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Date
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Unit Outcomes
Outcome
Feedback
Assessors decision
First
attempt
Understand
different
ethical
perspectives
in business
explain the
background and
development of
theoretical ethical
approaches
1.1
compare and
contrast absolute
and relative ethics
1.2
1.3
explain how
business objectives
are affected by
ethical
considerations
2.1
evaluate the
implications for a
business and its
stakeholders to
operate ethically
2.2
Internal
Verification
Rework
LO1
Understand
business
objectives
from an
ethical
perspective
LO2
M1
M2
M3
D1
D2
D3
Outcome
Feedback
Assessors decision
First
attempt
Internal
Verification
Rework
Assignment
( ) Well-structured; Reference is done properly / should be done (if any)
Overall, youve
ASSESSOR SIGNATURE
DATE
DATE
NAME:.........................................................................................
: ...........................................................................
VERIFIED BY : ...........................................................................
NAME
: ...........................................................................
CONTENT
1.1 Explain the background and development of theoretical ethical approaches
1.3 Explain the ethical issues which can affect the operational activities of a business
2.2 Evaluate the implications for a business and its stakeholders to operate ethically
Introduction
Most businesses today are concerned about the impact of their activities on the business
environment. Ethical concerns and greater consumer awareness have resulted in many
businesses promoting their social values to ensure competitive advantage. Business
ethics embraces corporate social responsibility and ethics relating to accounting
practices, marketing, human resource management, and production. In this unit learners
will examine the theoretical roots to the background and growth of business ethics. They
will look at the different types of ethical issues a business needs to consider and how the
development of ethical values impacts on business behaviour. It is important for learners
to appreciate how taking an ethical stance affects businesses both internally and
externally, including the effects on stakeholders. Learners will explore the social
implications of business ethics for a wide range of business activities that affect the
organisation itself and the external environment. This will include the ethical stance
behind topical issues such as whistle blowing, employment practices, advertising to
children, environmental awareness and using new technologies such as genetic
modification of food.
Learners will also examine how an individuals ethical stance impacts on the moral
relationship between employer and employee, as well as considering the contractual
responsibilities of both parties. This unit will give learners the opportunity to research
how a business responds to ethical concerns and assess the extent to which its activities
affect its behaviour, whilst ensuring business objectives are met. The aim of this unit is
to develop an understanding of the theory and practice of human resource management
focussing on current human resources practice and the impact of topical issues and
legislation.
Non-consequentialist ethics
Consequentialist ethics
Consequentialist ethics:
Non-consequentialist ethics
Stem often from religious views, they ground ethical behavior in some eternally valid
principles, which are derived from a duty to others, or to a specific deity.
Ethics of right and justice: Conceptualized by Locke, it claims that humans are
entitled to certain natural rights or moral claims, such as rights to life, freedom and
property, freedom of speech, conscience, consent, privacy and entitlement to a fair
legal process. These natural rights are a certain basic, important and unalienable
entitlements that should be respected and protected in every single action. These
rights are sometimes seen as related to duties, since the rights of one person can
impose duties on another. Examples:
- Declaration of the Rights of Man
- American Constitution
- United Nations Declarations of Human Rights
Limitation: the notions of rights are quite strongly located in a Western view of
morality.
Justice
Fair treatment of individuals in a given situation with a result that everyone gets what they
deserve. Two views:
-
Fair procedures
Fair outcomes
Egalitarian approach: justice is the same as equality, burdens and rewards should be
distributed equally and deviations from equality are unjust. Problem: does not take
into account differences between people, and offers no incentives for hard work and
innovation.
Solution lies in between. The Theory of justice by Rawls (1971) proposes 2 tests for
whether an action could be called just:
1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of basic
liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:
(a) To the greatest benefit of the least advantaged; and
(b) Attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of
opportunity
Limits of Western modernist theories
-
Ethical approaches based on character and integrity: Virtue ethics contends that
morally correct actions are those undertaken by actors with virtuous characters.
Therefore, the formation of a virtuous character is the first step towards morally
correct behavior.
Ethical approaches based on relationships and responsibility: Feminist ethics starts
from the assumption that men and women have fairly different attitudes towards
organizing social life, with significant impact on the way ethical conflicts are
handled. Feminist ethics is an approach that prioritizes empathy, harmonious and
healthy social relationships, care for one another, and avoidance of harm above
abstract principles. Focus on Relationships, Responsibility and Experience.
Ethical approaches based on procedures of norm generation: Discourse ethics aims
to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation (on the spot,
democratic agreement) through rational reflection on the real life experience of all
relevant participants.
Ethical approaches based on empathy and moral impulse: Postmodern business
ethics. Modern theories such as capitalism, communism, socialism etc. are too
ambitious, reductionist, optimistic and can therefore not explain the complex reality
of human existence. Postmodern business ethics is an approach that locates
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So, in order to complete firms corporate social responsibility, Nestle SA had many
significant efforts. For example, Nestle SA use high technology to reduce to lowest level of
waste that emissions in production process. And firm also seek to improve quality and
productivity of coffee tree to reduce planting area while increasing output volume.
Child labour
Definition
Child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12, non-light work
done by children aged 1214, and hazardous work done by children aged 1517 and refers
to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood,
interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically,
socially or morally dangerous and harmful
Explain
In actually, use of child labour is the action which is forbidden in legislation of almost all
countries in the world. This action is seem to be an immoral action because it not only cause
significant damage for children in both physical and spiritual side but only cause remarkable
damage to corporate image of firm which use child labor in sight of customer and whole
community. Furthermore, the firm may also face with punishment from government where
that firm operates.
