: When to use Digital Capture

1. Images captured on digital media are not same as image captured on film media.

2. Let the end use of your image help you decide what media is best suited for you’re
use.

3. Let’s compare these three images…shot on color negative film, color slide film and
the digital media.
• The image from the negative has less contrast then the other two
images and less color volume or saturation then the other two.
• The image from the transparency has more contrast and more color
volume or saturation then the imager from the negative film.
• The digital image has good color volume, somewhere in
between that of the negative and that of the transparency, but also has
the highest levels of contrast.

4. This is because each media records light volume and light quality differently.
• If you photographic your scene using color negative film it can record up to 10 stops of
this brightness range.
• If you use transparency film you can record up 7 ½ stops of this brightness range
• But if you use the digital medium you can only record 6 stops of
this brightness range. Therefore the digital format can offer less scene
information and with more contrast.

5. Digital images are used for personal events, in real estate, insurance, sports and the
news media each and every day.

6. Digital photography has come along way over a few short years and will continue to
grow in its popularity and applications in the coming years.

Key Terms: Brightness Range: The range of color or B&W tones from the darkest
shadow detail to the highest highlight detail.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #12: Exposure Control

1. With almost all digital cameras it is possible to set the exposure system to an
automatic mode, and nine times out of ten you'll get an acceptable exposure.

2. Exposure control is an essential element in all "creative" aspects of photography.

3. The most obvious controls over exposure are the camera aperture and shutter speed
settings.

4. All light meters, including the one built into your digital camera, operate on the same
general principles.

5. There are three common types of metering systems, known as TTL meters or
Through the Lens metering.
• An averaging system uses twin cells whose output is then combined to
average the amount of light hitting the sensor.
• The center weighted meter, where light cells are overlapped in the
center so that more emphasis is given to the center of the picture.
• The built-in spot meter.

6. Since the light meters measures only brightness, how light or dark the scene is, and
not color, the automatic exposure system then calculates and sets the aperture and the
shutter speed to render this level of light as "middle gray or 18% gray" in the photograph.
• Scenes lighter than middle gray, such as beach scenes, or bright sand or
light gray skies, reflect more than 18% of the light falling on them.
• Scenes that are darker than middle gray, such as deep shadows, dark
foliage, or people with dark skin, reflect less than 18% of the light falling
on them.

7. Because the digital image can only record six stops of the brightness range they can
be finicky when it comes to correct exposure control.

Key Terms: TTL Meter: A meter systems that uses a Through The Lens meter.
Key Terms: 18%Gray: The middle tones of gray that the light meter renders

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter #13: Your Digital Images

1. Can digital cameras take photos equal to the quality achieved with film-based
cameras?
• No two images captured on different films or media will be identical, and
whether a particular image is ‘best’ depends in a large part on how the image
will be used.

2. Image Review:
• With a digital camera, you can examine the image right after taking it, while
you are still on location, and decide what needs to be done better.

3. Image Editing:
• With a digital camera you can literally edit your images on the go.
• Digital cameras are limited by the number of pixels the sensor can capture.
• Film has a better response to a wide range of light to dark tones.
• Digital cameras technically do not have an ISO rating, but they do use this
rating system.

4. Archival Qualities:
• Film last a long time compared to digital image files.
• Digital files can deteriorate in a few years if not stored on the right media.
• Optical media, such as a CD-R or CD-RW, will last longer, possibly 75 to 100
years.

5. A good quality digital camera in the right hands can bring out unexpected expression
and experimentation.

Key Terms: CD-R, CD-RW: These are compact disk formats for storing data such as
photographs.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Major Instructional Points
©2003 by Media West

Chapter # 14: Digital Pathways

1. In this program our ‘digital pathway’ has been through photography using a digital
camera.
• Capture images from the Internet
• Use picture CD’s
• Use a conventional film camera
2. Once we have crafted our final image we can then send that image out to many output
devises such as:
• Color printers.
• CD, DVD disks.
• Publish them using the Internet or a commercial digital printer.

3. The opportunities for finding an audience for your photography are almost unlimited.

4. There are few things in the world that last longer then time, pictures are one of them.

5. Photography is still just photography. Good photographers use their cameras as an

extension of their creative powers, they understand light and lighting and have learned
that good composition is a must.
• You should continue learning not only about digital photography but basic
photographic skills as well.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Quick Quiz
Part 1, Questions 1 – 15

Student Name: _____________________________________________

Class: _________________________ Date: _____________________

1. The more expensive the digital camera system, the better your final pictures?
a. Yes very true
b. Somewhat true
c. No, people take pictures, not cameras
d. Don't Know

2. The CCD in a digital camera is?

a. A type of lens.
b. The camera sensor that sees and records your image.
c. A type of reusable, removable image storage.
d. Don't Know

3. An SLR camera has what type of an image viewfinder?

a. True optical viewfinder
b. EVS system
c. Through the camera
d. Don't Know

4. F-stops & shutter speeds control what?

a. Sensor speed
b. Focal length of the lens
c. The number of images you can take
d. The amount of light that reaches the sensor or film.

5. The larger the f-stop number?

a. The smaller the aperture
b. The larger the aperture
c. The faster the shutter speed
d. Don't Know

6. The shutter is?

a. A menu setup item.
b. A device which limits how long, in time, light can enter the camera.
c. A device that allows you to zoom into a subject.
d. Don't Know

7. In a digital image a pixel is:

a. The focus of the image.
b. The grain of the image.
c. the background of the image.

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 d. A small square dot.

