R V Turnbull (Version 2)

1976 WL 46419
Page 1
[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R. 565
(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
2013 Sweet & Maxwell

R. v Turnbull (Raymond)
Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
09 July 1976
Case Analysis
Where Reported
[1977] Q.B. 224; [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445; [1976] 3 All E.R. 549; (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132;
[1976] Crim. L.R. 565; (1976) 120 S.J. 486;
Case Digest
Subject: Criminal evidence
Keywords: Identification, Visual identification, Jury directions, Turnbull directions
Catchphrases: Identification, Jury directions, Cases depending whiolly or substantially on disputed identification evidence, Directions to be given to jury
Abstract: In conjoined appeals the appellants (T, C, R and W) appealed against their convictions for,
respectively, conspiracy to burgle, robbery and unlawful wounding.
The case against each appellant rested principally on disputed evidence of visual identification, and the
central issue on appeal was as to the directions to be given to the jury in such cases.
The court gave guidance as to the jury directions to be given in a criminal case which depended wholly
or substantially on disputed evidence of visual identification. This case is the basis for the terms "Turnbull direction" and "Turnbull warning".
Appeals allowed in part. (1) Whenever a case depended wholly or substantially on disputed identification evidence, the judge had to warn the jury of the special need for caution before convicting in reliance on that
evidence. He had to tell them the reason for that warning and had to refer to the possibility that a mistaken witness could be convincing and that a number of witnesses could all be mistaken. Provided he did that in clear
terms there was no need for him to use any particular form of words. He had to direct the jury to examine
closely the circumstances of the identification, including such matters as the length of time the accused was under observation, his distance from the witness, the lighting, the clarity of view, whether the witness had ever
seen him before, and the time elapsed between the observation and the subsequent identification to the police.
He had also to indicate any specific weaknesses in the evidence, and remind the jury that mistakes in the recognition of close friends and relatives could sometimes be made. Where the quality of the identification evidence
was good, the jury could safely be left to assess its value even if there was no other evidence to support it,
2013 Thomson Reuters.
1976 WL 46419
Page 2
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
provided that an adequate warning had been given about the special need for caution. However, when the quality
of the identifying evidence was poor, the judge was to withdraw the case from the jury and direct an acquittal
unless there was other evidence supportive of the correctness of the identification. Such supporting evidence
need not amount to corroboration in its technical sense, and the judge was to identify for the jury any evidence
that he adjudged to be capable of supporting the identification. He had, however, to take care when dealing with
a false alibi. A false alibi could only be supportive of disputed identification evidence if the jury was satisfied
that the sole reason for the fabrication was to deceive them, and they were to be reminded that the fact that an
accused had lied about his whereabouts did not of itself prove that he had been where the identifying witness
said he had. Finally, if there was any material discrepancy between the description of the accused originally given to the police by the witness and his actual appearance, the prosecution had to supply the accused with particulars of the description first given to the police. A failure to follow the above guidelines was likely to result in a
conviction being quashed, and would do so if, in the judgment of the appellate court, the verdict was either unsatisfactory or unsafe. On matters of credibility the appellate court would only interfere if the jury had been misdirected as to how to assess the evidence, if there had been no direction when there should have been one, or,
rarely, if they had taken a perverse view of a witness. Nevertheless, it would not hesitate to use its extended discretion whenever the evidence justified it. (2) In the case of T and C there was clearly evidence supportive of the
correctness of the identification, the accuracy of which could not be doubted. The verdicts were therefore neither
unsafe nor unsatisfactory and the appeals would be dismissed. In the cases of R and W the quality of the identification evidence was poor and there was no other evidence supportive of it. The verdicts were unsafe and unsatisfactory and the appeals would be allowed.
Appeals allowed in part
Judges: Lord Widgery, L.C.J.; Cusack, J.; Lawton, L.J.; May, J.; Roskill, L.J.
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PC (Trin)
R. v H
[2011] EWCA Crim 2344;
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Whitehead (Sam)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v O'Leary (Benjamin)
CA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419
Page 18
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
Edwards v Queen, The