Nestle SA had many right policies in their operation activities to follow the law of using
labor in countries where firm operate. For example, Nestle SA is very strict in hiring
employees, all employees who work in all factories of firm are over 18 year old and meet all
requirement from firm.
Fair trade
Definition
Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that
seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by
offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and
workers.
Explain
For a coffee production company as Nestle SA, fair trading play an important role in
maintaining firms prestige and corporate image for its partnerships. If Nestle SA does this
job well, firm will be able to keep partnerships loyalty and continue to operate advantage in
future. In contrast, firm will face many disadvantages in future.
In order to keep ethic in trading, Nestle SA had many right policies in their operation. For
example, for the farmers who plant coffee trees to be raw material source for firms
production operation, Nestle SA still buy raw material with previous contracted price
despite coffee productivity increase significant in that time. Furthermore, firm also ensure to
implement all terms in the contract with its partnerships, for example, distribution
companies, advertisment companies, etc.
2.1 Explain how business objectives are affected by ethical considerations
According to Nestle SA homepage, firm has mentioned some specific objectives for coming
years. Here we choose three specific objectives of firm to analyze how they are affected by
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ethical considerations. Three ethical considerations have been choosen are human right,
legal and regulatory compliance, corruption.
First objective
First objective of Nestle SA is that, firm want to expand their operation and increase their
volume sale.
Explain
High quality human resource is a very important factor which help firms achieve best result
in business. One important measure for firms to have high quality human resource is to
ensure and protect human right of its employees. Human right here means that firms have to
provide best working condition for its employees. This is also correct for Nestle SA.
Protecting human right will motivate all employees of firm to try their best in working
therefore working productivity and effective and effec will increase and firm will be able to
increase volume sale and expand their operation. In contrast, if firm does not protect human
right for its employees, they will not try their best in working therefore business effect will
decrease. In order to achieve this objective, Nestle SA has performed some actions as paying
fully salary to employees, giving them best environment to work, and also give them many
meals collective.
Second objective
Second objective of Nestle SA is that, firm want to build mutual trust with consumers,
governmental authorities and business partners.
Explain
For any company which operates in any industry, complying legal and regulatories of
government in business is very important. Nestle SA is not exeption. Complying legal and
regulatories in business help firm protect its rights as well as rights of partners, consumers
and goverments, so it will create trust of them for firm. This will help firm maintain
prestige, trust and corporate image in sight of partnerships, consumers and community. Firm
will not only be able to sustain advantage condition in all business and investment operation
but also achieve more opportunities from the trust of partner, consumer and government. In
contrast, the rights of them are not protected and firm will lose trust of partner, consumers
and government and face many risks which can happen from breaking business legal and
regulatory. So, in order to complete this objective, Nestle SA has some right actions, for
example, paying tax fully, ensuring to perform all term in contract between firm and its
partner, selling high quality goods to consumer.
Third objective
Third objective of Nestle SA is that, firm want to increase effect of using capital for firms
invesment and business activities.
Explain
For Nestle SA firm, managing and using capital effectively is very important to be able to
control all firms business operation and investment activities. One serious problem which
affect very significant to capital management and cause huge loss of capital is corruption.
Corruption not only cause damage of capital and led firm to bankruptcy but also cause loss
of trust of subordinate for their leaders. So, in order to achieve this objective, Nestle SA has
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performed some specific measure to prevent corruption. For example, companies has
published all of the activities of enterprise apparatus with transparency, build, improve and
ensure strict implementation of the regime, the standard norms, rules of conduct for civil
servants, rules of professional ethics, switch positions of officials and servants, transparency
property of civil servants, clarify responsibilities of heads of agencies, organizations and
units for corruption, reform administrative, innovate technological management and
payment methods.
2.2 Evaluate the implications for a business and its stakeholders to operate ethically
For Nestle SA, the firm has two main groups of stakeholder which their interest is affected
directly by firms operation in order to make profit. The first group includes shareholder,
bank and government. Shareholders interest is they want firm to pay dividend, if firm make
more profit then shareholder will receive more dividend. Banks interest is that thay want
firm to pay interest of loan that firm has borrows from them. If firm make profit, then firm
will have money to pay to bank. Governments interest is that they want firm to pay tax for
profit firm made. If firm make more profit then government will collect more tax. The
second group includes enviromental organization and pressure group. Their interest is they
want firm to protect environment and limit to the lowest level of damage to environment
caused by firms activity. Therefore, it can be seen that, there is a conflict of interest
between these two groups. If firm make more profit then interest of first group will be
satisfied but it will cause more damage for environment then interest of second group will
not be satisfied. In contrast, if firm make less profit then interest of first group will not be
satisfied, but it cause less damage to environment that mean interest of second group will be
satisfied. In order to deal with this dilemma, Nestle SA has used some specific measure.
Firstly, instead of deforestation, firm tries to renovate and use dry lands which have not been
used for any purpose yet to plant coffee tree. Firm also use high technology in production
process to reduce waste and improve quality of product and increase volume output.
Therefore, firm will be able to meet interest of both stakeholder group.
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Conclusion
Through this assignment, I have provided to readers basic approaches to ethic and how
ehtical issues affect businesss operation. I hope businesses can have essential knowledge to
make ethical decision.
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