8. Digital photography was developed by?

a. NASA
b. The CIA
c. The FBI
d. Don't Know

9. Resolution is?
a. How much color the image has.
b. The overall brightness of the image.
c. The number of pixels that can fit into a given space.
d. Don't Know

10. On a digital camera the LCD is:

a. A small color monitor.
b. The flash unit.
c. The main input menu.
d. Don't Know.

11. The camera sensor or CCD is rated in Megapixel, which means?

a. One million pixels.
b. One thousand pixels.
c. Ten thousand pixels.
d. Don't Know

12. On a camera the viewfinder is?

a. A camera shooting mode
b. Where you set the cameras resolution.
c. A main menu item.
d. A device used to frame and preview images.

13. When working with your camera you will see many icons in the viewfinder and on the
LCD monitor, they tell you what?
a. If your battery is low.
b. What shooting mode you are in.
c. What your f-stop and shutter speed is.
d. All of the above.

14. The JPEG file format is:

a. The standard file format for digital images.
b. The best format for Web graphics
c. The best format for word processing.
d. Don't Know.

15. The TIFF file format is:

a. The ‘best’ file format for digital images.
b. The best format for Web graphics
c. The standard file format for digital images.
d. Don't Know.

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 Digital Photography, the Camera
Quick Quiz
Part 2, Questions 16 - 30

Student Name: _____________________________________________

Class: _________________________ Date: _____________________

16. Megabyte or MB is?

a. One hundred thousand bites of data.
b. Ten thousand bites of data.
c. One million bites of data.
d. One billion bites of data.

17. When you set the ISO rating of your digital camera you are?
a. Setting the sensors sensitive to light.
b. Setting the flash range.
c. Changing your lens to a Micro setting.
d. Don't Know.

18. Why does a camera have to be white balanced?

a. Because you want to use natural white light.
b. Because this setting makes black colors richer.
c. Because outside and inside light is always changing.
d. Don't Know.

19. The spectrum of light colors are rated by?

a. The ISO setting.
b. Kelvin temperatures.
c. NASA
d. Don't Know.

20. The best lighting for digital photography in almost all occasions is?
a. Indoor light.
b. Natural light.
c. Electronic light.
d. Backlight.

21. In general terms lens focal length is stated as:

a. Wide-Angle.
b. Normal.
c. Telephoto.
d. All of the above.

22. Lens speed is expressed by what kind of number?

a. f-stop.
b. Shutter speed.
c. The ISO number.
d. The Kelvin temperature of the lens.

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23. A wide angle lens has what kind of angle of view?
a. Wide.
b. Normal.
c. Narrow.
d. All of the above.

24. When shooting in the camera mode of ‘Aperture Priority’ the camera automatically
sets?
a. The ISO number.
b. F-stop.
c. The shutter speed.
d. Don't Know.

25. When shooting in the camera mode of ‘Shutter Priority’ the camera automatically
sets?
a. The F-stop
b. The new focal length.
c. The shutter speed.
d. Don't Know.

26. In any image the range of color or B&W tones from the darkest shadow detail to the
highest highlight detail is called?
a. Contrast.
b. Color Volume.
c. Brightness range.
d. Don't Know.

27. What are the most common types of light meters built into digital cameras?
a. An averaging system.
b. Center weighted.
c. Spot type.
d. All of the above.

28. All light meters are calculated to render what color?

a. White.
b. Black.
c. Gray.
d. Don't Know.

29. Digital images stored on optical media such as CD-R or CD-RW can last how long?
a. Only a few years.
b. 10–20 years.
c. 75-100 years.
d. Don't Know.

30. In the end, digital photography is still just?

a. Photography.
b. Digital capture.
c. Only for amateur photographers.
d. Only for professional photographers.

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 Quick Quiz Answer Key:

Question / Answer Question / Answer

1. c 16. c
2. b 17. a
3. a 18. c
4. d 19. b
5. a 20. b
6. b 21. d
7. d 22. a
8. a 23. a
9. c 24. c
10. a 25. a
11. a 26. c
12. d 27. d
13. d 28. c
14. a 29. c
15. a 30. a

Suggested Assignments:
Depth of field
Place or find your subject in open shade or under a bright overcast sky. Fill your camera frame
with your subject. Shoot your subject with both a 'short' (little) depth of field and with a 'long'
(wide) depth of field. If your normal exposure reading is 1/60 at f8 this would be your 'long' or
wide depth of field. Next shoot your 'short' (little) depth of field at 1/500 at f2.8

Equipment needed for this assignment: Your Digital Camera

Exposure meter: Incident / reflected or meter in camera
Note book: To keep track of your exposure settings
Subject: Animate or inanimate
ISO setting: 200
Expected Results:
The image with the long or wide depth of field should have a background well in focus. The
image with the short or little depth of field should have a background that is soft (out of focus)
with little or no detail. Which image looks the best to you? By controlling depth of field the
photographer can provide emphasis to their subjects.
Lenses
Equipment needed for this assignment: Your Digital Camera
Tripod: Good solid tripod
Zoom Lens: Wide angle - Normal lens - Telephoto lens (120mm+)
Note book: To keep track of your exposure settings
ISO setting: 100

Position your tripod at some distance from your subject. Take the same picture, using the three
above zoom lens settings, without moving your tripod.
Expected Results:
When your pictures are finished note how each zoom lens settings has a different angle of view
and that each has a different effect in recording space. Wide angles lens record a more spacious

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image, while telephoto lens compacts that same space into a narrow view. Also note that the
depth of field using the wide angle lens is very wide, while the telephoto lens has a much
shorter depth of field.

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