[2006] UKPC 23; (2006) 150 S.J.L.B. 570; Official Transcript
PC (Jam)
R. v R
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Rose (Karl James)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Hayes (Geoffrey)
[1977] 1 W.L.R. 234; [1977] 2 All E.R. 288; (1977) 64 Cr. App. R. 194
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Clarke (Andre Rene)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Willoughby (Larry Clive)
(1989) 88 Cr. App. R. 91; [1988] Crim. L.R. 301; Times, February 19, 1988
CA (Crim Div)
Dunkley v Queen, The
[1995] 1 A.C. 419; [1994] 3 W.L.R. 1124; [1995] 1 All E.R. 279; (1994) 91(41) L.S.G. 41; (1994) 138 S.J.L.B.
203; Independent, November 1, 1994
PC (Jam)
R. v Pinfold (Terence Joseph)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Craven (Stephen)
[2001] 2 Cr. App. R. 12; [2001] Crim. L.R. 464; (2001) 98(15) L.S.G. 32; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 76; Times, February 2, 2001; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Wallace (James Andrew)
[2007] EWCA Crim 1760; [2008] 1 W.L.R. 572; [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; (2007) 171 J.P. 543; [2007] Crim.
L.R. 976; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex p. Hickey (No.2)
[1995] 1 W.L.R. 734; [1995] 1 All E.R. 490; (1995) 7 Admin. L.R. 549; (1994) 144 N.L.J. 1732; Times, December 2, 1994; Independent, November 29, 1994
DC
1976 WL 46419
Page 19
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
R. v Wroe (Dominic Lee)

CA (Crim Div)
R. v George (Barry Michael)
[2002] EWCA Crim 1923; [2003] Crim. L.R. 282; (2002) 99(38) L.S.G. 33; Times, August 30, 2002; Daily
Telegraph, August 1, 2002; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Daley (Christopher Michael)
CA (Crim Div)
Freemantle v Queen, The
[1994] 1 W.L.R. 1437; [1994] 3 All E.R. 225; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 1; [1994] Crim. L.R. 930; (1994) 91(37)
L.S.G. 49; (1994) 138 S.J.L.B. 174; Times, July 7, 1994; Independent, August 29, 1994
PC (Jam)
R. v Mason (Nicholas)
CA (Crim Div)
France v Queen, The
[2012] UKPC 28;
PC (Jam)
R. v G (Terry)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Dodson (Patrick)
[1984] 1 W.L.R. 971; (1984) 79 Cr. App. R. 220; [1984] Crim. L.R. 489; (1984) 81 L.S.G. 1677; (1984) 128 S.J.
364
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Taal (Mustapha)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Amani (David)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Keeton (Geoffrey Wayne)
[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 241; Times, July 21, 1994
CA (Crim Div)
B-M (Children) (Care Orders: Risk), Re
1976 WL 46419
Page 20
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
[2009] EWCA Civ 205; [2009] 2 F.L.R. 20; [2009] 2 F.C.R. 505; [2009] Fam. Law 475; (2009) 106(13) L.S.G.
18; (2009) 153(11) S.J.L.B. 27; Official Transcript
CA (Civ Div)
Sealey v Trinidad and Tobago
[2002] UKPC 52; Times, November 5, 2002; Official Transcript
PC (Trin)
R. v Cassell (David John)
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Johnson (Harold Robert)
[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 26; [2001] Crim. L.R. 125; Times, November 21, 2000; Independent, December 7, 2000;
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
Timothy v Trinidad and Tobago
[2000] 1 W.L.R. 485
PC (Trin)
R. v Forbes (Anthony Leroy)
[2001] 1 A.C. 473; [2001] 2 W.L.R. 1; [2001] 1 All E.R. 686; [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 31; (2001) 165 J.P. 61;
[2001] Crim. L.R. 649; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 664; (2001) 98(8) L.S.G. 43; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 44; Times, December 19, 2000; Independent, December 21, 2000; Official Transcript
HL
Henriques v Queen, The
[1991] 1 W.L.R. 242; (1991) 93 Cr. App. R. 237; [1991] Crim. L.R. 912; (1991) 135 S.J.L.B. 382; Times,
March 11, 1991; Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1991
PC (Jam)
R. v Hampton (Gary Phillip)
[2004] EWCA Crim 2139; [2006] Crim. L.R. 60; (2004) 148 S.J.L.B. 973; Times, October 13, 2004; Official
Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
Brown v Trinidad and Tobago
PC (Trin)
R. v Spencer (Alan Widdison)
[1987] A.C. 128; [1986] 3 W.L.R. 348; [1986] 2 All E.R. 928; (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 277; (1986) 130 S.J. 572
HL
Scott (Richard) v Queen, The
[1989] A.C. 1242; [1989] 2 W.L.R. 924; [1989] 2 All E.R. 305; (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 153; [1989] Crim. L.R.
1976 WL 46419
Page 21
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
820; (1989) 86(23) L.S.G. 40; (1989) 133 S.J. 421

PC (Jam)
R. v McManus (Seamus) (Appeal against Conviction)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Clare (Richard)
[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 333; (1995) 159 J.P. 412; [1995] Crim. L.R. 947; (1995) 159 J.P.N. 424; (1995) 92(17)
L.S.G. 47; (1995) 139 S.J.L.B. 117; Times, April 7, 1995; Independent, April 7, 1995
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Riat (Jaspal)
[2012] EWCA Crim 1509; [2013] 1 W.L.R. 2592; [2013] 1 All E.R. 349; [2013] 1 Cr. App. R. 2; [2013] Crim.
L.R. 60; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Wizzard (Barry)
PC (Jam)
LT v Trinidad and Tobago
PC (Trin)
R. v Ley (Kerry)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Walters (Shammai Jahelle)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Macauley (Paul)
CA (Crim Div)
Charles v Queen, The
PC (StV)
R. v Miah (Basharath)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Saad (Adnan Mohammed)
CA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419
Page 22
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
R. v Lesley (Leroy Owen)

[1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 39; [1995] Crim. L.R. 946
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Cook (Christopher)
402; Times, December 1, 1986
CA (Crim Div)
R. v McInnes
(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 99; [1989] Crim. L.R. 889; Guardian, October 10, 1989
CA (Crim Div)
R. v N (Andrew Robert)
[2000] 1 Cr. App. R. 182; (2000) 164 J.P. 29; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 706; (1999) 96(34) L.S.G. 33; Times, September 7, 1999; Independent, November 8, 1999
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Oakwell (Edward James)
[1978] 1 W.L.R. 32; [1978] 1 All E.R. 1223; (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 174; [1978] Crim. L.R. 168; (1978) 122 S.J.
32
CA (Crim Div)
R. (on the application of Aitchison) v Sheffield Crown Court
DC
R. v Hanratty (James) (Deceased)
[2002] EWCA Crim 1141; [2002] 3 All E.R. 534; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; [2002] Crim. L.R. 650; (2002)
99(24) L.S.G. 34; (2002) 146 S.J.L.B. 136; Times, May 16, 2002; Daily Telegraph, May 16, 2002; Official
Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Chenia (Shokat)
[2002] EWCA Crim 2345; [2004] 1 All E.R. 543; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 6; (2003) 100(1) L.S.G. 23; Independent,
November 7, 2002; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v McMillan (Samantha Maria)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Hall (Geoffrey)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Blenkinsop (David Richard)
1976 WL 46419
Page 23
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
[1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 7

CA (Crim Div)
R. v Jones (Christopher Andrew)
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Hussain (Aftab)
Unreported
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Taylor (Michelle Ann)
(1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 361; Times, June 15, 1993; Independent, June 15, 1993
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Kamara (John)
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v DT
CA (Crim Div)
R. v El-Hinnachi (Samir)
[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 226; [1998] Crim. L.R. 881
CA (Crim Div)
Roberts v Queen, The
PC (Trin)
R. v I
[2007] EWCA Crim 923; [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. 24; (2007) 151 S.J.L.B. 160; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Constantinou (Richard)
(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 74; (1989) 153 J.P. 619; [1989] Crim. L.R. 571; (1989) 153 J.P.N. 658
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Gall (Gerald)
(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 64; [1989] Crim. L.R. 745; Times, May 2, 1989
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Hallam (Sam)
CA (Crim Div)
Eiley (Francis) v Queen, The
1976 WL 46419
Page 24
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

PC (Bze)
R. v Sawoniuk (Anthony)
[2000] 2 Cr. App. R. 220; [2000] Crim. L.R. 506; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Cohen (Marks)
(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 125
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Walshe (Barry Robert)
(1982) 74 Cr. App. R. 85
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Davis (Michael George) (No.3)
[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 8; [2000] H.R.L.R. 527; [2000] U.K.H.R.R. 683; [2000] Crim. L.R. 1012; Times, July 25,
2000; Independent, July 20, 2000; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Weir (Aaron)
[2013] NICA 3; Official Transcript
CA (NI)
R. v Collins (Jamie Lee)
[2004] EWCA Crim 83; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 1705; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 11; (2004) 101(8) L.S.G. 29; Times, February 5, 2004; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison Ex p. St Germain (No.2)
[1979] 1 W.L.R. 1401; [1979] 3 All E.R. 545; [1979] Crim. L.R. 726; (1979) 123 S.J. 768
QBD
R. v Rossborough (Paul Anthony)
(1985) 81 Cr. App. R. 139; (1985) 149 J.P. 529; [1985] Crim. L.R. 372
CA (Crim Div)
Pop v Queen, The
[2003] UKPC 40; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 692; Official Transcript
PC (Bze)
Sully v Morewood
[2004] EWHC 1241 (QB); Official Transcript
QBD
Tido v Queen, The
[2011] UKPC 16; [2012] 1 W.L.R. 115; [2011] 2 Cr. App. R. 23; (2011) 175 J.P. 539; Official Transcript
PC (Bah)
1976 WL 46419
Page 25
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
Parker v Argentina
DC
R. v Freeman (Daniel Robert)
[2008] EWCA Crim 1863; [2009] 1 W.L.R. 2723; [2009] 2 All E.R. 18; [2009] 1 Cr. App. R. 11; (2008) 172
J.P. 529; [2009] Crim. L.R. 103; (2008) 172 J.P.N. 757; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Tyler (Patrick John)
(1993) 96 Cr. App. R. 332; [1993] Crim. L.R. 60; (1992) 156 J.P.N. 762; Times, October 7, 1992
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Barratt (Andrew Howard)
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Stock (Anthony)
[2008] EWCA Crim 1862; [2009] Crim. L.R. 188; Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
Phipps v Director of Public Prosecutions
PC (Jam)
R. v Egal (Mustafa)
CA (Crim Div)
Murray (Philip) v DPP
[2001] EWHC Admin 192; Official Transcript
QBD (Admin)
R. v Richardson (Luke)
CA (Crim Div)
R. v DJ
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Miah (Badrul)
[1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 12; [1997] Crim. L.R. 351; Times, December 18, 1996
CA (Crim Div)
R. v Caldwell (Paul)
(1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 73; [1993] Crim. L.R. 862; Times, June 8, 1993
CA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419
Page 26
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
R. v Thompson (Robert Charles)

303; (1982) 126 S.J. 206
CA (Crim Div)
R. v G (Jason Stephen) (A Juvenile)
Official Transcript
CA (Crim Div)
Legislation cited
Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c.19)
Journal Articles
R. v France: evidence - identification evidence - witness to fatal shooting claiming to recognise gunmen
Dock identification, Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, Jury directions, Murder, Turnbull directions, Visual
identification
Crim. L.R. 2013, 3, 237-240
Biting back
Criminal evidence, Dangerous dogs, Identification, Turnbull directions
N.L.J. 2012, 162(7540), 1506
Turnbull turned turtle
Admissibility, Identification, PACE codes of practice, Police, Turnbull directions
Arch. Rev. 2011, 2, 5-6
The Privy Council and the Death Penalty in the Caribbean: A study in constitutional change
Capital punishment, Death penalty, Due process, Prerogative of mercy, Privy Council, Right to life
Pre-trial defence rights and the fair use of eyewitness identification procedures
Identification, PACE codes of practice, Right to fair trial
M.L.R. 2008, 71(3), 331-357
An examination of criminal jury directions in relation to eyewitness identification in Commonwealth jurisdictions
Commonwealth, Comparative law, Jury directions, Turnbull directions, Visual identification
C.L.W.R. 2007, 36(4), 303-336
Picture of innocence
Acquittals, Presumption of innocence
N.L.J. 2007, 157(7284), 1111-1112
Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull direction.
Identification parades, Jury directions, Majority verdicts, Turnbull directions
Arch. News 2004, 10, 2
1976 WL 46419
Page 27
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull direction

Identification parades, Jury directions, Majority verdicts, Turnbull directions
Arch. News 2004, 10, 2
Admissibility of identification evidence in absence of identification parade
Identification parades, Summing up, Turnbull directions
Pol. J. 2004, 77(3), 268-272
Identification evidence: street identification procedures and PACE Code D - quality of identification evidence
Identification, PACE codes of practice, Witnesses
J. Crim. L. 2004, 68(1), 27-30
Identification: failure to hold a parade and to provide proper jury warnings
Identification, Jury directions, Murder
J. Crim. L. 2003, 67(6), 476-479
Identification: Turnbull direction
Identification parades, Summing up, Turnbull directions
J. Crim. L. 2003, 67(5), 385-387
Questions of "who was there?" and "who did what?": the application of Code D in cases of dispute as to
participation but not presence
Criminal evidence, Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, PACE codes of practice
Crim. L.R. 2003, Oct, 709-716
In the dock - an overview of the decisions of the High Court on dock identifications in the magistrates'
court
Admissibility, Criminal evidence, Identification, Indictable offences, Magistrates courts, PACE codes of practice, Summary offences
Crim. L.R. 2003, Jul, 463-467
Identification: requirement for Forbes direction
Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, Jury directions
J. Crim. L. 2003, 67(2), 115-117
Bearing false witness?
Criminal evidence, Eyewitnesses, Identification, Jury directions
J.P. 2001, 135(37), 726-727
Identification.
Criminal evidence, Identification, Jamaica, Jury trial
S.J. 1993, 137(43), 1124
Books
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.
Chapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: General
1976 WL 46419
Page 28
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486
Documents: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton hearings

Chapter: Chapter 15 - Identification
Documents: Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull direction
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.
Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of Identification
Documents: 14-65 Recognition by a witness
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second Supplement
Chapter: Chapter 30 - Hearsay in Criminal Proceedings
Documents: Section 17 - Hearsay and the European Convention on Human Rights
Current Sentencing Practice from Sweet and Maxwell
Chapter: Part L - Procedure
Documents: L2-2F - If a sentencer hears evidence after conviction to determine an issue of fact which is in dispute between the prosecution and the defendant, he should decide the issue in the same manner as a jury deciding the issue of guilt or innocence
Documents: Sub-section (ii) - Excluding identification evidence under Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
section 78
Documents: Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the accused admits being at the scene
Documents: Sub-section (a) - General principle
Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed. Second Supplement
Chapter: Chapter 3 - Evidence
Documents: Chapter 3 - Evidence
Documents: Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case from the jury
Documents: Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence
Documents: Sub-section (a) - General principle
1976 WL 46419
Page 29
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

Documents: Sub-section (38) - Submission of no case: test to be applied
Documents: 14-38 Identification by continuity of presence
Documents: 14-33 Identification by police officers
Documents: 14-22 Identification of strangers and recognition
Documents: 14-2
Documents: 14-18 Minor identification problems
Documents: Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case from the jury
Documents: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton hearings
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Second Supplement
Chapter: Chapter 30 - Hearsay in Criminal Proceedings
Documents: Section 17 - Hearsay and the European Convention on Human Rights
Chapter: Chapter 7 - Criminal Appeal
Documents: 7-55 Misdirection
Documents: 14-34 Identification of companions
Documents: 14-1
1976 WL 46419
Page 30
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

Documents: Section 3 - Directions on Visual Identification Evidence
Documents: Sub-section (ii) - Excluding identification evidence under Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
section 78
Documents: Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull direction
Documents: 14-14
Documents: 14-74 Directing the jury
Documents: 14-19
Documents: 14-17 Issue as to veracity
Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed.
Chapter: Chapter 3 - Evidence
Documents: Chapter 3 - Evidence
Documents: Sub-section (38) - Submission of no case: test to be applied
Chapter: Chapter 5 - Sentences and Orders on Conviction
Documents: 5-99 Resolution of disputed issues
Documents: Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings
Documents: Sub-section (ii) - False alibis
1976 WL 46419
Page 31
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

Documents: Section 3 - Directions on Visual Identification Evidence
Documents: Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings
Chapter: Chapter 4 - Trial
Documents: 4-480
Documents: 14-71 Introduction
Documents: 14-32 Evidence incapable of supporting the identification
Documents: 14-25 Evidence capable of supporting the identification
Chapter: Chapter 4 - Trial
Documents: 4-481
Documents: 14-35 Identification of motor cars
Renton and Brown Criminal Procedure Legislation from W Green & Son Ltd
Chapter: Division C - Practice Notes
Documents: Introduction and General Note: C1-01 to C1-55
Documents: Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the accused admits being at the scene
Documents: 14-16 Issue as to honest mistake
Chapter: Chapter 11 - Hearsay Evidence
Documents: 11-45 Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.125
1976 WL 46419
Page 32
Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

Documents: 14-24 Identifying specific weaknesses in the evidence
Documents: Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence
Documents: Sub-section (ii) - False alibis
Documents: Sub-section (ii) - Cases where the defence alleges fabrication
Documents: 14-70
Documents: 14-21 The need for special caution and the reason for such need
END OF DOCUMENT

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1976 WL 46419

2013 Sweet & Maxwell

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

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(1979) 68 Cr. App. R. 99; [1979] Crim. L.R. 110

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

R. v Browning (Edward Owen)

2013 Thomson Reuters.

[1997] C.L.Y. 1152

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

R. v Dossett (Steven Edward)

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Mohammed (Allie) v Trinidad and Tobago

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[2001] EWCA Crim 1698; Official Transcript

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Edwards v Queen, The

2013 Thomson Reuters.

R. v Wroe (Dominic Lee)

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

820; (1989) 86(23) L.S.G. 40; (1989) 133 S.J. 421

2013 Thomson Reuters.

R. v Lesley (Leroy Owen)

2013 Thomson Reuters.

[1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 7

2013 Thomson Reuters.

[2009] UKPC 40; Official Transcript

2013 Thomson Reuters.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

R. v Thompson (Robert Charles)

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull direction

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Documents: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton hearings

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second Supplement

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second Supplement

2013 Thomson Reuters.

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.

2013 Thomson Reuters.

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